788:, started to commit acts of crime against their landlords to raise awareness of their grievances. This included attacking cattle, burning buildings, and threatening letters amongst other acts. The larger groups, whilst sharing some grievances, had different primary focuses. For the Hearts of Oak, it was the paying of cess as well as tithes and small dues to the Church of Ireland. For the Hearts of Steel it was evictions and rents. They also had different tactics, which affected how successful they were. The Hearts of Oak acted during the day and in a highly public manner, which allowed the authorities to clamp down on them easier. The Hearts of Steel, however, took to performing secretive actions in the middle of the night.
883:(which took effect in 1871) finally ended the role of the Church of Ireland as state church. This terminated both state support and parliament's role in its governance, but also took into government ownership much church property. Compensation was provided to clergy, but many parishes faced great difficulty in local financing after the loss of rent-generating lands and buildings. The Church of Ireland made provision in 1870 for its own government, led by a General Synod, and with financial management by a Representative Church Body. With disestablishment, the last remnants of tithes were abolished and the Church's representation in the House of Lords also ceased.
50:
975:, established sixteen new corporate towns in Ulster in the 1610s. These towns were little more than villages or planned towns. This resulted in Ulster alone returning 38 MPs to the Irish Parliament with the three other provinces altogether contributing 36, giving the government a majority of 32. This majority was reduced upon appeal by the Old English to six. However, under Lord Deputy Wentworth in 1640, a further sixteen Old English seats were removed. During 1640 and 1641, the interests of the Old English and New English combined to seek Wentworth's removal.
689:
of the law. Another law passed in 1704 sought to prevent anyone who did not have communion in the Church of
Ireland from holding public office, however as Catholics had already been excluded from public office this primarily targeted Dissenters. This test would not be removed until the Protestant Dissenter Relief Act was passed in 1780. However, the legal position of Dissenters was still restricted in the Irish Parliament by landlords and bishops. Dissenter marriages would not be legally recognised until an act passed in 1842.
440:, sought to bring the Irish church into line with that in England by stamping out puritanism, and the anti-episcopal views of the Scottish ministers operating in Ulster. They also sought to replace the preferred form of worship amongst Protestants in Ireland with the more elaborate and orthodox Anglican style favoured by Charles I. To help achieve this, Lord Wentworth and Archbishop Laud introduced and enforced the English
922:
20% Protestant. In 1991, however, all but four counties were less than 6% Protestant; the rest were less than 1%. There were no counties in the
Republic of Ireland which had experienced a rise in the relative Protestant population over the period 1861 to 1991. Often, the counties which managed to retain the highest proportion of Protestants were the ones which started off with a large proportion. In
358:(made up of County Coleraine and parts of Antrim, Donegal, and Tyrone) with British Protestant subjects. Whilst a substantial number of English and Scottish people did come over and settle during the Plantation of Ulster, they tended to disperse to other parts of the province resulting in those tasked with settling the land having to retain native Irish who remained predominantly Catholic.
519:, of which the Irish rebellion was part, came to engulf England, Ireland and Scotland in related conflicts. One of the best estimates given for the scale of death during this period gives an estimated 112,000 Protestants, along with around 504,000 Catholics, dying from plague, war or famine, from a pre-war population of around one-and-a-half million.
185:. Elizabeth made herself the supreme governor of the Church of Ireland. With few exceptions the Irish Catholic hierarchy conformed. During Elizabeth's reign, the bulk of Protestants in Ireland were confined to the ranks of new settlers and government officials, who formed a small minority of the population. Elizabeth's reign saw the introduction of a
220:. The dissolution of the monasteries saw the property of many parishes granted to lay people whose main concern was economic rather than spiritual; this, along with the wars that raged in Ireland throughout the 16th and 17th centuries left many parish churches—now the property of the Established Church (especially rural ones), in a ruinous state.
311:, settling on the estates of Hamilton, MacDonnell, and Montgomery. Whilst many Presbyterian Lowlanders fled Kintyre in Scotland for MacDonnell's lands, Hebridean Catholics migrated as well, ensuring that the Glens of Antrim would remain Catholic as the rest of the county became predominantly Protestant.
688:
primarily targeting
Catholics of the aristocracy, landed and learned classes. Some of these laws, however, also targeted Protestant Dissenters. Under one of these laws, Dissenters could only be married in the Church of Ireland otherwise it was not legal, making their children illegitimate in the eyes
530:
saw
Catholics found guilty of disloyalty having their estates confiscated and granted to loyal Protestants. Whilst Protestants also guilty of disloyalty were to lose some of their estates, they ended up being given fines, the majority of which were never paid. The result of this land settlement saw a
966:
and Gaelic Irish MPs. Whilst these MPs had few ideological objections to making Henry VIII head of the Irish church as well as to the establishment of
Anglicanism in Ireland under Elizabeth I, resistance to government policies started to grow. To help tip the balance of power in Parliament in favour
744:
Many of the
Presbyterians who left Scotland for Ireland did so to escape the regime in place there, and as such, held anti-government views and were not trusted. Whilst they were anti-Catholic and helped populate landlords' estates along with other Dissenters, they suffered from political, religious
700:
The Penal Laws did encourage 5,500 Catholics, almost exclusively from the aristocracy and landed gentry, to convert to
Protestantism. In 1703, 14% of land in Ireland was owned by Catholics. However, following the conforming of the majority of these landowners by 1780, Catholics only owned 5% despite
671:
visiting them several times. By the 1820s they became victims of sectarian grief at the hands of
Catholic agrarian societies, which further encouraged Palatine emigration from Ireland, resulting in them ceasing to be a separate grouping. Despite this, their distinctive way of life survived long into
570:
The death of
Charles I in 1649 saw puritanism reach its peak as the Church of Ireland became restricted allowing other Protestant denominations to freely expand. Puritans also went about establishing non-conforming Protestant churches such as Baptist, Quaker, Congregational, as well as Presbyterian.
361:
James VI & I's campaign to pacify the borders resulted in great numbers of Border reiver families arriving in Ulster. The Border reiver families were not known for their religiousness and the
Reformation had made little impact on them. Once they had settled in Ulster they realised the advantages
921:
in 1922 may have further accelerated this phenomenon as many Protestants were wary of living in a majority Catholic country and therefore chose to emigrate to the United Kingdom. In 1861 only the west coast and Kilkenny were less than 6% Protestant. Dublin and two of the 'border counties' were over
795:
states that the only options available for disillusioned Dissenters were to move to the towns, become a beggar, or emigrate to America, with emigration the preferred choice. Few Presbyterians seemed to choose returning to their native Scotland. In contrast, the Catholics, who suffered worst of all
772:
Dissenters often were tenants rather than landowners, and faced ever increasing rents as landowners sought to increase their income. Any improvements made to the land by a tenant increased its value giving landlords an excuse to raise the rent. Other landlords simply demanded and raised rents on a
412:
by the 1630s was a broad church that accepted various different Protestant practices and beliefs. As the Presbyterian church was not yet established in Ireland, Presbyterians were more than happy to join the Church of Ireland, which then exercised a good deal of tolerance and understanding. Across
827:
The outbreak of the American War of Independence in 1776 had an important impact on Ireland. Many had relatives living in the colonies and thus a deep interest, with some entertaining notions of what a break from Britain might do for Ireland. British troops based in Ireland were transported to
498:
A direct consequence of the rebellion was the arrival in 1642 of a Scottish army to Ulster, this army was routed by a smaller force of native Irish at the battle of Benburb, fled back to Carrickfergus where it played no further role in the Cromwellian reconquest. The Presbyterian chaplains and
494:
during the plantation, and resulted in the deaths of thousands of Protestant settlers. Modern historians have revised the figures to state that around 4,000 settlers were killed with another 8,000 dying from disease and exposure. It is claimed that between a third to half of these deaths were
934:
The previous pattern of decline started to change during the 1990s. By the time of the 2006 census of the Republic of Ireland, a little over 5% of the state was Protestant. The 2011 census of the Republic of Ireland found that the Protestant population in every county had grown. In 2012, the
903:
444:
along with stricter disciplinary canons in 1634. This was followed by puritan ministers who held Presbyterian sympathies being dismissed from the church, causing some of the leading ministers to make an abortive attempt to reach America hoping to find more liberty for their beliefs.
692:
Despite being the target of various penal laws, Dissenters remained vocal advocates of those that targeted Catholics so kept their complaints to a courteous tone. Indeed, penal laws similar to those passed by the Irish Parliament, were imposed against Protestants in France and
753:
and Established Church were opposed to giving them full civil rights, and during Queen Anne's reign, penal laws targeting Dissenters came into force. By the 1720s, there was some redressing of Dissenter issues with the Indemnity Act and Toleration Act, followed by the
728:. Ironically, despite attempts by some, the Ascendancy had no real desire to convert the mass of the Catholic population to Protestantism, fearing that it would dilute their own exclusive and highly privileged position, and many of the penal laws were poorly enforced.
773:
whim. Those who could not afford to pay were forcibly evicted without warning. Tenants also had to follow the landlords' preferred choice in elections, which then were not held by secret ballot. One way to alleviate problems was to gain the favour of the landlord.
855:
In 1833, the British Government proposed the Irish Church Measure to reduce the 22 archbishops and bishops who oversaw the Anglican minority in Ireland to a total of 12 by amalgamating sees and using the revenues saved for the use of parishes. This sparked the
628:
that year. Of 538 families initially taken on by as tenants, 352 are reported to have left their holdings, with many returning to England. By late 1711 only around 1,200 of the Palatines remained in Ireland. The number of families dwindled to 162 by 1720.
595:. Some Huguenot congregations conformed to the Church of Ireland, though others maintained their own instilling some hostility from the established church. Scottish Presbyterian immigration to Ulster also reached its peak during this period and that of
978:
With the drastic decrease in Catholic landowners after the Cromwellian land settlement in the 1640s, by the time of the Restoration parliament in 1661, only one Catholic MP was returned to the Irish Parliament. However, his election was overturned.
365:
Between 1615 and 1620, a policy of "discovery and regrant" was used in various parts of Ireland; however, few settlers were attracted to these plantations, resulting basically in new landowners. This policy was used in the counties of
871:
imposed on all Irish landowners and tenant farmers, irrespective of the fact that it counted only a minority of the populace among its adherents; these tithes were a source of much resentment which occasionally boiled over, as in the
769:), and increasingly became more politically active. The main issues Dissenters were concerned with were those that affected them most due to the Penal Laws: religious discrimination; economic development; and the matter of land.
852:. At the same time, one archbishop and three bishops from Ireland (selected by rotation) were given seats in the House of Lords at Westminster, joining the two archbishops and twenty-four bishops from the Church of England.
1401:
82:
was the second largest religious grouping until the 2002 census in which they were exceeded by those who chose "No Religion". Some forms of Protestantism existed in Ireland in the early 16th century before the
731:
Despite the Penal Laws and the domination of an Anglican minority over an overwhelming Catholic majority, open religious violence seems to have been quite rare during most of the 18th century. Not until the
705:, whose conversion meant that in the province of Ulster there were no Catholic estates of any note. Others were less so, however made the most of the opportunities that opened up for them, one example being
648:. Despite the exodus of Palatines in the years after their initial arrival in Ireland, a second relocation carried out in 1712 saw the establishment of two successful settlements, one being around
1164:
765:
During the 17th century the Dissenter population was low. However, after the reign of King William III, they formed a substantial portion of the Protestant population in Ireland (especially in
571:
As puritanism refused to conform to the doctrines of the established church it became known as "nonconformity", with those not adhering to the Church of Ireland being classified as Dissenters.
535:. It also greatly increased the number of Protestants in Ireland, and saw them come to dominate both the countryside and urban centres and have near absolute control over politics and trade.
456:
Catholics to the state religion. This plantation would not see the light of day as Wentworth alienated Protestant and Catholic alike in Ireland, and Charles I got into ever more trouble with
471:—first arranged in 1628—to be confirmed as well as filing lists of complaints about his behaviour and practices. This union of cause survived until the common denominator, Wentworth (by now
926:, only counties Londonderry, Tyrone and Armagh have experienced a significant loss of the relative Protestant population; in these cases, the change was not as dramatic as in the Republic.
2033:
413:
the island, the predominant doctrine within the Church of Ireland was puritanism, which like Presbyterianism, favoured simple and plain forms of worship and clothing. During the reign of
724:
The Penal Laws ensured that for the next century, Ireland was to be dominated by an Anglican elite composed of members of the Church of Ireland. This elite would come to be known as the
990:
to summon a Parliament consisting of Protestant peers and commons, as well for the re-establishment of the Church of Ireland. Despite backing the restoration, as well as the system of
914:
was approximately 3% Protestant. The figure in the same geographical area was over 10% in 1891, indicating a fall of 70% in the relative Protestant population over the past century.
583:
in 1685 saw great numbers of Huguenots flee from France, with as many as 10,000 migrating to Ireland during the 1690s, including veterans from the Huguenot regiments in the army of
2161:
The Presbyterian Dilemma: A Survey of the Presbyterians and Politics in Counties Cavan and Monaghan over Three Hundred Years: Part II of a Series on the Monaghan Presbyterians
87:, but demographically speaking, these were very insignificant and the real influx of Protestantism began only with the spread of the English Reformation to Ireland. The
1408:
1157:
832:
consisting of Dissenters and Anglicans, with some Catholic support. Whilst the Volunteers were formed as a defensive force, they quickly became involved in politics.
1209:
1249:
393:
were migrating to Ireland by their own initiative, and helped initiate a colonial spread from the ports where they arrived and into the hinterlands of Ulster.
1150:
845:
1219:
1089:
1184:
487:, they held roughly three-fifths. Whilst the uprising initially targeted the English settlers in Ulster, the native Irish soon turned upon the Scots.
204:
Despite all this, the Reformation ground to a halt and ultimately failed. Some reasons for this failure include: a dedicated and vigorous campaign by
249:
settled in Ireland. Despite both groups then being persecuted for their beliefs at home, in Ireland they were openly welcomed by the state-sponsored
1329:
1132:
1052:
892:
702:
293:
31:
543:
By the 1660s, Catholics owned hardly more than one-fifth of land. Protestant immigration to Ireland had started in earnest in the aftermath of the
1214:
1199:
968:
418:
1033:; it was finally completed by William O'Domhnuill. Their work was printed in 1602. The work of translating the Old Testament was undertaken by
749:, Presbyterians were hoping that their loyalty and efforts would help redress their grievances, and they did find favour with William III. The
527:
289:
1380:
30:
This article is about Protestantism on the whole island of Ireland. For the separate article on Protestantism in the Republic of Ireland, see
2412:
2330:
2195:
2150:
2132:
2114:
718:
269:
547:
in 1660, helped by acts such as that "to Encourage Protestant Strangers to Settle in Ireland", passed in 1662. French Protestants, known as
452:, which would have seen all Catholic land confiscated and settled with only English Protestants, with the hope of converting the Gaelic and
74:, 48% (883,768) described themselves as Protestant, which was a decline of approximately 5% from the 2001 census. In the 2011 census of the
849:
49:
941:
reported that "Irish Anglicanism is undergoing a quite remarkable period of growth" due to immigration and Irish Catholics converting.
166:
and bishops to Ireland. However, this met with hostility within the Church and was opposed even by those who had previously conformed.
155:
2276:
1204:
2432:
2427:
2312:
2294:
2258:
2231:
2213:
2177:
1059:
in 1606. An Irish translation of the revised prayer book of 1662 was effected by John Richardson (1664–1747) and published in 1712.
216:
in political developments and the view amongst the Gaelic Irish that this was another attempt by the English at conquest and forced
150:
in Dublin survived this dissolution by changing its constitution from one of monasticism to a secular one that was based on that of
986:, called after the restoration of the monarchy, saw 137 parliamentary members elected, all of whom were Protestant. It called upon
53:
819:
alone. One knock-on effect of this emigration was parts of Ulster only being Catholic because of the depopulation of Protestants.
745:
and economic restrictions. Having sided with the Establishment and fighting alongside members of the Church of Ireland during the
567:
also finally swung into full motion as a constant stream of English and Scottish families made their way to the north of Ireland.
1259:
1239:
351:
1044:, who completed his translation within the reign of Charles I, although it was not published until 1680 in a revised version by
1279:
1264:
994:, it also asserted the Irish Parliament's legislative superiority over itself and its intent to set and collect its own taxes.
829:
147:
2391:
1194:
1109:
143:
841:
828:
America to participate in the conflict, which raised fears of a possible French invasion, leading to the foundation of the
656:, County Wexford. Limerick Palatines, despite some conversions to Catholicism, largely remained religiously and culturally
1334:
1301:
800:
596:
35:
1189:
982:
The Protestant interest in Ireland would be no less compliant to English authority than the Old English had been. The
588:
551:, escaping persecution in France formed their own small community in Dublin where they became famous for developing
1274:
1099:
1094:
516:
1234:
1127:
1118:
759:
746:
796:
from the Penal Laws, chose to remain in Ireland, staying as close as possible to the parish of their ancestors.
1324:
437:
265:, several plantations occurred seeing the arrival of British settlers, the majority of which were Protestant.
2396:
d'Alton, I. "'A vestigial population'? Perspectives on Southern Irish Protestants in the twentieth century",
1229:
1104:
1074:
983:
781:
484:
190:
44:
917:
The Protestant depopulation in the Republic of Ireland during 1891-1991 was dramatic. Establishment of the
792:
1294:
1269:
1244:
1070:
972:
844:– built in the Georgian style during the 19th century. When Ireland was incorporated in 1801 into the new
584:
426:
178:
117:
701:
making up three-quarters of the population of Ireland. Some of these converts were high profile, such as
587:. In total twenty-one Huguenot communities were established the most notable of which was established at
1056:
987:
963:
959:
880:
876:
of 1831/36. Eventually, the tithes were ended, replaced with a lower levy called the tithe rent charge.
750:
725:
685:
544:
464:
457:
453:
127:
1022:, who worked on it until his death in 1585. The work was continued by John Kearny, his assistant, and
697:, but in these cases it was by a majority against a minority, which was not the situation in Ireland.
483:
By the 1630s, more than a quarter of land in Ireland was owned by Protestants, by the outbreak of the
1254:
1224:
1137:
955:
681:
564:
468:
441:
414:
347:
288:. This was followed by the considerably determined private plantation of counties Antrim and Down by
273:
2034:"The Catholic Church in Ireland is losing market share. Some would call this a healthy development"
1344:
911:
733:
315:
123:
84:
75:
2363:
1339:
1306:
1030:
861:
355:
213:
205:
92:
1939:
902:
531:
mass changing of land ownership as Catholic ownership almost disappeared completely east of the
296:, which saw English and Scottish Protestants settling in their estates. In 1606, the notorious
2408:
2387:
2326:
2308:
2290:
2272:
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285:
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170:
139:
88:
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1019:
923:
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613:
335:
327:
301:
131:
71:
840:
The Dublin area saw many churches like the exquisite "Pepper Canister" – properly known as
811:
in North America. The scale of this migration was such that in 1773, within the space of a
1944:
1365:
1048:
857:
777:
755:
706:
641:
580:
491:
397:
371:
277:
100:
343:
238:
54:
The Church of Ireland's national Cathedral and Collegiate Church of Saint Patrick, Dublin
559:—regarded as "foreign Protestants"—settled in Dublin having originally sought refuge in
1284:
1045:
1034:
1023:
1011:
717:; however, in the years following his conversion to Protestantism, he would become the
714:
645:
430:
375:
367:
331:
297:
262:
209:
198:
130:
gained the support of some bishops for royal supremacy. This led to the passing of the
2421:
2367:
1037:
1015:
637:
532:
504:
500:
499:
office-elders in this army set up the first Presbytery in Ulster, on 10 June 1642 in
390:
379:
339:
319:
281:
253:
as fellow Protestants and for their dedication to preaching, which it highly sought.
246:
217:
194:
182:
151:
79:
816:
710:
592:
433:
400:, that there were less than 10,000 adherents during the early seventeenth century.
383:
323:
63:
867:
As the official established church, the Church of Ireland was funded partially by
189:
printing typeface (1571) for the purpose of evangelisation; the establishment of
17:
1319:
668:
633:
234:
186:
174:
848:, the Church of Ireland was also united with the Church of England to form the
212:, the native tongue of around 90% of the population; and the alienation of the
154:. The introduction of the Reformation to Ireland is regarded as the end of the
78:, 4.27% of the population described themselves as Protestant. In the Republic,
2359:
991:
135:
96:
354:
was established to undertake and finance the plantation of the new county of
873:
812:
785:
664:
649:
617:
523:
507:. This was the beginning the history of the Presbyterian church in Ireland.
490:
The 1641 rebellion in Ulster was largely a response to the dispossession of
159:
555:
and handsome stone buildings called "Dutch Billy's". Around the same time,
318:
occurred, which saw vast tracts of land in Ulster spanning the counties of
2346:
Biagini, Eugenio F (2012). "The Protestant Minority in Southern Ireland".
350:, which saw Protestant British settlers colonise these counties. In 1610,
307:
By 1607 a steady supply of Scottish Protestants were migrating to eastern
300:
clan of the Grahams of Eskdale, Leven and Sark, were invited to settle in
776:
Eventually groups of tenants, some of which became movements such as the
657:
624:. Eight hundred and twenty-one families consisting of 3,073 people were
560:
548:
449:
242:
721:
as well as Ireland's richest man despite being the son of an innkeeper.
1289:
694:
163:
67:
173:, in the 1550s. However, in 1560, her half-sister and successor Queen
804:
766:
552:
308:
177:
enacted a religious settlement consisting of an Act of Supremacy and
34:. For the separate article on Protestantism in Northern Ireland, see
2323:
A New History of Ireland, Volume III: Early Modern Ireland 1534-1691
2251:
Demography, State and Society: Irish Migration to Britain, 1921-1971
2206:
Religion, Law and Power: the making of Protestant Ireland 1660-1760
2384:
Outside the glow: Protestants and Irishness in independent Ireland
1007:
901:
868:
803:
in 1776, between 100,000 and 250,000 Presbyterians emigrated from
653:
48:
362:
of becoming Protestants and conformed to the established church.
1402:"Census 2011 Profile 7 Religion, Ethnicity and Irish Travellers"
1366:"Census figures: NI Protestant population continuing to decline"
556:
169:
A return to Catholic supremacy ensued during the reign of Queen
463:
Between 1640 and 1641, Protestants and Catholics alike in the
193:, to train ministers (1592); and the first translation of the
475:), was executed by the English parliamentarians in May 1641.
1381:"Northern Ireland census 2011: religion and identity mapped"
736:
in the 1780s did sectarian divisions come back to the fore.
1407:. Central Statistics Office. p. 6. Archived from
208:-trained Catholic priests; failure to make use of the
1396:
1394:
632:
Areas where the Palatines settled included counties
906:
Concentration of Protestants in Ireland per county.
2386:(University College of Dublin Press, 2010) 240pp.
1982:
1980:
1055:. Bedell had also undertaken a translation of the
467:united in opposition to Wentworth, and pushed for
1850:A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes, pp. 236-40.
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
663:The Palatines responded well to the teachings of
448:In 1635, Lord Wentworth proposed a plantation of
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1796:A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes, pp. 205-7.
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1780:A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes, pp. 200-2.
1776:
1774:
1772:
1708:A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes, pp. 184-5.
1641:A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes, pp. 177-8.
1616:A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes, pp. 164-5.
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
958:in the opening decades of the 17th century, the
2321:Moody, T.W.; Martin, F.X.; Byrne, F.J. (1976),
1986:Oxford Companion to Irish History, pp. 504-505.
1920:
1918:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
860:, which was to have wide repercussions for the
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1457:
1210:Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland
2377:Religion, conflict and coexistence in Ireland
2307:, New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 187,
2305:Warrior Race: A History of the British at War
2070:Oxford Companion to Irish History, pp. 452-3.
1934:
1932:
1930:
1699:A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes, p. 183.
1632:Oxford Companion to Irish History, pp. 591-2.
1558:Oxford Companion to Irish History, pp. 493-4.
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1250:Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim
1158:
709:. William Conolly was a Gaelic Catholic from
162:, attempts were made to introduce Protestant
8:
2407:(Dublin: Original Writing Ltd, 2010) 385pp.
2405:The Protestant community in Sligo, 1914–1949
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
676:The Penal Laws and converts to Protestantism
479:Rebellion and birth of Irish Presbyterianism
2224:Persecuting Zeal. A Portrait of Ian Paisley
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1667:The Concise History of Ireland, pp. 109-11.
1447:
1445:
846:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2082:Oxford Companion to Irish History, p. 120.
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1974:Oxford Companion to Irish History, p. 462.
1912:Oxford Companion to Irish History, p. 447.
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1812:Oxford Companion to Irish History, p. 264.
1679:Oxford Companion to Irish History, p. 469.
1525:The Concise History of Ireland, pp. 100-1.
1467:The Concise History of Ireland, pp. 106-7.
1439:Oxford Companion to Irish History, p. 502.
1220:Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland
1165:
1151:
1090:Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland
1066:
815:, around 3,500 Ulster emigrants landed at
99:of England, who had himself proclaimed as
1534:Medieval Ireland An Encyclopedia, p. 368.
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1476:Medieval Ireland An Encyclopedia, p. 409.
1185:Evangelical Presbyterian Church (Ireland)
762:an address of the injustices they faced.
261:Throughout the reigns of Elizabeth I and
2170:The Experience of the British Civil Wars
1451:Medieval Ireland An Encyclopedia, p. 82.
1330:Protestantism in the Republic of Ireland
1133:Churches Together in Britain and Ireland
893:Protestantism in the Republic of Ireland
158:. During the reign of Henry VIII's son,
32:Protestantism in the Republic of Ireland
1748:The Concise History of Ireland, p. 117.
1356:
1200:Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland
1117:
1069:
1006:undertook the first publication of the
389:By the 1630s, Protestant settlers from
545:restoration of the monarchy in Ireland
528:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
1014:. The first Irish translation of the
719:Speaker of the Irish House of Commons
616:fled persecution to England from the
7:
2143:Presbyterians and the Irish Language
2125:A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes
1598:The Plantation of Ulster, pp. 147-9.
1364:Devenport, Mark (11 December 2012).
850:United Church of England and Ireland
652:, County Limerick, the other around
144:dissolved the monasteries in Ireland
2244:, Studia Hibernica, Editorial Board
1582:The Plantation of Ulster, pp. 74-8.
1570:The Plantation of Ulster, pp. 80-3.
740:Dissenter grievances and emigration
396:It is estimated that in regards to
272:, set about settling his lands in
25:
2188:Oxford Companion to Irish History
2091:A New History of Ireland, p. 420.
138:of England to be the head of the
2269:Medieval Ireland An Encyclopedia
2163:, Clogher Record, Vol. 15, No 2.
2145:, Ulster Historical Foundation,
1924:Religion, Law and Power, p. 302.
1607:The Plantation of Ulster, p. 85.
1379:Sedghi, Ami (13 December 2012).
1260:Association of Vineyard Churches
1240:Redeemed Christian Church of God
1018:was begun by Dr Nicholas Walsh,
352:The Honourable The Irish Society
1265:Congregational Union of Ireland
910:In 1991, the population of the
268:In 1604, the Scottish Catholic
2287:The Concise History of Ireland
2253:, Liverpool University Press,
2242:Hearts of Oak, Hearts of Steel
1195:Presbyterian Church in Ireland
1110:Presbyterian Church in Ireland
998:Cultural and literature impact
1:
2372:, reviews recsent scholarship
887:20th century and 21st century
799:Prior to the outbreak of the
134:in 1536, which declared King
1368:. BBC News Northern Ireland.
1335:Religion in Northern Ireland
1302:Seventh-day Adventist Church
801:American War of Independence
36:Religion in Northern Ireland
2325:, Oxford University Press,
2240:Donnelly, James S. (1981),
2226:, Brandon Book Publishers,
2208:, Oxford University Press,
2190:, Oxford University Press,
2032:Mary Kenny (7 March 2009).
1280:Non-denominational churches
1190:Methodist Church in Ireland
680:From 1697 to 1728, various
346:. This was followed by the
2449:
2303:James, Lawarance (2003) ,
2159:Brown, Lindsay T. (1995),
1275:Lutheran Church in Ireland
1215:Protestant Reformed Church
1100:Christian Churches Ireland
1095:Catholic Church in Ireland
890:
517:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
511:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
419:The 1st Viscount Wentworth
284:with Protestants from the
233:During the reigns of both
156:medieval period in Ireland
115:
66:minority on the island of
42:
29:
2360:10.1017/S0018246X12000441
2168:Carlton, Charles (1992),
2123:Bardon, Jonathan (2009),
2105:Bardon, Jonathan (2001),
1128:Irish Council of Churches
747:Williamite War in Ireland
2433:Protestantism by country
2428:Protestantism in Ireland
2289:, Gill & Macmillan,
2127:, Gill & Macmillan,
2109:, Gill & Macmillan,
2107:The Plantation of Ulster
1325:Protestantism by country
1205:Free Presbyterian Church
522:With the victory of the
438:Archbishop of Canterbury
181:in an attempt to impose
70:. In the 2011 census of
2204:Connolly, S.J. (1992),
2186:Connolly, S.J. (2007),
1230:Elim Pentecostal Church
1105:Elim Pentecostal Church
1071:Christian denominations
485:Irish Rebellion of 1641
191:Trinity College, Dublin
45:Christianity in Ireland
2382:Crawford, Heather K .
2249:Delaney, Enda (2000),
2222:Cooke, Dennis (1997),
2141:Blaney, Roger (2012),
1295:Ireland Yearly Meeting
1270:Church of the Nazarene
1245:Trinity Church Network
973:Lord Deputy of Ireland
962:consisted of Catholic
907:
703:The 5th Earl of Antrim
579:The revocation of the
427:Lord Deputy of Ireland
378:, as well as parts of
118:Reformation in Ireland
112:Reformation in Ireland
56:
2375:Comerford, R. et al.
2172:, London: Routledge,
1057:Book of Common Prayer
969:Sir Arthur Chichester
905:
891:Further information:
881:Irish Church Act 1869
793:Francis Joseph Biggar
726:Protestant Ascendancy
52:
2285:Duffy, Seán (2005),
2267:Duffy, Seán (2004),
1225:Independent Baptists
1138:Evangelical Alliance
1053:Archbishop of Dublin
956:Plantation of Ulster
898:20th century decline
684:were enacted by the
626:resettled in Ireland
565:Plantation of Ulster
442:Thirty-Nine Articles
348:Plantation of Ulster
314:That same year, the
2400:44 (Winter 2009–10)
1766:James 2003, p. 187.
930:21st century growth
912:Republic of Ireland
734:Armagh disturbances
539:Restoration Ireland
316:Flight of the Earls
294:Sir Hugh Montgomery
124:English Reformation
85:English Reformation
76:Republic of Ireland
27:Religious community
2403:Deignan, Padraig.
2348:Historical Journal
1340:Ulster Protestants
1307:The Salvation Army
1031:Archbishop of Tuam
984:convention of 1660
908:
862:Anglican Communion
672:the 19th century.
526:, the Cromwellian
257:Early 17th century
245:and many Scottish
126:in the 1530s, the
57:
2413:978-1-907179-58-7
2332:978-0-19-956252-7
2197:978-0-19-923483-7
2152:978-1-908448-55-2
2134:978-0-7171-4649-9
2116:978-0-7171-4738-0
2022:Brown, pp. 39-40.
1940:"Irish Ancestors"
1235:Assemblies of God
1180:Church of Ireland
1175:
1174:
1119:Irish interchurch
1084:Church of Ireland
1042:Bishop of Kilmore
1027:Nehemiah Donellan
1004:Church of Ireland
938:Irish Independent
622:Holy Roman Empire
473:Earl of Strafford
423:Earl of Strafford
410:Church of Ireland
286:Scottish Lowlands
270:Randal MacDonnell
251:Church of Ireland
179:Act of Uniformity
142:. In 1539, Henry
140:Church of Ireland
89:Church of Ireland
18:Irish Protestants
16:(Redirected from
2440:
2371:
2354:(4): 1161–1184.
2335:
2317:
2299:
2281:
2263:
2245:
2236:
2218:
2200:
2182:
2164:
2155:
2137:
2119:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2071:
2068:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2003:
2000:
1987:
1984:
1975:
1972:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1936:
1925:
1922:
1913:
1910:
1891:
1890:Brown, pp. 30-5.
1888:
1851:
1848:
1813:
1810:
1797:
1794:
1781:
1778:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:Carlton, p. 212.
1755:
1749:
1746:
1731:
1728:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1680:
1677:
1668:
1665:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1583:
1580:
1571:
1568:
1559:
1556:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1516:Blaney, pp. 2-4.
1514:
1491:
1490:Blaney, pp. 6-7.
1488:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1452:
1449:
1440:
1437:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1067:
1020:Bishop of Ossory
967:of Protestants,
960:Irish Parliament
950:Irish Parliament
924:Northern Ireland
919:Irish Free State
823:Political reform
758:in 1722 sending
751:Irish Parliament
686:Irish Parliament
614:German Palatines
608:German Palatines
524:Parliamentarians
465:Irish Parliament
344:James VI & I
302:County Roscommon
239:James VI & I
132:Act of Supremacy
128:Irish Parliament
72:Northern Ireland
21:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2418:
2417:
2345:
2342:
2340:Further reading
2333:
2320:
2315:
2302:
2297:
2284:
2279:
2266:
2261:
2248:
2239:
2234:
2221:
2216:
2203:
2198:
2185:
2180:
2167:
2158:
2153:
2140:
2135:
2122:
2117:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2038:The Independent
2031:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2006:
2001:
1990:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1945:The Irish Times
1938:
1937:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1894:
1889:
1854:
1849:
1816:
1811:
1800:
1795:
1784:
1779:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1734:
1729:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1494:
1489:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1414:on 20 June 2017
1411:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1316:
1311:
1171:
1065:
1049:Narcissus Marsh
1000:
988:King Charles II
952:
947:
932:
900:
895:
889:
858:Oxford Movement
842:Saint Stephen's
838:
825:
778:Hearts of Steel
756:Synod of Ulster
742:
707:William Conolly
678:
610:
605:
581:Edict of Nantes
577:
541:
513:
495:Presbyterians.
492:Irish Catholics
481:
406:
398:Presbyterianism
342:, escheated to
259:
241:, some English
231:
226:
120:
114:
109:
101:King of Ireland
47:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2401:
2394:
2380:
2379:(Dublin, 1990)
2373:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2318:
2313:
2300:
2295:
2282:
2278:978-0415940528
2277:
2264:
2259:
2246:
2237:
2232:
2219:
2214:
2201:
2196:
2183:
2178:
2165:
2156:
2151:
2138:
2133:
2120:
2115:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2084:
2072:
2050:
2024:
2004:
1988:
1976:
1958:
1926:
1914:
1892:
1852:
1814:
1798:
1782:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1732:
1710:
1701:
1681:
1669:
1643:
1634:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1492:
1478:
1469:
1453:
1441:
1425:
1390:
1371:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1287:
1285:Calvary Chapel
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1064:
1061:
999:
996:
951:
948:
946:
943:
931:
928:
899:
896:
888:
885:
837:
834:
824:
821:
741:
738:
715:County Donegal
677:
674:
609:
606:
604:
601:
593:Queen's County
576:
575:Williamite era
573:
540:
537:
512:
509:
480:
477:
405:
404:Lord Wentworth
402:
384:Queen's County
290:James Hamilton
258:
255:
230:
227:
225:
222:
210:Irish language
116:Main article:
113:
110:
108:
105:
43:Main article:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2445:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
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2414:
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2402:
2399:
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2393:
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2357:
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2349:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2314:0-312-30737-3
2310:
2306:
2301:
2298:
2296:0-7171-3810-0
2292:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2271:, Routledge,
2270:
2265:
2262:
2260:0-85323-745-X
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2233:0-86322-242-0
2229:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2215:0-19-820587-2
2211:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2179:0-415-10391-6
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2118:
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2098:
2088:
2085:
2079:
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2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1887:
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1873:
1871:
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1867:
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1859:
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1815:
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1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1730:Cooke, p. 11.
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1692:
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1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
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1648:
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1604:
1601:
1595:
1593:
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1589:
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1579:
1577:
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1549:
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1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
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1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
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1497:
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1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1464:
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1448:
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1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1395:
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1382:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1350:
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1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
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1308:
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1300:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1286:
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1266:
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1258:
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1246:
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1238:
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1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
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1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
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1191:
1188:
1186:
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1178:
1177:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1156:
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1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
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1116:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:Denominations
1062:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1051:(1638–1713),
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:(1571–1642),
1039:
1038:William Bedel
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:New Testament
1013:
1009:
1005:
997:
995:
993:
989:
985:
980:
976:
974:
970:
965:
961:
957:
954:Prior to the
949:
944:
942:
940:
939:
929:
927:
925:
920:
915:
913:
904:
897:
894:
886:
884:
882:
877:
875:
870:
865:
863:
859:
853:
851:
847:
843:
835:
833:
831:
822:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
794:
789:
787:
783:
782:Hearts of Oak
779:
774:
770:
768:
763:
761:
760:King George I
757:
752:
748:
739:
737:
735:
729:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
698:
696:
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2099:Bibliography
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2041:. Retrieved
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669:John Wesley
585:William III
454:Old English
417:, however,
374:, northern
356:Londonderry
235:Elizabeth I
214:Old English
175:Elizabeth I
122:During the
93:established
2422:Categories
2392:190635944X
1351:References
1086:(Anglican)
992:episcopacy
830:Volunteers
791:Historian
682:Penal Laws
658:endogenous
597:Queen Anne
469:the Graces
458:Parliament
425:in 1640),
136:Henry VIII
97:Henry VIII
2368:162887246
1418:23 August
1387:. London.
874:Tithe War
813:fortnight
786:Whiteboys
665:Methodism
650:Rathkeale
618:Rhineland
549:Huguenots
415:Charles I
336:Fermanagh
328:Coleraine
274:the Route
160:Edward VI
64:Christian
2002:Donnelly
1314:See also
1255:Brethren
945:Politics
784:and the
642:Limerick
612:In 1709
561:Tenerife
450:Connacht
372:Longford
243:Puritans
229:Puritans
201:(1603).
95:by King
2043:14 July
1951:15 July
1290:Quakers
1075:Ireland
695:Silesia
667:, with
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620:in the
376:Wexford
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332:Donegal
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263:James I
164:liturgy
146:. Only
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340:Tyrone
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320:Armagh
309:Ulster
187:Gaelic
171:Mary I
2364:S2CID
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1405:(PDF)
1012:Irish
1008:Bible
654:Gorey
324:Cavan
199:Irish
197:into
62:is a
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2045:2015
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