44:
277:
difficulty of predators obtaining them. In clumps the mussels are not only harder to reach, but also they are harder to detach from these clumps. In order for the mussels to defend themselves from predators, they create byssal threads. Byssal threads are threads that connect them to their substrate. By creating more byssal threads the mussel is harder to remove from their spot. Because larger mussels produce a greater amount of byssal threads, smaller mussels tend to be the targets of prey like the blue crab. While the smaller mussels spend a greater fraction energy to produce byssal threads they still tend to be targeted by predators due to their smaller size and surface area. The more byssal threads produced the stronger its attachment to its substrate making it harder to be taken by predators.
57:
260:
276:
must build its defenses in order to protect itself, It does this by creating a harder shell. Shell strength, the amount of force it takes to crack the shell, increases as the length of the mussel increases. These mussels tend to be more successful in clumps than as individuals. Due to the increased
293:’s dependency upon oyster beds its survivability depends directly on the oyster’s survivability. In regions such as the Chesapeake bay, where disease and over-harvesting have caused a decline in the oyster population, there has been a corresponding loss in the hooked mussel population. While
288:
prefers to feed in environments with a lower salinity. As salinity increased rates of clearance, filtration, organic ingestion, and absorption rates decreased. High salinity values are stressful for this species of bivalves and make their feeding habits inefficient. Due to
521:
Galimany E, Lunt J, Domingos A, Paul VJ (2018-12-01). "Feeding
Behavior of the Native Mussel Ischadium recurvum and the Invasive Mussels Mytella charruana and Perna viridis in FL, USA, Across a Salinity Gradient".
43:
252:
is a choice prey item due to its richness of macronutrients. It contains large amounts of crude proteins, lipids, ash, and gross energy regardless of season in comparison to other mussels such as
240:
detects predators primarily through the use of scent, the scent of the predator or the scent of nearby dead bivalves. Hooked mussels’ primary predators include the blue crab,
256:. It also contains more magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese than other comparable mussels. The nutritional value of these mussels make them valuable to predators.
297:
can attach on to other hard substrates the decline in the oyster population also causes increases in sedimentation rates, which causes the loss of substrate available to
852:
694:
221:, either intertidal (south of Chesapeake Bay, where the exposed oysters can survive the winter) or subtidal. They also attach to other hard substrates, including
891:
720:
472:"Composition, Shell Strength, and Metabolizable Energy of Mulinia lateralis and Ischadium recurvum as Food for Wintering Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata)"
565:
Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Lewis EJ, Trout JM, Farley CA (July 1999). "Cryptosporidium oocysts in Bent mussels (Ischadium recurvum) in the
Chesapeake Bay".
396:"Lessons learned from a decade of assessment and restoration studies of benthic invertebrates and submersed aquatic vegetation in Lake Pontchartrain"
826:
668:
865:
707:
374:
Abundance, biomass and size structure of eastern oyster and hooked mussel on a modular artificial reef in the
Rappahannock River, Chesapeake Bay
917:
334:
456:
Investigating the
Effects of Predator and Injured Conspecific Effluent on Byssal Thread Production in the Hooked Mussel, Ischadium recurvum
1007:
969:
759:
870:
712:
439:
Inducible
Morphological Defenses in Hooked Mussels, Ischadium recurvum: Response to Native and Non-native Crab Predators
248:
reefs. These reefs appear off the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. They tend to appear in estuarine conditions in the Gulf.
800:
642:
896:
725:
56:
1002:
610:
943:
805:
746:
647:
155:
974:
764:
883:
383:(Report). Gloucester Point, Va: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary.
997:
961:
590:
547:
415:
51:
948:
857:
751:
930:
813:
733:
699:
655:
582:
539:
503:
330:
574:
531:
493:
483:
407:
226:
935:
738:
259:
904:
222:
184:
352:"The ecology of intertidal oyster reefs of the South Atlantic coast: A community profile"
498:
471:
218:
991:
419:
594:
551:
395:
818:
660:
373:
17:
488:
454:
437:
956:
878:
839:
681:
214:
791:
633:
535:
459:(Masters thesis). University of West Georgia. p. 43 – via Proquest.
351:
543:
192:
118:
68:
586:
507:
327:
A field guide to shells : Atlantic and Gulf coasts and the West Indies
209:". It can be found along the Atlantic coast of North America, ranging from
909:
578:
470:
Wells-Berlin AM, Perry MC, Kohn RA, Paynter KT, Ottinger MA (2015-05-15).
785:
627:
210:
108:
98:
88:
831:
673:
411:
381:
Special Report in
Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 390.
844:
686:
188:
78:
604:
258:
922:
608:
305:
extremely susceptible to changes is the oyster population.
329:(4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 17.
442:(Masters thesis). Hood College – via Proquest.
775:
617:
320:
318:
8:
394:Poirrier MA, Spalding EA, Franze CD (2009).
605:
42:
31:
497:
487:
314:
242:Callinectes sapidus. Ischadium recurvum
7:
431:
429:
263:Byssal Threads Growing from a Mussel
227:brackish water clams, Rangia cuneata
217:. They are often found growing on
25:
55:
301:. This makes the population of
1:
372:Lipcius RN, Burke RP (2006).
325:Abbott RT, Morris PA (1995).
268:Strategies to Avoid Predation
489:10.1371/journal.pone.0119839
400:Journal of Coastal Research
361:. US Fish Wildlife Service.
350:Bahr LM, Lanier WP (1981).
1024:
536:10.1007/s12237-018-0431-6
161:
154:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
1008:Monotypic mollusc genera
272:Being a good prey item,
359:Program FWS/OBS/-81/15
264:
195:. The sole species is
944:Paleobiology Database
747:Paleobiology Database
579:10.1007/s004360050590
567:Parasitology Research
262:
246:Crassostrea virginica
524:Estuaries and Coasts
225:and dead shells of
777:Ischadium recurvum
453:Harding E (2020).
412:10.2112/SI54-005.1
291:Ischadium recurvum
286:Ischadium recurvum
265:
198:Ischadium recurvum
171:(Rafinesque, 1820)
165:Ischadium recurvum
135:Jukes-Browne, 1905
18:Ischadium recurvum
985:
984:
931:Open Tree of Life
734:Open Tree of Life
611:Taxon identifiers
436:Cyrana M (2014).
336:978-0-395-69779-5
176:
175:
136:
27:Genus of bivalves
16:(Redirected from
1015:
978:
977:
965:
964:
952:
951:
939:
938:
926:
925:
913:
912:
900:
899:
887:
886:
874:
873:
861:
860:
848:
847:
835:
834:
822:
821:
809:
808:
796:
795:
794:
768:
767:
755:
754:
742:
741:
729:
728:
716:
715:
703:
702:
690:
689:
677:
676:
664:
663:
651:
650:
638:
637:
636:
606:
599:
598:
562:
556:
555:
530:(8): 2378–2388.
518:
512:
511:
501:
491:
467:
461:
460:
450:
444:
443:
433:
424:
423:
391:
385:
384:
378:
369:
363:
362:
356:
347:
341:
340:
322:
223:artificial reefs
201:, known as the "
167:
147:I. recurvum
134:
60:
59:
46:
32:
21:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1012:
988:
987:
986:
981:
973:
968:
960:
955:
947:
942:
934:
929:
921:
916:
908:
905:Observation.org
903:
895:
890:
882:
877:
869:
864:
856:
851:
843:
838:
830:
825:
817:
812:
804:
799:
790:
789:
784:
771:
763:
758:
750:
745:
737:
732:
724:
719:
711:
706:
698:
693:
685:
680:
672:
667:
659:
654:
646:
641:
632:
631:
626:
613:
603:
602:
564:
563:
559:
520:
519:
515:
482:(5): e0119839.
469:
468:
464:
452:
451:
447:
435:
434:
427:
393:
392:
388:
376:
371:
370:
366:
354:
349:
348:
344:
337:
324:
323:
316:
311:
283:
270:
235:
219:Eastern oysters
172:
169:
163:
150:
133:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1021:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1003:Bivalve genera
1000:
990:
989:
983:
982:
980:
979:
966:
953:
940:
927:
914:
901:
888:
875:
862:
849:
836:
823:
810:
797:
781:
779:
773:
772:
770:
769:
756:
743:
730:
717:
704:
691:
678:
665:
652:
639:
623:
621:
615:
614:
609:
601:
600:
557:
513:
462:
445:
425:
386:
364:
342:
335:
313:
312:
310:
307:
282:
279:
269:
266:
234:
231:
191:in the family
174:
173:
170:
159:
158:
152:
151:
144:
142:
138:
137:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1020:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
993:
976:
971:
967:
963:
958:
954:
950:
945:
941:
937:
932:
928:
924:
919:
915:
911:
906:
902:
898:
893:
889:
885:
880:
876:
872:
867:
863:
859:
854:
850:
846:
841:
837:
833:
828:
824:
820:
815:
811:
807:
802:
798:
793:
787:
783:
782:
780:
778:
774:
766:
761:
757:
753:
748:
744:
740:
735:
731:
727:
722:
718:
714:
709:
705:
701:
696:
692:
688:
683:
679:
675:
670:
666:
662:
657:
653:
649:
644:
640:
635:
629:
625:
624:
622:
620:
616:
612:
607:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:(7): 518–21.
572:
568:
561:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
517:
514:
509:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
466:
463:
458:
457:
449:
446:
441:
440:
432:
430:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
390:
387:
382:
375:
368:
365:
360:
353:
346:
343:
338:
332:
328:
321:
319:
315:
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
280:
278:
275:
267:
261:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
232:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:Hooked mussel
200:
199:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:
168:
166:
160:
157:
156:Binomial name
153:
149:
148:
143:
140:
139:
132:
131:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
776:
618:
570:
566:
560:
527:
523:
516:
479:
475:
465:
455:
448:
438:
403:
399:
389:
380:
367:
358:
345:
326:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
284:
273:
271:
254:M. lateralis
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:
206:
202:
197:
196:
179:
178:
177:
164:
162:
146:
145:
129:
128:
35:
29:
957:SeaLifeBase
879:NatureServe
840:iNaturalist
682:iNaturalist
215:West Indies
207:Bent mussel
992:Categories
406:: 88–100.
309:References
998:Mytilidae
619:Ischadium
544:1559-2731
420:129390976
303:Ischadium
299:Ischadium
295:Ischadium
274:Ischadium
250:Ischadium
244:grows on
238:Ischadium
233:Predation
193:Mytilidae
187:genus of
185:monotypic
180:Ischadium
141:Species:
130:Ischadium
119:Mytilidae
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
36:Ischadium
884:2.119061
858:11289017
792:Q3016607
786:Wikidata
634:Q6079201
628:Wikidata
595:32165658
587:10382600
552:91709968
508:25978636
476:PLOS ONE
211:Cape Cod
115:Family:
109:Mytilida
99:Bivalvia
89:Mollusca
85:Phylum:
79:Animalia
65:Domain:
832:2285746
700:1016435
674:2285745
499:4433283
281:Habitat
213:to the
189:mussels
125:Genus:
105:Order:
95:Class:
975:156861
923:156861
910:911155
897:296775
845:222300
765:156860
726:296774
687:155353
593:
585:
550:
542:
506:
496:
418:
333:
205:" or "
970:WoRMS
962:47692
949:90989
936:69867
871:79561
853:IRMNG
819:3Q3L2
806:28224
760:WoRMS
752:16364
739:69868
713:79560
695:IRMNG
661:7P5XJ
648:28223
591:S2CID
548:S2CID
416:S2CID
377:(PDF)
355:(PDF)
183:is a
918:OBIS
892:NCBI
866:ITIS
827:GBIF
801:BOLD
721:NCBI
708:ITIS
669:GBIF
643:BOLD
583:PMID
540:ISSN
504:PMID
404:SI54
331:ISBN
814:CoL
656:CoL
575:doi
532:doi
494:PMC
484:doi
408:doi
994::
972::
959::
946::
933::
920::
907::
894::
881::
868::
855::
842::
829::
816::
803::
788::
762::
749::
736::
723::
710::
697::
684::
671::
658::
645::
630::
589:.
581:.
571:85
569:.
546:.
538:.
528:41
526:.
502:.
492:.
480:10
478:.
474:.
428:^
414:.
402:.
398:.
379:.
357:.
317:^
229:.
597:.
577::
554:.
534::
510:.
486::
422:.
410::
339:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
