40:
1993:
715:, making him effectively his successor, but this was rejected in a public audience. Psellos claims that Isaac was inclined to accept, but the pressure of the assembled troops, who vocally refused it, forced him to agree with his supporters. At a private meeting afterwards Isaac insisted that he had accepted the title of emperor only under the pressure of his followers, and secretly accepted the offer provided that Michael would also share "some, at any rate, of his imperial power", so that he could make appointments and reward his followers, especially in the military.
317:
777:
39:
847:
795:
since the 9th century. This was reflected in the coinage struck in his name, which uniquely showed him holding a drawn sword; while it may have simply indicated his intention to restore "capable military rule" (Kaldellis), it came to be understood as a claim to rule by right of conquest. Certainly it highlighted Isaac's determination to make reforms and restore the effectiveness of the army.
653:, and on 8 June 1057, at a place called Gounaria, proclaimed him emperor. It is unclear whether any of the rebels held command of troops; rather, according to Kaldellis, "they had to canvass for support among the officers and soldiers and forge orders of imperial appointment for themselves". Thus Skylitzes reports that Kekaumenos had to forge imperial letters to mobilize the regiments of the
860:
Isaac's relations had been steadily deteriorating. The
Patriarch's role in Isaac's accession and his extensive new powers over the Church quickly went to his head. He is said to have admonished and berated the emperor, even going as far as threatening to destroy him "like an oven he had made". He is also alleged to have worn
802:) in exchange for support. The devaluation of the coinage under Constantine IX had been a first reaction to the brewing crisis, but Isaac was the first emperor in this period who certainly faced a budget deficit. To fund his cherished army, Isaac was therefore obliged to begin strict economies: he reduced or abolished the
276:'s effectiveness to preserve the empire. The reduction of salaries, harsh tax measures and confiscation of Church properties aroused much opposition, particularly from Patriarch Keroularios, who had come to think of himself as a king-maker. In November 1058, Keroularios was arrested and exiled, and died before a
605:, was received in similar manner, and according to Psellos Isaac could barely restrain his colleagues from attacking the emperor then and there, in his own throne room. At length, a plot was formed against the emperor, and despite Isaac's own reluctance, according to Psellos, he was nominated as its leader.
999:
On its return march the army was caught in a sudden storm on 24 September. Many men and supplies were lost, while Isaac barely escaped death when a tree struck by lightning fell next to him. This was followed by the false rumour that a tax assessor in the eastern provinces was plotting rebellion, and
767:
and were quickly sent back east, to avoid any trouble with the populace of
Constantinople. Patriarch Michael Keroularios was also rewarded for his support, by receiving sole authority for all personnel and financial matters of the Church, which were previously under the purview of the emperor, while
736:
and began protesting that by making a deal, the
Emperor was forcing them to renounce their oaths to oppose the rebels. Going a step further, they began themselves acclaiming Isaac as emperor. After a short while, on 30 August, Michael Keroularios and the clergy joined their cause, raising suspicions
1012:
According to
Psellos, Isaac began to recover soon after Doukas' nomination, and started reconsidering his decision. Psellos again took the decisive step of having Doukas publicly acclaimed as emperor on 23 November, with Psellos putting the purple sandals on his feet. Isaac then resigned himself to
1008:
Isaac was a passionate hunter with both the horse and the falcon, spending much time at a hunting lodge outside
Constantinople. On a hunt he fell ill. As the fever lasted for several days, Isaac, fearing he would die soon, named Constantine Doukas as his successor on 22 November 1059, and agreed to
859:
The only point of criticism raised by
Psellos is his haste and severity, judging that by a more gradual and judicious, step by step approach, he would have reaped greater success with far less opposition. Thus his appropriation of Church lands provoked the reaction of Michael Keroularios, with whom
823:
was eager to lose no time in cutting out the dead wood which had long been accumulating in the Roman Empire. We can liken it to a monstrous body, a body with a multitude of heads, an ugly bull-neck, hands so many that they were beyond counting, and just as many feet; its entrails were festering and
794:
Isaac's rise to power was a turning point in
Byzantine history, marking the definitive end of the long-lived Macedonian dynasty. Although powerful generals had previously suborned power, they had ruled alongside the Macedonian emperors; Isaac was the first military strongman to usurp power outright
806:
of those who had been awarded titles, enforced a stricter and more efficient collection of taxes, reclaimed misappropriated imperial estates, and cancelled grants of such lands and tax exemptions made under
Constantine IX and Michael VI, particularly those that had been granted to monasteries and
584:
Psellos himself was an eyewitness at the reception of the generals' delegation, and claims that the emperor began abusing them at once; he then made Isaac, as the leader of the deputation, and his second, Kekaumenos, stand forth, and proceeded to denounce him, claiming that he was responsible for
966:
following
Constantine's death, exposing the Anatolian interior to their raids. While Isaac does not appear to have acted to restore the thematic armies, according to Kaldellis, the reaction of the local forces to these events does not appear to indicate a degradation of Byzantium's defensive
520:
895:, with Psellos, who had himself been earlier persecuted by Keroularios, as the chief accuser. In the event, Keroularios died on 21 January 1059, before the synod could take place. Isaac appointed the bureaucrat Constantine Leichoudes as the new patriarch.
691:, near Nicaea. In a hard-fought battle with many casualties, the loyalist left defeated the right wing of the rebel army. On the other flank, Kekaumenos broke through the loyalists to capture their camp and decide the battle, while Isaac held the centre.
1000:
Isaac hastened back to the capital. Despite these events, Psellos claims that at this point Isaac's character changed markedly, and that he became "more haughty to such an extent that he held everyone else in contempt", including his own brother.
589:, who wrote later in the century, reports that the emperor treated the generals courteously, but agrees that he refused outright to consider the honours they claimed for themselves, notably the promotion of Isaac and Kekaumenos to the rank of
577:, a friend of Psellos; and others not explicitly named. As the historian Anthony Kaldellis comments, this was a formidable assemblage, as the families represented in it, all of them descended from military men promoted by the warrior-emperor
1124:. Isaac's depiction with a drawn sword on the prestigious gold coinage was novel and, following the outcry it raised, abandoned by subsequent rulers. The iconography of Isaac's coinage may have drawn inspiration from similar portrayals of
1017:
as a monk, retiring to the
Stoudion monastery. Psellos' prominent role in these events may simply be exaggeration and self-promotion, especially as he was writing this part of his history during the reign of Constantine Doukas and his son
271:
As emperor, he rewarded his supporters, but also embarked on a series of fiscal measures designed to shore up revenue and eliminate the excesses allowed to flourish under his predecessors. His aim was to fill the treasury and restore the
1141:
In earlier studies the date of Isaac's abdication was commonly accepted as 25 December 1059. In 1966, Paul Gautier revised the date to 22 November, with the proclamation and coronation of Constantine Doukas taking place on 23 November.
1036:
Empress Catherine remained at the palace, and was even allowed to be mentioned first in the imperial acclamations, with Doukas coming second. This joint reign lasted for a brief while, before she too retired to the
620:
he quarreled with the army treasurer, threw him in prison, and appropriated the funds to pay his soldiers as he saw fit. This was seen by another local commander as a sign of rebellion; Bryennios was arrested and
512:), the army was not. This exacerbated the already simmering dislike of the military aristocracy for the "regime of eunuchs and civilian politicians" that had dominated the empire during the last decades of the
737:
that this "spontaneous" assembly had been planned by the ambitious and wily Patriarch all along. Pressured by Keroularios and wanting to avoid bloodshed in the city, Michael agreed to abdicate. He was quickly
718:
The envoys returned to Constantinople, and rapidly secured Michael's consent to the proposal; the Emperor explicitly agreed to pardon Isaac's followers, and to accord Isaac additional honours above those of
939:. In spring 1058, the Turks were ambushed and defeated while they attacked the fort of Mormrans, leaving most of their captives behind. At about the same time or shortly after, another Turkish raid into
729:). As a sign of good faith, furthermore, Paraspondylos was dismissed from office. When the envoys returned to Isaac with this news, he publicly accepted the proposal and prepared to enter the capital.
481:
came to the throne in 1056, Isaac was chosen to lead a deputation of eastern generals to the new emperor. Michael VI engaged in mass promotions of individuals—in the eyes of the contemporary courtier
935:, whose inhabitants were allowed to depart before the city was plundered by the Turks. Local Byzantine troops managed to blockade the mountain passes, forcing the raiders to winter in the region of
798:
The task he faced was truly herculean, as the politically weak emperors of the previous thirty years had fostered corruption and inefficiency, handing out titles and their attendant state salaries (
954:
in exchange for cash payments, a step widely regarded, both by contemporaries and modern historians, as having catastrophic consequences for Byzantium's eastern defences, especially against the
531:
At Easter 1057, the traditional time when the emperor paid title holders their stipends, the delegation presented itself before the emperor. Along with Isaac, the delegation included the
2282:
887:, where he was placed under house arrest. Isaac applied considerable pressure on Keroularios to resign, but the latter steadfastly refused. In the end, the emperor decided to convene a
668:
At the same time, the western regiments, and some of the eastern ones too, remained loyal to Michael VI. The emperor placed them under the command of Theodora's eunuch favourite, the
996:. Most of the Pechenegs submitted again to imperial authority. The only major combat was against the fortified stronghold of a certain Selte, a recalcitrant Pecheneg leader.
824:
diseased, in some parts swollen, in others wasting away, here afflicted with dropsy, there diminishing with consumption. Now Isaac tried to remedy this by wholesale surgery.
616:
army, and he apparently agreed to support them. Soon after, however, Bryennios left with his troops for Asia Minor, to campaign against the Turks. Once in the
384:
monastery, with care taken to teach them military exercises and hunting. As soon as they came of age, Isaac and his brother joined the imperial bodyguard, the
1009:
resign and retire to a monastery. Psellos claims that he was the main author of this nomination, even against the initial opposition of Empress Catherine.
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967:
abilities in the East, but rather the continued and successful application of old-established counter-raiding principles as codified in Nikephoros Phokas'
815:, were cut, Isaac's efforts were enthusiastically received even among some senior members of the civil bureaucracy, judging by the comments of Psellos and
596:
The effect of the emperor's attitude on the army leadership was profound, and turned them against Michael. A second delegation to the chief minister, the
3937:
3916:
1118:
Constantine IX Monomachos was the first emperor to introduce the sword as an element, being depicted holding a spear and a sheathed sword in his silver
1045:
of Xene. Isaac lived the remainder of his life as a simple monk in Stoudion, readily performing menial tasks until he died in 1060, probably on 1 June.
4497:
622:
4477:
3984:
2437:
2110:]. Berliner byzantinische Arbeiten 35 (in French). Vol. I. Berlin and Amsterdam: Akademie-Verlag & Adolf M. Hakkert. pp. 498–521.
2084:]. Berliner byzantinische Arbeiten 35 (in French). Vol. I. Berlin and Amsterdam: Akademie-Verlag & Adolf M. Hakkert. pp. 426–468.
676:, Isaac's brother-in-law; unlike previously, he now showered his commanders with honours to secure their allegiance. The loyalist army assembled at
3979:
3932:
3878:
2962:
373:
903:
The rebellion and civil war that brought Isaac to the throne had concentrated Byzantium's military might away from its borders. The contemporary
753:
The first act of the new emperor was to reward his partisans: his fellow conspirators were named to high offices—his own brother John was named
4472:
4101:
3969:
585:"all but losing Antioch" and "corrupting his army", being a coward and incompetent, and of having misappropriated army funds for his own use.
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4089:
3957:
3899:
3756:
3624:
2309:
2210:
2132:
2019:
657:. With this force he went to join Komnenos. Leaving his family for safety with his brother at the fortress of Pemolissa on the banks of the
4411:
4072:
4067:
4052:
4007:
2969:
633:
Fearing that their plot was about to be discovered, the eastern generals hastened to act: the conspirators resident in the Anatolic Theme,
4305:
4095:
3592:
2198:
2034:
75:
977:
284:
3818:
2153:
4084:
2268:
4117:
3974:
2257:
2177:
931:
drove him off, but Ivane then called upon some Turks for assistance. About a month after Isaac's coronation, these raiders reached
919:
took advantage of this opportunity to capture two Byzantine frontier forts as well as an imperial tax collector, and lay siege to
612:, who had unsuccessfully tried to usurp the throne from Theodora but had recently been recalled by Michael VI as commander of the
4057:
1033:(1081–1180), described or implied a coup by Doukas and his supporters, and the legality of the transition was never questioned.
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boots, a privilege restricted to the emperor, and which may indicate, according to Kaldellis, that Keroularios was influenced by
377:
4062:
4012:
3558:
3541:
3368:
3356:
976:
Isaac led only one military expedition, in late summer of 1059, into the Balkan provinces that had been suffering raids by the
609:
248:. Proclaimed emperor by his followers on 8 June 1057, he rallied sufficient military forces to defeat the loyalist army at the
559:
3894:
3529:
3321:
3283:
3243:
3210:
2168:
3789:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
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3744:
3570:
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into Constantinople and entered the palace; on 1 September, he was crowned emperor by the Patriarch in the Hagia Sophia.
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4192:
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485:, to an excessive degree—and the military sought to partake in the emperor's bounty. This was not a trivial matter: the
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4242:
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3145:
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567:
257:
244:
and 1054. In 1057 he became the head of a conspiracy of the dissatisfied eastern generals against the newly crowned
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2397:
1058:
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theories and conceived of the secular and clerical powers as co-equal, a traditional Byzantine approach known as a
638:
405:
252:. While Isaac was willing to accept a compromise solution by being appointed Michael's heir, a powerful faction in
237:. He made his name as a successful military commander, serving as commander-in-chief of the eastern armies between
30:
1101:), her beauty is remarked upon by Psellos but she remained unmarried and retired with her mother to the Myrelaion.
508:—and while civil officials were compensated by being raised to higher dignities (which commanded higher salaries,
4492:
3683:
3651:
3476:
2656:
2249:
1262:
1260:
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were subdued by Isaac in person in summer 1059. Shortly after, Isaac fell ill, and on the advice and pressure of
4288:
3855:
3693:
3646:
3193:
2840:
943:
was heavily defeated by the Byzantine defenders. Melitene was repaired and refortified, and made the seat of a
940:
329:
230:
182:
504:) had affected military pay—not coincidentally presided over by none other than Michael Bringas, who was then
264:, pressured Michael to abdicate. After Michael abdicated on 30 August 1057, Isaac was crowned emperor in the
4334:
4311:
4217:
3501:
3481:
3255:
3135:
2423:
2390:
1998:
876:
581:, would define "the future of the empire for the next thirty years, indeed for the next century and more".
451:
438:, commander-in-chief, of the eastern field army, but this title is not explicitly attested—and the ranks of
372:
As Maria had died early, on his deathbed in 1020, Isaac's father commended his two surviving sons Isaac and
4502:
4394:
4364:
4281:
4135:
4024:
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706:
434:
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Michael VI then attempted to negotiate with the rebels, sending Psellos, Leo Alopos, and the former
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908:
394:
148:
124:
776:
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4047:
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3688:
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98:
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in 978. His mother's name was Maria, about whom nothing else is known. Manuel's native language was
4153:
4078:
3850:
3836:
3619:
3604:
3582:
3517:
3506:
3461:
3407:
2897:
2835:
2798:
1063:
816:
570:
261:
763:, which was also awarded to Kekaumenos and Bryennios. The troops that had followed him received a
4507:
4371:
4358:
4249:
3905:
3666:
3609:
3553:
3535:
3524:
3486:
3456:
3334:
3052:
2956:
2706:
2675:
2668:
2221:
1019:
984:. The details of the campaign are obscure, but the two had possibly entered into an alliance. At
513:
505:
490:
478:
245:
88:
2145:
Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade
316:
4018:
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3418:
3316:
3291:
3140:
3002:
2738:
2723:
2601:
2569:
2356:
2336:
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2253:
2227:
2206:
2173:
2163:
2149:
2128:
2111:
2097:
2085:
2071:
2059:
2038:
2015:
1030:
936:
912:
787:
613:
602:
223:
219:
155:
60:
1164:
1162:
988:, the emperor made a treaty with the Hungarians—who appear to have kept the fortress town of
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3166:
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812:
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and retired to a monastery. On the next day, 31 August, Isaac and his entourage crossed the
555:
355:
321:
709:, to Isaac's camp. Michael offered to adopt Isaac as his son and to grant him the title of
3402:
3392:
3301:
3088:
2996:
2984:
2978:
2830:
2651:
2621:
2564:
2544:
1087:
880:
861:
829:
688:
680:, controlling the direct route to the capital. Therefore Komnenos turned south and seized
482:
428:
292:
249:
51:
1085:), probably the "son of Komnenos" recorded as having been engaged to the daughter of the
4439:
4388:
4128:
3296:
3260:
3205:
3098:
3021:
2919:
2913:
2845:
2825:
2579:
2539:
711:
662:
654:
617:
598:
586:
351:
347:
273:
253:
198:
128:
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against the Patriarch. This too was to take place away from the capital, somewhere in
519:
4456:
4427:
3766:
3726:
3270:
3078:
2886:
1042:
955:
642:
380:, the two children were raised with the utmost solicitude and the best tutors at the
1061:, the last ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire. Isaac raised her to the position of
3952:
3511:
3306:
3238:
3233:
3223:
3046:
2908:
2549:
846:
759:
733:
265:
2050:
Grotowski, Piotr L. (2007). "Military Equipment as a Symbolic Form in Byzantium".
2243:
2188:
2143:
2101:
2075:
2009:
875:
Finally, on 8 November 1058, while Keroularios was visiting a church outside the
3375:
3250:
3200:
3125:
2699:
2646:
2589:
1129:
1120:
884:
725:
658:
650:
950:
Constantine IX had famously abolished the military obligations of the Armenian
3431:
3346:
3311:
3276:
3188:
3103:
2863:
2856:
2803:
2783:
2728:
2693:
2686:
2631:
2596:
2459:
1988:
959:
782:
550:
486:
46:
4442:
who are independently notable are shown. Rulers and co-rulers are denoted in
2340:
2299:
2290:
2115:
2089:
2063:
2042:
786:
struck by Isaac. His martial posture, bearing a naked sword, is unique among
3178:
3130:
3040:
3027:
2814:
2743:
2716:
2711:
2680:
2626:
2574:
2509:
2504:
1038:
981:
904:
677:
646:
440:
386:
288:
233:, he was orphaned at an early age, and was raised under the care of Emperor
358:. It is said that the family name was derived from the city of Komne, near
2231:
879:, and hence was away from his supporters in the urban mob, Isaac sent the
3828:
3446:
3228:
3120:
3073:
3033:
3015:
2935:
2870:
2850:
2820:
2793:
2788:
2773:
2763:
2733:
2641:
2636:
2584:
2559:
2554:
2519:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
932:
764:
742:
578:
460:
381:
339:
300:
234:
172:
133:
3380:
3083:
2990:
2903:
2758:
2534:
1125:
1014:
989:
985:
963:
738:
732:
Back in Constantinople, however, a crowd of officials assembled in the
701:
545:
359:
167:
3152:
3009:
2891:
2663:
2529:
993:
892:
681:
455:
446:
343:
137:
2202:
2753:
2524:
2514:
2494:
888:
865:
845:
775:
518:
315:
277:
2499:
2489:
3800:
2419:
1808:
1806:
1710:
1708:
811:. Even though salaries of officials, especially members of the
928:
540:
1394:
1392:
1313:
1311:
1269:, "Isaac I Komnenos" (C. M. Brand, A. Cutler), pp. 1011–1012.
202:
354:
and modern scholarship considers the family to have been of
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1781:
1779:
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1749:
1747:
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1657:
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1447:
1445:
1443:
1340:
1338:
287:
raids were resolved by a treaty in 1059, while the restive
2327:
Stanescu, Eugen (1966). "Les réformes d' Isaac Comnène".
2301:
John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057
50:
of Isaac I Komnenos, showing the Emperor wielding a
2283:
Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki
1355:
1353:
1029:). No contemporary or later source, not even during the
629:
Proclamation of Isaac as emperor and the Battle of Hades
393:
At a young age, perhaps as early as 1025, Isaac married
2100:(1967). "Le Stratopédarque et le Grand statopédarque".
2127:. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press.
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
850:
Patriarch Michael Keroularios on his throne, from the
645:, hastened to find Isaac Komnenos at his estates near
283:
The eastern frontier held firm during Isaac's reign,
2123:
Kaldellis, Anthony; Krallis, Dimitris, eds. (2012).
992:—before moving against the Pechenegs in the area of
768:
the Patriarch's nephews received high court titles.
222:
from 1057 to 1059, the first reigning member of the
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2610:
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178:
166:
154:
144:
116:
108:
104:
94:
84:
74:
66:
59:
23:
1930:, p. 160. " then lived 6 months and 10 days".
2226:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
2014:(in French). Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.
2172:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1773:, "Michael I Keroularios" (A. Kazhdan), p. 1361.
1675:
1583:
1499:
1091:Helios. He died sometime between 1042 and 1057.
821:
608:The conspirators contacted the veteran general
376:to the care of Emperor Basil II. According to
3812:
2431:
2011:Pouvoir et Contestations à Byzance (963–1210)
8:
2245:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
757:of the West and received the high title of
4389:Theodora Megale Komnene ("Despina Khatun")
3819:
3805:
3797:
2942:
2438:
2424:
2416:
2347:
2103:Recherches sur les institutions byzantines
2077:Recherches sur les institutions byzantines
38:
20:
2304:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2220:Sewter, Edgar Robert Ashton, ed. (1953).
1927:
1831:
1812:
1797:
1785:
1755:
1714:
1699:
1687:
1663:
1638:
1619:
1595:
1559:
1451:
1422:
1410:
1371:
1344:
1329:
1290:
1278:
1171:, "Komnenos" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 1143–1144.
723:, setting him up almost as a co-emperor (
562:Antioch for Byzantium a century earlier;
1067:. The couple had at least two children:
432:of the East—likely denoting that he was
4359:Maria Megale Komnene, Byzantine Empress
2281:(in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki:
1607:
1511:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1434:
1398:
1317:
1247:
1235:
1158:
1111:
695:Negotiations and downfall of Michael VI
303:monastery where he died later in 1060.
295:, he abdicated his throne in favour of
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1738:
1726:
1571:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1383:
1359:
1302:
1223:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1143:
473:Michael VI and the military leadership
324:in the first half of the 11th century.
4318:Eudokia Megale Komnene, Lady of Sinop
4306:Anna Megale Komnene, Queen of Georgia
4123:Theodora Komnene, Princess of Antioch
3948:Adrianos/John IV, Archbishop of Ohrid
2148:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2108:Studies on the Byzantine Institutions
2082:Studies on the Byzantine Institutions
2074:(1967). "Le Domestique des Scholes".
7:
4412:Eudokia Komnene, Lady of Montpellier
4068:Theodora Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem
4053:Theodora Komnene, Duchess of Austria
2329:Revue des Études Sud-Est Européennes
2223:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus
2199:Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae
2035:Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae
16:Byzantine emperor from 1057 to 1059
2169:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2037:(in French). Brussels: Byzantion.
280:to depose him could be convened.
31:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
14:
4118:Maria Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem
2201:(in Greek). Vol. 1. Vienna:
2190:Die byzantinischen Kleinchroniken
661:, Komnenos advanced west towards
538:, who had just been dismissed as
4498:Byzantine emperors who abdicated
2125:Michael Attaleiates: The History
1991:
378:Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger
4478:11th-century Byzantine emperors
4063:Maria Komnene, Queen of Hungary
1770:
1266:
1168:
1024:
499:
410:
1586:, pp. 101, 103, 105, 107.
1004:Illness, abdication, and death
883:to arrest him and take him to
468:Revolt of the eastern generals
450:. He was dismissed by Empress
70:8 June 1057 – 22 November 1059
1:
4473:1050s in the Byzantine Empire
4243:Andronikos III Megas Komnenos
2365:
2275:The Genealogy of the Komnenoi
2267:Varzos, Konstantinos (1984).
2031:Nicéphore Bryennios: Histoire
2008:Cheynet, Jean-Claude (1996).
1095:
1079:
1072:
454:in 1054, and replaced by her
420:
398:
363:
238:
212:
4179:Andronikos II Megas Komnenos
1676:Kaldellis & Krallis 2012
1584:Kaldellis & Krallis 2012
1500:Kaldellis & Krallis 2012
684:as his base of operations.
566:, married to a niece of the
54:and holding a sheathed sword
2298:Wortley, John, ed. (2010).
2142:Kaldellis, Anthony (2017).
2029:Gautier, Paul, ed. (1975).
568:Patriarch of Constantinople
332:, who reportedly served as
258:Patriarch of Constantinople
4524:
4289:Alexios III Megas Komnenos
3711:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3662:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3549:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
2195:Byzantine small chronicles
687:The two armies met at the
362:in Thrace. Isaac was born
338:of the East under Emperor
203:
4436:
4335:Alexios IV Megas Komnenos
4312:Manuel III Megas Komnenos
4218:Alexios II Megas Komnenos
3787:
3684:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3652:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3477:Constantine IX Monomachos
2404:
2395:
2387:
2382:
2350:
2270:Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών
2250:Stanford University Press
2187:Schreiner, Peter (1975).
807:churches, using a law of
495:Constantine IX Monomachos
218: – 1 June 1060) was
37:
28:
4395:Alexios V Megas Komnenos
4365:Alexander Megas Komnenos
4282:Manuel II Megas Komnenos
4136:Alexios I Megas Komnenos
3856:Manuel Erotikos Komnenos
3647:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2248:. Stanford, California:
1882:, pp. 42–43, 44–45.
554:Michael Bourtzes, whose
415:), the last Tsar of the
330:Manuel Erotikos Komnenos
231:Manuel Erotikos Komnenos
183:Manuel Erotikos Komnenos
4264:John III Megas Komnenos
4186:Theodora Megale Komnene
4161:Manuel I Megas Komnenos
3502:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3136:Tiberius II Constantine
1999:Byzantine Empire portal
956:mounting Turkish threat
842:Downfall of Keroularios
312:Origin and early career
256:, led by the ambitious
229:The son of the general
4353:John IV Megas Komnenos
4225:Michael Megas Komnenos
4200:John II Megas Komnenos
4025:John Tzelepes Komnenos
3657:Michael IX Palaiologos
1146:, p. 43 (note 12)
970:De velitatione bellica
958:. The Turks had taken
856:
839:
791:
755:domestikos ton scholon
707:Constantine Leichoudes
639:Nikephoros Botaneiates
528:
435:domestikos ton scholon
417:First Bulgarian Empire
325:
4440:male-line descendants
4372:David Megas Komnenos
4193:George Megas Komnenos
4031:Andronikos I Komnenos
3751:Thessalonian emperors
3745:Trapezuntine emperors
3706:John VIII Palaiologos
3701:Manuel II Palaiologos
3672:John VI Kantakouzenos
3588:Andronikos I Komnenos
3425:Constantine Lekapenos
2453:and empresses regnant
1055:Catherine of Bulgaria
1053:Isaac was married to
909:Aristakes Lastivertsi
849:
779:
522:
395:Catherine of Bulgaria
328:Isaac was the son of
319:
191:Isaac I Komnenos
149:Catherine of Bulgaria
125:Monastery of Stoudios
4405:Uncertain generation
4250:Basil Megas Komnenos
4048:John Doukas Komnenos
3943:Constantine Komnenos
3689:John VII Palaiologos
3637:Theodore II Laskaris
3497:Constantine X Doukas
3437:Nikephoros II Phokas
2408:Constantine X Doukas
1094:Maria Komnene (born
1041:monastery under the
809:Nikephoros II Phokas
637:, Michael Bourtzes,
610:Nikephoros Bryennios
556:namesake grandfather
536:Katakalon Kekaumenos
426:he held the post of
335:strategos autokrator
297:Constantine X Doukas
4483:11th-century rebels
4079:Alexios II Komnenos
4008:Andronikos Komnenos
3970:Andronikos Komnenos
3917:Nikephoros Komnenos
3851:Nikephoros Komnenos
3837:Empire of Trebizond
3620:Theodore I Laskaris
3605:Alexios III Angelos
3583:Alexios II Komnenos
3507:Romanos IV Diogenes
3462:Romanos III Argyros
3408:Romanos I Lekapenos
1894:, pp. 256–257.
1870:, pp. 245–252.
1858:, pp. 244–245.
1815:, pp. 222–223.
1800:, pp. 595–596.
1741:, pp. 238–239.
1729:, pp. 233–234.
1717:, pp. 220–221.
1690:, pp. 110–111.
1622:, pp. 219–220.
1574:, pp. 226–227.
1562:, pp. 218–219.
1550:, pp. 224–226.
1538:, pp. 215–224.
1526:, pp. 214–215.
1514:, pp. 459–461.
1502:, pp. 99, 101.
1490:, pp. 458–459.
1466:, pp. 456–458.
1437:, pp. 455–456.
1425:, pp. 217–218.
1401:, pp. 454–455.
1386:, pp. 210–211.
1374:, pp. 216–217.
1320:, pp. 450–451.
1305:, pp. 209–210.
1293:, pp. 452–453.
973:a century earlier.
817:Michael Attaleiates
705:of Constantine IX,
571:Michael Keroularios
262:Michael Keroularios
4488:Byzantine generals
3906:Alexios I Komnenos
3739:Britannic emperors
3733:Palmyrene emperors
3667:John V Palaiologos
3610:Alexios IV Angelos
3559:Constantine Doukas
3554:Alexios I Komnenos
3542:Constantine Doukas
3525:Michael VII Doukas
3487:Michael VI Bringas
3053:Romulus Augustulus
2676:Trebonianus Gallus
2669:Herennius Etruscus
2451:Byzantine emperors
2164:Kazhdan, Alexander
2098:Guilland, Rodolphe
2072:Guilland, Rodolphe
1238:, pp. 74, 76.
1195:, pp. 39, 41.
1020:Michael VII Doukas
1013:his fate, and was
899:Military situation
857:
792:
564:Constantine Doukas
529:
514:Macedonian dynasty
506:military logothete
491:Byzantine currency
479:Michael VI Bringas
346:against the rebel
326:
299:, retiring to the
246:Michael VI Bringas
204:Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός
4450:
4449:
4019:Manuel I Komnenos
3912:Adrianos Komnenos
3794:
3793:
3632:John III Vatatzes
3578:Manuel I Komnenos
3317:Michael I Rangabe
3161:
3160:
3003:Petronius Maximus
2602:Severus Alexander
2570:Septimius Severus
2414:
2413:
2405:Succeeded by
2398:Byzantine emperor
2357:Komnenian dynasty
2352:Isaac I Komnenos
2311:978-0-521-76705-7
2240:Treadgold, Warren
2212:978-3-7001-0206-9
2134:978-0-674-05799-9
2021:978-2-85944-168-5
1978:, pp. 58–59.
1906:, pp. 46–47.
1183:, pp. 38–39.
1071:Manuel Komnenos (
1031:Komnenian dynasty
911:reports that the
788:Byzantine coinage
603:Leo Paraspondylos
404:), a daughter of
224:Komnenian dynasty
220:Byzantine emperor
209:Isaakios Komnēnos
188:
187:
61:Byzantine emperor
4515:
4493:Komnenos dynasty
4421:Related subjects
4257:Anna Anachoutlou
4102:Alexios Komnenos
4085:Alexios Komnenos
4058:Alexios Komnenos
4002:Alexios Komnenos
3985:Theodora Komnene
3964:John II Komnenos
3938:Alexios Komnenos
3873:Isaac I Komnenos
3833:Byzantine Empire
3821:
3814:
3807:
3798:
3642:John IV Laskaris
3615:Alexios V Doukas
3600:Isaac II Angelos
3566:John II Komnenos
3492:Isaac I Komnenos
3452:Constantine VIII
3442:John I Tzimiskes
3169:Byzantine Empire
2943:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2417:
2388:Preceded by
2378:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2348:
2344:
2315:
2294:
2280:
2263:
2235:
2216:
2183:
2159:
2138:
2119:
2093:
2067:
2052:Byzantinoslavica
2046:
2025:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1816:
1810:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1642:
1636:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1348:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1116:
1100:
1097:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1057:, a daughter of
1028:
1027: 1071–1078
1026:
923:. The Byzantine
853:Madrid Skylitzes
837:
641:and the sons of
503:
502: 1042–1054
501:
425:
422:
414:
413: 1015–1018
412:
403:
400:
368:
365:
322:Byzantine Empire
268:on 1 September.
243:
240:
217:
214:
206:
205:
80:1 September 1057
42:
24:Isaac I Komnenos
21:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4432:
4416:
4400:
4382:16th generation
4377:
4345:15th generation
4340:
4327:14th generation
4322:
4299:13th generation
4294:
4274:12th generation
4269:
4235:11th generation
4230:
4210:10th generation
4205:
4166:
4154:John I Axouchos
4141:
4106:
4090:Manuel Komnenos
4036:
3989:
3980:Eudokia Komnene
3921:
3895:Manuel Komnenos
3883:
3860:
3839:
3825:
3795:
3790:
3783:
3727:Gallic emperors
3715:
3403:Constantine VII
3184:Constantine III
3171:
3168:
3157:
3066:
3058:
2997:Valentinian III
2985:Constantius III
2979:Priscus Attalus
2963:Constantine III
2949:
2941:
2831:Valerius Valens
2776:
2768:
2614:
2606:
2565:Didius Julianus
2545:Marcus Aurelius
2462:
2454:
2444:
2410:
2401:
2393:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2326:
2323:
2321:Further reading
2318:
2312:
2297:
2278:
2266:
2260:
2238:
2219:
2213:
2186:
2180:
2162:
2156:
2141:
2135:
2122:
2096:
2070:
2049:
2028:
2022:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1819:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1645:
1637:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1136:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1098:
1088:protospatharios
1082:
1075:
1051:
1023:
1006:
952:thematic troops
901:
881:Varangian Guard
862:imperial purple
844:
838:
830:Michael Psellos
828:
774:
751:
697:
689:Battle of Hades
635:Romanos Skleros
631:
498:
483:Michael Psellos
475:
470:
458:confidant, the
429:stratopedarches
423:
409:
401:
366:
314:
309:
293:Michael Psellos
250:Battle of Hades
241:
215:
161:
160:Manuel Komnenos
131:
123:
121:
55:
52:globus cruciger
17:
12:
11:
5:
4521:
4519:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4455:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4356:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4221:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4172:
4171:9th generation
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4149:
4147:
4146:8th generation
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4132:
4129:David Komnenos
4125:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4111:7th generation
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4041:6th generation
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4022:
4015:
4013:Isaac Komnenos
4010:
4005:
3997:
3995:
3994:5th generation
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3975:Isaac Komnenos
3972:
3967:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3926:4th generation
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3902:
3900:Isaac Komnenos
3897:
3891:
3889:
3888:3rd generation
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3868:
3866:
3865:2nd generation
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3844:1st generation
3841:
3840:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3686:
3681:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3563:
3551:
3546:
3522:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3482:Theodora (III)
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3378:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3344:
3332:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3297:Constantine VI
3294:
3289:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3261:Theodosius III
3258:
3253:
3248:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3206:Constantine IV
3203:
3198:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3064:Eastern Empire
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2975:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2947:Western Empire
2940:
2939:
2932:
2920:Magnus Maximus
2916:
2914:Valentinian II
2911:
2906:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2846:Constantius II
2843:
2841:Constantine II
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2709:
2704:
2696:
2691:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2540:Antoninus Pius
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2463:27 BC – AD 235
2456:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2383:Regnal titles
2380:
2379:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2295:
2264:
2258:
2236:
2217:
2211:
2184:
2178:
2166:, ed. (1991).
2160:
2155:978-0190253226
2154:
2139:
2133:
2120:
2094:
2068:
2047:
2026:
2020:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1928:Schreiner 1975
1920:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1846:, p. 244.
1836:
1834:, p. 223.
1832:Kaldellis 2017
1817:
1813:Kaldellis 2017
1802:
1798:Treadgold 1997
1790:
1788:, p. 222.
1786:Kaldellis 2017
1775:
1760:
1758:, p. 221.
1756:Kaldellis 2017
1743:
1731:
1719:
1715:Kaldellis 2017
1704:
1702:, p. 598.
1700:Treadgold 1997
1692:
1688:Grotowski 2007
1680:
1678:, p. 109.
1668:
1666:, p. 599.
1664:Treadgold 1997
1643:
1641:, p. 220.
1639:Kaldellis 2017
1624:
1620:Kaldellis 2017
1612:
1600:
1598:, p. 219.
1596:Kaldellis 2017
1588:
1576:
1564:
1560:Kaldellis 2017
1552:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1478:, p. 458.
1468:
1456:
1454:, p. 218.
1452:Kaldellis 2017
1439:
1427:
1423:Kaldellis 2017
1415:
1413:, p. 215.
1411:Kaldellis 2017
1403:
1388:
1376:
1372:Kaldellis 2017
1364:
1362:, p. 210.
1349:
1347:, p. 217.
1345:Kaldellis 2017
1334:
1332:, p. 597.
1330:Treadgold 1997
1322:
1307:
1295:
1291:Guilland 1967a
1283:
1281:, p. 500.
1279:Guilland 1967b
1271:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1134:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1092:
1083: 1042/57
1059:Ivan Vladislav
1050:
1047:
1005:
1002:
921:Theodosiopolis
900:
897:
843:
840:
826:
773:
772:Fiscal reforms
770:
750:
747:
696:
693:
672:Theodore, and
663:Constantinople
655:Armeniac Theme
630:
627:
618:Anatolic Theme
599:protosynkellos
587:John Skylitzes
573:; his brother
527:of Michael VI.
474:
471:
469:
466:
406:Ivan Vladislav
348:Bardas Skleros
313:
310:
308:
305:
274:Byzantine army
254:Constantinople
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:
158:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
129:Constantinople
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
78:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
57:
56:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4520:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:Studite monks
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4428:AIMA prophecy
4426:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4096:John Komnenos
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4074:
4073:Maria Komnene
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3958:Maria Komnene
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3933:John Komnenos
3931:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3879:John Komnenos
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3786:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3364:Theodora (II)
3362:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:Constantine V
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Anastasius II
3254:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Theodosius II
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:Valentinian I
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:Constantine I
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Constantius I
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2349:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:(in French).
2330:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2259:0-8047-2630-2
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2179:0-19-504652-8
2175:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1966:, p. 58.
1965:
1960:
1957:
1954:, p. 47.
1953:
1948:
1945:
1942:, p. 44.
1941:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1918:, p. 43.
1917:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1610:, p. 70.
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1250:, p. 76.
1249:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1226:, p. 41.
1225:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1207:, p. 26.
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1105:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1043:monastic name
1040:
1034:
1032:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1003:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
971:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
898:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
855:
854:
848:
841:
835:
834:Chronographia
831:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
805:
801:
796:
789:
785:
784:
778:
771:
769:
766:
762:
761:
756:
748:
746:
744:
740:
735:
730:
728:
727:
722:
716:
714:
713:
708:
704:
703:
694:
692:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:Basil Argyros
640:
636:
628:
626:
624:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
601:
600:
594:
592:
588:
582:
580:
576:
572:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:
547:
543:
542:
537:
534:
526:
521:
517:
515:
511:
507:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
472:
467:
465:
463:
462:
457:
453:
449:
448:
443:
442:
437:
436:
431:
430:
418:
407:
396:
391:
389:
388:
383:
379:
375:
370:
361:
360:Philippopolis
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:and defended
341:
340:Basil II
337:
336:
331:
323:
318:
311:
306:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
210:
200:
196:
192:
184:
181:
177:
174:
171:
169:
165:
162:Maria Komnene
159:
157:
153:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
126:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
99:Constantine X
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
53:
49:
48:
41:
36:
33:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4463:1000s births
4443:
4393:
4370:
4363:
4351:
4333:
4310:
4287:
4280:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4223:
4216:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4159:
4152:
4134:
4127:
4094:
4077:
4029:
4017:
4000:
3962:
3953:Anna Komnene
3904:
3872:
3871:
3694:Andronikos V
3692:
3675:
3623:
3591:
3569:
3557:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3516:
3510:
3491:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3384:
3367:
3355:
3338:
3326:
3320:
3307:Nikephoros I
3282:
3281:
3275:
3242:
3239:Justinian II
3234:Tiberius III
3224:Justinian II
3215:
3209:
3192:
3144:
3116:Anastasius I
3107:
3051:
3047:Julius Nepos
3039:
3032:
3020:
3008:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2909:Theodosius I
2896:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2826:Maximinus II
2813:
2715:
2698:
2685:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2588:
2550:Lucius Verus
2396:
2374:
2362:
2355:
2332:
2328:
2300:
2274:
2269:
2244:
2222:
2194:
2189:
2167:
2144:
2124:
2107:
2102:
2081:
2076:
2055:
2051:
2030:
2010:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1793:
1734:
1722:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1615:
1608:Cheynet 1996
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1512:Wortley 2010
1507:
1495:
1488:Wortley 2010
1483:
1476:Wortley 2010
1471:
1464:Wortley 2010
1459:
1435:Wortley 2010
1430:
1418:
1406:
1399:Wortley 2010
1379:
1367:
1325:
1318:Wortley 2010
1298:
1286:
1274:
1248:Gautier 1975
1243:
1236:Gautier 1975
1231:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1137:
1119:
1114:
1086:
1062:
1052:
1035:
1011:
1007:
998:
975:
968:
949:
944:
924:
902:
874:
858:
851:
833:
822:
803:
799:
797:
793:
781:
760:kouropalates
758:
754:
752:
734:Hagia Sophia
731:
724:
720:
717:
710:
700:
698:
686:
669:
667:
632:
607:
597:
595:
590:
583:
549:
539:
532:
530:
524:
509:
476:
459:
445:
439:
433:
427:
392:
385:
371:
356:Greek origin
333:
327:
282:
270:
266:Hagia Sophia
228:
208:
194:
190:
189:
120:1 June 1060
45:
29:
18:
4468:1060 deaths
3753:(1224–1242)
3747:(1204–1461)
3536:Konstantios
3413:Christopher
3386:Constantine
3376:Michael III
3357:Constantine
3340:Constantine
3322:Theophylact
3251:Philippicus
3201:Constans II
3126:Justinian I
3022:Severus III
2970:Constans II
2724:Claudius II
2700:Silbannacus
2647:Gordian III
2622:Maximinus I
2590:Diadumenian
2369: 1007
1976:Varzos 1984
1964:Varzos 1984
1952:Varzos 1984
1940:Varzos 1984
1916:Varzos 1984
1904:Varzos 1984
1892:Sewter 1953
1880:Varzos 1984
1868:Sewter 1953
1856:Sewter 1953
1844:Sewter 1953
1739:Sewter 1953
1727:Sewter 1953
1572:Sewter 1953
1548:Sewter 1953
1536:Sewter 1953
1524:Sewter 1953
1384:Sewter 1953
1360:Sewter 1953
1303:Sewter 1953
1224:Varzos 1984
1205:Varzos 1984
1193:Varzos 1984
1181:Varzos 1984
1144:Varzos 1984
1130:gold dinars
1099: 1034
1076: 1030
962:during the
885:Prokonnesos
726:symbasileus
659:Halys River
651:Paphlagonia
575:John Doukas
424: 1042
402: 1010
367: 1007
242: 1042
216: 1007
85:Predecessor
4457:Categories
3530:Andronikos
3518:Nikephoros
3467:Michael IV
3432:Romanos II
3352:Theophilos
3347:Michael II
3328:Staurakios
3312:Staurakios
3284:Nikephoros
3277:Artabasdos
3189:Heraclonas
3146:Theodosius
3104:Basiliscus
2864:Nepotianus
2857:Magnentius
2851:Constans I
2804:Severus II
2784:Diocletian
2729:Quintillus
2694:Aemilianus
2687:Volusianus
2632:Gordian II
2597:Elagabalus
2460:Principate
2402:1057–1059
2391:Michael VI
2058:: 91–116.
1154:References
1121:miliaresia
978:Hungarians
960:Vaspurakan
907:historian
877:city walls
783:histamenon
614:Macedonian
551:vestarches
525:tetarteron
487:debasement
464:Theodore.
89:Michael VI
76:Coronation
47:tetarteron
4508:Magistroi
3772:Classical
3757:Empresses
3741:(286–296)
3735:(267–273)
3729:(260–274)
3472:Michael V
3398:Alexander
3211:Heraclius
3179:Heraclius
3131:Justin II
3041:Glycerius
3028:Anthemius
2898:Procopius
2836:Martinian
2815:Maxentius
2744:Florianus
2717:Saloninus
2712:Gallienus
2681:Hostilian
2657:Philip II
2627:Gordian I
2575:Caracalla
2510:Vespasian
2505:Vitellius
2341:0035-2063
2335:: 35–69.
2291:834784634
2116:878894516
2090:878894516
2064:0007-7712
2043:814361996
1039:Myrelaion
982:Pechenegs
870:symphonia
678:Nicomedia
533:magistros
441:magistros
387:Hetaireia
307:Biography
289:Pechenegs
285:Hungarian
173:Komnenian
122:(aged 53)
95:Successor
3835:and the
3829:Komnenoi
3767:Usurpers
3762:Augustae
3720:See also
3625:Nicholas
3447:Basil II
3244:Tiberius
3229:Leontius
3217:Tiberius
3194:Tiberius
3172:610–1453
3167:Eastern/
3121:Justin I
3074:Arcadius
3034:Olybrius
3016:Majorian
2957:Honorius
2936:Eugenius
2871:Vetranio
2821:Licinius
2794:Galerius
2789:Maximian
2774:Dominate
2764:Numerian
2734:Aurelian
2707:Valerian
2652:Philip I
2642:Balbinus
2637:Pupienus
2585:Macrinus
2560:Pertinax
2555:Commodus
2520:Domitian
2485:Claudius
2480:Caligula
2475:Tiberius
2470:Augustus
2242:(1997).
1015:tonsured
980:and the
937:Chorzane
933:Melitene
913:Georgian
905:Armenian
836:, VII.51
827:—
765:donative
743:Bosporus
739:tonsured
670:proedros
647:Kastamon
591:proedros
579:Basil II
560:captured
461:proedros
452:Theodora
382:Stoudion
301:Stoudion
235:Basil II
195:Comnenus
134:Istanbul
3831:of the
3777:Eastern
3677:Matthew
3571:Alexios
3419:Stephen
3381:Basil I
3266:Leo III
3141:Maurice
3084:Marcian
3067:395–610
2991:Joannes
2950:395–480
2904:Gratian
2777:284–610
2759:Carinus
2739:Tacitus
2615:235–285
2535:Hadrian
2197:].
1985:Sources
1126:caliphs
1064:Augusta
990:Sirmium
986:Serdica
964:regency
702:mesazon
623:blinded
546:Antioch
489:of the
419:. From
168:Dynasty
112:c. 1007
3539:&
3515:&
3422:&
3393:Leo VI
3369:Thekla
3325:&
3292:Leo IV
3214:&
3153:Phocas
3109:Marcus
3094:Leo II
3010:Avitus
2927:Victor
2892:Valens
2882:Jovian
2877:Julian
2749:Probus
2684:&
2664:Decius
2612:Crisis
2530:Trajan
2373:
2339:
2308:
2289:
2277:]
2256:
2232:427306
2230:
2209:
2176:
2152:
2131:
2114:
2088:
2062:
2041:
2018:
1049:Family
994:Moesia
893:Thrace
813:Senate
721:Caesar
712:Caesar
682:Nicaea
548:; the
493:under
456:eunuch
447:vestes
397:(born
344:Nicaea
179:Father
145:Spouse
138:Turkey
4438:Only
3335:Leo V
3302:Irene
3089:Leo I
2754:Carus
2525:Nerva
2515:Titus
2495:Galba
2447:Roman
2375:Died:
2363:Born:
2279:(PDF)
2273:[
2193:[
2106:[
2080:[
1106:Notes
941:Taron
917:Ivane
915:lord
889:synod
866:Papal
804:rogai
800:rogai
780:Gold
749:Reign
674:Aaron
523:Gold
510:rogai
477:When
352:Greek
278:synod
199:Greek
156:Issue
132:(now
67:Reign
44:Gold
4444:bold
3827:The
3691:(w.
3674:(w.
3622:(w.
3593:John
3590:(w.
3568:(w.
3556:(w.
3527:(w.
3509:(w.
3410:(w.
3383:(w.
3366:(w.
3354:(w.
3337:(w.
3319:(w.
3280:(w.
3241:(w.
3208:(w.
3191:(w.
3143:(w.
3106:(w.
3099:Zeno
2966:(w.
2923:(w.
2714:(w.
2678:(w.
2666:(w.
2654:(w.
2587:(w.
2580:Geta
2500:Otho
2490:Nero
2449:and
2377:1060
2337:ISSN
2306:ISBN
2287:OCLC
2254:ISBN
2228:OCLC
2207:ISBN
2174:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2129:ISBN
2112:OCLC
2086:OCLC
2060:ISSN
2039:OCLC
2016:ISBN
945:doux
925:doux
558:had
541:doux
444:and
374:John
320:The
117:Died
109:Born
3512:Leo
3457:Zoe
2703:(?)
2203:ÖAW
1771:ODB
1267:ODB
1169:ODB
1128:in
947:.
929:Ani
927:at
665:.
649:in
593:.
544:of
369:.
226:.
193:or
4459::
3533:,
3416:,
2366:c.
2285:.
2252:.
2205:.
2056:65
2054:.
2033:.
1820:^
1805:^
1778:^
1763:^
1746:^
1707:^
1646:^
1627:^
1442:^
1391:^
1352:^
1337:^
1310:^
1255:^
1212:^
1161:^
1096:c.
1080:c.
1078:–
1073:c.
1025:r.
872:.
832:,
819:.
625:.
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500:r.
421:c.
411:r.
399:c.
390:.
364:c.
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239:c.
213:c.
211:;
207:,
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3680:)
3628:)
3596:)
3574:)
3562:)
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3372:)
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2262:.
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