829:
683:
250:
242:
962:, it is enough to read the comprehensive Chapters of the art of wool in 1555, which dictated prescriptions regarding the cultivation and trade of woad, whether in loaves or macerated (powdered). Testifying to the importance that this crop had in the economy in addition to the archival documents was the identification of a hundred millstones surveyed by Delio Bischi in the province of Pesaro and Urbino, the original use of which had become completely unknown as their memory had been lost.
2647:
69:
619:
675:
1031:
1008:
51:
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1256:] ink. It produced quite a bit of scar tissue, but healed very quickly, and no blue was left behind. This leads me to think it may have been used for closing battle wounds. I believe the Celts used copper for blue tattoos, they had plenty of it, and soot ash cardon for black. Unfortunately we need more bog bodies to prove this point!"
570:
Gillian Carr conducted experiments using indigo pigment derived from woad mixed with different binders to make body paint. The resulting paints yielded colours from "grey-blue, through intense midnight blue, to black". People with modern experiences with woad as a tattoo pigment have claimed that it
424:
Melo and Rondão write that woad was known "as far back as the time of the ancient
Egyptians, who used it to dye the cloth wrappings applied for the mummies." Skelton states that one of the early dyes discovered by the ancient Egyptians was "blue woad (Isatis tinctoria)." Lucas writes, "What has been
1172:
in 1498, great amounts of indigo were imported from Asia. Laws were passed in some parts of Europe to protect the woad industry from the competition of the indigo trade. It was proclaimed that indigo caused yarns to rot. This prohibition was repeated in 1594 and again in 1603. In France,
1231:
by the agriculture departments of several states in the western United States: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and
Wyoming. In Montana, it has been the target of an extensive, and largely successful, eradication attempt.
349:
Since ancient times, woad was an important source of blue dye and was cultivated throughout Europe, especially in
Western and Southern Europe. In medieval times, there were important woad-growing regions in England, Germany and France. Towns such as
590:
did return evidence of copper. The same study also noted that the earliest definite reference to the woad plant in the
British Isles dates to a seed impression on an Anglo-Saxon pot. The authors theorize that vitrum could have actually referred to
1424:
de Melo, J. Sérgio Seixas; Rondão, Raquel; Burrows, Hugh D.; Melo, Maria J.; Navaratnam, Suppiah; Edge, Ruth; Voss, Gundula (November 13, 2006). "Spectral and
Photophysical Studies of Substituted Indigo Derivatives in Their Keto Forms".
1252:: " is also an amazing astringent. The tattoo I did with it literally burned itself to the surface, causing me to drag the poor experimented-upon fellow to my doctor who gave me a stern chastizing for using innappropriate [
2291:, Hans-Martin Dr. Dahse; Klausjürgen Dr. Dornberger & Albrecht Feige et al., "Process for the development of an environmentally desirable raw material based on woad (isatis tinctoria L.)", issued 2004-02-25
1210:
Woad is biodegradable and safe in the environment. In
Germany, there have been attempts to use it to protect wood against decay without applying dangerous chemicals. Production of woad is increasing in the UK for use in
1137:
425:
assumed to have been Indian Indigo on ancient
Egyptian fabrics may have been woad." Hall states that the ancient Egyptians created their blue dye "by using indigotin, otherwise known as woad."
567:
is more often used to refer to glass rather than woad. The use of the word for the woad might also be understood as "coloured like glass", applied to the plant and the dye made from it.
999:
is used as an herbal medicinal tea in China for colds and tonsillar ailments. Used as a tea, it has a brownish appearance and (unlike most
Chinese medicines) is mildly sweet in taste.
1184:
the pigment, both the woad and natural indigo industries collapsed in the first years of the 20th century. The last commercial harvest of woad until recent times occurred in 1932, in
610:
during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which threatened to replace locally grown woad as the primary blue dye. The translation of vitrum as woad may date to this period.
3451:
2044:
Delio Bischi - Convegno internazionale sul Guado, Erfurt (Turingia) 3-7 Giugno 1992, Estratto da
Esercitazioni dell’Accademia Agraria di Pesaro Serie 3ᵃ – Volume 24°- Anno 1992
712:(1495–1505), though typically it is the dark blue of the woad that has lasted best. Medieval uses of the dye were not limited to textiles. For example, the illustrator of the
887:
After cropping the woad eddish could be let out for grazing sheep. The woad produced in
Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire in the 19th century was shipped out from the
3161:
308:(the mustard family) with a documented history of use as a blue dye and medicinal plant. Its genus name, Isatis, derives from the ancient Greek word for the plant,
1165:
3239:
828:
2855:
730:
603:. A later study concluded the amount was "not of sufficient magnitude to provide convincing evidence that the copper was deliberately applied as paint".
1030:
3099:
3187:
3112:
24:
1313:
Speranza, Jasmine; Miceli, Natalizia; Taviano, Maria Fernanda; Ragusa, Salvatore; Kwiecień, Inga; Szopa, Agnieszka; Ekiert, Halina (2020-03-01).
3321:
1315:"Isatis tinctoria L. (Woad): A Review of Its Botany, Ethnobotanical Uses, Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, and Biotechnological Studies"
2432:
2368:
1928:
1886:
1856:
1779:
Pyatt, F.b.; Beaumont, E.h.; Lacy, D.; Magilton, J. R.; Buckland, P. C. (1991-03-01). "Non Isatis Sed Vitrum or, the Colour of Lindow Man".
3461:
606:
Woad was an important dyeing agent in much of Europe and parts of England during the medieval period. However, dye traders began to import
364:
were replaced by synthetic blue dyes. Woad has been used medicinally for centuries. The double use of woad is seen in its name: the term
3446:
682:
3050:
2459:
2237:
3456:
3436:
2206:
1822:
1664:
1533:
1204:
2160:
2516:
798:
3148:
409:, Germany. Seed and pod fragments have also been found in an Iron Age pit at Dragonby, North Lincolnshire, United Kingdom. The
3426:
3205:
1945:
3192:
3226:
1765:
1188:, Britain. Small amounts of woad are now grown in the UK and France to supply craft dyers. The classic book about woad is
869:
414:
977:
971:
825:, as it was locally known. One writer commented that "woad hath made that country the happiest and richest in Europe."
478:
2337:
2262:
3347:
3174:
904:
3334:
3244:
1740:
872:. Much of the woad produced here was used for the cloth industry in southern France, but it was also exported via
3431:
3200:
2799:
2035:
G. Luzzatto - Notizie e documenti sulle arti della lana e della seta in Urbino "Le marche" VII 1907 p.p. 185-210
2902:
2850:
68:
3339:
853:
833:
2056:"Network pharmacology study on the mechanism of the Chinese medicine Radix Isatidis (Banlangen) for COVID-19"
1372:
3086:
2198:
2186:
1844:
708:
624:
3091:
3078:
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2924:
892:
726:
749:
have been excavated and dated to the 10th century. In medieval times, centres of woad cultivation lay in
3421:
2589:
249:
185:
3117:
2962:
2425:
Wonder Woad: Experiences involving human and plant – especially woad – reported in pictures and stories
2191:
2646:
2476:
Woad.org.uk - All About Woad - Cultivation, Extraction, Dyeing with Woad, History and facts about woad
1680:
Carr, Gillian (2005-08-01). "Woad, Tattooing and Identity in Later Iron Age and Early Roman Britain".
1177:, in an edict of 1609, forbade under pain of death the use of "the false and pernicious Indian drug".
907:
has a woad mill model, photos and other items used in woad production. A major market for woad was at
3254:
3024:
2509:
1160:
936:
896:
794:
372:
references its use as a dye. There has also been some revival of the use of woad for craft purposes.
356:
3065:
3441:
3003:
1227:
In certain locations, the plant is classified as a non-native and invasive weed. It is listed as a
861:
857:
714:
572:
541:
390:
3218:
2403:
2145:
1835:
Thirsk, Joan (1985). "The agricultural landscape: fads and fashions". In Woodell, S. R. J. (ed.).
725:) used a woad-based pigment for blue paint. As does the late 13th century North Italian manual on
241:
3393:
2729:
2708:
2395:
1300:
Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. Spermatophyta, Band IV Teil 1. Angiospermae, Dicotyledones 2
1174:
592:
209:
63:
3326:
1848:
849:
3166:
3275:
3011:
2779:
2769:
2455:
2438:
2428:
2212:
2202:
2085:
2022:
1924:
1882:
1852:
1818:
1796:
1759:
1697:
1660:
1642:(Ph. D. 2002). First published online at Brill, October 2010. Consulted online on 23 May 2019.
1529:
1452:
1406:
1354:
1336:
1200:
31:
3375:
3280:
2809:
2387:
2263:"Historic Dyes Series No. 1 - The History of Woad and the Medieval Woad Vat by John Edmonds"
2075:
2067:
1944:
1788:
1689:
1483:
1442:
1434:
1398:
1344:
1326:
770:
441:
272:
3140:
2021:(in German). Vol. 1 (15th ed.). München, Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot. p.
1192:
by J. B. Hurry, Oxford University Press of 1930, which contains an extensive bibliography.
354:
became prosperous from the woad trade. Woad was eventually replaced by the more colourfast
3262:
2688:
2502:
2241:
1389:
Van Der Veen, M.; Hall, A. R.; May, J. (1993-11-01). "Woad and the Britons Painted Blue".
955:
888:
865:
618:
472:
301:
106:
3313:
2486:
2307:
2139:
674:
3308:
2876:
2829:
2606:
2164:
2080:
2055:
1837:
1792:
1488:
1471:
1402:
1349:
1314:
1216:
656:
640:
533:
468:
458:
93:
3415:
3300:
2824:
2734:
2594:
2015:
1693:
1169:
954:
In the Marche region, the cultivation of the plant was an important resource for the
343:
201:
2399:
1007:
3398:
3016:
2907:
2794:
2703:
2678:
2288:
2103:
1813:
M. R. Cowell, P. T. Craddock (1995), "Addendum: Copper in the Skin of Lindow Man",
1228:
1185:
1116:
1086:
920:
900:
750:
596:
514:
335:
305:
152:
2973:
958:
in Italy. To fully understand the importance of the ford industry in the State of
899:, both the last to northern mills and the USA. The last portable woad mill was at
848:
displayed their affluence in splendid mansions, many of which still stand, as the
50:
1510:
1276:
3385:
3352:
3231:
3213:
3125:
2956:
2739:
2683:
2668:
2599:
2220:
2071:
1078:
935:
had their own charters. In Erfurt, the woad-traders gave the funds to found the
932:
814:
786:
142:
3290:
2789:
2693:
2625:
1181:
1155:
1090:
1040:
908:
738:
655:
Woad was one of the three staples of the European dyeing industry, along with
587:
418:
3055:
2947:
2442:
1800:
1701:
1410:
1340:
532:). The connection seems to be that both glass and the woad are "water-like" (
3037:
2886:
2749:
2565:
2266:
1716:
1112:
924:
818:
802:
766:
410:
406:
386:
20:
3179:
2089:
1456:
1438:
1358:
758:
3365:
2345:
2216:
1331:
3360:
2983:
2941:
2819:
2764:
2744:
2673:
2634:
2572:
1105:
928:
881:
877:
860:, was credit-worthy enough to be the main guarantor of the ransomed King
845:
837:
806:
782:
754:
402:
351:
327:
119:
3267:
2391:
1504:
884:
to Flanders, the Low Countries, Italy, and above all Britain and Spain.
3104:
2881:
2814:
2774:
2759:
2713:
2698:
2618:
2613:
2584:
2579:
2110:. Vol. 17, no. 100. April 1876 – via Project Gutenberg.
1902:
Chaucer, Geoffrey (1894). "The Former Age". In Skeat, Walter W. (ed.).
1627:
1609:
944:
873:
778:
774:
664:
600:
504:
331:
1903:
1591:
1573:
1555:
1447:
3130:
2754:
2556:
2544:
2525:
2480:
1620:
1602:
1584:
1566:
1548:
959:
940:
916:
790:
762:
607:
579:
445:
339:
323:
162:
132:
2918:
1659:(Later Printing ed.). New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks.
2483:
Rex Wailes in Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 1935-36 Vol 16.
578:
It has also been claimed that Caesar was referring to some form of
3153:
3042:
2871:
2804:
2784:
2539:
1741:"Woad and it's [sic] mis-association with Pictish BodyArt"
1059:
1006:
827:
746:
681:
673:
660:
644:
617:
248:
240:
80:
2549:
1063:
1051:
810:
742:
648:
583:
3029:
2922:
2498:
2122:
Historische, physische und economische Beschreibung des Waidtes
856:. One merchant, Jean de Bernuy, a Spanish Jew who had fled the
2663:
1212:
1120:
1082:
1055:
985:
939:. Traditional fabric is still printed with woad in Thuringia,
435:
319:
706:
The three colours can be seen together in tapestries such as
322:
produced from the leaves of the plant. Woad is native to the
309:
2645:
397:(Isatis tinctoria L.) or German indigo, of the plant family
389:
period. The seeds have been found in the cave of l'Audoste,
1528:. Shire Egyptology. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. p. 10.
281:
19:"Woad" redirects here. For the American radio station, see
2475:
1195:
A method for producing blue dye from woad is described in
483:) that the Britanni used to colour their bodies blue with
2494:
1509:(2nd ed.). London: E. Arnold & Company. p.
667:
mentions their use by the dyer ("litestere") in his poem
385:
The first archaeological finds of woad seeds date to the
30:"Vitrum" redirects here. For the genus of tunicates, see
805:
in France. This last region, in the triangle created by
2108:
Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science
821:, was for a long time the biggest producer of woad, or
368:
is linked to its ancient use to treat wounds; the term
2632:
2623:
2604:
2570:
2554:
429:
2367:
Pokorny, Monica L.; Krueger-Mangold, Jane M. (2007).
2124:, 1752, the appendix; Thorpe JF and Ingold CK, 1923,
1923:(5th ed.). London: Cadogan Guides. p. 314.
278:
2338:"Prohibited, Regulated and Restricted Noxious Weeds"
678:
Illustration of German woad mill in Thuringia, 1752.
545:
284:
2931:
2895:
2864:
2843:
2722:
2656:
2532:
1476:
Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics
1133:
1103:
1076:
1049:
1039:
1027:
1017:
338:but is now also found in South-Eastern and Central
275:
23:. For 'Woads' as a fictional name for a tribe, see
2190:
2054:Yu, B; Lin, F; Ning, H; Ling, B (13 August 2021).
2014:
1836:
1250:Woad and its Mis-Association with Pictish Body Art
517:
1815:Bog Bodies: New Discoveries and New Perspectives,
911:in Lausitz. The citizens of the five Thuringian
1905:The Complete Poetical Works of Geoffrey Chaucer
1164:, but in a lower concentration. Following the
630:The Unicorn is Killed and Brought to the Castle
2452:Lauragais: Steeped in History, Soaked in Blood
1839:The English Landscape Past, Present and Future
1384:
1382:
1180:With the development of a chemical process to
1166:Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India
995:) that purports to have antiviral properties.
451:Celtic blue is a shade of blue, also known as
360:and, in the early 20th century, both woad and
2510:
2318:. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service
1197:The History of Woad and the Medieval Woad Vat
1158:, the same dye extracted from "true indigo",
990:
8:
2138:Foucaud, Édouard (1846). Frost, John (ed.).
575:and causes scarring when put into the skin.
3452:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
1638:Entry "vitrum", in: Michiel de Vaan (ed.),
1472:"A colour chemist's history of Western art"
745:, a dye shop with remains of both woad and
562:
508:
499:, but also the domestic name for the woad (
484:
476:
462:
452:
2919:
2856:Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands
2517:
2503:
2495:
1994:Monger, Garry (2019). "Woad in the fens".
1747:. Archived from the original on 2005-06-08
731:Liber colorum secundum magistrum Bernardum
698:Ne knew; the flees was of his former hewe;
49:
38:
2126:Synthetic colouring matters - vat colours
2079:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1650:
1648:
1506:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries
1487:
1446:
1348:
1330:
1154:The dye chemical extracted from woad is
1657:Color: A Natural History of the Palette
1268:
1241:
25:Picts in literature and popular culture
1919:Pauls, Michael; Facaros, Dana (2007).
1757:
1014:
834:Pierre Assézat's 16th-century mansion
695:No mader, welde, or wood no litestere
586:-based pigment. Analysis done on the
7:
3255:6ed8789d-d2a5-47c9-977e-cd8b8940e53a
686:Steps of the leaves to the blue dye.
571:does not work well, and is actually
430:
401:, have been found on pottery in the
2369:"Evaluating Montana's Dyer's Woad (
976:The woad plant's roots are used in
421:contained textiles dyed with woad.
2373:) Cooperative Eradication Project"
1881:. London: Archetype Publications.
1793:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1991.tb00006.x
1624:
1606:
1588:
1570:
1552:
1489:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1999.tb00127.x
1403:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1993.tb00340.x
1373:"Natural Dyeing using Dyer's Woad"
393:, France. Impressions of seeds of
318:. Woad is also the name of a blue
14:
2342:Arizona Department of Agriculture
2141:The book of illustrious mechanics
844:The prosperous woad merchants of
741:levels at archaeological digs at
444:, is mentioned in the Babylonian
3340:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:285873-1
2128:(London: Longmans, Green), p. 23
1694:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2005.00236.x
1640:Etymological Dictionary of Latin
1035: Colour coordinates
1029:
951:(literally, "blue print(ing)").
561:). In terms of usage, the Latin
271:
67:
2423:Kaiser-Alexnat, Renate (2013).
2240:. Chris Cooksey. Archived from
2238:"J B Hurry's woad bibliography"
2163:. Chris Cooksey. Archived from
1817:British Museum Press, p. 74 f.
595:'s naturally occurring variant
489:, a word that means primarily
314:. It is occasionally known as
1:
2185:Hurry, Jamieson Boyd (1930).
1781:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
1682:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
1391:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
719:
633:
475:. Julius Caesar reported (in
1877:Balfour-Paul, Jenny (2006).
1277:"Woad – Definition and More"
1248:Compare Pat Fish, quoted in
986:
980:to make a medicine known as
978:Traditional Chinese medicine
972:Chinese traditional medicine
905:Wisbech & Fenland Museum
479:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
436:
3462:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2633:
2624:
2605:
2571:
2555:
2427:. Berlin, DE: epubli GmbH.
2072:10.1097/MD.0000000000026881
1715:Lambert, Saigh Kym (2004).
376:History of woad cultivation
3480:
3447:Medicinal plants of Europe
2193:The Woad Plant and its Dye
1996:The Fens & Surrounding
1921:Gascony & the pyrenees
1190:The Woad Plant and its Dye
1011:Indigo extracted from woad
969:
546:
415:Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave
330:, Central Asia to Eastern
310:
29:
18:
16:Species of flowering plant
2643:
2265:. unknown. Archived from
1908:– via Bartleby.com.
1764:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1717:"The Problem of the Woad"
1655:Finlay, Victoria (2004).
1223:Invasive and noxious weed
1143:
1022:
991:
864:after his capture at the
215:
208:
191:
184:
64:Scientific classification
62:
57:
48:
41:
3457:Plants described in 1753
3437:Medicinal plants of Asia
2903:Glossary of dyeing terms
2723:Traditional textile dyes
2481:The Former Woad Industry
2454:. Troubador Publishing.
2187:Milford, Humphrey Sumner
2017:Der moderne Kapitalismus
2013:Sombart, Werner (1928).
326:and desert zones of the
294:dyer's woad, dyer's-weed
2289:EP patent 1223198A1
2199:Oxford University Press
2144:. D. Appleton. p.
1845:Oxford University Press
1524:Hall, Rosalind (2008).
1470:Skelton, Helen (1999).
1147:: Normalized to (byte)
966:Use as Chinese medicine
709:The Hunt of the Unicorn
625:The Hunt of the Unicorn
614:Medieval period onwards
519:
2650:
2450:Taylor, Colin (2018).
1503:Lucas, Alfred (1934).
1439:10.1002/cphc.200600203
1012:
947:today: it is known as
841:
687:
679:
652:
563:
537:
509:
485:
477:
463:
453:
257:
246:
3427:Flora of Western Asia
2649:
2590:Reactive dye printing
1332:10.3390/plants9030298
1298:Hegi, Gustav (1986).
1010:
831:
685:
677:
621:
252:
244:
2487:USDA information on
2348:on November 23, 2009
2316:USDA Plants Database
2308:"Plants Profile for
1979:"Boston Ship News".
1161:Indigofera tinctoria
937:University of Erfurt
915:(dye woad) towns of
734:describe its usage.
622:The tapestry series
362:Indigofera tinctoria
357:Indigofera tinctoria
2392:10.1614/WT-06-048.1
2104:"Sketches of India"
1953:. 13 November 1789.
1946:"Keeping for sheep"
1745:Modern Hengineering
1375:. 13 December 2018.
1302:. pp. 126–131.
1215:, particularly for
858:Spanish Inquisition
715:Lindisfarne Gospels
542:Proto-Indo-European
2730:Armenian cochineal
2651:
1013:
903:, Cambridgeshire,
870:Charles V of Spain
842:
688:
680:
653:
628:(here No. 6:
599:or to the mineral
593:copper(II) sulfate
258:
247:
3409:
3408:
3276:Open Tree of Life
2925:Taxon identifiers
2916:
2915:
2434:978-3-8442-5590-4
2269:on 25 August 2010
2225:isbn 1973 reprint
1964:"Shipping News".
1930:978-1-86011-360-4
1888:978-1-904982-15-9
1858:978-0-19-211621-5
1526:Egyptian Textiles
1433:(11): 2303–2311.
1279:. Merriam Webster
1168:by the navigator
1152:
1151:
727:book illumination
639:), was dyed with
239:
238:
220:Isatis indigotica
177:I. tinctoria
32:Vitrum (tunicate)
3469:
3432:Flora of Siberia
3402:
3401:
3389:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3355:
3343:
3342:
3330:
3329:
3317:
3316:
3304:
3303:
3298:Panartic Flora:
3294:
3293:
3291:Isatis_tinctoria
3284:
3283:
3271:
3270:
3258:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3234:
3232:NBNSYS0000002839
3222:
3221:
3209:
3208:
3196:
3195:
3183:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3121:
3120:
3108:
3107:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3046:
3045:
3033:
3032:
3020:
3019:
3007:
3006:
3004:isatis-tinctoria
2997:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2963:Isatis tinctoria
2952:
2951:
2950:
2933:Isatis tinctoria
2920:
2810:Polish cochineal
2638:
2629:
2610:
2576:
2560:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2496:
2489:Isatis tinctoria
2465:
2446:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2402:. Archived from
2377:
2371:Isatis tinctoria
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2344:. Archived from
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2310:Isatis tinctoria
2304:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2196:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2159:Cooksey, Chris.
2156:
2150:
2149:
2135:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1981:Stamford Mercury
1976:
1970:
1969:
1968:. 11 April 1788.
1966:Stamford Mercury
1961:
1955:
1954:
1951:Stamford Mercury
1948:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1874:
1863:
1862:
1842:
1832:
1826:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1652:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1334:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1273:
1257:
1246:
1129:
1124:
1099:
1098:(215°, 83%, 81%)
1094:
1072:
1067:
1034:
1033:
1015:
994:
993:
989:
801:and, above all,
724:
721:
638:
635:
566:
560:
557:
554:
549:
548:
531:
528:
525:
522:
512:
501:Isatis tinctoria
498:
495:
492:
488:
482:
466:
456:
439:
433:
432:
391:Bouches-du-Rhône
316:Asp of Jerusalem
313:
312:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
280:
277:
262:Isatis tinctoria
255:Isatis tinctoria
232:
224:
197:
195:Isatis tinctoria
72:
71:
53:
43:Isatis tinctoria
39:
3479:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3397:
3392:
3384:
3382:
3374:
3372:
3364:
3359:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3312:
3307:
3299:
3297:
3289:
3287:
3279:
3274:
3266:
3263:Observation.org
3261:
3253:
3251:
3243:
3238:
3230:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3160:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3116:
3111:
3103:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3041:
3036:
3028:
3023:
3015:
3010:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2927:
2917:
2912:
2891:
2860:
2839:
2718:
2652:
2641:
2528:
2523:
2472:
2462:
2449:
2435:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2406:
2380:Weed Technology
2375:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2209:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2170:
2168:
2161:"Indigo - woad"
2158:
2157:
2153:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2119:
2115:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1983:. 6 April 1792.
1978:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1866:
1859:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1812:
1808:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1619:
1615:
1601:
1597:
1583:
1579:
1565:
1561:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1225:
1217:inkjet printers
1148:
1127:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1077:
1070:
1050:
1028:
1005:
1003:Woad and indigo
974:
968:
956:Duchy of Urbino
889:Port of Wisbech
866:Battle of Pavia
854:Hôtel d'Assézat
850:Hôtel de Bernuy
817:, known as the
722:
636:
616:
558:
555:
552:
529:
526:
523:
503:), besides the
496:
493:
490:
473:Scottish Gaelic
428:A dye known as
413:burials of the
383:
378:
302:flowering plant
274:
270:
235:
230:
228:Isatis japonica
222:
204:
199:
193:
180:
66:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:wfo-0000732433
3390:
3380:
3370:
3357:
3344:
3331:
3318:
3305:
3295:
3285:
3272:
3259:
3249:
3236:
3223:
3210:
3197:
3184:
3171:
3158:
3145:
3135:
3122:
3109:
3096:
3083:
3070:
3060:
3047:
3034:
3021:
3008:
2998:
2988:
2978:
2968:
2953:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2851:Use of saffron
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2478:
2471:
2470:External links
2468:
2467:
2466:
2461:978-1789015836
2460:
2447:
2433:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2409:on 2011-01-04.
2386:(1): 262–269.
2359:
2329:
2312:(Dyer's woad)"
2299:
2280:
2254:
2229:
2207:
2177:
2151:
2130:
2120:D G Schreber,
2113:
2095:
2066:(32): e26881.
2046:
2037:
2028:
2005:
1986:
1971:
1956:
1936:
1929:
1911:
1894:
1887:
1864:
1857:
1827:
1806:
1771:
1732:
1721:Dunsgathan.net
1707:
1672:
1665:
1644:
1631:
1613:
1595:
1577:
1559:
1541:
1534:
1516:
1495:
1462:
1416:
1397:(3): 367–371.
1378:
1364:
1305:
1290:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1224:
1221:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1128:(46, 91, 255°)
1125:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1074:
1073:
1071:(36, 107, 206)
1068:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1004:
1001:
967:
964:
832:Woad merchant
777:in Italy, and
704:
703:
702:
701:
700:
699:
696:
669:The Former Age
615:
612:
469:Irish language
464:gorm ceilteach
405:settlement of
382:
379:
377:
374:
304:in the family
265:, also called
237:
236:
234:
233:
225:
216:
213:
212:
206:
205:
200:
189:
188:
182:
181:
174:
172:
168:
167:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
123:
122:
117:
110:
109:
104:
97:
96:
91:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3475:
3474:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:Tyrian purple
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:Types of dyes
2655:
2648:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2360:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2300:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2244:on 2012-04-16
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2208:9780678007792
2204:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2167:on 2012-02-19
2166:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:0-7141-2305-6
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1666:9780812971422
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1535:9780852638002
1531:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1205:0-9534133-0-6
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1170:Vasco da Gama
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
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1048:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1021:
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1009:
1002:
1000:
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988:
983:
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961:
957:
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930:
926:
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918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
839:
835:
830:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:Saint-Quentin
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
732:
728:
717:
716:
711:
710:
697:
694:
693:
692:
691:
690:
689:
684:
676:
672:
670:
666:
662:
659:(yellow) and
658:
650:
646:
642:
631:
627:
626:
620:
613:
611:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
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581:
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568:
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388:
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371:
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353:
347:
345:
344:North America
341:
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329:
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317:
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289:
268:
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187:
186:Binomial name
183:
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161:
158:
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154:
151:
148:
147:
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128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:Tracheophytes
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
70:
65:
61:
58:Woad flowers
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
26:
22:
3422:Brassicaceae
2932:
2908:List of dyes
2834:
2780:Dyer's broom
2735:Black walnut
2488:
2451:
2424:
2404:the original
2383:
2379:
2370:
2362:
2352:November 24,
2350:. Retrieved
2346:the original
2341:
2332:
2322:November 11,
2320:. Retrieved
2315:
2309:
2302:
2283:
2271:. Retrieved
2267:the original
2257:
2246:. Retrieved
2242:the original
2232:
2224:
2219:– via
2192:
2180:
2169:. Retrieved
2165:the original
2154:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2016:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1950:
1939:
1920:
1914:
1904:
1897:
1878:
1838:
1830:
1814:
1809:
1787:(1): 61–73.
1784:
1780:
1774:
1749:. Retrieved
1744:
1735:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1710:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1656:
1639:
1634:
1628:Megillah 24b
1616:
1610:Pesachim 56b
1598:
1580:
1562:
1544:
1525:
1519:
1505:
1498:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1430:
1427:ChemPhysChem
1426:
1419:
1394:
1390:
1367:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1271:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1229:noxious weed
1226:
1219:, and dyes.
1209:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1186:Lincolnshire
1179:
1159:
1153:
1144:
996:
981:
975:
953:
948:
912:
901:Parson Drove
886:
843:
822:
769:in Germany,
757:in England,
751:Lincolnshire
736:
729:
713:
707:
705:
668:
654:
629:
623:
605:
597:chalcanthite
577:
569:
544:
515:Proto-Celtic
500:
467:in both the
450:
427:
423:
399:Brassicaceae
398:
394:
384:
369:
365:
361:
355:
348:
342:and western
336:Western Asia
315:
306:Brassicaceae
297:
293:
266:
261:
260:
259:
254:
227:
219:
194:
192:
176:
175:
163:
153:Brassicaceae
126:
113:
100:
87:
42:
36:
3314:kew-2867046
3214:NatureServe
3126:iNaturalist
2957:Wikispecies
2689:Substantive
2607:Rōketsuzome
2600:Ring dyeing
2221:Archive.org
1847:. pp.
1592:Shabbat 90a
1574:Shabbat 79a
1556:Shabbat 68a
1045:#246bce
1041:Hex triplet
1018:Celtic Blue
933:Langensalza
815:Carcassonne
787:Somme Basin
647:(red), and
637: 1500
454:glas celtig
381:Ancient use
245:Woad plants
143:Brassicales
107:Angiosperms
3442:Plant dyes
3416:Categories
3309:Plant List
2991:Calflora:
2865:Craft dyes
2626:Tsutsugaki
2533:Techniques
2273:28 January
2248:2012-10-09
2197:. London:
2171:2012-10-09
1751:2014-11-13
1726:2012-10-09
1688:(3): 277.
1448:10316/8269
1325:(3): 298.
1283:3 February
1264:References
1182:synthesize
987:bǎnlán'gēn
970:See also:
913:Färberwaid
739:Viking Age
723: 720
643:(yellow),
588:Lindow Man
556:water-like
419:Hohmichele
395:Färberwaid
253:Fruits of
3092:200009571
3079:200009571
3001:Cal-IPC:
2896:Reference
2750:Cochineal
2740:Bloodroot
2709:Discharge
2566:Kalamkari
2443:923961362
1801:1468-0092
1702:1468-0092
1482:: 43–64.
1411:1468-0092
1341:2223-7747
997:Banlangen
982:banlangen
949:Blaudruck
925:Tennstedt
862:Francis I
819:Lauragais
803:Languedoc
767:Thuringia
507:loanword
411:Hallstatt
407:Heuneburg
387:Neolithic
370:tinctoria
171:Species:
77:Kingdom:
21:WOAD (AM)
3383:VASCAN:
3361:Tropicos
3288:PalDat:
3219:2.138895
3167:10682180
3154:285873-1
2981:BioLib:
2942:Wikidata
2820:Turmeric
2765:Dyewoods
2745:Brazilin
2704:Disperse
2679:Reactive
2573:Katazome
2400:55153477
2090:34397905
2060:Medicine
1760:cite web
1457:17009279
1359:32121532
1175:Henry IV
1138:Internet
929:Arnstadt
893:Spalding
882:Bordeaux
878:Narbonne
852:and the
846:Toulouse
838:Toulouse
807:Toulouse
799:Brittany
783:Normandy
779:Gascogne
771:Piedmont
765:area in
761:and the
755:Somerset
547:*wed-ro-
540:is from
403:Iron Age
352:Toulouse
328:Caucasus
210:Synonyms
149:Family:
120:Eudicots
3376:4957974
3366:4101316
3201:MoBotPF
3105:5374118
2948:Q212547
2882:Procion
2877:Inkodye
2844:History
2815:Saffron
2800:Logwood
2775:Gamboge
2755:Cudbear
2714:Pigment
2684:Solvent
2669:Natural
2619:Tie-dye
2614:Shibori
2585:Mordant
2580:Leheria
2417:Sources
2189:(ed.).
2081:8360416
1350:7154893
1199:(1998)
945:Lusatia
909:Görlitz
874:Bayonne
775:Tuscany
665:Chaucer
663:(red).
651:(blue).
601:azurite
573:caustic
520:glastos
513:(from
510:glastum
505:Gaulish
471:and in
442:Aramaic
332:Siberia
300:, is a
298:glastum
223:Fortune
159:Genus:
139:Order:
81:Plantae
3373:uBio:
3322:PLANTS
3301:671501
3281:631500
3252:NZOR:
3245:161756
3206:278069
3066:isatin
3063:FEIS:
3056:164558
3030:583877
2974:141793
2971:APDB:
2805:Madder
2795:Kermes
2790:Indigo
2770:Fustic
2694:Sulfur
2595:Resist
2557:Kasuri
2545:Dyeing
2526:Dyeing
2458:
2441:
2431:
2398:
2295:
2217:702743
2215:
2205:
2088:
2078:
1927:
1885:
1879:Indigo
1855:
1851:–147.
1821:
1799:
1700:
1663:
1621:Talmud
1603:Talmud
1585:Talmud
1567:Talmud
1549:Talmud
1532:
1455:
1409:
1357:
1347:
1339:
1319:Plants
1203:
1156:indigo
1134:Source
1106:CIELCh
1023:
960:Urbino
941:Saxony
917:Erfurt
897:Boston
823:pastel
791:Amiens
789:(from
785:, the
763:Erfurt
759:Jülich
747:madder
661:madder
645:madder
608:indigo
580:copper
564:vitrum
538:vitrum
486:vitrum
446:Talmud
366:Isatis
340:Europe
324:steppe
311:ἰσάτις
164:Isatis
133:Rosids
3193:23151
3180:28902
3162:IRMNG
3138:IPA:
3131:77509
3118:20462
3051:EUNIS
3043:ISATI
3017:3Q3HY
2984:39021
2872:Dylon
2785:Henna
2760:Cutch
2635:Yūzen
2540:Batik
2407:(PDF)
2396:S2CID
2376:(PDF)
2002:: 16.
1236:Notes
921:Gotha
582:- or
534:Latin
527:green
518:*
494:glass
461:, or
459:Welsh
437:satis
296:, or
127:Clade
114:Clade
101:Clade
88:Clade
3386:4059
3353:9409
3335:POWO
3327:ISTI
3268:6904
3240:NCBI
3188:ITIS
3149:IPNI
3141:4587
3113:GRIN
3100:GBIF
3038:EPPO
2994:4364
2835:Woad
2830:Weld
2674:Acid
2664:Dyes
2550:Ikat
2456:ISBN
2439:OCLC
2429:ISBN
2354:2009
2324:2014
2275:2011
2213:OCLC
2203:ISBN
2086:PMID
1925:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1797:ISSN
1766:link
1698:ISSN
1661:ISBN
1530:ISBN
1453:PMID
1407:ISSN
1355:PMID
1337:ISSN
1285:2011
1213:inks
1201:ISBN
1052:sRGB
943:and
931:and
895:and
880:and
813:and
811:Albi
773:and
753:and
743:York
657:weld
649:woad
641:weld
584:iron
431:סטיס
417:and
334:and
267:woad
231:Miq.
3394:WFO
3348:RHS
3227:NBN
3175:ISC
3087:FoC
3074:FNA
3025:EoL
3012:CoL
2887:Rit
2699:Vat
2388:doi
2146:236
2076:PMC
2068:doi
2064:100
2023:231
1849:129
1789:doi
1690:doi
1511:314
1484:doi
1443:hdl
1435:doi
1399:doi
1345:PMC
1327:doi
1254:sic
1079:HSV
992:板蓝根
868:by
836:in
797:),
793:to
737:In
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