44:
979:
are sometimes termed as cultures. Wright controversially attributed the increase in homogeneity to a "conquest theory", whereby the
Pickering culture became dominant over the Glen Meyer and the former became the predecessor of the later Uren and Middleport substages. Archaeologists opposed to Wright's theory have criticized it on a number of levels, such as questioning whether the Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures were meaningfully distinct from each other, reclassifying some Uren and Middleport sites as Glen Meyer, and, by the 1990s, becoming increasingly reluctant to classify sub-groups of sites from the period in Ontario into distinct archaeological cultures at all.
503:
492:
545:
978:
During the Middle
Ontario Iroquois stage, rapid cultural change took place near the beginning of the 14th century, and detectable differences between the Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures disappeared. The Middle Ontario Iroquois stage is divided into chronological Uren and Middleport substages, which
1031:
kinship systems. They were historically sedentary farmers who lived in large fortified villages enclosed by palisades thirty feet high as a defence against enemy attack, these settlements were referred to as “towns” by early
Europeans and supplemented their diet with additional hunting and gathering
982:
In one 1990 paper, Ronald
Williamson stated that Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures might represent "two ends of a continuum of spatial variability extending across southern Ontario," in his arguments against the classification of Ontario Iroquoian sites into groups based on material culture. This
974:
considered by archaeologists to be
Iroquoian or proto-Iroquoian in character. In the Early Ontario Iroquois stage (likely beginning around AD 900), these comprised the Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures, which clustered in southwestern and eastern Ontario respectively.
983:
dispute paralleled other contemporary discussions over the usefulness of the older system of material culture classification which had mostly been devised in the 1960s and 1970s, such as criticism of the usefulness of the pre-Ontario
Iroquoian
961:
There is archaeological evidence for
Iroquoian peoples "in the area around present-day New York state by approximately 500 to 600 CE, and possibly as far back as 4000 BCE. Their distinctive culture seems to have developed by about 1000 CE."
914:
resulting from the arrival of
Europeans. For example, it is estimated that by the mid-17th century, the Huron population had decreased from 20,000–30,000 to about 9000, while the Petun population dropped from around 8000 to 3000.
637:
evidence for
Iroquoian peoples "in the area around present-day New York state by approximately 500 to 600 CE, and possibly as far back as 4000 BCE. Their distinctive culture seems to have developed by about 1000 CE.
991:
took a more middling view, supporting the idea of Glen Meyer and
Pickering cultures being distinct, but also acknowledging that the "conquest theory" was not generally accepted by archaeologists by that point.
2110:
2080:
531:
1033:
428:
95:
2105:
152:
478:
453:
357:
2090:
327:
322:
124:
2085:
935:
241:
90:
1094:
524:
496:
221:
112:
231:
107:
2044:
Whyte, Thomas R. (Summer 2007). "Proto-Iroquoian Divergence in the Late Archaic-Early Woodland Period Transition of the Appalachian Highlands".
337:
246:
211:
175:
931:
911:
517:
458:
352:
269:
236:
201:
216:
1486:
Abel, Timothy J.; Vavrasek, Jessica L.; Hart, John P. (October 2019). "Radiocarbon Dating the Iroquoian Occupation of Northern New York".
1000:
907:
tells that the Iroquoian people have their origin in a woman who fell from the sky, and that they have always been on Turtle Island.
1818:
1648:
Bursey, Jeffrey A. (2003). "Discerning Storage and Structures at the Forster Site: A Princess Point Component in Southern Ontario".
1401:
1351:
274:
85:
473:
1635:
2095:
463:
186:
2100:
1707:
196:
147:
1669:
Crawford, Gary W.; Smith, David G. (October 1996). "Migration in Prehistory: Princess Point and the Northern Iroquoian Case".
1552:
Birch, Jennifer (October 2012). "Coalescent communities: settlement aggregation and social integration in Iroquoian Ontario".
400:
395:
347:
157:
102:
1304:
390:
342:
33:
970:
The Ontario Iroquois tradition was conceptualized by the archaeologist J. V. Wright in 1966. It encompasses a group of
1709:
Deyughnyonkwarakda – "At the Wood's Edge": The Development of the Iroquoian Village in Southern Ontario, A.D. 900-1500
1448:
Williamson, Ronald F. (1990). Ellis, Chris J.; Ferris, Neal (eds.). "The Early Iroquoian Period of Southern Ontario".
1949:
Traphagan, John W. (2008). "Embodiment, Ritual Incorporation, and Cannibalism Among the Iroquoians after 1300 c.e.".
2075:
1720:
Hart, John P.; Engelbrecht, William (June 2012). "Northern Iroquoian Ethnic Evolution: A Social Network Analysis".
284:
1862:
786:
332:
310:
43:
996:
810:
620:
142:
54:
1169:
971:
951:
564:. Their traditional territories, often referred to by scholars as Iroquoia, stretch from the mouth of the
1458:
557:
1811:
Process and Meaning in Spatial Archaeology: Investigations into Pre-Columbian Iroquoian Space and Place
1393:
1870:
Manning, Sturt W.; Birch, Jennifer; Conger, Megan A.; Dee, Michael W.; et al. (5 December 2018).
1369:
Ferris, Neal; Spence, Michael W. (July–December 1995). "The Woodland Traditions in Southern Ontario".
1883:
880:
1015:). This culture, perhaps in interaction with other complexes eventually developed into the several
824:
375:
315:
2053:
2032:
2024:
1995:
1987:
1958:
1928:
1845:
1824:
1797:
1780:
1745:
1737:
1694:
1686:
1657:
1622:
1614:
1579:
1571:
1554:
1540:
1511:
1503:
1436:
1428:
1374:
1357:
924:
904:
814:
565:
68:
988:
1911:
1814:
1397:
1347:
1281:
939:
928:
206:
1387:
1130:
2016:
2007:
Wesler, Kit W. (October 1983). "Trade Politics and Native Polities in Iroquoia and Asante".
1979:
1901:
1891:
1729:
1678:
1604:
1563:
1532:
1495:
1420:
1339:
1008:
934:
civilization that flourished in settlements along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern
830:
778:
701:
651:
1970:
Warrick, Gary (December 2000). "The Precontact Iroquoian Occupation of Southern Ontario".
1012:
984:
947:
840:
707:
405:
380:
117:
1758:
27:
Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands cultural area, in eastern North America.
1887:
1536:
1523:
Bamann, Susan; Kuhn, Robert; Molnar, James; Snow, Dean (1992). "Iroquoian Archaeology".
1336:
The Storied Landscape of Iroquoia: History, Conquest, and Memory in the Native Northeast
1906:
1871:
1028:
954:
or society, but a widely dispersed set of populations connected by a common network of
872:
856:
834:
768:
719:
715:
600:
592:
588:
569:
468:
433:
302:
1872:"Radiocarbon re-dating of contact-era Iroquoian history in northeastern North America"
1411:
Snow, Dean R. (January 1995). "Migration in Prehistory: The Northern Iroquoian Case".
2069:
2036:
1999:
1749:
1698:
1626:
1583:
1515:
1440:
1361:
846:
800:
792:
691:
685:
675:
669:
647:
616:
584:
561:
507:
410:
226:
191:
1792:
Johnston, Richard B. (1979). "Notes on Ossuary Burial Among the Ontario Iroquois".
1070:
796:
758:
723:
604:
279:
162:
1771:
Jamieson, Susan M. (1992). "Regional Interaction and Ontario Iroquois Evolution".
1593:"Current Research on the Historical Development of Northern Iroquoian Societies"
955:
862:
774:
634:
608:
385:
17:
1567:
2020:
1983:
1733:
1609:
1592:
943:
544:
168:
672:( Kanienʼkehá:ka): of Quebec and Ontario, Canada, and New York, United States
1828:
1016:
876:
695:
576:
264:
181:
1915:
1896:
688:(Gayogo̱hó꞉nǫʼ): New York and Oklahoma, United States and Ontario, Canada.
890:
868:
804:
679:
627:
580:
2057:
1991:
1962:
1932:
1849:
1801:
1784:
1741:
1661:
1618:
1575:
1507:
1499:
1378:
1343:
1544:
1459:"The Conquest Theory of the Ontario Iroquois Tradition: a Reassessment"
1338:. Borderlands and Transcultural Studies. University of Nebraska Press.
1004:
884:
762:
727:
659:
2028:
1690:
1432:
818:
771:(Chonnonton or Attawandaron): southwestern and south-central Ontario.
731:
663:
655:
1859:
Archaeology of the Iroquois: Selected Readings and Research Sources
1682:
1424:
852:
754:
612:
596:
543:
61:
782:
710:(Onöñda’gaga’): of New York, United States, and Ontario, Canada.
1836:
Kapches, Mima (Fall 1980). "Wall Trenches on Iroquoian Sites".
1760:
Bone, Antler, Tooth and Shell: A Study in Iroquoian Technology
1373:(9). Pan American Institute of Geography and History: 83–138.
704:(Skarù:ręˀ): of New York, United States, and Ontario, Canada.
1923:
Noble, William C. (1979). "Ontario Iroquois Effigy Pipes".
1637:
Ritual, Materiality, and Memory in an Iroquoian Village
1071:"Iroquois | History, Culture, & Facts | Britannica"
827:: Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio, United States.
1131:"Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
1216:
1214:
1189:
1187:
1152:
1150:
1844:. Eastern States Archeological Federation: 98–105.
1656:(2). Canadian Archaeological Association: 191–233.
1796:(3). Canadian Archaeological Association: 91–104.
1117:
958:. This is known as the Hopewell exchange system.
1927:(3). Canadian Archaeological Association: 69–90.
2111:Indigenous culture of the Northeastern Woodlands
2081:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
1450:The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650
1019:-speaking nations of Pennsylvania and New York.
548:Pre-contact distribution of Iroquoian languages
1809:Jones, Eric E.; Creese, John L., eds. (2016).
1779:. Canadian Archaeological Association: 70–88.
855:(Chichimeco or Richahecrian): of Virginia and
1386:McMillan, Alan D.; Yellowhorn, Eldon (2004).
525:
8:
1268:
879:, edges of western South Carolina, northern
2106:Lists of indigenous peoples of the Americas
1722:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
927:describes the common aspects of an ancient
2015:(4). Cambridge University Press: 641–660.
2009:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1942:The Edge of the Woods: Iroquoia, 1534–1701
1677:(4). Cambridge University Press: 782–790.
1562:(4). Cambridge University Press: 646–670.
1494:(4). Cambridge University Press: 748–761.
1256:
1011:from 600 BCE to 700 CE (during the Middle
987:as a conceptual model. In a 1995 article,
950:. The Hopewell tradition was not a single
843:(Cheroenhaka): of Virginia, United States.
532:
518:
29:
1905:
1895:
1608:
1419:(1). Cambridge University Press: 59–79.
1057:
2091:Indigenous peoples in the United States
1472:. Ontario Archaeological Society: 3–16.
1095:"Iroquois Creation Story - Lesson Four"
1050:
630:are also an Iroquoian-speaking people.
32:
1757:Jamieson, James Bruce (January 2016).
1244:
1232:
1205:
1193:
821:, Canada, and New York, United States.
176:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
1299:
1297:
910:Iroquoian societies were affected by
202:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
7:
2052:(1). Taylor & Francis: 134–144.
1838:Archaeology of Eastern North America
1220:
1156:
698:, United States and Ontario, Canada.
682:, United States and Ontario, Canada.
579:people were the Five nations of the
2086:Indigenous peoples of North America
1537:10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.002251
1944:. Michigan State University Press.
1597:Journal of Archaeological Research
1591:Birch, Jennifer (September 2015).
25:
865:(Wenro): New York, United States.
1813:. University Press of Colorado.
1715:(Thesis). University of Toronto.
1643:(Thesis). University of Toronto.
1371:Revista de ArqueologĂa Americana
1172:. Ontario Archaeological Society
1170:"Summary of Ontario Archaeology"
501:
490:
42:
1925:Canadian Journal of Archaeology
1857:Kerber, Jordan E., ed. (2007).
1794:Canadian Journal of Archaeology
1773:Canadian Journal of Archaeology
1650:Canadian Journal of Archaeology
1634:Braun, Gregory Vincent (2015).
1452:. No. 5. pp. 291–320.
912:the wave of infectious diseases
893:(Kauwets'a:ka): North Carolina.
148:British Columbia Treaty Process
1706:Creese, John Laurence (2011).
1135:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
1118:McMillan & Yellowhorn 2004
678:(Onödowáʼga): of New York and
1:
1525:Annual Review of Anthropology
1766:(Thesis). McGill University.
568:in the north, to modern-day
153:Crown and Indigenous peoples
1972:Journal of World Prehistory
1531:. Annual Reviews: 435–460.
1099:www.collectionscanada.gc.ca
694:(Onʌyoteˀa·ká·): New York,
391:Indigenous English Dialects
2127:
1568:10.7183/0002-7316.77.4.646
1334:Anderson, Chad L. (2020).
1027:The Iroquoian peoples had
966:Ontario Iroquois tradition
849:: Virginia, United States.
2021:10.1017/S0010417500010653
1951:Journal of Ritual Studies
1863:Syracuse University Press
1734:10.1007/s10816-011-9116-1
1610:10.1007/s10814-015-9082-3
1282:"Middle Woodland Natives"
757:(Tobacco or Tionontati):
642:List of Iroquoian peoples
497:Indigenous North Americas
2046:Southeastern Archaeology
1978:(4). Springer: 415–466.
1728:(2). Springer: 322–349.
1603:(3). Springer: 263–323.
1269:Ferris & Spence 1995
560:of peoples from eastern
275:Indigenous personalities
2096:First Nations in Canada
1984:10.1023/A:1011137725917
1940:Parmenter, Jon (2010).
1389:First Peoples In Canada
997:Point Peninsula complex
972:archaeological cultures
811:St. Lawrence Iroquoians
621:St. Lawrence Iroquoians
2101:Native American tribes
1897:10.1126/sciadv.aav0280
1457:Wright, J. V. (1992).
1394:Douglas & McIntyre
1305:"The Iroquois Peoples"
948:Middle Woodland period
787:Northwest Pennsylvania
549:
558:ethnolinguistic group
547:
401:Aboriginal syllabics
376:Indigenous languages
1888:2018SciA....4..280M
1500:10.1017/aaq.2019.50
1466:Ontario Archaeology
1344:10.2307/j.ctvzpv65x
1003:culture located in
429:Traditional beliefs
270:Indigenous cultures
113:Residential schools
103:Settler colonialism
1671:American Antiquity
1555:American Antiquity
1488:American Antiquity
1413:American Antiquity
1075:www.britannica.com
1036:were also common.
925:Hopewell tradition
905:Iroquois mythology
815:St. Lawrence River
777:(Eriechronon): of
566:St. Lawrence River
550:
34:Indigenous peoples
2076:Iroquoian peoples
936:Eastern Woodlands
883:and northeastern
740:Attigneenongnahac
554:Iroquoian peoples
542:
541:
508:Canada portal
454:Index of articles
207:Numbered Treaties
16:(Redirected from
2118:
2061:
2040:
2003:
1966:
1945:
1936:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1882:(12). eaav0280.
1876:Science Advances
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1392:(3rd ed.).
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859:, United States.
831:Scahentoarrhonon
807:(United States).
803:, New York, and
795:(Conestoga): of
789:, United States.
779:Upstate New York
534:
527:
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212:Royal Commission
118:Indian hospitals
91:Pre-colonization
46:
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18:Iroquoian people
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1013:Woodland period
985:Saugeen complex
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932:Native American
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875:, southeastern
871:(Anigiduwagi):
837:, Pennsylvania.
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769:Neutral Nation
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572:in the south.
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1403:1-55365-053-0
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1353:9781496218650
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1277:
1274:
1271:, p. 98.
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1223:, p. 68.
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1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
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1159:, p. 67.
1158:
1153:
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1147:
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1126:
1123:
1120:, p. 78.
1119:
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192:Land defender
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55:First Nations
52:
51:
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45:
41:
40:
37:
31:
19:
2049:
2045:
2012:
2008:
1975:
1971:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1924:
1879:
1875:
1858:
1841:
1837:
1829:j.ctt1kc6hk0
1810:
1793:
1776:
1772:
1759:
1725:
1721:
1708:
1674:
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1653:
1649:
1636:
1600:
1596:
1559:
1553:
1528:
1524:
1491:
1487:
1469:
1465:
1449:
1416:
1412:
1388:
1370:
1335:
1313:. Retrieved
1311:. 2017-04-25
1308:
1285:. Retrieved
1276:
1264:
1252:
1247:, p. 8.
1240:
1235:, p. 3.
1228:
1208:, p. 5.
1201:
1196:, p. 4.
1174:. Retrieved
1164:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:
1125:
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:
1089:
1078:. Retrieved
1074:
1065:
1060:, p. 4.
1053:
1032:activities.
1026:
994:
981:
977:
969:
960:
956:trade routes
922:
909:
903:
797:Pennsylvania
759:Georgian Bay
746:Tahontaenrat
743:Arendarhonon
724:Georgian Bay
632:
625:
605:Attawandaron
574:
553:
551:
297:Demographics
280:Country food
167:
163:Idle No More
67:
60:
53:
1957:(2): 1–12.
1245:Wright 1992
1233:Wright 1992
1206:Wright 1992
1194:Wright 1992
1029:matrilineal
919:Archaeology
863:Wenrohronon
825:Monongahela
609:Erie people
575:Historical
406:Chinuk pipa
386:Chinuk Wawa
370:Linguistics
353:Territories
323:Atlantic CA
187:Land claims
2070:Categories
1315:2022-01-23
1309:WorldAtlas
1287:2009-10-08
1140:2022-01-22
1104:2022-01-22
1080:2022-01-22
1040:References
1034:Longhouses
1001:indigenous
459:Indigenous
197:Land title
169:Indian Act
2037:145308030
2000:163183815
1750:254600558
1699:163859412
1627:254595251
1584:163563683
1516:198409952
1441:164163259
1362:219044376
1221:Snow 1995
1176:8 January
1157:Snow 1995
1045:Citations
1017:Iroquoian
989:Dean Snow
946:, in the
938:from 100
877:Tennessee
765:, Canada.
702:Tuscarora
696:Wisconsin
633:There is
577:Iroquoian
423:Religions
182:Land Back
36:in Canada
2058:40713422
1992:25801165
1963:44368787
1933:41102197
1916:30525108
1850:40914190
1802:41102198
1785:41102851
1742:23256843
1662:41103448
1619:43956789
1576:23486483
1508:26818405
1379:27768356
1009:New York
891:Meherrin
869:Cherokee
841:Nottoway
805:Maryland
708:Onondaga
680:Oklahoma
652:New York
628:Cherokee
619:and the
581:Iroquois
247:Politics
237:Case law
232:Genocide
137:Politics
108:Genocide
96:Genetics
86:Timeline
1907:6281431
1884:Bibcode
1545:2155995
1327:Sources
1023:Culture
1005:Ontario
999:was an
952:culture
942:to 500
900:History
885:Alabama
881:Georgia
763:Ontario
728:Ontario
660:Ontario
601:Neutral
556:are an
259:Culture
80:History
2056:
2035:
2029:178668
2027:
1998:
1990:
1961:
1931:
1914:
1904:
1848:
1827:
1817:
1800:
1783:
1748:
1740:
1697:
1691:282018
1689:
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1433:282076
1431:
1400:
1377:
1360:
1350:
847:Senedo
819:Quebec
785:, and
732:Canada
720:Wendat
692:Oneida
686:Cayuga
676:Seneca
670:Mohawk
664:Canada
656:Quebec
593:Wendat
2054:JSTOR
2033:S2CID
2025:JSTOR
1996:S2CID
1988:JSTOR
1959:JSTOR
1929:JSTOR
1846:JSTOR
1825:JSTOR
1798:JSTOR
1781:JSTOR
1764:(PDF)
1746:S2CID
1738:JSTOR
1713:(PDF)
1695:S2CID
1687:JSTOR
1658:JSTOR
1641:(PDF)
1623:S2CID
1615:JSTOR
1580:S2CID
1572:JSTOR
1541:JSTOR
1512:S2CID
1504:JSTOR
1462:(PDF)
1437:S2CID
1429:JSTOR
1375:JSTOR
1358:S2CID
853:Westo
755:Petun
716:Huron
613:Wenro
597:Petun
589:Huron
479:Stubs
474:MĂ©tis
469:Inuit
448:Index
316:MĂ©tis
285:Music
69:MĂ©tis
62:Inuit
1912:PMID
1815:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1178:2023
1007:and
995:The
923:The
783:Ohio
775:Erie
658:and
626:The
552:The
396:NAPA
2017:doi
1980:doi
1902:PMC
1892:doi
1730:doi
1679:doi
1605:doi
1564:doi
1533:doi
1496:doi
1421:doi
1340:doi
940:BCE
722:):
650:of
623:.
603:or
591:or
583:or
307:AB
265:Art
2072::
2050:26
2048:.
2031:.
2023:.
2013:25
2011:.
1994:.
1986:.
1976:14
1974:.
1955:22
1953:.
1910:.
1900:.
1890:.
1878:.
1874:.
1861:.
1840:.
1823:.
1777:16
1775:.
1744:.
1736:.
1726:19
1724:.
1693:.
1685:.
1675:61
1673:.
1654:27
1652:.
1621:.
1613:.
1601:23
1599:.
1595:.
1578:.
1570:.
1560:77
1558:.
1539:.
1529:21
1527:.
1510:.
1502:.
1492:84
1490:.
1470:54
1468:.
1464:.
1435:.
1427:.
1417:60
1415:.
1396:.
1356:.
1346:.
1307:.
1296:^
1213:^
1186:^
1149:^
1133:.
1097:.
1073:.
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817:,
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730:,
726:,
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662:,
654:,
615:,
611:,
607:,
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595:,
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348:SK
343:QC
338:ON
333:MB
328:BC
311:FN
2060:.
2039:.
2019::
2002:.
1982::
1965:.
1935:.
1918:.
1894::
1886::
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1865:.
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