380:, in many cases the linguistic varieties do not coincide with the geographical and political boundaries. Defining and differentiating these three "languages" according to objective, linguistic criteria is impossible. The different terms are rather used for political and emotional reasons. In official contexts as well as in school and university classes, only Standard Thai is allowed. There are hardly any mass media publishing or broadcasting in Isan. Many Isan people, especially the younger and well-educated ones as well as those living in towns or outside their native region, master standard Thai on a native or near-native level. Some of them are even shy to speak their original language with their own parents, and in public or in the presence of Thais from other regions due to the low social
282:", they have developed a distinct regional identity that differs both from the Laotians of Laos and the Thais of Central Thailand. Integration of this identity into Thai national identity began around 1900, accelerated during the fascist era, was aggressively pursued during the Cold War, and is maintained today, although in 2011, Thailand officially recognized the Lao identity to the United Nations. Even during the height of the Cold War, the level of this integration was very high, as measured by expression of nationalist sentiments. Even today, the Isan people are some of the most nationalist in Thailand; they are more nationalist than the Central Thai. As such, during the height of Thailand's 'color wars' in the late 2000s and early 2010s, the mainly Isan-based
441:
monarch in homes) and reverence towards the Thai Sangha and the Thai monarchy. The integration of Isan people into Thai national identity was generally successful, though with significant structural inequalities remaining, meaning socioeconomic and political integration remain problematic. However, cultural assimilation in terms of, for example, food, music and language was never complete, more hybridized, and in more recent years, there has been a resurgence in some of the local Isan regional and ethnic cultural identities, such as Phu Thai and Lao. This has been due in part to greater multiculturalism and political decentralization beginning in the late 1990s, following the
536:
family members back home. Restricted by prejudice and lack of skills and education beyond farming, Isan people competed with migrant workers for menial jobs such as street sweepers, janitors, nannies, taxi drivers, porters, shoeshiners, vendors and construction workers, among others. Many establish shantytowns and slums on the outskirts of the city. As a result of their rural roots and the ranks of
Bangkok's urban poor, the Isan are often depicted as ignorant buffoons, naïve rural people, domestics in a Thai home or dimwitted, petty criminals.
453:
attention to preserving the Lao features of the language and landscape, albeit under an Isan banner. Students can participate in clubs that promote the local music, sung in the local Lao language, or local dances native to the area. Knowledge about the history of the region and its long neglect and abuse by
Siamese authorities and resurrection of pride in local culture are coming to the fore, increasing expressions of 'Isan-ness' in the region. However, Thaification policies and the
491:
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debt; that fewer of them were now migrating to other regions of
Thailand; that a high percentage of survey respondents supported greater development and industrialization in the region; that most were actually satisfied with educational quality; and that Thailand's universal health courage scheme was greatly benefiting them. The report concludes by pointing out that, contrary to stigma, Isan people are not "unsophisticated peasants".
528:
rural people referred to as 'stinky' and the people 'stupid' and 'lazy'. The isolated rural region continues to be
Thailand's least educated, least urban, least developed and least integrated region of the country, which can be seen in the numbers. More than three-fourths of Isan's people are engaged in agriculture despite the challenges of floods, droughts and infertile soils but only generated 10.9 per cent of Thailand's
138:
545:
113:
436:, acculturation accelerated, incorporating more determined and institutionalized state development that included a sacralized bureaucracy, economic development, mandatory primary and then secondary education, health programs, infrastructure (roads and rail) and media (print and radio, followed by television) programs, inspired by
511:
1950s, the disrobement of monks in the 1970s critical of the government's role in the sangha and the return of military leaders. Crackdowns of political dissidents occurred throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s until the threat of communism was diminished. The continued outlawing of parties supported by or purportedly funded by
478:
origins, accents perceived as hilarious, darker features and low-class professions but the extra money earned was sent to support family back home, and remittances such as these remain an important part of the Isan Region's GDP today. The seasonal migrations were also spurned by the economic crash at the end of the
563:
report highlighted that Isan people were less affected by poverty than in the past, except in rural areas; that their incomes were stagnant, though they were optimistic for the future; that most people still owned land, but that it was unproductive; they experienced extremely high levels of household
510:
Isan politicians tended to be mistrustful of
Bangkok, believed in decentralisation of government and promoted strong development of regional economies and tended to be more leftist than the parties in power. Political repression of Isan included the assassination of political leaders in the 1930s and
535:
Beginning in the mid-twentieth century, as new lands to develop were no longer available, Isan people began to migrate to
Bangkok and other tourist areas or major cities to seek work during the dry season, when there was little activity on the farms, or permanently, sending occasional remittances to
553:
The socioeconomic integration of the Isan people is an unfinished and ongoing project, and the ethnic minorities of
Northeast Thailand are heavily affected by the regional disparities that plague Thailand in terms of, for instance, socioeconomic and educational outcomes. For the period of the 1970s
527:
Until the 1980s, when the road infrastructure and more relaxed attitudes towards regional cultural awareness began to take root, it was common for Isan people to face severe prejudice and discrimination. Isan culture, although similar, was at the same time quite exotic, with the pungent foods and
452:
Around the 1990s, although the perceived political oppression continues and
Thaification policies remain, attitudes towards regional languages relaxed. Academics at Isan universities began exploring the local language, history, culture and other folklore, publishing works that helped bring serious
498:
Air bases built in Isan and US troops stationed there exposed the Isan people to direct westernisation and adoption of more liberal social attitudes, helping foment a unique identity. Identification with 'Lao' identity became even more problematic, as the Isan people were always viewed as a fifth
477:
Migrant workers from Isan in
Bangkok filled the role of construction workers, taxi drivers, cleaners, vendors, dishwashers, domestics, prostitutes and other menial professions, often settling in shanty towns on the outskirts of the city. The Isan people faced discrimination for their humble, Lao
440:
and utilizing the Thai monarchy as a unifying symbol. The overall result was a significant shift towards the Thai language and Thai dress norms, combined with a greater awareness of Thai national identity as defined by adoption of national symbols (e.g., the Thai flag and photographs of the Thai
392:
in their everyday lives. Despite effectively being banned in official discourse, since at least the 1997 Thai constitution, the Isan language has been used publicly within the
Northeast for communicating Thai discourses, including political discourses, and there has been a recent resurgence in
322:
558:
due to Isan people filling a cultural class role as construction workers, gardeners, and maids for the Central Thai. More recently, it has led to the integration of Isan people being characterized as 'integration without inclusion'. A 2019
277:
in 1826, the region witnessed mass forced population transfers of ethnic Lao into Isan. Following the separation of Isan from the historical Lao Kingdom, its integration into the Thai nation state and the central government's policy of
37:
357:, given that their "cultural differences have been taken to be characteristic of a particular part of the country rather than of a distinctive people." He has, nonetheless, consistently described them as being formed mainly of the
457:
to Thai continue unabated. Recognition of the Isan language as an important regional language of Thailand did not provide any funding for its preservation or maintenance other than a token of acknowledgement of its existence.
375:
About 88% of the people habitually speak the Isan language at home, while 11% say they speak both Isan and Central Thai among themselves, and only 1% speak Central Thai exclusively. "Isan", "Lao" and "Thai" languages form a
320:
In 2011, Thailand recognized almost all its ethnolinguistic identities. The following table shows all the officially recognized ethnolinguistic groups of Northeast Thailand. The source, a 2011 country report to the
411:
employed diverse means to integrate the people of the former Lao principalities into the Thai state, including military conscription, forced labour, the introduction of Thai provincial administrative systems, the
548:
An ethnic Isan woman walking her water buffalo to pasture. Isan people are primarily engaged in wet-rice agriculture, despite arid conditions and a flat topography that makes it prone to flooding during heavy
1723:
Draper, John; Garzoli, John; Kamnuansilpa, Peerasit; Lefferts, Leedom; Mitchell, James; Songkünnatham, Peera (2019-04-15). "The Thai Lao – Thailand's largest unrecognized transboundary national ethnicity".
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were deployed; by this period, acculturation included the burning of ancient Lao Buddhist manuscripts and records, in order to eliminate Lao culture, especially Lao literacy. In the 1950s, during the
515:, who was widely popular in Isan, was seen as continued affront to both democracy in Thailand and representation of Isan people in Thai politics, thus many Isan people were avid supporters of the
494:
Red Shirt political stage. Many Isan people joined the movement, protesting the ouster of PM Thaksin in 2006 and subsequent nullifications of candidates and parties attached to him.
2592:
424:), and a national education system and bureaucracy. Thai sociopolitical integration of the Isan people into Siam was in some cases met with insurrection in the form of the
786:
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; Reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention : Thailand
337:
officially recognized the majority of the Northeast's peoples, the main exception being the 'Thai Lao' group. Further, it did not recognize the 'Isan' ethnic identity.
2112:
1980:
Draper, John; Selway, Joel Sawat (2019). "A New Dataset on Horizontal Structural Ethnic Inequalities in Thailand in Order to Address Sustainable Development Goal 10".
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1879:
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Thailand's longstanding policy was not to regard Isan as a separate ethnicity, based on the principle of considering all Tai groups living in Thailand as part of the
1920:
1638:
Vail, Peter (2007-02-23). "Exploring Codeswitching in Systemic Functional Linguistics: Languages and Meaning-Making among Lao Speakers in Northeastern Thailand".
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River, which forms much of the border with Thailand. Others have emigrated to Malaysia, Singapore, and western countries such as Australia and the United States.
317:. This successfully downplayed the majority Lao ethnicity and led to the development of a distinct regional Isan identity, which is, nonetheless, multi ethnic.
1061:
Draper, John; Kamnuansilpa, Peerasit (2016-11-22). "The Thai Lao question: the reappearance of Thailand's ethnic Lao community and related policy questions".
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Almost all inhabitants of Thailand's Northeast are Thai nationals. Yet a majority of them (approximately 80%) are ethnically Lao and speak a variant of the
159:
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and 1999 Education Act, as well as the work of institutes working on language and cultural maintenance and revitalization, such as Mahidol University's
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384:. Many Central Thais, but also some Isan speakers, associate the Isan language with being uneducated and backward. Therefore, many Isan practice
482:, when large air bases were built in Isan and large numbers of US military stationed there provided a brief window of prosperity in the region.
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seeking work and they constitute at least one-fourth of the capital's population. About 8,000 from Isan live in Laos on the eastern bank of the
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Speaking like a love entrepreneur: Language choices and ideologies of social mobility among daughters of peasants in Thailand’s tourist sites
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792:(in English and Thai). United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 28 July 2011. pp. 3, 5, 95. Archived from
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2436:
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301:). To avoid being subjected to derogatory stereotypes and perceptions associated with Lao-speaking people, most prefer to call themselves
1790:
Baird, Ian G. (2013). "Millenarian Movements in Southern Laos and North Eastern Siam (Thailand) at the Turn of the Twentieth Century".
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in 2013. Isan culture and language immediately conjure up images of ignorant yokels, backwards traditionalists and country bumpkins.
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823:
McCargo, Duncan; Hongladarom, Krisadawan (2004). "Contesting Isan‐ness: discourses of politics and identity in Northeast Thailand".
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Speaking in Thai, dreaming in Isan: Popular Thai television and emerging identities of Lao Isan youth living in northeast Thailand
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In a broader sense, everyone who comes from the 20 northeastern provinces of Thailand may be called
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when at home (the three main Lao dialects spoken in Northeastern Thailand are summarized as the
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2217:
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1951:
1898:
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column ready to support their Lao brethren. Although the fear was exaggerated, members of the
377:
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2715:
2622:
2508:
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2409:
2361:. Bangkok: The 3rd International Conference on Gross National Happiness 2007. Archived from
2207:
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2032:
1989:
1943:
1799:
1733:
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1647:
1588:
1538:
1341:
1256:
1150:
1070:
882:
832:
677:
611:
437:
388:(i.e. Isan in familiar and informal contexts, standard Thai in public and official ones) or
215:
2248:
1574:"Diglossia and identity in Northeast Thailand: Linguistic, social, and political hierarchy"
1327:"Diglossia and identity in Northeast Thailand: Linguistic, social, and political hierarchy"
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with an estimated population of about 22 million. Alternative terms for this group are
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were able to find refuge in Isan during World War II, and communist supporters of the
333:. Subsequently, in 2015, the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security's 2015
3394:
3388:
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3253:
3201:
3143:
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2859:
2730:
2520:
2489:
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and 1980s, the lower outcomes experienced by the Isan people has been described as
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227:
210:
198:
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94:
2613:
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who make up the majority population in most parts of the region. After the failed
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20:
1993:
1947:
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and Buddhist calendar (as opposed to the Lao sangha and religious calendar or
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270:
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2147:
2085:
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2001:
1955:
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1915:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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16:Ethnic group native to northeastern Thailand
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2263:Isan: Regionalism in Northeastern Thailand
2128:Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia
1919:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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258:, they belong to the linguistic family of
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2111:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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192:
175:
141:Chart shows the peopling of Thailand.
7:
818:
816:
814:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
726:, William Carey Library, p. 103
722:Hattaway, Paul, ed. (2004), "Isan",
64:Regions with significant populations
2200:Australian Journal of Social Issues
2213:10.1002/j.1839-4655.1999.tb01084.x
1640:Linguistics and the Human Sciences
14:
939:"The invention of "Isan" history"
1389:Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand
327:Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand
111:
47:Ubon Ratchathani Candle Festival
2414:10.4324/9780203209097_chapter_5
2392:Language, Discourse and Society
2292:Cultures of the World: Thailand
2279:, Left Coast Press, p. 130
1893:Gray, Christine, 1951- (1986).
1207:Alexander, Saowanee T. (2019).
1001:Strate, Shane, author. (2015).
41:Isan woman wearing traditional
1673:Ricks, Jacob I. (2018-07-21).
1137:Ricks, Jacob I. (2019-06-01).
165:
1:
1261:10.1080/01434632.2016.1142997
1075:10.1080/14631369.2016.1258300
724:Peoples of the Buddhist World
2563:. The Asia Foundation. 2019.
1367:Sadan, Mandy (2004), "Lao",
1771:. Oxford University Press.
1581:Journal of Sociolinguistics
1334:Journal of Sociolinguistics
978:Breazeale, Kennon. (1975).
943:Journal of the Siam Society
837:10.1080/1463136042000221898
682:10.1080/1463136042000221898
3421:
2386:Lee, Hugo, Y.-H. (2014). '
1994:10.1007/s11205-019-02065-4
1982:Social Indicators Research
1948:10.1007/s12140-020-09340-z
746:Keyes, Charles F. (2014).
579:Lao people#Lao in Thailand
400:
368:
349:was the US anthropologist
185:
18:
3400:Ethnic groups in Thailand
2342:. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
2037:10.1080/10357820500270136
1691:10.1007/s11109-018-9487-z
1543:10.1080/01434630903470845
1452:Charles F. Keyes (1967).
889:. Facts on File. p.
870:. Kyoto University Press.
649:Charles F. Keyes (2014).
428:. In the late 1930s, the
219:
202:
154:
127:
109:
89:
68:
58:
34:
1792:South East Asia Research
1104:Suntaree Komin. (1991).
881:Barbara A. West (2009).
750:. Chiang Mai: Silkworm.
600:Asia Foundation (2019).
422:hit sipsong khong sipsii
416:, the Siamese religious
397:Process of acculturation
19:Not to be confused with
2352:Tossa, Wajuppa (2007).
1726:Nations and Nationalism
1371:, ABC-CLIO, p. 766
194:[kʰo᷇nʔīː.sǎːn]
2536:Cite journal requires
2194:Jory, Patrick (1999).
1804:10.5367/sear.2013.0147
1619:Cite journal requires
1473:Cite journal requires
1303:Cite journal requires
937:Iijima, Akiko (2018).
866:Hayashi Yukio (2003).
618:. Routledge. pp.
606:. The Asia Foundation.
550:
540:Socioeconomic position
530:gross domestic product
495:
430:Thai Cultural Mandates
252:Central Thai (Siamese)
211:[kʰónʔìː.sǎːn]
142:
2513:10.31235/osf.io/94rvf
2235:Draper, John (2004).
1184:Ricks, Jacob (2020).
589:Northern Khmer people
547:
493:
468:Bangkok agglomeration
426:Holy Men's Rebellions
232:Northeastern Thailand
177:[kʰōnʔīːsǎːn]
140:
123:Related ethnic groups
2025:Asian Studies Review
1767:Tej Bunnag. (1977).
1652:10.1558/lhs.v2i1.133
556:internal colonialism
315:Central Thai people
224:Northeastern people
173:Thai pronunciation:
74:Northeastern region
31:
2261:Keyes, C. (1967).
2104:has generic name (
1871:has generic name (
1738:10.1111/nana.12523
1679:Political Behavior
1593:10.1111/josl.12064
1346:10.1111/josl.12064
1155:10.5509/2019922257
1039:has generic name (
636:(online magazine).
632:2020-11-01 at the
551:
513:Thaksin Shinawatra
496:
143:
117:Theravada Buddhism
3382:
3381:
3272:
3271:
3225:
3224:
3129:
3128:
3102:
3101:
3070:
3069:
3038:
3037:
3016:
3015:
2989:
2988:
2957:
2956:
2915:
2914:
2854:
2853:
2813:Malayo-Polynesian
2798:
2797:
2766:
2765:
2423:978-0-203-28891-7
2172:978-616-215-062-3
2077:978-616-215-106-4
1844:978-1-5017-3254-6
1012:978-0-8248-6971-7
799:on 9 October 2016
757:978-616-215-074-6
653:. Silkworm Books.
574:Isan#Demographics
443:1997 constitution
378:dialect continuum
182:Northeastern Thai
163:
135:
134:
3412:
3227:
3140:
3104:
3072:
3040:
3018:
2991:
2959:
2917:
2865:
2809:
2768:
2623:Southwestern Tai
2619:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2524:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2401:
2395:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2360:
2349:
2343:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2247:. Archived from
2232:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1906:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1856:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1732:(4): 1131–1152.
1720:
1711:
1710:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1578:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1426:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1394:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1244:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1213:The Kyoto Review
1204:
1198:
1197:
1190:The Kyoto Review
1181:
1175:
1174:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1024:
998:
992:
991:
975:
966:
965:
957:
951:
950:
934:
928:
927:
911:
905:
904:
888:
878:
872:
871:
863:
857:
856:
820:
809:
808:
806:
804:
798:
791:
781:
770:
769:
743:
728:
727:
719:
693:
667:
654:
645:
627:The Isaan Record
623:
617:
438:Thai nationalism
414:Siamese monarchy
351:Charles F. Keyes
221:
213:
208:
204:
196:
191:
187:
179:
174:
170:
169:
158:
156:
115:
54:Total population
39:
32:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3302:
3268:
3221:
3125:
3098:
3066:
3034:
3012:
2985:
2953:
2911:
2850:
2794:
2762:
2608:
2606:language family
2599:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2535:
2525:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2474:10.1355/sj34-2p
2459:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2441:kyotoreview.org
2435:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2368:on 3 March 2016
2365:
2358:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2173:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2140:10.1355/sj32-1n
2125:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2100:
2090:
2078:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2022:
2021:
2017:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1907:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1845:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1618:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1472:
1462:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1302:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1228:
1224:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1143:Pacific Affairs
1136:
1135:
1131:
1116:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1063:Asian Ethnicity
1060:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1013:
1000:
999:
995:
977:
976:
969:
959:
958:
954:
936:
935:
931:
913:
912:
908:
901:
880:
879:
875:
865:
864:
860:
825:Asian Ethnicity
822:
821:
812:
802:
800:
796:
789:
783:
782:
773:
758:
745:
744:
731:
721:
720:
705:
700:
670:Asian Ethnicity
665:
657:
648:
639:
634:Wayback Machine
609:
597:
595:Further reading
584:History of Isan
570:
561:Asia Foundation
542:
525:
488:
464:
405:
399:
373:
367:
355:ethnic minority
343:
311:
309:Official status
222:) or literally
206:
189:
172:
78:Greater Bangkok
49:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3418:
3416:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3307:Non-Indigenous
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2967:
2965:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2547:
2538:|journal=
2495:
2468:(2): 463–490.
2452:
2428:
2422:
2396:
2379:
2344:
2323:
2321:. 27 (1): 120.
2310:
2297:
2282:
2267:
2254:
2251:on 2014-03-11.
2227:
2206:(4): 337–352.
2186:
2171:
2153:
2134:(1): 200–220.
2118:
2076:
2058:
2031:(3): 247–258.
2015:
1988:(1): 275–297.
1969:
1942:(4): 331–348.
1926:
1885:
1843:
1825:
1798:(2): 257–279.
1782:
1759:
1712:
1665:
1630:
1621:|journal=
1598:
1564:
1537:(2): 135–147.
1518:
1499:
1484:
1475:|journal=
1444:
1406:
1374:
1359:
1314:
1305:|journal=
1282:
1255:(8): 832–848.
1239:
1222:
1199:
1176:
1149:(2): 257–285.
1129:
1114:
1096:
1053:
1011:
993:
967:
952:
929:
906:
900:978-1438119137
899:
873:
858:
831:(2): 219–234.
810:
771:
756:
729:
702:
701:
699:
696:
695:
694:
676:(2): 219–234.
659:Duncan McCargo
655:
646:
637:
624:
607:
596:
593:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
569:
566:
541:
538:
524:
523:Discrimination
521:
487:
484:
463:
460:
455:language shift
398:
395:
390:code-switching
369:Main article:
366:
363:
342:
339:
310:
307:
133:
132:
125:
124:
120:
119:
110:Predominantly
107:
106:
102:
101:
87:
86:
82:
81:
66:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
40:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3417:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3144:Tibeto-Burman
3141:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:Austroasiatic
2857:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2364:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
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371:Isan language
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331:ethnic groups
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299:Isan language
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2804:Austronesian
2772:Northern Tai
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2455:
2444:. Retrieved
2440:
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2372:18 September
2370:. Retrieved
2363:the original
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2018:
1985:
1981:
1939:
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1612:cite journal
1601:
1587:(1): 60–86.
1584:
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1502:
1493:
1487:
1466:cite journal
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1447:
1436:. Retrieved
1429:the original
1420:
1415:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1388:
1383:
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1368:
1362:
1340:(1): 60–86.
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1296:cite journal
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861:
828:
824:
801:. Retrieved
794:the original
785:
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497:
476:
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451:
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406:
403:Thaification
374:
346:
344:
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312:
302:
295:Lao language
292:
280:Thaification
266:
264:
247:
243:
239:
235:
228:ethnic group
223:
166:
146:
144:
26:Ethnic group
3405:Tai peoples
3359:Luk khrueng
3314:Australians
2846:Urak Lawoi’
2841:Phuket Baba
2751:Khorat Thai
2102:|last=
1869:|last=
1515:(1): 62–67.
1509:Tai Culture
1458:; cited in
1229:Grabowsky:
1037:|last=
480:Vietnam War
409:Thai states
260:Tai peoples
236:T(h)ai Isan
147:Isan people
130:Tai peoples
30:Isan people
21:Esan people
3389:Categories
3369:Pakistanis
3278:Hmong–Mien
3121:Vietnamese
2726:Tai Gapong
2446:2020-07-20
1853:1091682779
1685:: 83–104.
1438:2020-03-07
949:: 171–200.
924:1029867099
766:1127266412
698:References
517:Red Shirts
505:Pathét Lao
501:Lao Issara
401:See also:
359:ethnic Lao
284:Red Shirts
271:ethnic Lao
230:native to
207:pronounced
190:pronounced
59:22 million
3259:Cantonese
3254:Hainanese
3197:Phrae Pwo
2921:Palaungic
2716:Tai Daeng
2711:Tai Bueng
2681:Lao Wiang
2666:Lao Ngaew
2651:Lao Krang
2521:226507492
2490:201765341
2482:0217-9520
2340:1686-0799
2222:0157-6321
2181:837138803
2148:0217-9520
2094:cite book
2086:907657499
2053:146999793
2045:1035-7823
2010:149845432
2002:0303-8300
1964:220508228
1956:1096-6838
1936:East Asia
1911:cite book
1903:680180428
1861:cite book
1820:147417749
1812:0967-828X
1754:151296807
1746:1354-5078
1707:149767687
1699:0190-9320
1660:1743-1662
1559:145258391
1551:0143-4632
1399:8 October
1354:1360-6441
1277:216112353
1269:0143-4632
1171:191698473
1163:0030-851X
1091:151587930
1083:1463-1369
1029:cite book
1021:986596797
988:223634347
845:1463-1369
803:8 October
549:monsoons.
462:Migration
449:(RILCA).
386:diglossia
347:khon isan
341:Ethnology
303:khon isan
288:Pheu Thai
267:khon isan
167:Khon Isan
85:Languages
3349:Japanese
3344:Iranians
3334:Filipino
3324:Chin Haw
3008:Nyah Kur
2976:Northern
2758:Thai Yai
2746:Thai Noi
2741:Tai Wang
2701:Phu Thai
2691:Tai Yuan
2671:Lao Song
2661:Lao Loum
1777:74928295
1124:35221306
853:30108605
690:30108605
630:Archived
568:See also
486:Politics
434:Cold War
382:prestige
365:Language
248:Isan Lao
244:Lao Isan
240:Thai-Lao
203:ຄົນອີສານ
105:Religion
70:Thailand
3374:Swedish
3364:Nepalis
3354:Koreans
3339:Indians
3319:Burmese
3296:Iu Mien
3264:Hokchew
3244:Hokkien
3239:Teochew
3231:Sinitic
2980:Western
2949:Palaung
2736:Tai Nüa
2721:Tai Dam
2656:Lao Lom
2614:Kra–Dai
361:group.
290:party.
250:. Like
226:are an
216:Burmese
186:คนอีสาน
162::
155:คนอีสาน
3329:Farang
3202:Phunoi
3108:Vietic
3094:Kensiu
3089:Kintaq
3076:Aslian
3062:Sa'och
3044:Pearic
3022:Katuic
2887:Mlabri
2869:Khmuic
2836:Moklen
2731:Kaleun
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2676:Lao Ti
2646:Lao Ga
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688:
472:Mekong
418:sangha
128:Other
3286:Hmong
3249:Hakka
3217:Ugong
3212:S'gaw
3167:Kayah
3162:Karen
3084:Maniq
3057:Chong
2995:Monic
2971:Khmer
2963:Khmer
2934:Lamet
2929:Blang
2831:Moken
2826:Malay
2706:Phuan
2696:Nyong
2561:(PDF)
2517:S2CID
2486:S2CID
2366:(PDF)
2359:(PDF)
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2006:S2CID
1960:S2CID
1816:S2CID
1750:S2CID
1703:S2CID
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3177:Lisu
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3157:Bisu
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2939:Lawa
2897:Pray
2892:Phai
2877:Khmu
2821:Cham
2785:Nyaw
2780:Saek
2636:Khün
2631:Isan
2542:help
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2418:ISBN
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2336:ISSN
2218:ISSN
2177:OCLC
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