Isabeau of Bavaria - Knowledge (XXG)

1681: 1044:, she again left the city for Melun. In August she staged an entry to Paris for the Dauphin, and early in the new year, Charles signed an ordinance giving the 13-year-old the power to rule in the Queen's absence. During these years, Isabeau's greatest concern was the Dauphin's safety as she prepared him to take up the duties of the King; she formed alliances to further those aims. At this point, the Queen and her influence were still crucial to the power struggle. Physical control of Isabeau and her children became important to both parties and she was frequently forced to change sides, for which she was criticized and called unstable. She joined the Burgundians from 1409 to 1413, then switched sides to form an alliance with the Orléanists from 1413 to 1415. 920:", their son, until he reached 13 years of age, giving her additional political power on the regency council. Charles appointed Isabeau co-guardian of their children in 1393, a position shared with the royal dukes and her brother, Louis of Bavaria, while he gave Orléans full power of the regency. In appointing Isabeau, Charles acted under laws enacted by his father, Charles V, which gave the Queen full power to protect and educate the heir to the throne. These appointments separated power between Orléans and the royal uncles, increasing ill-will among the factions. The following year, as Charles' bouts of illness became more severe and prolonged, Isabeau became the leader of the regency council, giving her power over the royal dukes and the 1225:, allied with the English, putting enormous pressure on France and Isabeau, who remained loyal to the King. In 1420, Henry sent an emissary to confer with the Queen, after which, according to Adams, Isabeau "ceded to what must have been a persuasively posed argument by Henry V's messenger". France had effectively been left without an heir to the throne, even before the Treaty of Troyes. Charles VI had disinherited the Dauphin, whom he considered responsible for "breaking the peace for his involvement in the assassination of the duke of Burgundy"; he wrote in 1420 of the Dauphin that he had "rendered himself unworthy to succeed to the throne or any other title". Charles of Orléans, next in line as heir under 1059:(guardianship of the Dauphin) upon John the Fearless, made him the master of Paris, and allowed him to mentor the Dauphin, after he had Jehan de Montagu, Grand Master of the King's household, executed. At that point, the Duke essentially controlled the Dauphin and Paris and was popular in the city because of his opposition to taxes levied by Isabeau and Orléans. Isabeau's actions with respect to John the Fearless angered the Armagnacs, who in the fall of 1410 marched to Paris to "rescue" the Dauphin from the Duke's influence. At that time, members of the University of Paris, Jean Gerson in particular, proposed that all feuding members of the Royal Council step down and be immediately removed from power. 1659: 970:, preached a long sermon to the court denouncing excess and depravity, in particular mentioning Isabeau and her habit of wearing clothing with exposed necks, shoulders and décolletage. The monk presented his sermon as allegory so as not to offend Isabeau overtly, but he cast her and her ladies-in-waiting as "furious, vengeful characters". He said to Isabeau, "If you don't believe me, go out into the city disguised as a poor woman, and you will hear what everyone is saying." Thus he accused Isabeau as having lost touch with the commoners and the court with its subjects. At about the same time, a satirical political pamphlet called 1641: 1233: 56: 940:, and he turned control of the treasury over to her. After Philip the Bold died in 1404 and his son John the Fearless became Duke of Burgundy, the new duke continued the political strife in an attempt to gain access to the royal treasury for Burgundian interests. Orléans and the royal dukes thought John was usurping power for his own interests and Isabeau, at that time, aligned herself with Orléans to protect the interests of the crown and her children. Furthermore, she distrusted John the Fearless who she thought overstepped himself in rank—he was cousin to the King, whereas Orléans was Charles' brother. 631: 828:

disagree about her appearance. She is variously described as "small and brunette" or "tall and blonde"; contemporaneous evidence is contradictory—chroniclers said of her either that she was "beautiful and hypnotic, or so obese through dropsy that she was crippled." Despite her continuous residence in France from the time of her marriage as a teenager, she spoke with a heavy German accent that never diminished. Tuchman describes this as giving her an "alien" cast at the French court. Tracy Adams describes Isabeau as a talented diplomat who navigated court politics with ease, grace and charisma.

796:"far out of the way; no medicine could help him", although he had recovered from the first attack within months. For the first 20 years of his illness, he experienced sustained periods of lucidity to the extent that he could continue to rule. Suggestions were made to replace him with a regent, although there was uncertainty and debate as to whether a regency could assume the full role of a living monarch. When he was incapable of ruling, his brother, the duke of Orléans, and their cousin John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, were chief among those who sought to take control of the government. 1618: 553:, but on the first meeting, Charles felt "happiness and love enter his heart, for he saw that she was beautiful and young, and thus he greatly desired to gaze at her and possess her". She did not yet speak French and may not have reflected the idealized beauty of the period, perhaps inheriting her mother's dark Italian features, which were considered unfashionable at the time. Nonetheless, Charles and Isabeau were married just three days later. Froissart documented the royal wedding with jokes about the lascivious guests at the feast and the "hot young couple". 1406: 1721: 844: 1333: 755:("The Ball of the Burning Men"). Charles was almost killed and four of the dancers burned to death when a spark from a torch brought by the duke of Orléans (the king's brother) lit one of the dancer's costumes on fire. The disaster undermined confidence in king's capacity to rule. Parisians considered it proof of courtly decadence and threatened to rebel against the more powerful members of the nobility. The public's outrage forced the King and the duke of Orléans, whom a contemporary chronicler accused of attempted 1735: 1172:, confiscating her personal property (clothing, jewels and money), dismantling her household, and separating her from the younger children as well as her ladies-in-waiting. She secured her freedom in November with the help of the Duke of Burgundy. Accounts of her release vary: Monstrelet writes that Burgundy "delivered" her to Troyes, and Pintoin that the Duke negotiated Isabeau's release to gain control of her authority. Isabeau maintained her alliance with Burgundy from that period until the 982:, with her household and children a day or so behind. John immediately left in pursuit, intercepting the party of chaperones and royal children. He took possession of the Dauphin, and returned him to Paris under control of Burgundian forces; however, the boy's uncle, the duke of Berry, quickly took control of the child at the orders of the Royal Council. At that time, Charles was lucid for about a month and able to help with the crisis. The incident, that came to be known as the 1325:

interpretations of her role in the negotiations with England, resulting in the Treaty of Troyes, and in the rumors of her marital infidelity with Orléans. Gibbons writes that a queen's duty was to secure the succession to the crown and look after her husband; historians described Isabeau as having failed in both respects. Gibbons goes on to say that even her physical appearance is uncertain; depictions of her vary depending on whether she was to be portrayed as good or evil.

1119: 1134: 811:, the daughter of a horse-dealer. According to Tuchman, Odette is said to have resembled Isabeau and was called "the little Queen". She had probably assumed this role by 1405 with Isabeau's consent, but during his remissions, the King still had sexual relations with his wife, whose last pregnancy occurred in 1407. Records show that Isabeau was in the King's chamber on 23 November 1407, the night of the assassination of the duke of Orléans, and again in 1408. 1606:

sent to other households to live (as was the custom at the time). Pintoin records that she was dismayed at the marriage contract that stipulated her third surviving son, John, be sent to live in Hainaut. She maintained relationships with her daughters after their marriages, writing letters to them frequently. She sent them out of Paris during an outbreak of plague, staying behind herself with the youngest infant, John, too young to travel. The

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actions of John the Fearless, Charles of Orléans denied funds from the royal treasury to all members of the royal family. In 1414, instead of allowing her son, then 17, to lead, Isabeau allied herself with Charles of Orléans. The Dauphin, in return, changed allegiance and joined John, which Isabeau considered unwise and dangerous. The result was continued civil war in Paris. Parisian commoners joined forces with John the Fearless in the

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English claim. Furthermore, gossip spread that Joan of Arc was Isabeau and Orleans' illegitimate daughter—a rumor Gibbons finds improbable because Joan of Arc almost certainly was not born for some years after Orléans' assassination. Stories circulated that the dauphins were murdered, and attempts were made to poison the other children, all of which added to Isabeau's reputation of one of history's great villains.

1083: 691: 1703: 1435: 609: 414:. During this period, Bavaria was counted among the most powerful German states, divided though it was at certain times among members of the House of Wittelsbach. The Visconti family was anxious to cultivate political connections with the powerful Wittelsbachs, and three of Taddea's siblings also married members of various branches of the family. Isabeau was most likely born in 1203: 767: 1348:

can imagine all sorts of things". Pintoin said of the Queen and Orléans that they neglected Charles, behaved scandalously and "lived on the delights of the flesh", spending large amounts of money on court entertainment. The alleged affair, however, is based on a single paragraph from Pintoin's chronicles, according to Adams, and is no longer considered proof.

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involvement in the assassination, but quickly admitted that the act was done for the Queen's honor, claiming he acted to "avenge" the monarchy of the alleged adultery between Isabeau and Orléans. His royal uncles, shocked at his confession, forced him to leave Paris while the Royal Council attempted a reconciliation between the Houses of Burgundy and Orléans.

1352: 1283:, considered virginally pure, in the allegedly popular saying "Even as France had been lost by a woman it would be saved by a woman". Adams writes that Joan of Arc has been attributed with the words "France, having been lost by a woman, would be restored by a virgin", but neither saying can be substantiated by contemporary documentation or chronicles. 804:" As his illness worsened at the turn of the century, she was accused of abandoning him, particularly when she moved her residence to the Hôtel Barbette. Historian Rachel Gibbons speculates that Isabeau wanted to distance herself from her husband and his illness, writing, "it would be unjust to blame her if she did not want to live with a madman." 800:

her great distress by demanding her removal when she entered his chamber. The Monk of St Denis wrote in his chronicle, "What distressed her above all was to see how on all occasions ... the king repulsed her, whispering to his people, 'Who is this woman obstructing my view? Find out what she wants and stop her from annoying and bothering me.

986:, almost caused full-scale war, but it was averted. Orléans quickly raised an army while John encouraged Parisians to revolt. They refused, claiming loyalty to the King and his son; Berry was made captain general of Paris and the city's gates were locked. In October, Isabeau became active in mediating the dispute in response to a letter from 1397:, about which Adams writes, "submitting the queen to his ideology of gallantry, gives her rapaciousness a cold and calculating violence ... a woman who carefully manages her greed for maximum gratification." She goes on to say that de Sade admitted to "being perfectly aware that the charges against the queen are without ground." 540:, had Isabeau discard her Bavarian style of dress, which would have been deemed unsuitable as courtly attire in France, and taught her etiquette suitable for the French court. She learned quickly, suggestive of an intelligent and quick-witted character. On 13 July 1385, she traveled to Amiens to be presented to Charles. 1157:; in a period of lucidity, Charles had raised the Count to be the Constable of France. Isabeau attempted to intervene by arranging a meeting with Jacqueline in 1416, but Armagnac refused to allow Isabeau to reconcile with the House of Burgundy, while William II continued to prevent the young Dauphin from entering Paris. 1244:

him; which, according to Gibbons, gave her "perpetual responsibility in having sworn away France". For many centuries, Isabeau stood accused of relinquishing the crown because of the Treaty. Under the terms of the Treaty, Charles remained as King of France but Henry V, who married Charles' and Isabeau's daughter,

1183:) and turned to securing control of Paris and the King. John took control of Paris by force on 28 May 1418, slaughtering Armagnacs. The Dauphin fled the city. According to Pintoin's chronicle, the Dauphin refused Isabeau's invitation to join her in an entry to Paris. She entered the city with John on 14 July. 1329:

Gibbons' scholarship. Furthermore, Adams admits she believed the allegations against Isabeau until she delved into contemporary chronicles: there she found little evidence against the Queen except that many of the rumors came from only a few passages, and in particular from Pintoin's pro-Burgundian writing.

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Called Elisabeth until her marriage, Gibbons says she started using the name Isabeau probably soon after becoming queen of France. See Gibbons, 53. Famiglietti writes that she signed letters in French as "Ysabel", transformed first to "Ysabeau" and then "Isabeau" in the 15th century. See Famiglietti,

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that, reportedly, required widened doorways to pass through. In 1406, a pro-Burgundian satirical pamphlet in verse allegory listed Isabeau's supposed lovers. She was accused of leading France into a civil war because of her inability to support a single faction; she was described as an "empty headed"

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Rumored to be a bad mother, she was accused of "incest, moral corruption, treason, avarice and profligacy ... political aspirations and involvements". Adams writes that historians reassessed her reputation in the late 20th century, exonerating her of many of the accusations, seen particularly in

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In 1392, Charles suffered the first attack of what was to become a lifelong and progressive mental illness, resulting in periodic withdrawal from government. The episodes occurred with increasing frequency, leaving a court both divided by political factions and steeped in social extravagances. A 1393

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After the onset of the King's illness, a common belief was that Charles' mental illness and inability to rule were due to Isabeau's witchcraft; as early as the 1380s, rumors spread that the court was steeped in sorcery. In 1397 Orléans' wife, Valentina Visconti, was forced to leave Paris because she

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The birth of each of Isabeau's 12 children is well chronicled; even the decoration schemes of the rooms in which she gave birth are described. She had six sons and six daughters. The first son, born in 1386, died as an infant and the last, Philip, born in 1407, lived a single day. Three others died

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The accusations of adultery were rampant. According to Pintoin's chronicle, " clung a bit too closely to his sister-in-law, the young and pretty Isabeau of Bavaria, the queen. This ardent brunette was twenty-two; her husband was insane and her seductive brother-in-law loved to dance, beyond that we

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In 1429, when Isabeau lived in English-occupied Paris, the accusation was again put forth that Charles VII was not the son of Charles VI. At that time, with two contenders for the French throne—the young Henry VI and disinherited Charles—this could have been propaganda to prop up the

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During Charles' illness, Orléans became financially powerful as the official tax collector, and in the following decade Isabeau and Orléans agreed to raise the level of taxation. In 1401, during one of the King's absences, Orléans installed his own men to collect royal revenues, angering Philip the

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Charles suffered a second and more prolonged attack of insanity the following June; it removed him from his duties for about six months and set a pattern that would hold for the next three decades as his condition deteriorated. Froissart described the bouts of illness as so severe that the King was

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In the absence of an official heir to the throne, Isabeau accompanied King Charles to sign the Treaty of Troyes in May 1420. Gibbons writes that the treaty "only confirmed outlaw status." The King's illness prevented him from appearing at the signing of the treaty, forcing Isabeau to stand in for

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broke out in 1411. John gained the upper hand during the first year, but the Dauphin began to build a power base; Christine de Pizan wrote of him that he was the savior of France. Still only 15, he lacked the power or backing to defeat John, who fomented revolt in Paris. In retaliation against the

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In 1407, John the Fearless ordered Orléans' assassination. On 23 November, hired killers attacked the duke as he returned to his Paris residence, cut off his hand holding the horse's reins, and "hacked to death with swords, axes, and wooden clubs". His body was left in a gutter. John first denied

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John the Fearless accused Isabeau and Orléans of fiscal mismanagement and again demanded money for himself, in recompense for the loss of royal revenues after his father's death; an estimated half of Philip the Bold's revenues had come from the French treasury. John raised a force of 1,000 knights

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Charles VI attained sole control of the monarchy when was crowned King in 1387 at the age of 20. His first acts included the dismissal of his uncles who had been acting as regents and the reinstatement of the so-called Marmousets—a group of clerics and lesser nobles who had served as councilors to

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When Charles became ill in the 1390s, Isabeau was 22; she had three children remaining to her after losing two infants (seven more would be born up to 1407, of whom only the last one failed to survive early childhood). During the worst of his illness, Charles was unable to recognize her and caused

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According to modern historians, Isabeau stayed in close proximity to the children during their childhood, had them travel with her, bought them gifts, wrote letters, bought devotional texts, and arranged for her daughters to be educated. She resisted separation and reacted against having her sons

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is, according to Adams, where "Isabeau's black legend attains its full expression in a violent attack on the French royalty in general and queens in particular." Karalio wrote: "Isabeau was raised by the furies to bring about the ruin of the state and to sell it to its enemies; Isabeau of Bavaria

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and dissolving the so-called Marmouset council, a group of clerics and lesser nobles who had advised Charles V. The uncles of Charles VI ruled France as members of a regency council during his minority between 1380 and 1388. The Marmousets then returned as royal counselors until Charles VI became

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Rumors that Isabeau and Orléans were lovers began to circulate, a relationship that was considered incestuous. Whether the two were intimate has been questioned by contemporary historians, including Gibbons who believes the rumor may have been planted as propaganda against Isabeau as retaliation

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Isabeau's movements and political activities are well documented after the time of her marriage, partially because of the unusual positions of power she occupied as a result of her husband's recurring illnesses. Nevertheless, not much is known about her personal characteristics - historians even

1101:, and at the height of the revolt, a group of butchers entered Isabeau's home in search of traitors, arresting and taking away up to 15 of her ladies-in-waiting. In his chronicles, Pintoin wrote that Isabeau was firmly allied with the Orléanists and the 60,000 Armagnacs who invaded Paris and 836:. Additionally, he gave his brother, the duke of Orléans, more responsibility in affairs of state. Some years later, after the King's first attack of illness, tensions mounted between the duke of Orléans and the three royal uncles: Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy; John, Duke of Berry; and 389:

Isabeau was popularly seen as a spendthrift and irresponsible philanderess. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries historians re-examined the extensive chronicles of her lifetime, concluding that many unflattering elements of her reputation were unearned and stemmed from factionalism and

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In the 18th and 19th centuries, historians characterized Isabeau as "an adulterous, luxurious, meddlesome, scheming, and spendthrift queen", overlooking her political achievements and influence. A popular book written by Louise de Karalio (1758–1822) about the "bad" French queens prior to

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Isabeau was dismissed by historians in the past as a wanton, weak and indecisive leader. Modern historians now see her as taking an unusually active leadership role for a queen of her period, forced to take responsibility as a direct result of Charles' illness. Her critics accepted skewed

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accused her of adultery with the Duke of Orléans; when she sided with the Burgundians, the Armagnacs removed her from Paris and she was imprisoned. In 1407, John the Fearless assassinated Orléans, sparking hostilities between the factions. The war ended soon after Isabeau's son

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The King's bouts of illness continued unabated until his death. He and Isabeau may have still felt mutual affection, and Isabeau exchanged gifts and letters with him during his periods of lucidity, but she distanced herself during the prolonged attacks of insanity. Historian

1194:, whom Charles "hacked to death" on the bridge. His father, King Charles, immediately disinherited his son. The civil war ended after John's death. The Dauphin's actions fueled more rumor about his legitimacy, and his disinheritance set the stage for the Treaty of Troyes. 1037:. Petit then argued that John should be exonerated because he had defended the King and monarchy by assassinating Orléans. Charles, "insane during the oration", was convinced by Petit's argument and pardoned John the Fearless, only to rescind the pardon in September. 1344:

was accused of using magic. The court of the "mad king" attracted magicians with promises of cures who were often used as political tools by the various factions. Lists of people accused of bewitching Charles were compiled, with Isabeau and Orléans both listed.

513:). He was adamant that she was not to know that she was being sent to France to be examined as a prospective bride for Charles and refused permission for her to be examined in the nude, as was customary at the time. According to the contemporary chronicler 1510:—with a letter exclaiming "I am firmly convinced the feminine cause is worthy of defense. This I do here and have done with my other works." In 1410 and again in 1411, Pizan solicited the Queen, presenting her in 1414 an illuminated copy of her works. In 496:

As part of his duties as a member of the regency council that governed France during the minority of Charles VI, the king's uncle, Philip the Bold, thought that the proposed marriage to Isabeau would be an ideal means to build an alliance with the

1658: 671:, which covered the bridge, and put a crown on her head." The angel was then pulled back up into the church. An acrobat carrying two candles walked along a rope suspended from the spires of the cathedral to the tallest house in the city. 1617: 2322:

The day before the wedding, Isabeau signed a treaty clearly spelling out that John the Fearless was cousin to the King (son of his uncle Philip the Bold), and thus of a lower rank than Louis of Orléans, the King's brother. See Adams,

1153:, Dauphin John was a Burgundian sympathizer. William of Bavaria refused to send him to Paris during a period of upheaval as Burgundians plundered the city and Parisians revolted against another wave of tax increases initiated by 1115:. Nearly an entire generation of military leaders died or were taken prisoner in a single day. John, still feuding with the royal family and the Armagnacs, remained neutral as Henry V went on to conquer towns in northern France. 1610:

allowed "whenever and as often as she liked, she and her children could enter the monastery and church ... their vineyards and gardens, both for devotion and for entertainment and pleasure of herself and her children."

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Harsigny recommended a program of amusements to assist the king's recovery. A member of the court suggested that Charles surprise Isabeau and the other ladies by joining a group of courtiers who would disguise themselves as

1640: 1520:, which scholar Karen Green believes for de Pizan is "the culmination of fifteen years of service during which Christine formulated an ideology that supported Isabeau's right to rule as regent in this time of crisis." 1271:

writes it was the disinherited Dauphin who had the man killed. Described as a former lover of Isabeau as well as a "poisoner and wife-murderer", Charles kept him as a favorite at his court until ordering his drowning.

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Bold who in retaliation raised an army, threatening to enter Paris with 600 men-at-arms and 60 knights. At that time Isabeau intervened between Orléans and Burgundy, preventing bloodshed and the outbreak of civil war.

568:(the Monk of St. Denis), describe similarly as a match rooted in desire aroused by Isabeau's beauty. The day after the wedding, Charles departed for a military campaign against the English, whereas Isabeau traveled to 659:

for the coronation ceremony. As Tuchman describes the event, "So many wonders were to be seen and admired that it was evening before the procession crossed the bridge leading to Notre Dame and the climactic display."

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speculates that the depiction of obesity might stem from a mistranslation saying the Queen bore a heavy burden, which Adams believes refers to the heavy burden Isabeau assumed because of Charles' illness. See Adams,

334:—ended in disaster with Charles almost burning to death. Although the King demanded Isabeau's removal from his presence during his illness, he consistently allowed her to act on his behalf. In this way she became 1305:

with her brother's second wife, Catherine of Alençon. She was accompanied by her ladies-in-waiting Amelie von Orthenburg and Madame de Moy, the latter of whom had traveled from Germany and had stayed with her as

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of the period. Weighing 26 pounds (12 kg), the gold piece is encrusted with rubies, sapphires and pearls. It depicts Charles kneeling on a platform above a double set of stairs, presenting himself to the

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appeared, and her marriage, celebrated in Amiens on 17 July 1385, would be regarded as the most horrifying moment in our history". Isabeau was painted as Orléans' passionate lover, and the inspiration for the

840:. Forced to assume a greater role in maintaining peace amidst the growing power struggle, which was to persist for many years, Isabeau succeeded in her role as peacekeeper among the various court factions. 717:, he attacked his retinue, including his brother Orléans, killing four men. After the attack he fell into a coma that lasted four days. Few believed he would recover. His uncles, the dukes of Burgundy and 1248:, was allowed to keep control of the territories he conquered in Normandy and was to be Charles' successor, governing France with the Duke of Burgundy. Isabeau was to live in English-controlled Paris. 1523:

Isabeau showed great piety, essential for a queen of her period. During her lifetime, and in her will, she bequeathed property and personal possessions to Notre Dame, St. Denis, and the convent in

1393: 682:. Isabeau, then seven months pregnant, nearly fainted from heat on the first of the five days of festivities. To pay for the extravagant event, taxes were raised in Paris two months later. 564:), and he continued to give her gifts of rings, tableware and clothing. The king's uncles were apparently also pleased with the match, which contemporary chroniclers, notably Froissart and 1491:. A jewel encrusted trellis or bower is above; beneath stands a squire holding the golden horse. Isabeau also exchanged New Year's gifts with the Duke of Berry; one extant piece is the 1474:

Charles revived to establish rank and alliances during the period of factionalism and war. With the exception of manuscripts, the Little Golden Horse is the single surviving documented

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German; of her children, it was said that she "took pleasure in a new pregnancy only insofar as it offered her new gifts"; and her political mistakes were attributed to her being fat.

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Shortly after he assumed the title of Dauphin, Charles negotiated a truce with John in Pouilly. Charles then requested a private meeting with John, on 10 September 1419 at a bridge in

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in opposition to the crown of England. Isabeau's father reluctantly agreed to the plan and sent her to France with his brother Frederick on the pretext of taking a pilgrimage to

1598:, died without issue, also at the age of 18. The fifth Dauphin, yet another Charles (1403-1461), became King Charles VII of France after his father's death. He was married to 1275:

Rumors about Isabeau's promiscuity flourished, which Adams attributes to English propaganda intended to secure England's grasp on the throne. An allegorical pamphlet, called

549:, saying that Isabeau stood motionless while being inspected, exhibiting perfect behavior by the standards of her time. Arrangements were made for the two to be married in 312:. At age 15 or 16, Isabeau was sent to France to marry the young Charles VI; the couple wed three days after their first meeting. Isabeau was honored in 1389 with a lavish 1259:

acting as regent. Rumors circulated about Isabeau again; some chronicles describe her living in a "degraded state". According to Tuchman, Isabeau had a farmhouse built in

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Since the King often did not recognize her during his psychotic episodes and was upset by her presence, it was eventually deemed advisable to provide him with a mistress,

974:, now considered by historians to be pro-Burgundian propaganda, was released and widely distributed in Paris. The pamphlet hinted at the Queen's relations with Orléans. 870:, formed a pro-Visconti faction at court in alliance with the Duke of Burgundy. An anti-Visconti faction formed in opposition to them that included Isabeau, her brother 674:

After Isabeau's crowning, the procession made its way back from the cathedral along a route lit by 500 candles. They were greeted by a royal feast and a progression of

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In 1417, Henry V invaded Normandy with 40,000 men. Later that year, in April, Dauphin John died and another shift in power occurred when Isabeau's sixth and last son,

2304:, whose Papal dispensation allowed the marriage between Visconti's daughter Valentina to her first cousin Louis, the duke of Orléans, the King's brother. See Adams, 8 741:—a venerable 92-year-old physician—was summoned to treat him. Charles regained consciousness and his fever subsided; he was gradually returned to Paris in September. 667:

to Notre Dame, a person dressed as an angel descended from the church by mechanical means and "passed through an opening of the hangings of blue taffeta with golden

4483: 1074:. Before the wedding, Isabeau negotiated a treaty with John the Fearless in which she clearly defined family hierarchy and her position in relation to the throne. 386:, which decided that the English king should inherit the French crown after the death of her husband. She lived in English-occupied Paris until her death in 1435. 647:. More than a thousand burghers stood along the route; those on one side were dressed in green facing, those on the opposite in red. The procession began at the 1179:

Isabeau at first assumed the role of sole regent but in January 1418 yielded her position to John the Fearless. Together Isabeau and John abolished parliament (

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Like many of the Valois, Isabeau was an appreciative art collector. She loved jewels and was responsible for the commissions of particularly lavish pieces of

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at the royal palace before a large courtly audience. Petit argued convincingly that in the King's absence Orléans had become a tyrant, practiced sorcery and

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where she looked after livestock, and in her later years, during a lucid episode, Charles arrested one of her lovers whom he tortured, then drowned in the

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Her first son, Charles (b. 1386), the first Dauphin, died in infancy. A daughter, Joan, born two years later, lived until 1390. The second daughter,

4498: 1071: 454: 878:. At that time, Isabeau lacked the political power to effect change. Some years later, however, at the 1396 wedding of her seven-year-old daughter 2300:

of Milan, and his active aggression toward other Italian states caused factionalism in France, affecting in particular relations with the Avignon

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Medieval author Christine de Pizan solicited the Queen's patronage at least three times. In 1402, she sent a compilation of her literary argument

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In December 1415, Dauphin Louis died suddenly at age 18 of illness, leaving Isabeau's political status unclear. Her 17-year-old fourth-born son,

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writes that Isabeau's attachment and loyalty is evident in the great efforts she made to retain the crown for his heirs in the ensuing decades.

556:

Charles seemingly loved his young wife, and he lavished gifts on her. On the occasion of their first New Year in 1386, he gave her a red velvet

1256: 1047:

At the Peace of Chartres in March 1409, John the Fearless was reinstated to the Royal Council after a public reconciliation with Orléans' son,

4543: 4533: 4518: 4240: 4126: 3592: 3578: 3561: 3547: 3530: 3516: 3499: 3485: 3448: 3425: 3411: 3397: 898: 517:, Isabeau was 13 or 14 when the match was proposed and about 16 at the time of the marriage in 1385, suggesting a birth date of around 1370. 31: 3552:

Solterer, Helen. (2007). "Making Names, Breaking Lives: Women and Injurious Language at the Court of Isabeau of Bavaria and Charles VI". In

1111:

took advantage of the internal strife in France, invading the northwest coast, and in 1415, he delivered a crushing defeat to the French at

4146: 4091: 1720: 913:

in Avignon welcomed Isabeau's presence given her record as an effective mediator. However, the effort faded when Clement VII died in 1394.

749:

and invade the masquerade celebrating the remarriage of Isabeau's lady-in-waiting, Catherine de Fastaverin. This came to be known as the

4528: 4503: 4458: 4175: 4111: 1537: 573: 204: 3616: 600:

escorted by knights. Philip the Bold wore a doublet embroidered with 40 sheep and 40 swans, each decorated with a bell made of pearls.

4538: 4523: 4513: 1232: 1211: 1191: 777: 699: 614: 1093: 350: 4438: 4385: 4116: 301: 1536:

young with only her youngest son, Charles VII, living to adulthood. Five of the six daughters survived; four were married and one,

1427:— a newly developed technique of making enamel-covered gold pieces. Documentation suggests she commissioned several fine pieces of 713:

In 1392, Charles suffered the first of what was to become a lifelong series of bouts of insanity when, on a hot August day outside

3468: 1312:

since 1409. Isabeau possibly died there in late September 1435. Her death and funeral were documented by Jean Chartier (member of

4210: 3884: 313: 66: 1221:

By 1419, Henry V had occupied much of Normandy and demanded an oath of allegiance from the residents. The new Duke of Burgundy,

4493: 4488: 1595: 1150: 458: 38: 1646: 1556: 630: 4338: 3282: 1512: 1279:, was published in the mid-1420s painting Isabeau and Orleans as lovers. During the same period, Isabeau was contrasted with 1154: 729:

The King's sudden onset of insanity was seen by some as a sign of divine anger and punishment and by others as the result of

4548: 4508: 4468: 4463: 4443: 4136: 3749: 3718: 1582:

Of her remaining sons, the second Dauphin was another Charles (1392–1401), who died at age eight of a "wasting illness".

1260: 1026: 788: 4180: 3952: 3922: 1862: 1778: 399: 259: 4553: 4215: 2163: 1804: 1146: 875: 423: 369:. Isabeau shifted allegiances as she chose the most favorable paths for the heir to the throne. When she followed the 234: 4358: 4333: 3453:

Gibbons, Rachel. (1996). "Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France (1385–1422). The Creation of a Historical Villainess".

1552: 1048: 1006: 916:

During his short-lived recovery in the 1390s, Charles made arrangements for Isabeau to be "principal guardian of the

354: 3346: 3317: 3927: 3368: 1127: 871: 430: 55: 961: 858:

As early as the late 1380s and early 1390s, Isabeau demonstrated that she possessed diplomatic influence when the

3942: 1650: 1560: 837: 781: 703: 618: 544: 525: 209: 2273:

himself saw the Wittelsbach clan as useful potential allies in the continuing war with England." See Gibbons, 52

936:

Charles trusted Isabeau enough by 1402 to allow her to arbitrate the growing dispute between the Orléanists and

843: 580:, where, in the early years of their marriage, Charles frequently joined her. It soon became her favorite home. 4448: 3711: 3322: 1405: 485: 3957: 956: 2269:

Gibbons writes of Isabeau, "she was not quite the 'nobody' that had been suggested ... it is clear that

905:, and in recognition of her negotiating skills, he placed Isabeau on the council. The French wanted both the 4230: 3744: 3680: 3659: 1898: 1496: 1332: 1108: 1086: 1022: 652: 651:

and passed under a canopy of sky-blue cloth beneath which children dressed as angels sang, winding into the

577: 86: 4304: 3992: 3977: 3839: 2137: 1591: 1583: 1369:

Isabeau was accused of indulging in extravagant and expensive fashions, jewel-laden dresses and elaborate

1062:

To defuse tension with the Burgundians, a second double marriage was arranged in 1409. Isabeau's daughter

1010: 863: 734: 224: 219: 1251:

Charles VI died in October 1422. As Henry V had died earlier the same year, his infant son by Catherine,

886:, Isabeau successfully negotiated an alliance between France and Florence with the Florentine ambassador 382:

had John assassinated in 1419—an act that saw him disinherited. Isabeau attended the 1420 signing of the

4473: 4066: 4026: 3947: 1708: 1632: 1548: 1207: 1187: 1161: 883: 852: 808: 738: 593: 379: 4404: 3609: 1291: 472: 1040:

Violence again broke out after the assassination; Isabeau had troops patrol Paris and, to protect the

4478: 4309: 4235: 4131: 4106: 4086: 4076: 4071: 4061: 3962: 3637: 2301: 910: 760: 695: 477: 434: 297: 293: 249: 160: 147: 346:), and sat on the regency council, allowing her far more power than was usual for a medieval queen. 4376: 4294: 4141: 3899: 3879: 3760: 2297: 2270: 2046: 1836: 1686: 1568: 1484: 1252: 1245: 1118: 1112: 921: 833: 718: 656: 450: 419: 407: 229: 107: 1356: 4395: 4324: 4289: 4256: 4245: 4225: 4200: 4101: 4081: 4041: 4036: 4002: 3566: 1690: 1664: 1628: 1587: 1572: 1564: 1544: 1410: 1063: 1052: 987: 937: 879: 848: 730: 374: 214: 199: 61: 1302: 1133: 3460:

Green, Karen. (2006). "Isabeau de Bavière and the Political Philosophy of Christine de Pizan".

4269: 4185: 4151: 4121: 4056: 4046: 3987: 3967: 3932: 3673: 3588: 3574: 3557: 3543: 3526: 3512: 3495: 3481: 3444: 3416:

Buettner, Brigitte. (2001). "Past Presents: New Year's Gifts at the Valois Courts, ca. 1400".

3407: 3393: 1308: 1123: 1002: 947: 917: 887: 648: 537: 533: 521: 498: 442: 366: 358: 339: 325: 183: 3277: 1290:

15th-century miniature showing Isabeau's funeral cortege on the Seine, from the chronicle of

978:

and entered Paris in 1405. Orléans hastily retreated with Isabeau to the fortified castle of

592:

into Paris. The noblewomen in the coronation procession were dressed in lavish costumes with

4348: 4314: 4280: 4220: 4205: 4096: 3917: 2020: 1956: 1488: 1383: 1237: 1173: 1098: 675: 644: 597: 589: 529: 510: 506: 383: 3604: 4299: 4161: 4031: 3623: 3535: 3504: 2333: 2101: 1672: 1388: 1229:, had been taken prisoner at the Battle of Agincourt and was kept in captivity in London. 1222: 1067: 998: 943: 772: 751: 664: 446: 403: 362: 330: 305: 289: 269: 78: 1255:, was proclaimed King of France according to the terms of the Treaty of Troyes, with the 3187: 1540:(1393–1438), was sent at age four to be raised in a convent, where she became prioress. 1286: 721:, took advantage of his illness to seize power quickly by re-establishing themselves as 4195: 4017: 3997: 3695: 3329: 1599: 1414: 1313: 1268: 1165: 906: 902: 565: 514: 3188:

New York Metropolitan Museum of Art "Patronage at the Early Valois Courts (1328–1461)"

1202: 1190:, promising his personal guarantee of protection. The meeting, however, was a ploy to 1082: 1070:, son of John the Fearless; Isabeau's son, the Dauphin Louis, married John's daughter 924:, while at the same time making her vulnerable to attack from various court factions. 690: 4432: 4170: 4007: 343: 4051: 3874: 1712: 1694: 1507: 1434: 1351: 1215: 965: 679: 668: 3492:

The Art of Illumination: The Limbourg Brothers and the Belles Heures of Jean Berry

1463: 17: 3478:

Olivier de Clisson and Political Society in France under Charles V and Charles VI

1466:, Bavaria. Contemporary documents identify the statuette as a New Year's gift—an 1361: 3889: 3869: 3864: 3819: 3814: 2283: 1480: 1423: 1280: 894: 816: 576:, who taught her courtly traditions. In September, she took up residence at the 2332:

In the same year the piece was pawned to pay for Louis of Bavaria's wedding to

3904: 3854: 3829: 3774: 1607: 1576: 1055:, although the feuding continued. In December that year, Isabeau bestowed the 1030: 101: 3470:

The Royal Image: Illustrations of the Grandes Chroniques de France, 1274–1422

955:

against tax increases she and Orléans ordered in 1405. An Augustinian friar,

3982: 3972: 3834: 3809: 3804: 3799: 1226: 847:

Signing of the truce between England and France in which Isabeau's daughter

608: 461:, one of the brothers of Margaret of Bavaria. Charles, then 17, rode in the 410:, Lord of Milan, who turned her over to Duke Stephen for a dowry of 100,000 370: 3703: 1516:, Pizan praised Isabeau lavishly, and again in the illuminated collection, 465:

at the wedding. He was an attractive, physically fit young man who enjoyed

3326:(in German), vol. 25, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 256–257 766: 733:. Modern historians speculate that he may have suffered from the onset of 560:

saddle trimmed with copper and decorated with an intertwined K and E (for

437:. The match was proposed again at the lavish Burgundian double wedding in 3937: 3908: 3859: 3849: 3844: 3824: 3784: 3779: 3769: 3286:(in German), vol. 36, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 68–71 866:

affair. The duke of Orléans, who was married to Gian Galeazzo's daughter

859: 756: 746: 643:

The procession lasted from morning to night. The streets were lined with

466: 441:

in April 1385. At this event, John, Count of Nevers (who became known as

37:"Queen Isabeau" redirects here. For other queens with the same name, see 1301:

Isabeau was removed from political influence and retired to live in the

1168:

and favored the Armagnacs. At that time, Armagnac imprisoned Isabeau in

3794: 3404:

The Concept of Woman: The Early Humanist Reformation, 1250–1500, Part 2

1471: 1145:, now the Dauphin, had been raised since childhood in the household of 1102: 722: 714: 557: 481: 462: 438: 244: 1649:, shown in a late 17th-century or early 18th-century drawing, married 1567:(1395–1422), first wife to Philip the Good, died childless at age 27. 3789: 1668: 1524: 1374: 502: 415: 335: 321: 588:

Isabeau's coronation was celebrated on 23 August 1389 with a lavish

1033:, was driven by greed, and had planned to commit fratricide at the 532:, who also ruled part of the hereditary Wittelsbach territories of 422:. Her notable Wittelsbach ancestors included her great-grandfather 349:

Charles' illness created a power vacuum that eventually led to the

1433: 1404: 1370: 1350: 1331: 1285: 1264: 1231: 1201: 1169: 1164:, age 14, became Dauphin. He was betrothed to Armagnac's daughter 1132: 1117: 1081: 997: 979: 942: 842: 765: 689: 569: 550: 471: 411: 309: 1671:(from the center panel of a Flemish triptych), was first wife to 909:

and Roman popes to abdicate in favor of a single papacy in Rome;

1413:

giving Queen Isabeau a book as a New Year's gift in the queen's

3707: 1623:

Miniature from a late 15th-century manuscript of Froissart's

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hairstyles coiled into tall shells, covered with wide double

636:

Miniature showing Isabeau's entry in Paris on 23 August 1389

480:

at the hunt. Queen Isabeau and her retinue are shown riding

2296:

He had deposed and murdered Isabeau's maternal grandfather

1339:, was forced to leave Paris, charged with using witchcraft. 928:

Political crises in France at the start of the 15th century

624:, showing entertainers and acrobats at Isabeau's coronation 509:

housed a celebrated relic of the time (the reputed head of

3441:

Tales of the Marriage Bed from Medieval France (1300–1500)

1602:. Her last son, Philip, died in infancy in the year 1407. 3585:

Magic and Divination at the Courts of Burgundy and France

3194:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 10 November 2012 1394:

Histoire secrète d'Isabelle de Bavière, reine de France

862:

delegation requested her political intervention in the

433:, suggested that she be considered as a bride for King 3556:. ed. Eglat Doss-Quimby, et al. Cambridge: DS Brewer. 3540:

The Hundred Years War: The English in France 1337–1453

3480:. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1594:(1398-1417), the fourth Dauphin, the first husband of 1005:

ordered the assassination of Isabeau's political ally

994:

The assassination of the Duke of Orléans and aftermath

3436:, ed. Charles de Robillard de Beaurepaire, Rouen 1870 3605:

Statue of Isabeau at the Palace of Poitiers, c. 1390

1462:), now part of the treasure of the Marian shrine of 520:

Before her presentation to Charles, Isabeau visited

4394: 4375: 4347: 4323: 4279: 4254: 4160: 4016: 3898: 3759: 2687: 2685: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2618: 2616: 1446:) given to Charles VI by Isabeau of Bavaria in 1404 737:. The comatose king was returned to Le Mans, where 265: 255: 243: 182: 154: 140: 130: 117: 113: 100: 92: 85: 48: 3271: 3269: 3203:Young, Bonne. (1968). "A Jewel of St. Catherine". 2313:Ratified on 26 September 1396. See Adams (2010), 8 3392:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 1092:Despite Isabeau's efforts to keep the peace, the 30:For other people named Elisabeth of Bavaria, see 4415:Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in 3362: 3360: 791:at middle left and burning dancers in the center 3462:Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques 2993: 2991: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 1586:(1397-1415), was the third Dauphin, married to 524:for about a month, staying with her granduncle 3583:Veenstra, Jan R. and Laurens Pignon. (1997). 3098: 3096: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2365: 2363: 2361: 1693:, shown in a 19th-century woodcut, printed by 1198:The Treaty of Troyes and Isabeau's later years 3719: 3571:A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century 3473:. Berkeley, CA: UC Press E-Books Collection. 3340: 3338: 3295: 3293: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 2757: 2755: 2560: 2558: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 787:: Charles VI huddling under the skirt of the 418:, where she was baptized as Elisabeth at the 8: 3455:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 3390:The Life and Afterlife of Isabeau of Bavaria 2919: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2866: 2864: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2412: 2410: 1450:In 1404, Isabeau gave Charles a spectacular 698:attacked his knights in 1392, as shown in a 3429:. Tome I 1839; Tome II 1840; Tome III, 1841 2666: 2664: 2662: 469:and hunting and was anxious to be married. 3726: 3712: 3704: 3628: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2400: 2398: 1759: 1750: 1740:Issue of Charles VI and Isabeau of Bavaria 1559:(1391–1433), who lived to age 42, married 45: 3494:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 3406:. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing. 3077: 3075: 2507: 2505: 2503: 1316:), who may well have been an eyewitness. 990:and an ordinance from the Royal Council. 572:to live with his step-great-grandmother, 296:from 1385 to 1422. She was born into the 3554:Cultural Performances in Medieval France 1711:shown in a mid-15th-century portrait by 1571:, Queen of England (1401–1437), married 1547:(1389-1409) was married at age seven to 3617:Harley 4380 miniatures, British Library 3205:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 2379: 2377: 2375: 2348: 2252: 1613: 1506:—in which she questions the concept of 1122:Miniature showing the assassination of 763:, into offering penance for the event. 543:Froissart writes of the meeting in his 175: 1385; died 1422) 4484:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis 3182: 3180: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2117: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1878: 1768: 1764: 1337:Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans 1025:presented a lengthy and well-attended 823:Court intrigues of the 1380s and 1390s 3523:The Valois: Kings of France 1328–1589 3426:Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denys 3276:Riezler, Sigmund Ritter von (1893), " 2193: 2183: 2179: 2167: 2161: 2151: 2135: 2125: 2121: 2105: 2099: 2089: 2076: 2066: 2062: 2050: 2044: 2034: 2018: 2008: 2004: 1980: 1970: 1954: 1944: 1940: 1928: 1922: 1912: 1896: 1886: 1882: 1866: 1860: 1850: 1834: 1824: 1820: 1808: 1802: 1792: 1776: 1772: 1483:and child Jesus, who are attended by 1355:19th-century depiction of Isabeau by 899:Chancellor of the University of Paris 449:as duke of Burgundy in 1404) married 288:; c. 1370 – September 1435) was 32:Elisabeth of Bavaria (disambiguation) 7: 3373:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 1009:in 1407, depicted in a 15th-century 901:, formed a council to eliminate the 678:, complete with a depiction of the 3367:Rondinini, Gigliola Soldi (1989). 353:between supporters of his brother 25: 4386:Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily 3443:. Providence, RI: Picardy Press. 3192:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History 400:Stephen III of Bavaria-Ingolstadt 302:Stephen III of Bavaria-Ingolstadt 27:Queen of France from 1385 to 1422 4454:People of the Hundred Years' War 2858:Huizinga (2009 edition), 208–209 1733: 1719: 1701: 1679: 1657: 1639: 1616: 629: 607: 316:ceremony and entry into Paris. 54: 4499:French people of German descent 3525:. London: Hambledon Continuum. 3423:Bellaguet, Louis-François, ed. 1754:Ancestors of Isabeau of Bavaria 1596:Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut 1555:. The third daughter, another 459:William II of Bavaria-Straubing 429:In 1383, Isabeau's uncle, Duke 286:Elisabeth of Bavaria-Ingolstadt 172: 3420:, Volume 83, pp. 598–625 3283:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 1513:The Book of the City of Ladies 1236:Isabeau and Charles VI at the 1151:Countess Jacqueline of Hainaut 1042:Dauphin Louis, Duke of Guyenne 694:In his first bout of illness, 445:after he succeeded his father 96:17 July 1385 – 21 October 1422 1: 4137:Joan II, Countess of Burgundy 3750:List of French royal consorts 3509:The Waning of the Middle Ages 3476:Henneman, John Bell. (1996). 3263:Qtd. in Adams (2010), 251–252 1155:Count Bernard VII of Armagnac 1137:Burgundians enter Paris, 1418 1094:Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War 431:Frederick of Bavaria-Landshut 351:Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War 300:as the only daughter of Duke 215:Michelle, Duchess of Burgundy 189: 121: 77:. Illumination on parchment, 71: 67:Le Livre de la Cité des Dames 4544:14th-century German nobility 4534:15th-century French nobility 4519:14th-century French nobility 4181:Joan I, Countess of Auvergne 3069:Adams (2010), xviii, xiii–xv 2822:Huizinga (2009 edition), 214 2488:Huizinga (2009 edition), 236 1863:Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria 1779:Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor 1575:; on his death she took Sir 1504:Querelle du Roman de la Rose 398:Isabeau's parents were Duke 260:Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria 3375:(in Italian). Vol. 37. 3111:Qtd. in Veenstra (1997), 46 2164:Beatrice Regina della Scala 1805:Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria 1197: 876:John III, Count of Armagnac 424:Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV 235:Charles VII, King of France 230:Catherine, Queen of England 4570: 4529:15th-century French people 4504:15th-century women regents 4459:14th-century women regents 3928:Desiderata of the Lombards 3611:Little Golden Horse Shrine 3490:Husband, Timothy. (2008). 3439:Famiglietti, R.C. (1992). 3316:Schwertl, Gerhard (2013), 3090:Veenstra (1997), 45, 81–82 2601:Qtd. in Gibbons (1996), 61 2552:Qtd. in Seward (1987), 144 2336:. See Buettner (2001), 607 2111: 1998: 1872: 1766: 1727:Louis, Dauphin of Viennois 1456:Little Golden Horse Shrine 1444:Little Golden Horse Shrine 1431:from Parisian goldsmiths. 1391:'s unpublished 1813 novel 1147:Duke William II of Bavaria 1128:Master of the Prayer Books 872:Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria 220:Louis, Dauphin of Viennois 200:Isabella, Queen of England 36: 29: 4539:14th-century German women 4524:15th-century French women 4514:14th-century French women 4413: 3739: 3687: 3678: 3665: 3658: 3631: 3467:Hedeman, Anne D. (1991). 3402:Allen, Prudence. (2006). 2181: 2173: 2145: 2123: 2119: 2083: 2064: 2056: 2028: 2006: 2002: 1964: 1942: 1934: 1906: 1884: 1880: 1844: 1822: 1814: 1786: 1770: 1651:John VI, Duke of Brittany 1561:John VI, Duke of Brittany 984:enlèvement of the dauphin 838:Louis II, Duke of Bourbon 686:The illness of Charles VI 453:, whereas John's sister, 328:—an event later known as 225:John, Dauphin of Viennois 210:Marie, Prioress of Poissy 205:Joan, Duchess of Brittany 53: 4439:Queens consort of France 4359:Marie Joséphine of Savoy 4334:Joséphine de Beauharnais 3734:Royal consorts of France 3573:. New York: Ballantine. 3521:Knecht, Robert. (2007). 3507:. (1924, 2009 edition). 3323:Neue Deutsche Biographie 3156:Qtd. in Adams (2010), 61 3147:Qtd. in Adams (2010), 60 2497:Henneman (1991), 173–175 1667:, shown here in a white 1553:Charles, Duke of Orléans 1206:Isabeau's youngest son, 1049:Charles, Duke of Orléans 957:Jacques Legrand (writer) 486:Enguerrand de Monstrelet 355:Louis I, Duke of Orléans 60:Queen Isabeau receiving 3745:List of Frankish queens 3681:Queen consort of France 3511:. Oxford: Benediction. 3369:"DELLA SCALA, Beatrice" 3345:Simeoni, Luigi (1937). 3042:Famiglietti (1992), 194 2997:Tuchman (1978), 586–587 2529:Tuchman (1978), 502–504 2470:Tuchman (1978), 455–457 1899:Frederick III of Sicily 1579:as her second husband. 1563:. The fourth daughter, 1551:and after his death to 1149:in Hainaut. Married to 1109:King Henry V of England 1087:King Henry V of England 663:As Isabeau crossed the 655:before arriving at the 596:embroidery and rode in 87:Queen consort of France 4494:German Roman Catholics 4489:French Roman Catholics 4351:(1814–1815; 1815–1830) 4305:Maria Theresa of Spain 3993:Beatrice of Vermandois 3840:Brunhilda of Austrasia 3388:Adams, Tracy. (2010). 3102:Adams (2010), xiii–xiv 2631:Famiglietti (1992), 89 2138:Mastino II della Scala 1592:John, Duke of Touraine 1590:, who died at age 18. 1584:Louis, Duke of Guyenne 1447: 1418: 1366: 1340: 1294: 1240: 1218: 1138: 1130: 1089: 1014: 951: 864:Gian Galeazzo Visconti 855: 792: 735:paranoid schizophrenia 710: 493: 406:, the eldest child of 4067:Adelaide of Maurienne 4027:Adelaide of Aquitaine 3958:Ermentrude of Orléans 3948:Ermengarde of Hesbaye 3542:. New York: Penguin. 3464:, Volume 32, 247–272 3351:Enciclopedia Italiana 3254:Adams (2010), 230–233 3234:Green (2006), 256–258 3216:Husband (2008), 21–22 2985:Gibbons (1996), 68–69 2971:Gibbons (1996), 70–71 2761:Adams (2010), 168–174 2740:Gibbons (1996), 65–66 2436:Gibbons (1996), 57–59 2416:Adams (2010), 225–227 2383:Gibbons (1996), 52–53 2194:15. Taddea da Carrara 1709:Charles VII of France 1633:Richard II of England 1549:Richard II of England 1437: 1408: 1354: 1335: 1320:Reputation and legacy 1289: 1235: 1208:Charles VII of France 1205: 1136: 1121: 1085: 1001: 946: 884:Richard II of England 853:Richard II of England 846: 809:Odette de Champdivers 769: 739:Guillaume de Harsigny 693: 574:Queen Dowager Blanche 475: 324:for one of Isabeau's 4549:French queen mothers 4509:15th-century regents 4469:Nobility from Munich 4464:14th-century regents 4444:House of Wittelsbach 4241:Elisabeth of Austria 4231:Catherine de' Medici 4132:Clementia of Hungary 4127:Margaret of Burgundy 4107:Margaret of Provence 4087:Isabella of Hainault 4077:Constance of Castile 4072:Eleanor of Aquitaine 4062:Bertrade of Montfort 3963:Richilde of Provence 3638:House of Wittelsbach 3587:. New York: Brill. 3434:Chronique Rouennaise 3207:, Volume 26, 316–324 3174:Buettner (2001), 609 2888:Solterer (2007), 203 2749:Solterer (2007), 214 2520:Knecht (2007), 42–47 578:Château de Vincennes 455:Margaret of Burgundy 435:Charles VI of France 394:Lineage and marriage 298:House of Wittelsbach 292:as the wife of King 250:House of Wittelsbach 161:Charles VI of France 148:Basilica of St Denis 4147:Marie of Luxembourg 4142:Blanche of Burgundy 4092:Ingeborg of Denmark 3978:Théodrate of Troyes 3880:Balthild of Chelles 3633:Isabeau of Bavaria 3347:"Viscónti, Bernabò" 3299:Tuchman (1978), 145 3138:Adams (2010), 58–59 3129:Tuchman (1978), 504 3024:Adams (2010), 40–44 3006:Tuchman (1978), 516 2932:Adams (2010), 33–34 2923:Adams (2010), 30–32 2911:Adams (2010), 27–30 2897:Veenstra (1997), 38 2879:Veenstra (1997), 37 2870:Adams (2010), 25–26 2849:Veenstra (1997), 36 2840:Adams (2010), 21–23 2813:Tuchman (1978), 582 2770:Veenstra (1997), 46 2726:Adams (2010), 17–18 2712:Adams (2010), 13–15 2700:Hedeman (1991), 172 2691:Adams (2010), 16–17 2622:Tuchman (1978), 515 2564:Hedeman (1991), 137 2543:Veenstra (1997), 45 2511:Tuchman (1978), 496 2479:Tuchman (1978), 547 2454:Tuchman (1978), 420 2392:Tuchman (1978), 419 2369:Tuchman (1978), 416 2077:13. Valentina Doria 1925:Elizabeth of Sicily 1837:Beatrice of Silesia 1687:Catherine of Valois 1569:Catherine of Valois 1518:The Letter of Othea 1485:John the Evangelist 1181:Chambre des comptes 922:Constable of France 562:Karol and Elisabeth 451:Margaret of Bavaria 4554:Daughters of dukes 4405:Eugénie de Montijo 4396:House of Bonaparte 4325:House of Bonaparte 4290:Margaret of Valois 4257:House of Lancaster 4246:Louise of Lorraine 4226:Eleanor of Austria 4201:Charlotte of Savoy 4191:Isabeau of Bavaria 4176:Blanche of Navarre 4112:Isabella of Aragon 4102:Blanche of Castile 4082:Adela of Champagne 4042:Constance of Arles 4037:Bertha of Burgundy 4003:Gerberga of Saxony 3692:Title next held by 3670:Title last held by 3622:2020-08-01 at the 3060:Gibbons (1996), 55 3051:Gibbons (1996), 56 3015:Seward (1978), 214 2647:Gibbons (1996), 62 2610:Gibbons (1996), 61 2592:Gibbons (1996), 54 2355:Gibbons (1996), 68 1983:Isabeau of Bavaria 1691:Henry V of England 1665:Michelle of Valois 1588:Margaret of Nevers 1573:Henry V of England 1448: 1419: 1411:Christine de Pizan 1409:Miniature showing 1367: 1341: 1295: 1292:Martial d'Auvergne 1241: 1219: 1139: 1131: 1090: 1053:Chartres Cathedral 1015: 988:Christine de Pizan 952: 950:, Duke of Burgundy 856: 793: 711: 676:narrative pageants 649:Porte de St. Denis 494: 476:Miniature showing 420:Church of Our Lady 278:Isabeau of Bavaria 62:Christine de Pizan 49:Isabeau of Bavaria 18:Isabeau de Bavière 4424: 4423: 4327:(1804–1814; 1815) 4310:Marie Leszczyńska 4270:Margaret of Anjou 4186:Joanna of Bourbon 4122:Joan I of Navarre 4057:Bertha of Holland 4047:Matilda of Frisia 3988:Eadgifu of Wessex 3968:Adelaide of Paris 3953:Judith of Bavaria 3702: 3701: 3674:Joanna of Bourbon 3593:978-90-04-10925-4 3579:978-0-345-34957-6 3562:978-1-84384-112-8 3548:978-1-101-17377-0 3531:978-1-85285-522-2 3517:978-1-84902-895-0 3500:978-0-300-13671-5 3486:978-0-8122-3353-7 3457:, Volume 6, 51–73 3449:978-0-9633494-2-2 3412:978-0-8028-3347-1 3398:978-0-8018-9625-5 3225:Allen (2006), 590 3186:Chapuis, Julien. 3120:Adams (2010), xvi 2804:Knecht (2007), 52 2779:Adams (2010), 175 2679:Adams (2010), 6–8 2670:Adams (2010), 8–9 2656:Adams (2010), 228 2445:Adams (2010), 223 2404:Adams (2010), 3–4 2238: 2237: 2234: 2233: 1124:John the Fearless 1003:John the Fearless 948:John the Fearless 888:Buonaccorso Pitti 851:was betrothed to 538:Margaret of Brieg 536:. Albert's wife, 534:Bavaria-Straubing 499:Holy Roman Empire 443:John the Fearless 367:John the Fearless 359:dukes of Burgundy 340:Dauphin of France 326:ladies-in-waiting 275: 274: 16:(Redirected from 4561: 4377:House of Orléans 4349:House of Bourbon 4315:Marie Antoinette 4295:Marie de' Medici 4281:House of Bourbon 4221:Claude of France 4206:Anne of Brittany 4171:Joan of Burgundy 4117:Marie of Brabant 4097:Agnes of Merania 3918:Bertrada of Laon 3728: 3721: 3714: 3705: 3654: 3647: 3629: 3567:Tuchman, Barbara 3432:Cochon, Pierre. 3418:The Art Bulletin 3377: 3376: 3364: 3355: 3354: 3342: 3333: 3330:full text online 3327: 3313: 3300: 3297: 3288: 3287: 3273: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3201: 3195: 3184: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3165:Adams (2010), 61 3163: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3091: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3033:Adams (2010), 47 3031: 3025: 3022: 3016: 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1620: 1489:John the Baptist 1417:with her ladies. 1384:Marie Antoinette 1365: 1238:Treaty of Troyes 1192:assassinate John 1174:Treaty of Troyes 1143:John of Touraine 1099:Cabochien Revolt 1007:Louis of Orléans 969: 803: 789:Duchess of Berry 645:tableaux vivants 633: 611: 590:ceremonial entry 530:Count of Holland 511:John the Baptist 408:Bernabò Visconti 384:Treaty of Troyes 357:, and the royal 193: 176: 174: 126: 123: 106:23 August 1389, 76: 75: 1410–1414 73: 58: 46: 21: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4449:House of Valois 4429: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4409: 4390: 4371: 4343: 4319: 4300:Anne of Austria 4275: 4250: 4162:House of Valois 4156: 4032:Rozala of Italy 4012: 3903: 3894: 3755: 3754: 3735: 3732: 3693: 3684: 3671: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3634: 3624:Wayback Machine 3601: 3536:Seward, Desmond 3505:Huizinga, Johan 3385: 3380: 3366: 3365: 3358: 3344: 3343: 3336: 3315: 3314: 3303: 3298: 3291: 3275: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3202: 3198: 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3584: 3570: 3553: 3539: 3522: 3508: 3491: 3477: 3469: 3461: 3454: 3440: 3433: 3424: 3417: 3403: 3389: 3372: 3350: 3328:; ( 3321: 3281: 3278:Stephan III. 3259: 3230: 3221: 3212: 3204: 3199: 3191: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3086: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2937: 2928: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2854: 2845: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2775: 2766: 2745: 2696: 2675: 2652: 2627: 2606: 2597: 2548: 2525: 2516: 2493: 2484: 2475: 2450: 2441: 2388: 2351: 2328: 2318: 2309: 2292: 2278: 2265: 2255: 1982: 1713:Jean Fouquet 1695:Edmund Evans 1624: 1604: 1581: 1542: 1534: 1522: 1517: 1511: 1508:courtly love 1503: 1501: 1492: 1475: 1472:Roman custom 1467: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1443: 1439: 1428: 1422: 1420: 1392: 1380: 1368: 1357:Paul Lormier 1346: 1342: 1327: 1323: 1307: 1300: 1296: 1276: 1274: 1250: 1242: 1220: 1216:Jean Fouquet 1185: 1180: 1178: 1159: 1140: 1107: 1091: 1061: 1056: 1046: 1039: 1034: 1020: 1016: 983: 976: 971: 953: 935: 931: 915: 897:, later the 892: 857: 832:his father, 830: 826: 813: 806: 798: 794: 783: 782:Froissart's 771: 750: 743: 728: 712: 705: 704:Froissart's 680:Fall of Troy 673: 662: 642: 620: 619:Froissart's 587: 561: 555: 545: 542: 519: 495: 489: 428: 397: 390:propaganda. 388: 348: 329: 318: 285: 281: 277: 276: 188: 144:October 1435 65: 43: 4479:1435 deaths 4398:(1852–1870) 4379:(1830–1848) 4283:(1589–1792) 4261:(1422–1453) 4236:Mary Stuart 4164:(1328–1589) 3890:Chrothildis 3870:Wulfefundis 3865:Ragintrudis 3820:Austregilde 3815:Theudechild 3569:. (1978). 2284:Tracy Adams 1493:ronde-bosse 1481:Virgin Mary 1452:ronde-bosse 1424:ronde-bosse 1360: [ 1281:Joan of Arc 960: [ 938:Burgundians 911:Clement VII 895:Jean Gerson 817:Tracy Adams 375:Burgundians 125: 1370 4433:Categories 4216:Mary Tudor 4020:(987–1328) 3905:Robertians 3855:Gomentrude 3830:Galswintha 3775:Ultragotha 3685:1385–1422 3538:. (1978). 2282:Historian 2242:References 1689:, meeting 1625:Chronicles 1608:Celestines 1577:Owen Tudor 1495:statuette 1277:Pastorelet 1031:necromancy 1023:Jean Petit 860:Florentine 784:Chronicles 706:Chronicles 696:Charles VI 665:Grand Pont 657:Notre Dame 621:Chronicles 584:Coronation 546:Chronicles 314:coronation 294:Charles VI 108:Notre-Dame 102:Coronation 3983:Frederuna 3973:Richardis 3933:Hildegard 3911:(751–987) 3885:Bilichild 3835:Fredegund 3810:Marcovefa 3805:Merofleda 3800:Ingoberga 3763:(509–751) 2344:Citations 2271:Charles V 1464:Altötting 1401:Patronage 1246:Catherine 1227:Salic law 1212:miniature 1188:Montereau 1176:in 1420. 1113:Agincourt 1078:Civil war 1011:miniature 868:Valentina 834:Charles V 778:miniature 700:miniature 615:Miniature 507:Cathedral 490:Chronique 371:Armagnacs 3943:Luitgard 3938:Fastrada 3923:Gerberga 3909:Bosonids 3860:Nanthild 3850:Sichilde 3845:Bertrude 3825:Audovera 3785:Radegund 3780:Guntheuc 3770:Clotilde 3620:Archived 1746:Ancestry 1629:Isabella 1627:showing 1565:Michelle 1545:Isabella 1531:Children 1476:étrennes 1468:étrennes 1261:St. Ouen 1072:Margaret 1066:married 1064:Michelle 880:Isabella 849:Isabella 757:regicide 747:wild men 505:, whose 482:palfreys 467:jousting 463:tourneys 282:Isabelle 4417:italics 3795:Aregund 3646:c. 1370 3383:Sources 1375:hennins 1371:braided 1162:Charles 1103:Picardy 1057:tutelle 918:Dauphin 907:Avignon 761:sorcery 723:regents 715:Le Mans 598:litters 558:palfrey 522:Hainaut 484:. 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