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616:, it deals with "Hugh and Ion, two friends who have fled the noxious city—probably contemporary Toronto—for purification in the primal wilderness carry on a sustained dialogue, Hugh arguing for hope, light, and redemption and Ion pointing out despair, darkness, and intractable human perversity." Perhaps due to Crawford's Toronto experiences, this last poem marked a significant change in her views, showing the city as "a demonic, urban world of isolation and blindness which has wilfully cut itself off from the regenerative power of the wildernese. The confident innocence and romantic idealism, which account for much of the inner fire of
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poetry. She puts her myth in an Indian form, which reminds us of the resemblance between white and Indian legendary heroes in the New World, between Paul Bunyan and Davy
Crockett on the one hand and Glooscap on the other. The white myths are not necessarily imitated from the Indian ones, but they may have sprung from an unconscious feeling that the primitive myth expressed the imaginative impact of the country as more artificial literature could never do."
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581:"In the long mythopoeic passage from Isabella Crawford's Malcolm's Katie, beginning 'The South Wind laid his moccasins aside,' we see how the poet is, first, taming the landscape imaginatively, as settlement tames it physically, by animating the lifeless scene with humanized figures, and, second, integrating the literary tradition of the country by deliberately re-establishing the broken cultural link with Indian civilization."
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214:"Although Isabella had been writing while still living in Lakefield ... and had published poems in Toronto newspapers and stories in American magazines while living in Peterborough, when she moved to Toronto she turned her attention in earnest to the business of writing." "During this productive period she contributed numerous serialized novels and novellas to New York and Toronto publications," "including the
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288:. These articles pointed to 'versatility of talent,' and to such qualities as 'humour, vivacity, and range of power,' which were impressive and promising despite her extravagance of incident and 'untrained magniloquence.'" However, only 50 books sold. "Crawford was understandably disappointed and felt she had been neglected by 'the High Priests of Canadian Periodical Literature'" (Arcturus 84)."
383:(series 3, 1959)." Then a "renewed interest in Crawford resulted in the publication of forgotten manuscripts and critical articles" in the 1970s. "A reprint of the collected poems in 1972, with an introduction by poet James Reaney, made Crawford's work generally available; six of her short stories, edited by Penny Petrone, appeared in 1975; and in 1977 the Borealis Press published a book of
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account of philosophical, social and ideological confrontations." "In 'Malcolm's Katie' Crawford adapted to the setting of pioneer Canada the domestic idyll as she learned it from
Tennyson. Striking and new, however, is Crawford's location of Max and Katie's conventional love story within a context of Native legends — Indian Summer and the battle of the North and South Winds."
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174:. "In a few years, disease had taken nine of the twelve children, and a small medical practice had reduced the family to semi-poverty." Dr. Crawford served as Treasurer of Paisley Township, but "a scandal of a missing $ 500 in misappropriated Township funds and the subsequent suicide of one of his bondsmen" caused the family to leave Paisley in 1861.
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and concern for humanity's future committed her, far ahead of her time and milieu, to write passionate pleas for brotherhood, pacifism, and the preservation of a green world. Her deeply felt belief in a just society wherein men and women would have equal status in a world free from war, class hatred,
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Frye believed, and thought
Crawford's "poetic sense" told her "that the most obvious development in the romantic landscape is toward the mythological"; and he saw Crawford's attempt at an indigenous Canadian myth as the intellectual equivalent of the simultaneous pioneer exploration and settlement:
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the "framework' of
Isabella Crawford is that of an intelligent and industrious female songbird of the kind who filled so many anthologies in the last century. Yet the "South Wind" passage from Malcolm's Katie is only the most famous example of the most remarkable mythopoeic imagination in Canadian
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Much of
Isabella Crawford's early life is unknown. By her own account she was born in Dublin, Ireland, the sixth daughter of Dr. Stephen Dennis Crawford and Sydney Scott; but "No record has been found of that marriage or of the birthdates and birthplaces of at least six children, of whom Isabella
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influence but point out that there is much more to it: "While appearing on the surface melodramatic and stereotyped, Crawford's love story is compelling and powerful; what seems at first a conventional conflict between rival suitors for the hand of the heroine becomes a serious, even profound,
327:, such as twins and doubles, mysterious childhood disappearances, stony-hearted fathers, sacrificial daughters, wills and lost inheritances, recognition scenes, and, to quote one of her titles, 'A kingly restitution'." As a whole, though, it "was romantic-Gothic 'formula fiction.'"
299:. She had died in poverty and for years her body lay in an unmarked grave. A fundraising campaign was begun in 1899, and on 2 November 1900, a six-foot Celtic Cross was raised above her grave, inscribed: "Isabella Valancy Crawford / Poet / By the Gift of God."
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were edited (Toronto 1905) by J.W. Garvin, with an introduction by
Ethelwyn Wetherald," a popular Canadian poet. Wetherald called Crawford "purely a genius, not a craftswoman, and a genius who has patience enough to be an artist." In his 1916 anthology,
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on
Christmas Eve, 1873. "When Dr. Crawford died, on 3 July 1875, the three women" – Isabella, her mother, and her sister Emma, all who were left in the household – "became dependent on Isabella's literary earnings." After Emma died of
464:, dealing mainly with the love and trials of young Max and Katie in the 19th-century Canadian bush, but containing a second running narrative recounting the war between the North and South Winds (Winter and Summer personified as
375:, and E.K. Brown, who called her 'the only Canadian woman poet of real importance in the last century.'" "Recognition of Isabella Valancy Crawford's extraordinary mythopoeic power, and her structural use of images, came ... in
440:, into a narrative of love, betrayal, murder, and reconciliation. These poems follow a pattern of depicting the world as a battleground of opposites – light and dark, good and evil – reconciled by sacrificial love."
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This myth telling (however accurate it was as a portrayal of First
Nations beliefs) is what many of its supporters see as giving the poem its power. For instance, writing about "Malcolm's Katie, critic
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in 1884. It was privately printed and sold poorly. Crawford paid for the printing of 1,000 copies, and presumably sent out many review copies; "there were notices in such London journals as the
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181:. Strickland invited the Crawfords to live at his home, out of charity, and because Lakefield did not have a doctor. There the family became acquainted with Strickland's sisters, writers
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551:(1965) called "Malcolm's Katie" "a preposterously romantic love story on a Tennysonian model in which a wildly creaking plot finally delivers true love safe and triumphant."
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135:"Crawford is increasingly being viewed as Canada's first major poet." She is the author of "Malcolm's Katie," a poem that has achieved "a central place in the
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1574:– Biography and 6 poems (The Camp of Souls, The Canoe, The Dark Stag, The Lily Bed, Malcolm's Katie: A Love Story, Old Spookses' Pass, Said the West Wind)
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189:. Isabella Crawford reportedly began writing at that time. She was also thought to be a close companion of Mrs. Traill's daughter, Katharine (Katie).
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Crawford presents a new myth of great significance to
Canadian literature: the Canadian frontier as creating 'the conditions for a new Eden,' not a
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But it is mainly
Crawford's "long narrative poems have received particular attention." "Old Spookses' Pass" is a dialect poem, set in the
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Isabella Valancy Crawford plaque in Paisley, Ontario. Photo by Alan L. Brown, June 2005. Photo used with permission from the website
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Not just interpretations on the poem's meaning, but evaluations of its worth, have varied widely. Its detractors have included poet
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Others have similarly seen their concerns reflected in the poem. "Malcolm's Katie has been given a nationalistic reading by
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to teach their own children not to drink, as the starting-point for a highly incantatory and hypnotic poem that ends in
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196:, and Crawford began to write and publish poems and stories. Her first published poem, "A Vesper Star", appeared in
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of the day." Her magazine writing "displays a skilful and energetic use of literary conventions made popular by
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The family was in Canada by 1857; in that year, Dr. Crawford applied for a licence to practise medicine in
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624:'s "the End of Things", is there another example of the creative imagination being brought to bear, in so
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235:. She also contributed "a quantity of 'occasional' verse to the Toronto papers ... and articles for the
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Isabella Valancy Crawford was the last surviving daughter of Dr. Stephen Crawford. She was born in
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Crawford was a prolific writer. "For the most part Crawford's prose followed the fashion of the
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Many of those lauding the poem have seen their own interests reflected in it. For instance,
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and poet. She was one of the first Canadians to make a living as a freelance writer.
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in 1977, discovered the manuscript of an uncompleted narrative poem in the Crawford
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possession and death; and "Gisli the Chieftain" fuses mythic elements, such as the
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included generous selections from her book in his groundbreaking 1889 anthology,
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Crawford died on 12 February 1887 in Toronto. She was buried in Peterborough's
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Len Early & Michel Peterman, ed. London, ON: Canadian Poetry Press, 2006.
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A small garden park in downtown Toronto, at Front and John Streets (near the
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1058:. Vol. II. Toronto, Ontario: University Associates. 1948. p. 145.
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series. All of this helped Crawford's poetry become more widely known.
897:. Canadian Poetry Press, University of Western Ontario. Archived from
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to Toronto, which was the centre of the publishing world in Canada."
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1228:"Malcolm's Kate, Hugh and Ion: Crawford's Changing Narrative Vision"
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Livesay gave a reading that made the poem sound like a manifesto of
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It is her poetry that has endured. Just two years after her death,
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Except where noted, bibliographical information from Open Library.
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694:. D.M.R. Bentley ed. London, ON: Canadian Poetry Press, 1987.
1269:. Toronto, Ontario: House of Anansi Press. pp. 147–148.
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a manner, on the nascent social evils of the 'infant city.'"
241:. In 1886 she became the first local writer to have a novel,
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warriors), and also a collection of love songs in different
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The Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature, Second Edition
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A "serious critical assessment began in the mid-1940s with
495:, but 'a harmonious community, here and now.' Crawford's
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Crawford wrote a wide variety of poems, ranging from the
1608:, Coll. Canada's Early Women Writers (with a photograph)
1327:. Toronto, Ontario: House of Anansi Press. p. 178.
986:. Toronto, Ontario: McClelland, Goodchild, & Stewart
128:(25 December 1846 – 12 February 1887) was an Irish-born
1298:. Toronto, Ontario: House of Anansi Press. p. 34.
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and racial prejudice dominates all her finest poetry."
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Collected Short Stories of Isabella Valancy Crawford.
520:, as well as various literary-historical readings by
1263:"The Narrative Tradition in English-Canadian Poetry"
256:
Entrance to Isabella Valancy Crawford Park, Toronto.
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Old Spookses' Pass, Malcolm's Katie, and Other Poems
1528:. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997: 238–239.
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Crawford, Isabella Valancy National Historic Person
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The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination
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The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination
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The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination
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Old Spookses' Pass, Malcolm's Katie and Other Poems
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Old Spookses' Pass, Malcolm's Katie and Other Poems
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1662:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
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647:), has been named Isabella Valancy Crawford Park.
260:In her lifetime Crawford published only one book,
665:, ed. John Garvin. Toronto: William Briggs, 1905.
177:By chance Dr. Crawford met Richard Strickland of
1121:. Hamilton, Ontario: Dundurn. pp. 78, –79.
663:The Collected Poems of Isabella Valancy Crawford
1118:Isabella Valancy Crawford, We Scarcely Knew Her
714:Penny Petrone ed. Ottawa: U of Ottawa P, 1975.
573:
485:
1657:British emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
1100:Jones, Elwood. "A Great Poet We Hardly Knew".
953:. Vol. XI (1881–1890) (online ed.).
887:"A New Biography of Isabella Valancy Crawford"
712:Selected Stories of Isabella Valancy Crawford.
447:The original 1884 printing of Crawford's book.
387:and a long unfinished poem, 'Hugh and Ion.'."
681:. Glenn Clever ed. Ottawa: Borealis P, 1977.
456:The bulk of critical attention has gone to "
8:
1572:Selected Poetry of Isabella Valancy Crawford
833:Crawford, Isabella Valancy (30 March 2011).
727:Penny Petrone ed. Ottawa: Borealis P, 1977.
1596:the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
1548:Works by or about Isabella Valancy Crawford
1426:"Search results: Isabella Valancy Crawford"
636:Isabella Valancy Crawford was designated a
1379:Directory of Federal Heritage Designations
1238:(1). Canadian Poetry Press. Archived from
1232:Canadian Poetry: Studies/Documents/Reviews
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891:Canadian Poetry: Studies/Documents/Reviews
807:. London, Ontario: Canadian Poetry Press.
790:
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554:Some of the poem's supporters concede the
379:'s lecture 'Isabella Valancy Crawford' in
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20:
1672:19th-century Canadian short story writers
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885:Ross, Catherine Sheldrick (Spring 1996).
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753:Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2006.
725:Fairy Tales of Isabella Valancy Crawford.
567:pronounced Crawford "the most remarkable
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803:Hidden Rooms: Early Canadian Women Poets
638:Person of National Historic Significance
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356:, Garvin's wife, published a volume on
1071:"Where Isabella Valancy Crawford Died"
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592:, researching Crawford's life for the
1524:Eugene Benson and William Toye, eds.
1321:"Preface to an Uncollected Anthology"
7:
460:." That poem is a long narrative in
207:, "Isabella and her mother moved in
1632:19th-century Canadian women writers
1196:Crawford, Isabella Valancy (1884).
1169:Crawford, Isabella Valancy (1884).
1142:Crawford, Isabella Valancy (1880).
340:, bringing it to a wider audience.
1667:Canadian women short story writers
1557:Works by Isabella Valancy Crawford
1539:Works by Isabella Valancy Crawford
1115:Galvin, Elizabeth McNeill (1994).
63:Little Lake Cemetery, Peterborough
14:
1356:. University of Toronto Libraries
1204:. University of Toronto Libraries
1177:. University of Toronto Libraries
1150:. University of Toronto Libraries
1032:from the original on 4 March 2016
947:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
571:imagination in Canadian poetry":
421:' practice of intoxicating their
394:-like doggerel (pun intended) of
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1396:"Isabella Valancy Crawford Park"
950:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
595:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
115:
1637:19th-century Canadian novelists
1350:"The City at the End of Things"
1226:Johnson, James F. (Fall 1978).
751:Winona; or, The Foster-Sisters.
417:; "The helot" makes use of the
159:wrote that she was the sixth."
1604:in SFU Digitized Collections,
1104:. No. Article ID# 953499.
1075:Studies in Canadian Literature
1054:"Crawford, Isabella Valancy".
549:The Literary History of Canada
402:of "The Camp of Souls" to the
1:
692:Malcolm's Katie: A Love Story
675:, ed. Toronto: Ryerson, 1923.
1354:Representative Poetry Online
1202:Representative Poetry Online
1175:Representative Poetry Online
1148:Representative Poetry Online
1069:Skretkowicz, Victor (1985).
1014:Taylor, C.J. (2 July 2008).
945:"Crawford, Isabella Valancy"
837:. In Bentley, D.M.R. (ed.).
512:, a biographical reading by
192:In 1869 the family moved to
166:and started to practise in
1642:19th-century Canadian poets
1578:Isabella Valancy Crawford's
1563:(public domain audiobooks)
1348:Lampman, Archibald (1894).
1016:"Isabella Valancy Crawford"
980:"Isabella Valancy Crawford"
955:University of Toronto Press
861:"R. Robinson Ship Manifest"
797:"Isabella Valancy Crawford"
337:Songs of the Great Dominion
1688:
1292:"Letters From Canada 1954"
18:Irish-born Canadian writer
1589:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1021:The Canadian Encyclopedia
943:Livesay, Dorothy (1982).
669:Isabella Valancy Crawford
516:and a Marxian reading by
358:Isabella Valancy Crawford
126:Isabella Valancy Crawford
114:
30:
25:Isabella Valancy Crawford
1647:Canadian women novelists
795:Campbell, Wanda (2000).
508:, a feminist reading by
1606:Simon Fraser University
1319:Frye, Northrop (1971).
1290:Frye, Northrop (1971).
1261:Frye, Northrop (1971).
841:. Canadian Poetry Press
1056:Encyclopedia of Canada
578:
502:
448:
396:"Love Me, Love My Dog"
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257:
139:of nineteenth-century
1102:Peterborough Examiner
978:Garvin, John (1916).
451:
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187:Catherine Parr Traill
1652:Canadian women poets
1583:4 March 2016 at the
1198:"Old Spookses' Pass"
497:social consciousness
381:Our living tradition
293:Little Lake Cemetery
245:, serialized in the
1144:"The Camp of Souls"
1024:(online ed.).
526:Elizabeth Waterston
434:spring goddess Lada
608:Queen's University
449:
436:and the Icelandic
317:
258:
243:A little Bacchante
1543:Project Gutenberg
1534:978-0-19-541167-6
1242:on 4 January 2011
863:. 2 January 1857.
768:
759:978-1-55111-709-6
746:978-0-921243-01-4
706:Prose collections
687:978-0-919594-77-7
604:Kingston, Ontario
534:Robert Alan Burns
481:Utopian socialism
406:of The Lily Bed.
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659:. Toronto, 1884.
514:Dorothy Farmiloe
362:Makers of Canada
238:Fireside Monthly
199:The Toronto Mail
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71:freelance writer
55:Toronto, Ontario
53:12 February 1887
43:25 December 1846
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590:Dorothy Livesay
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458:Malcolm's Katie
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452:Malcolm's Katie
411:Rocky Mountains
398:, to the eerie
345:Collected Poems
313:Ontario Plaques
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285:Saturday Review
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130:Canadian writer
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