375:
367:
74:
1146:
241:
615:
671:
606:(IUGS) in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organisation defines an 'IUGS Geological Heritage Site' as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.'
685:
248:
354:. This concentration of wealth and population shifted the economic and political focus of Portuguese Brazil away from the sugar plantations of the north of the country. After gold production slowed in the late 18th century, the economic focus redirected to production of iron ore and agriculture, especially
937:
Cabral, Alexandre
Raphael; Zeh, Armin; Koglin, Nikola; Seabra Gomes, AntĂ´nio Augusto; Viana, Deiwys JosĂ©; Lehmann, Bernd (2012-05-01). "Dating the Itabira iron formation, Quadrilátero FerrĂfero of Minas Gerais, Brazil, at 2.65Ga: Depositional U–Pb age of zircon from a metavolcanic layer".
653:
In response to the 2019 disaster, Vale S.A. halted operations at other nearby mines and has reconfirmed their commitment to decommissioning all upstream tailings dams within the next three years. Vale SA has also been fined
349:
of the late 17th to late 19th century, hundreds of thousands of
Europeans migrated to the region from both Europe and Northern Brazil, and at least half a million slaves were imported from Africa to work in the mines and
1072:
601:
In respect of the importance of this record of banded ironstone formations and the ferruginous caves which it hosts, the 'Paleoproterozoic Banded Iron
Formations of the Quadrilátero FerrĂfero' was included by the
658:
250 million by the
Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources. Brazilian Authorities have also frozen Vale assets worth R$ 11.8 billion to ensure funding for recovery efforts.
646:
10 cu ft) of mining waste was released to the environment, with much of that waste being washed into nearby major rivers. After the collapse of the FundĂŁo dam, contamination of the
1065:
534:(2.1 Ga): coarse sandstone and conglomerates which overlie the Minas Supergroup. This unit contains banded iron formation clasts which might be derived from the CauĂŞ Formation.
1058:
904:"Transamazonian Orogeny in the Southern Sao Francisco Craton Region, Minas Gerais, Brazil: evidence for Paleoproterozoic collision and collapse in the Quadrilatero Ferrifero"
1865:
313:
The Iron
Quadrangle is located in the south-central portion of the state of Minas Gerais and is home to more than 4 million people. The largest city in the region,
773:
638:
at the CĂłrrego do FeijĂŁo iron mine collapsed, causing the deaths of 165 people, and extensive damage to nearby agricultural lands, bridges and the city of
747:
634:(part of the Germano mining complex) in the Mariana region collapsed, causing 19 fatalities and the destruction of around 200 homes. On January 25, 2019,
603:
630:
collapsed, leading to flooding and destruction of the downstream areas, as well as severe environmental contamination. On
November 5, 2015, the
293:, being the source of approximately 40% of all gold produced in Brazil between the years 1500 and 2000. The deposits themselves pertain to the
337:
The mineral wealth of the Iron
Quadrangle has been known since the year 1690. European discovery of gold was followed shortly by discovery of
277:) is a mineral-rich region covering about 7,000 square kilometres (2,700 sq mi) in the central-southern part of the Brazilian state
317:, acts as the regional economic hub and processes most of the gem and mineral wealth produced by the region. Other large settlements include
878:
1860:
1840:
1762:
1850:
618:
Before and after image of area between
Brumadinho and the CĂłrrego do FeijĂŁo mine showing the flood following the collapse of Dam I.
374:
1757:
1492:
1435:
903:
329:. The local economy is dependent on mining and associated activities (steel production and metallurgy), tourism and agriculture.
240:
1386:
366:
528:
plutons which intruded into the Minas
Supergroup. It is these pegmatites which host the gemstones being mined in the region.
1294:
1344:
390:, part of the Minas Supergroup. The Minas Supergroup was initially deposited approximately 2.5 Ga ago on the edge of the
1767:
1324:
1304:
166:
1314:
585:) are typically present in thin bands. This material typically produces a high-grade iron ore, as impurities such as
478:. These are overlain by the CauĂŞ Formation, Lake Superior-type banded iron formations which are in turn overlain by
1845:
1835:
415:
781:
1855:
1800:
1514:
1406:
1391:
1361:
1213:
1203:
318:
1701:
345:
exerted strong control over the mining operations, collecting 20% of all production in taxes. During the larger
173:
751:
432:
117:
1524:
1247:
1208:
635:
555:
539:
391:
228:
1643:
1502:
1497:
1339:
467:
1462:
483:
1805:
1740:
1529:
1371:
1299:
1017:
977:
566:
444:
1648:
1428:
1356:
849:
491:
294:
97:
1795:
1750:
1730:
1376:
1135:
1026:
986:
943:
911:
631:
531:
107:
1573:
1549:
1145:
455:
387:
1745:
1735:
1621:
1556:
1450:
346:
270:
73:
499:
459:
414:
and would not have been associated with the rest of South
America. Also included in this unit are
1681:
1633:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1193:
1173:
395:
1381:
1349:
703:
394:, the geologic core of southern Brazil. The larger Iron Quadrangle contains the following five
1777:
1720:
1671:
1666:
1638:
1479:
1125:
959:
698:
577:
have been recrystallized to macroscopically distinguishable quartz grains. The iron minerals (
463:
342:
622:
There have been 2 major mining disasters in the Iron Quadrangle in the 2010s. In both cases,
1810:
1785:
1696:
1544:
1534:
1457:
1440:
1366:
1309:
1198:
1183:
1168:
1160:
1034:
994:
951:
920:
451:
298:
28:
1050:
454:
sedimentary units deposited on the shelf of the SĂŁo Francisco craton. The lowermost units (
382:) from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Note the thin bands of hematite, jasper, and specular hematite
1790:
1628:
1606:
1487:
1272:
1232:
1178:
1100:
1095:
1087:
440:
436:
1563:
1289:
1030:
990:
947:
1676:
1591:
1539:
1401:
1237:
676:
655:
614:
543:
521:
507:
479:
410:
of the SĂŁo Francisco craton. At the time, this craton would have been connected to the
314:
1038:
1013:"Review of global 2.1 – 1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent"
924:
1829:
1334:
1319:
1284:
1252:
1188:
1115:
1012:
972:
690:
24:
998:
955:
1396:
1329:
1130:
670:
623:
547:
495:
411:
302:
278:
208:
1686:
1568:
1509:
1469:
1262:
1257:
1120:
1110:
1105:
487:
46:
39:
1519:
1445:
1276:
1242:
1224:
827:
666:
647:
639:
511:
322:
963:
774:"E os bandeirantes descobrem o ouro (And the bandeirantes discover the gold)"
188:
175:
1711:
627:
590:
582:
562:
525:
518:
503:
471:
407:
379:
154:
144:
140:
578:
550:. It has been suggested that this event relates to other contemporaneous
290:
822:
551:
426:
419:
338:
326:
286:
53:
973:"A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup"
1420:
1156:
586:
574:
570:
475:
422:
403:
355:
301:, about 2.5 Ga. In the 2010s, there have been two collapses of large
218:
87:
60:
642:. Between the two events, approximately 72,000,000 cubic metres (2.5
386:
The iron ore deposits of the Iron Quadrangle are hosted within the
373:
365:
351:
1416:
282:
1054:
297:, a sequence of meta-sedimentary rocks initially formed in the
1144:
1011:
Zhao, G.; Cawood, P.A.; Wilde, S.A.; Sun, M. (2002),
879:"Vale updates on latest information about Brumadinho"
650:
caused water shortages for people living downstream.
538:
The area shows evidence for a collisional event (the
542:) approximately from 2.2 to 1.8 Ga, based on mapped
1776:
1719:
1710:
1659:
1584:
1478:
1415:
1271:
1222:
1155:
1086:
561:The iron ore in the region is of the type known as
554:around the world, leading to the assemblage of the
370:
Geologic map listing the gold mines of Minas Gerais
224:
214:
204:
165:
160:
150:
136:
131:
123:
113:
103:
93:
83:
18:
305:, which caused extensive damage and loss of life.
281:. The area is known for its extensive deposits of
971:Zhao, G.; Sun, M.; Wilde, S.A.; Li, S. (2004),
593:were removed during the metamorphic processes.
127:7,000 square kilometres (2,700 sq mi)
850:"The First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites"
439:and intercalated sedimentary rocks, including
1066:
8:
857:IUGS International Commission on Geoheritage
1716:
1073:
1059:
1051:
604:International Union of Geological Sciences
565:. Itabirite is a metamorphosed variant of
72:
15:
1866:First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites
1081:Major South American geological features
613:
823:"Iron Quadrangle, Minas Gerais, Brazil"
739:
720:
247:
517:Post-Minas intrusives (various ages):
402:Archean Basement rock (3.2–2.61 Ga):
7:
78:Geologic map of the Iron Quadrangle
14:
902:Alkmim, F.F.; Marshak, S (1998),
683:
669:
494:. Lastly, the whole sequence is
246:
239:
999:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.02.003
956:10.1016/j.precamres.2012.02.006
778:Brazilian Association of Metals
569:in which the original bands of
1:
1039:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00073-9
925:10.1016/S0301-9268(98)00032-1
626:at mines operated in part by
597:IUGS geological heritage site
450:Minas Supergroup (2.6–2.12):
1882:
1702:Pampean Pegmatite Province
794:Alkmim & Marshak, 1998
474:fining upward into marine
1861:Geography of Minas Gerais
1841:Precambrian South America
1174:Arequipa-Antofalla Craton
1142:
433:Rio das Velhas Supergroup
425:emplaced during the Late
234:
118:Rio das Velhas Supergroup
71:
23:
1851:Metallogenetic provinces
1660:Metallogenetic provinces
1184:Central Brazilian Shield
255:Iron Quadrangle (Brazil)
1295:Bucaramanga-Santa Marta
727:as of February 12, 2019
556:Supercontinent Columbia
378:Banded iron formation (
1223:Structures undergoing
1204:RĂo de la Plata Craton
1149:
619:
540:Transamazonian Orogeny
445:banded iron formations
383:
371:
275:Quadrilátero FerrĂfero
274:
1148:
1018:Earth-Science Reviews
978:Earth-Science Reviews
617:
567:banded iron formation
486:and shallow water to
377:
369:
1248:Juan Fernández Ridge
1209:SĂŁo Francisco Craton
940:Precambrian Research
912:Precambrian Research
710:Notes and references
510:, conglomerates and
392:SĂŁo Francisco craton
229:SĂŁo Francisco craton
1768:Paraná and Etendeka
1031:2002ESRv...59..125Z
991:2004ESRv...67...91Z
948:2012PreR..204...40C
484:Gandarela Formation
347:Brazilian Gold Rush
185: /
25:Stratigraphic range
1722:Volcanic provinces
1682:El Indio Gold Belt
1480:Sedimentary basins
1345:Magallanes-Fagnano
1194:Paranapanema Block
1150:
942:. 204–205: 40–45.
748:"IGBE 2010 Census"
620:
396:lithostratigraphic
384:
372:
1846:Iron ore deposits
1836:Geology of Brazil
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1672:Chilean Iron Belt
1667:Bolivian Tin Belt
1525:Eastern Venezuela
1315:Dolores-Guayaquil
1305:Cordillera Blanca
812:Zhao et al., 2002
803:Zhao et al., 2004
699:Ferrous Resources
490:sediments of the
464:marine regression
462:) show a typical
343:Portuguese Empire
263:
262:
35:2600–2120 Ma
1873:
1856:Mining in Brazil
1763:Central Atlantic
1723:
1717:
1697:Lithium Triangle
1651:
1624:
1576:
1559:
1552:
1505:
1465:
1453:
1431:
1352:
1214:Uruguayan Shield
1169:Amazonian Craton
1075:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1025:(1–4): 125–162,
1007:
1006:
1005:
967:
933:
932:
931:
908:
890:
889:
887:
885:
875:
869:
868:
866:
864:
854:
846:
840:
839:
837:
835:
819:
813:
810:
804:
801:
795:
792:
786:
785:
780:. Archived from
770:
764:
763:
761:
759:
754:on 12 April 2019
750:. Archived from
744:
728:
725:
693:
688:
687:
686:
679:
674:
673:
645:
610:Mining disasters
498:overlain by the
492:Piracicaba Group
299:Paleoproterozoic
295:Minas Supergroup
250:
249:
243:
200:
199:
197:
196:
195:
190:
186:
183:
182:
181:
178:
98:Minas Supergroup
76:
67:
63:
56:
49:
42:
36:
29:Paleoproterozoic
16:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1815:
1791:Noronha hotspot
1772:
1721:
1706:
1692:Iron Quadrangle
1655:
1649:
1644:Terra Australis
1622:
1580:
1574:
1557:
1550:
1530:Golfo San Jorge
1503:
1498:Andean foreland
1474:
1463:
1451:
1429:
1411:
1407:Trans-Brazilian
1350:
1325:Eastern Frontal
1267:
1233:Antarctic Plate
1218:
1179:Atlantic Shield
1151:
1140:
1088:Tectonic plates
1082:
1079:
1043:
1041:
1010:
1003:
1001:
985:(1–2): 91–123,
970:
936:
929:
927:
906:
901:
898:
893:
883:
881:
877:
876:
872:
862:
860:
852:
848:
847:
843:
833:
831:
821:
820:
816:
811:
807:
802:
798:
793:
789:
772:
771:
767:
757:
755:
746:
745:
741:
737:
732:
731:
726:
722:
717:
712:
704:Port of TubarĂŁo
689:
684:
682:
675:
668:
665:
643:
612:
599:
532:Itacolomi Group
508:volcaniclastics
466:sequence, with
435:(2.86–2.6 Ga):
364:
335:
311:
267:Iron Quadrangle
259:
258:
257:
256:
253:
252:
251:
193:
191:
187:
184:
179:
176:
174:
172:
171:
108:Itacolomi Group
88:Mining district
79:
66:
65:
61:
58:
54:
51:
47:
44:
40:
34:
33:
31:
19:Iron Quadrangle
12:
11:
5:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1801:Juan Fernández
1798:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1773:
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1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1753:
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1725:
1714:
1708:
1707:
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1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1677:Deseado Massif
1674:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1504:Central Brazil
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1425:
1423:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1392:Sierra Ballena
1389:
1387:SarandĂ del YĂ
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
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1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1238:Carnegie Ridge
1235:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1199:RĂo Apa Craton
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1136:South American
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1008:
968:
934:
919:(1–2): 29–58,
897:
894:
892:
891:
870:
841:
814:
805:
796:
787:
784:on 2014-01-09.
765:
738:
736:
733:
730:
729:
719:
718:
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713:
711:
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707:
706:
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677:Geology portal
664:
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515:
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430:
388:CauĂŞ Formation
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360:
334:
331:
315:Belo Horizonte
310:
307:
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260:
254:
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1602:Cariri Velhos
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1458:Neuquén Rifts
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1442:
1441:AsunciĂłn Rift
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1340:Liquiñe-Ofqui
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
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1301:
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1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
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1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:Malpelo Ridge
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
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1202:
1200:
1197:
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1192:
1190:
1189:Guiana Shield
1187:
1185:
1182:
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1177:
1175:
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1167:
1166:
1164:
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1158:
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965:
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926:
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845:
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829:
824:
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769:
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749:
743:
740:
734:
724:
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692:
691:Brazil portal
681:
678:
672:
667:
662:
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657:
651:
649:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:tailings dams
616:
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588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
548:thrust faults
545:
541:
533:
530:
527:
523:
520:
516:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:unconformably
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:conglomerates
465:
461:
460:Caraça Groups
457:
453:
452:Metamorphosed
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
431:
428:
424:
421:
417:
416:calc-alkaline
413:
409:
405:
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389:
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359:
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303:tailings dams
300:
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242:
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203:
198:
189:19.9°S 43.2°W
170:
168:
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159:
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139:
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126:
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119:
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89:
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82:
75:
70:
64:
57:
50:
43:
30:
26:
22:
17:
1691:
1042:, retrieved
1022:
1016:
1002:, retrieved
982:
976:
939:
928:, retrieved
916:
910:
896:Bibliography
882:. Retrieved
873:
861:. Retrieved
856:
844:
832:. Retrieved
826:
817:
808:
799:
790:
782:the original
777:
768:
756:. Retrieved
752:the original
742:
723:
652:
621:
600:
560:
537:
500:Sabará Group
412:Congo craton
385:
336:
312:
309:Demographics
279:Minas Gerais
266:
264:
209:Minas Gerais
194:-19.9; -43.2
1470:Salta Rifts
1436:Amazon Rift
1277:shear zones
1263:Nazca Ridge
1258:Nazca Plate
1126:North Andes
884:10 February
863:10 November
834:10 February
758:10 February
512:diamictites
502:, a mix of
358:and dairy.
319:Santa Luzia
192: /
167:Coordinates
48:Proterozoic
1830:Categories
1634:San Rafael
1617:Gondwanide
1612:Famatinian
1597:Brasiliano
1535:Magallanes
1367:Pernambuco
1300:Cochabamba
1243:Chile Rise
1225:subduction
1044:2019-02-20
1004:2019-02-20
930:2019-02-20
828:Mindat.org
735:References
640:Brumadinho
632:FundĂŁo dam
519:Pegmatitic
504:turbidites
480:carbonates
472:sandstones
437:Greenstone
408:migmatites
271:Portuguese
1806:San Felix
1796:Galápagos
1786:Ascension
1758:Caribbean
1712:Volcanism
1650:Tilcarian
1585:Orogenies
1488:Altiplano
1464:Paramirim
1446:Cuyo Rift
1382:San RamĂłn
1362:Oca-AncĂłn
1101:Caribbean
1096:Antarctic
964:0301-9268
628:Vale S.A.
591:phosphate
583:magnetite
563:itabirite
552:orogenies
526:granitoid
380:itabirite
155:Itabirite
145:granitoid
141:Pegmatite
132:Lithology
104:Underlies
1811:Trindade
1778:Hotspots
1687:El MutĂşn
1575:Solimões
1551:Pantanal
1540:Malvinas
1515:Colorado
1402:El Tigre
1372:El Pilar
663:See also
648:Rio Doce
579:hematite
456:TamanduĂŁ
420:granitic
339:diamonds
291:iron ore
287:diamonds
161:Location
114:Overlies
1751:Austral
1741:Central
1629:Pampean
1607:Chonide
1558:ParaĂba
1545:Neuquén
1430:AguapeĂ
1421:grabens
1377:Romeral
1335:Huincul
1320:Domeyko
1310:CĂłrdoba
1285:Atacama
1161:shields
1157:Cratons
1116:Malpelo
1027:Bibcode
987:Bibcode
944:Bibcode
488:deltaic
482:of the
476:pelites
441:Algoman
427:Archean
423:plutons
398:units:
362:Geology
333:History
327:Itabira
323:Ibirité
215:Country
180:43°12′W
177:19°54′S
137:Primary
94:Unit of
55:Archean
1731:Andean
1639:Sunsás
1592:Andean
1564:Paraná
1493:Amazon
1452:Espino
1397:Sobral
1330:Gastre
1290:BoconĂł
1273:Faults
1131:Scotia
962:
859:. IUGS
587:sulfur
575:jasper
571:quartz
443:-type
404:Gneiss
356:coffee
352:lavras
341:. The
325:, and
289:, and
225:Extent
219:Brazil
205:Region
1746:South
1736:North
1623:Juruá
1569:Salta
1510:Chaco
1417:Rifts
1357:MorĂłn
1121:Nazca
1111:Coiba
1106:Cocos
907:(PDF)
853:(PDF)
715:Notes
636:Dam I
544:folds
522:dikes
447:(BIF)
151:Other
1520:Cuyo
1419:and
1351:Meta
1275:and
1159:and
960:ISSN
886:2019
865:2022
836:2019
760:2019
581:and
573:and
546:and
524:and
470:and
458:and
418:and
406:and
283:gold
265:The
124:Area
84:Type
62:Had.
41:Pha.
1035:doi
995:doi
952:doi
921:doi
656:R$
589:or
1832::
1033:,
1023:59
1021:,
1015:,
993:,
983:67
981:,
975:,
958:.
950:.
917:90
915:,
909:,
855:.
825:.
776:.
558:.
506:,
321:,
285:,
273::
143:,
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1074:e
1067:t
1060:v
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1029::
997::
989::
966:.
954::
946::
923::
888:.
867:.
838:.
762:.
644:Ă—
514:.
429:.
269:(
32:~
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
