43:
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1202:, which began about 11,200 BCE, is the earliest universally acknowledged evidence of man in the Americas; but the remains of ancient people dating to earlier than 10,000 BCE have been found on Cedros Island. Cedros Island was attractive to humans because of its rich marine environment and its relative abundance of water compared to most of the desert coastline of Baja California. The early people of Cedros Island fished, gathered
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257:. The dry and rocky island had a population of 1,350 in 2005 and has an area of 348 square kilometres (134 sq mi) which includes the area of several small nearby islands. Cedros Island is mountainous, reaching a maximum elevation of 1,205 metres (3,953 ft). The economy is based on commercial fishing and salt production. Cedros has a distinctive flora and the traces of some of the earliest human beings in the
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184:
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mining took place near Punta Norte between 1890 and 1914. The fishing village and cannery at Puerto Cedros were established in 1920. The fishing cooperative was founded in 1943, and the deepwater salt dock at the south end of the island was built in 1966. The island was mapped in detail by
Mexican
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The only weather station on the island is located on the southeastern coast. The northern and western parts of the island are several degrees cooler because the cold waters surrounding the island cause heavy fog and clouds, especially during spring and summer. The condensation from the fog permits
862:
at the south end, adjacent to the "company town," while a 10 km (6 mi) road leads to "Pueblo Cedros". Open launch rides across the channel between Cedros and the mainland can also be arranged at the
Abarrotes Ramales store in Bahia Tortugas, but travellers opting for this transport should
1330:
The most common vegetation for more than 90 percent of the land on the island is desert scrub of many different species. The lower elevations, especially the south, receive very sparse rainfall. However, the northern and western parts of the island are often shrouded in fog, and some plants have
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Cedros Island is at most some 38 kilometres (23.6 mi) long in N-S direction and 6.4 to 8 kilometres (4 to 5 mi) wide in the northern half; the southern end is some 17 kilometres (11 mi) wide in a NW-SE direction. The island consists of a variety of sedimentary, metamorphic, and
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forests at elevations of 500 metres (1,600 ft) to 800 metres (2,600 ft) where the influence of the fog is most intense. The pine forests are scattered and only cover 0.46 percent of the total area of the island. The pines grow to a height of up to 10 metres (33 ft).
268:
inhabitants when the island was first visited by
Spanish explorers in the 16th century called it Huamalgua, the "Island of Fogs." The native inhabitants have been given the name Huamalgueños by modern day scholars. They were relocated to the mainland of Baja California by
857:
is taken by barge to a deepwater salt dock near Puerto Morro
Redondo, at the south end of Cedros Island, where it is loaded onto ships for export. There is regularly scheduled air service to the island from Ensenada, departing every Monday and Wednesday, and landing at
814:"seat" is Cedros, also known as Isla Cedros or Cedros town ("Pueblo Cedros"), on the southeast coast. The town was founded by fishermen in 1922, and in 2010 the town had a population of 747 people. The local economy is dependent on fishing, and largely associated with
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The mining town of Punta Norte (about 25 buildings) is located on the northeast coast, 3.5 km (2.2 mi) southeast of the northern end of the island, which is also called Punta Norte. Two kilometres (1 mi) to the southeast is Los
Crestones mine.
2004:
Des
Lauriers, Matthew R.; Davis, Loren G.; Turnbull, J.; Southon, John R.; Taylor, R. E. (2017). "The Earliest Shell Fishhooks from the Americas Reveal Fishing Technology of Pleistocene Maritime Foragers".
866:
The remaining settlements are smaller. Jerusalem is just west of El Morro, but on the western side of the airport, with regularly arranged residential units. It is frequently considered part of El Morro.
775:. Precipitation is also greater at the higher elevations of the island, reaching possible annual totals of 200 millimetres (7.9 in). Rarely, heavy rains caused by unstable tropical air masses and
1194:
The long-held theory that the first human beings in the
Americas arrived by land through an ice-free corridor in western Canada has been called into question by archaeological discoveries along the
1226:. The fishhooks made of shell found on Cedros Island indicate a marine, sea-going culture some 6,000 years before similar cultures are known to have existed on the coast and islands of California.
1354:
Vargas or El Aguaje de Vargas is the most important spring, with a flow of 180 drums of 200 L or 55 US gal every 12 hours; springs on the island are usually marked by groves of palm trees.
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landed on the island, it encountered several villages with populations at each estimated in the hundreds. Finding it difficult to reach the remaining natives on the island, the
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coastlines of North and South
America. Many scientists now believe that the earliest inhabitants arrived by boat, and findings on Cedros Island bolster that theory. The
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873:
San Agustín, a typical fishing village with about 20 buildings, is located 1 km (0.6 mi) northeast of the southwestern point of the island, Cabo San Agustín.
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1980:
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1416:, are very plentiful in the waters around the island, as it is their breeding ground. These fish like to live in the kelp beds of the island. Other fish, such as
833:
The second town is Puerto Morro
Redondo (in short, El Morro), close to the southeastern point of the island, El Morro. It is a "company town," built by the joint
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strata crop out near the town in the southeastern corner of the island. Its highest peak, Monte Cedros, has an elevation of 1,205 metres (3,953 ft).
1711:
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313:(off Punta Eugenia, and also part of Mulegé Municipality) from which it is separated by the Canal de Keller, and some 500 km (311 mi) from
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to the west, about 25 km (16 mi) west and 3.899 km (1.505 sq mi) in area, are administratively part of Cedros Island.
282:
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adapted to receiving moisture from fog. The fog, plus the slightly greater rainfall at higher elevations, has permitted the existence of
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317:. The island has an area of 348.295 square kilometres (134.477 sq mi), being the fourth-largest island in Mexico (following
2191:
1218:. Ancient spear points and shell fishhooks found on Cedros are similar to those found in a semi-circle of the Pacific coastline from
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72:
1377:), they do not seem to have had a significant impact on the island ecosystem. This would be due to the fact that Cedros is on the
386:
382:
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vegetation is found. The chaparral averages 3 metres (9.8 ft) in height and consists of several woody species including
1401:, and on the other hand forced the native plants to keep their defenses against herbivores, unlike plants on islands without
1234:
The discovery of the earliest fishhooks in the
Americas was reported from Cedros Island in 2017. They date to about 11,000
1062:
1029:
930:
897:
329:). It has a maximum length of approximately 38 km (24 mi), and a maximum width of about 17 km (11 mi).
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be prepared to have a flexible schedule with several extra days in case of inclement weather conditions in the Channel.
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The people making these fishhooks were fishing for deepwater species, which indicates that they were using boats.
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The two main elevations are Cedros hill, located at the south-center of the island, and Pico Gill to the north.
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https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=982027&cityname=Isla+Cedros%2C+Baja+California%2C+Mexico
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which on one hand compete with the goat population for food and presumably have kept it from increasing beyond
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La Colorada, on the southwest coast, with about 10 buildings, is 4 km (2 mi) north of San Agustín.
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2224:], San Benito and Natividad Islands in the Spring of 1906, with Notes on the Biota of the Islands.
1935:
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1981:"Island of Fogs: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Investigations of Isla Cedros, Baja California"
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1382:
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Island of fogs: archaeological and ethnohistorical investigations of Isla Cedros, Baja California
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1351:, the Cedar Island live oak. Chaparral covers 2.4 percent of the land area of Cedros Island.
870:
Lomas Blancas, a mining town with 17 buildings, is located between Cedros town and El Morro.
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2014:
1947:
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colonies are found on the rocks on the west side as well as the anchorage on the north end.
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close to the coast and, at least temporarily, it was connected to the mainland during the
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1828:"Floristic Analysis of Vegetation Communities on Isla de Cedros, Baja California, Mexico"
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310:
2250:
Island of Fogs: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Investigations of Isla Cedros, Baja
1887:""Good Water and Firewood": The Island Oasis of Isla Cedros, Baja California, Mexico1"
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was named by early Spanish explorers who mistakenly associated the large amounts of
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were lower than today. Then, and as a consequence of this, there are native Cedros
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At the highest elevations of the island, above and mixed in with the pine forests,
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1951:
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2101:"Ahoy, Red Rock! —American Mining Investors in Cedros Island, Baja California"
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are also found at similar altitudes, covering 0.05 percent of the land area.
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2125:(2007). The measurements in Thayer & Bangs (1907) are in nautical miles.
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There was human presence of the island already about 11,000 years ago. The
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2018:
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Climate data for Isla Cedros 10 metres (33 ft) above sea level
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missionaries in 1732 and ceased to exist as an identifiable people.
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2198:
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI)
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768:
2218:(1907): Birds Collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on Cerros [
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1223:
367:
293:, from which it is separated by 100-kilometre-wide (62 mi)
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or occur in very few places outside the island. These include:
807:. The 2005 census showed a total population of 1,350 persons.
261:. The ocean around the island is popular with sport fishermen.
2220:
879:
Wayle, 15 buildings on the western side of the southern bight
2079:: The Island Oasis of Isla Cedros, Baja California, Mexico1"
767:
lusher vegetation to flourish, similar to the "fog oases" (
385:
system and BWab (desert, hot summers, warm winters) in the
2210:
DigitalGlobe, Europa Technologies, NASA & TerraMetrics
1373:
on Cedros. Unlike on other islands in the region (notably
1318:. Most of the rocks are of Mesozoic age, though some late
1274:, in San Ignacio on the Baja California mainland in 1732.
309:
mainland. It also lies 15 km (9.32 mi) north of
336:, which defines the border between the Mexican states of
2050:
Baja California Missions: In the Footsteps of the Padres
883:, is 3 km (1.9 mi) northeast of San Agustín.
2188:
California/Mexico Island Conservation Database (CMICD)
222:
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173:
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332:Between Cedros Island and Isla Natividad runs the
1168:Native American shell fish hook from California.
2203:Principales resultados por localidad 2005 (ITER)
2052:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 23–24.
1241:Similar fishhooks have also been reported from
389:. Most precipitation occurs during the winter.
381:Cedros Island has a desert climate, BWh in the
366:arriving with the California current for local
1179:Mother of pearl fish hook. Collected from the
1285:worked out the island between 1790 and 1850.
297:. It is 22 km (14 mi) northwest of
8:
1740:. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
1258:In 1539, when the Spanish expedition led by
30:
1314:complex and high-pressure, low temperature
795:It constitutes one of the 24 subdivisions (
1712:History of the west coast of North America
392:
29:
2048:David Burckhalter, Mina Sedgwick (2013).
1910:
1885:Lauriers, Matthew R. Des (October 2009).
1424:are also very plentiful near the island.
1408:Fish are abundant around Cedros Island.
1174:
305:- the westernmost point of the state of
1728:
1783:. Secretaria de Marina. Archived from
1736:Des Lauriers, Matthew Richard (2010).
1301:and U.S. geologists during the 1970s.
845:facility on the island. Salt from the
1534:(Cedros Island Liveforever) - endemic
1432:Cedros Island is home to a number of
1405:, which tend to lack those defenses.
79:
49:
7:
1772:
1770:
1310:igneous rocks, including part of an
370:visible on the crest of the island.
2299:Travel experience to Cedros Island.
2216:Thayer, John E. & Bangs, Outram
890:List of settlements and locations:
2338:California chaparral and woodlands
1936:"On the trail of ancient mariners"
1659:(Cedros Island oak) — near-endemic
1230:Earliest fishhooks in the Americas
1187:voyages to the Pacific, 1768-1780
25:
841:to house the workers of the salt-
161:348 km (134 sq mi)
27:Island in Baja California, Mexico
2333:Islands of Ensenada Municipality
2313:geology and minerals information
2212:(2007): . Retrieved 2007-OCT-10.
2192:Plant accounts: Guadalupe Island
2099:Núñez Tapia, Francisco Alberto.
1808:"Isla Cedros, Baja California",
1639:possibly separable as var./ssp.
1635:(Guadalupe Island Monterey pine)
791:Topographic map of Cedros Island
387:Trewartha climate classification
204:
182:
78:
71:
48:
41:
2297:Globe Trotters Travel Travelogs
1867:from the original on 2020-08-07
1499:Peromyscus eremicus cedrosensis
1488:Sylvilagus bachmani cerrosensis
1477:Odocoileus hemionus cerrosensis
816:Pescadores Nacionales de Abulón
771:) of the arid Pacific Coast of
2263:Land area of islands in Mexico
1679:(Cedros Island sage) - endemic
1467:Thryomanes bewickii cerroensis
1:
1826:Oberbauer, Thomas A. (1987).
1451:Cedros side-blotched lizard,
1272:Misión San Ignacio Kadakaamán
383:Köppen climate classification
2293:Article about Cedros Island.
1952:10.1126/science.357.6351.542
285:, off the west coast of the
281:Cedros Island is located in
2165:from the adjacent mainland.
1979:Davis, Loren (2012-01-01).
1934:Wade, Lizzie (2017-08-11).
1245:, also in Baja California.
615:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
475:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
169:1,205 m (3953 ft)
62:Show map of Baja California
2354:
783:Population and settlements
758:
395:
249:belonging to the state of
2248:Des Lauriers, Matthew R.,
2152:Thayer & Bangs (1907)
2073:Des Lauriers, Matthew R.
1861:www.microrregiones.gob.mx
855:Baja California peninsula
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2206:. Retrieved 2007-OCT-10.
2194:. Retrieved 2007-OCT-10.
2105:Journal of the Southwest
1643:and in this case endemic
1550:Ferocactus chrysacanthus
1270:and brought them all to
1078:28.117000°N 115.351944°W
1045:28.081833°N 115.339056°W
946:28.038500°N 115.186667°W
913:28.095972°N 115.186778°W
241:, "island of cedars" in
2077:Good Water and Firewood
1778:"Puerto de Cedros, B.C"
1543:(Cedros soft buckwheat)
1473:Cedros Island mule deer
1395:Cedros Island mule deer
1266:missionaries practiced
1254:Spanish colonial period
323:Isla Ángel de la Guarda
2143:Oberbauer, pp. 118-119
2134:Oberbauer, pp. 118-120
1857:"Catálogo Localidades"
1816:, accessed 20 Jun 2018
1717:Isla de Cedros Airport
1597:Mammillaria goodridgei
1585:Mammillaria goodridgei
1191:
1172:
1144:28.35417°N 115.19417°W
1111:28.09278°N 115.31306°W
1083:28.117000; -115.351944
1050:28.081833; -115.339056
1012:28.07889°N 115.18528°W
979:28.04000°N 115.19139°W
951:28.038500; -115.186667
927:Puerto Morro Redondo,
918:28.095972; -115.186778
847:salt evaporation ponds
839:Mitsubishi Corporation
792:
295:Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay
245:) is an island in the
166:Highest elevation
142:28.18278°N 115.21778°W
1622:Penstemon cedrosensis
1616:Monardella thymifolia
1410:California yellowtail
1178:
1167:
830:based on the island.
790:
283:Ensenada Municipality
1903:10.2984/049.063.0409
1649:Porophyllum cedrense
1558:Harfordia macroptera
1414:yellowtail amberjack
1149:28.35417; -115.19417
1116:28.09278; -115.31306
1017:28.07889; -115.18528
984:28.04000; -115.19139
147:28.18278; -115.21778
2287:Article in Spanish.
2019:10.1017/aaq.2017.13
1683:Senecio cedrosensis
1656:Quercus cedrosensis
1531:Dudleya pachyphytum
1524:Dudleya cedrosensis
1514:Cryptantha maritima
1349:Quercus cedrosensis
1243:Isla Espíritu Santo
1140: /
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545:Daily mean °C (°F)
411: /
342:Baja California Sur
334:28th parallel north
307:Baja California Sur
303:Mulegé Municipality
138: /
32:
2283:2009-04-16 at the
2278:Mexico Desconocido
2161:Nowadays includes
2007:American Antiquity
1676:Salvia cedrosensis
1609:Diplacus stellatus
1412:, a subspecies of
1338:California juniper
1260:Francisco de Ulloa
1192:
1173:
835:Mexican Government
793:
415:28.133°N 115.167°W
92:Show map of Mexico
2258:978-1-60781-007-0
2242:
1946:(6351): 542–545.
1747:978-1-60781-007-0
1695:Xylonagra arborea
1689:Verbesina hastata
1664:Rhus integrifolia
1578:Lotus cedrosensis
1399:carrying capacity
1379:continental shelf
1268:Indian reductions
1189:Australian Museum
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1461:Cedros Island
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1125:Punta Norte,
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1069:115°21′07.0″W
1059:La Colorada,
1058:
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1036:115°20′20.6″W
1026:San Agustín,
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937:115°11′12.0″W
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86:Cedros Island
74:
56:Cedros Island
44:
34:
31:Cedros Island
19:
2303:Geologic Map
2249:
2244:PDF fulltext
2233:(3): 77-81.
2230:
2225:
2219:
2201:
2174:CMICD (2007)
2170:
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2086:scholarspace
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2010:
2006:
1999:
1988:. Retrieved
1985:Ethnohistory
1984:
1974:
1963:. Retrieved
1943:
1939:
1929:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1869:. Retrieved
1860:
1851:
1846:INEGI (2007)
1842:
1831:. Retrieved
1821:
1809:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1785:the original
1761:
1756:
1737:
1731:
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1523:
1517:
1513:
1498:
1495:cactus mouse
1487:
1484:brush rabbit
1476:
1466:
1452:
1431:
1407:
1383:last ice age
1368:
1361:
1353:
1342:
1329:
1308:
1292:
1289:20th century
1276:
1257:
1240:
1233:
1193:
1066:28°07′01.2″N
1033:28°04′54.6″N
934:28°02′18.6″N
901:28°05′45.5″N
889:
885:
880:
878:
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832:
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797:delegaciones
796:
794:
765:
689:mm (inches)
380:
372:
352:
350:
331:
280:
263:
237:
236:
232:
231:
218:Demographics
180:
1912:10125/22780
1810:Weatherbase
1669:cedrosensis
1641:cedrosensis
1518:cedrosensis
1501:- endemic -
1490:- endemic -
1418:calico bass
1316:blueschists
1160:Archaeology
1147: /
1135:115°11′39″W
1114: /
1102:115°18′47″W
1081: /
1048: /
1015: /
1003:115°11′07″W
982: /
970:115°11′29″W
960:Jerusalem,
949: /
916: /
860:an airstrip
828:cooperative
418: /
145: /
133:115°13′04″W
121:Coordinates
2322:Categories
2308:Mining Map
2291:Baja Quest
2182:References
2111:(1): 1–38.
1990:2023-11-19
1965:2023-11-19
1871:2020-08-07
1833:2023-11-19
1601:rectispina
1589:goodridgei
1422:sheepshead
1393:, such as
1391:herbivores
1387:sea levels
1283:sea otters
1132:28°21′15″N
1099:28°05′34″N
1000:28°04′44″N
967:28°02′24″N
223:Population
130:28°10′58″N
2035:165030382
2027:0002-7316
1960:0036-8075
1921:0030-8870
1794:13 August
1723:Footnotes
1701:- endemic
1691:- endemic
1685:- endemic
1671:- endemic
1651:- endemic
1624:- endemic
1618:- endemic
1612:- endemic
1604:- endemic
1592:- endemic
1580:- endemic
1574:- endemic
1570:Linanthus
1565:- endemic
1562:fruticosa
1553:- endemic
1545:- endemic
1526:- endemic
1520:- endemic
1479:- endemic
1458:- endemic
1436:that are
1345:chaparral
1312:ophiolite
1212:sea lions
1204:shellfish
801:municipio
799:) of the
777:chubascos
759:Source:
364:driftwood
315:San Diego
277:Geography
259:New World
102:Geography
2281:Archived
2252:, 2010.
2200:(2007):
2190:(2007):
1865:Archived
1706:See also
1572:veatchii
1456:concinna
1428:Endemism
1364:sea lion
1320:Cenozoic
1216:seabirds
894:Cedros,
826:fishing
805:Ensenada
685:Average
406:115°10′W
107:Location
1940:Science
1699:arborea
1444:Animals
1438:endemic
1249:History
1220:Okinawa
1196:Pacific
1183:during
1092:Wayle,
853:on the
824:abalone
820:lobster
812:borough
680:(62.8)
675:(59.2)
670:(62.6)
665:(66.4)
660:(68.9)
655:(68.9)
650:(66.9)
645:(63.1)
640:(61.3)
635:(60.3)
630:(58.5)
625:(58.5)
620:(57.7)
610:(70.7)
605:(66.2)
600:(70.5)
595:(74.8)
590:(77.0)
585:(76.8)
580:(75.2)
575:(71.1)
570:(69.8)
565:(68.9)
560:(66.6)
555:(66.4)
550:(65.5)
540:(78.8)
535:(73.8)
530:(78.3)
525:(83.5)
520:(85.1)
515:(84.9)
510:(83.5)
505:(79.2)
500:(78.3)
495:(77.5)
490:(74.5)
485:(74.1)
480:(73.0)
403:28°08′N
377:Climate
357:redwood
327:Cozumel
243:Spanish
2256:
2227:Condor
2123:et al.
2056:
2033:
2025:
1958:
1919:
1764:(2007)
1762:et al.
1744:
1633:binata
1506:Plants
1362:Large
1298:copper
1264:Jesuit
1214:, and
818:, the
754:(2.1)
749:(0.4)
744:(0.2)
739:(0.2)
734:(0.1)
709:(0.1)
704:(0.2)
699:(0.4)
694:(0.4)
431:Month
344:. The
325:, and
271:Jesuit
255:Mexico
209:
190:Mexico
187:
2266:INEGI
2082:(PDF)
2031:S2CID
1788:(PDF)
1781:(PDF)
1697:ssp.
1667:var.
1631:var.
1599:var.
1587:var.
1560:ssp.
1516:var.
1385:when
1371:goats
1358:Fauna
1326:Flora
1279:seals
1208:seals
769:lomas
470:Year
368:pines
361:cedar
226:1,350
199:State
2254:ISBN
2054:ISBN
2023:ISSN
1956:ISSN
1917:ISSN
1796:2020
1742:ISBN
1434:taxa
1420:and
1296:and
1294:Gold
1281:and
1236:B.P.
1224:Peru
837:and
822:and
810:The
729:(0)
724:(0)
719:(0)
714:(0)
678:17.1
673:15.1
668:17.0
663:19.1
658:20.5
653:20.5
648:19.4
643:17.3
638:16.3
633:15.7
628:14.7
623:14.7
618:14.3
608:21.5
603:19.0
598:21.4
593:23.8
588:25.0
583:24.9
578:24.0
573:21.7
568:21.0
563:20.5
558:19.2
553:19.1
548:18.6
538:26.0
533:23.2
528:25.7
523:28.6
518:29.5
513:29.4
508:28.6
503:26.2
498:25.7
493:25.3
488:23.6
483:23.4
478:22.8
467:Dec
464:Nov
461:Oct
458:Sep
455:Aug
452:Jul
449:Jun
446:May
443:Apr
440:Mar
437:Feb
434:Jan
359:and
351:The
340:and
158:Area
113:off
2236:doi
2221:sic
2015:doi
1948:doi
1944:357
1907:hdl
1899:doi
1222:to
849:of
803:of
742:5.1
737:5.1
732:2.5
707:2.5
702:5.1
301:in
289:of
2324::
2109:63
2107:.
2103:.
2084:.
2029:.
2021:.
2011:82
2009:.
1983:.
1954:.
1942:.
1938:.
1915:.
1905:.
1895:63
1893:.
1889:.
1863:.
1859:.
1812:,
1769:^
1497:,
1486:,
1475:,
1465:,
1210:,
752:53
747:10
697:10
692:10
321:,
253:,
2238::
2231:9
2088:.
2075:"
2062:.
2037:.
2017::
1993:.
1968:.
1950::
1923:.
1909::
1901::
1874:.
1836:.
1798:.
1750:.
1645:.
727:0
722:0
717:0
712:0
235:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
