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Atheism and religion

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547:"O Prophet, just disregard the unbelievers and the hypocrites, and be firm against them. Their abode is Hell,-- an evil refuge indeed. They swear by God that they said nothing , but indeed they uttered blasphemy, and they did it after accepting Islam; and they meditated a plot which they were unable to carry out: this revenge of theirs was only return for the bounty which God and His Apostle had enriched them! If they repent, it will be best for them; but if they turn back , God will punish them with a grievous penalty in this life and in the Hereafter. They shall have none on this earth to protect or help them." 865:
supportive community in our congregations. We are pro-science, pro-reason, and pro-Evolution...Unitarian Universalism honors the differing paths we each travel. Our congregations are places where we celebrate, support, and challenge one another as we continue on these journeys.' The UU also accepts Christians, and many other religions who believe in a higher being, but it is not restricted - the UUA says that 'Unitarian Universalists are agnostic, theist, atheist, and everything in between.'
377:(2125) The imputability of this offense can be significantly diminished in virtue of the intentions and the circumstances. "Believers can have more than a little to do with the rise of atheism. To the extent that they are careless about their instruction in the faith, or present its teaching falsely, or even fail in their religious, moral, or social life, they must be said to conceal rather than to reveal the true nature of God and of religion." 908: 5114: 5141: 933: 433: 5101: 565:
if it is not conspicuous and a worldwide support network for ex-Muslims has existed since 2007. Some commentators believe that the number of undeclared atheists in the Arab world is substantial. According to 2012 WIN/Gallup poll of Saudi citizens, 5 percent of Saudis identify as "convinced atheists", the same percentage as in the U.S.
251:, rabbis have generally considered the behavior of a Jew to be the determining factor in whether or not one is considered an adherent of Judaism. Within these movements it is often recognized that it is possible for a Jew to strictly practice Judaism as a faith, while at the same time being an agnostic or atheist. 1295:
As the Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquility, of Mussulmen; and, as the said States never entered into any war, or act of hostility against any Mahometan
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in an interview. "We begin with the universe and say, 'It’s indifferent. There’s no God, there’s no Devil. No one cares!'" The function of God is performed and satisfied by the Satanist themself. The needs of worship, ritual, and religious/spiritual focus are directed inwards towards the Satanist, as
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whether some of the Muslim growth projections are accurate as they do not take into account the increasing number of non-religious Muslims. Quantitative research is lacking, but he believes the European trend mirrors the American: data from the General Social Survey in the United States show that 32
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Religiosity in the Arab world is seen to be essential for morality and atheism is widely associated with immorality. Religious attitudes have grown more conservative since the 1980s, compared to the preceding decades when secular socialism was politically dominant. Nonetheless, atheism is tolerated
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In May 2013, Pope Francis said that atheists may be able to enter Heaven, because the redemptive embrace of Jesus applies to everyone who does good, regardless of their beliefs. The Catechism of the Catholic Church also says Heaven is available to everyone, if they are not Christian and "through no
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religions recognize that it is possible to practice religious faith, spirituality and adherence to tenets without a belief in deities. People with what would be considered religious or spiritual belief in a supernatural controlling power are defined by some as adherents to a religion; the argument
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and the stance of theological non-realists, Altizer says, "To confess the death of God is to speak of an actual and real event, not perhaps an event occurring in a single moment of time or history, but notwithstanding this reservation an event that has actually happened both in a cosmic and in a
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in the United States. Out of all Americans who do not believe in God, 5% identified as Catholic while 9% identified as Protestant and other Christian according to the 2007 Pew Religious Landscape survey. Out of all Americans who identify as unaffiliated including atheists and agnostics, 41% were
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which supports neither. Most ancient civilizations (from city-states to empires) had state religions; most modern countries are secular. State atheism is currently practiced in China and Vietnam, but unlike the strongly enforced bans on religious worship in the early Soviet Union and after the
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Unitarian Universalism (UU) is a liberal religion, first founded when Unitarians and Universalists came together in 1961. According to the Unitarian Universalist Association, atheists and agnostics are accepted and welcomed into the UU religion. 'People with atheist and agnostic beliefs find a
354:, and Christian ministers may intelligently distinguish an individual's claims of atheism from other nominal states of personal perspective, such as plain disbelief, an adherence to science, a misunderstanding of the nature of religious belief, or a disdain for organized religion in general. 1160:
often track religious sensibilities, though some argue that these are cultural rather than religious prohibitions, though there may be an influence of religious thinking on culture. Major early transitions from state religions to secular states in Western Christiandom were noted in
1173:. Prohibitions against state support for any particular religion or against required participation are not always enforced, particularly early in this transition process, and local laws in strongly religious communities may conflict with higher-level law. For example, official 1382:
Protestants (90%) are more likely than Roman Catholics (79%) and much more likely than Jews (48%) to believe in God. Protestants (47%) are also more likely than Catholics (35%) to attend church once a month or more often. Only 16% of Jews go to synagogues once a month or more
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percent of those raised Muslim no longer embrace Islam in adulthood, and 18 percent hold no religious identification. Studies show that about half of the 4.2 million persons from Muslim background in Germany no longer embrace Islam in adulthood.
393:(1967) proclaims the highly unusual view that God has literally died, or self-annihilated. According to Altizer, this is nevertheless "a Christian confession of faith". Making clear the difference between his position and that of both 276:
Nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century Reform Judaism in the US, which had become the dominant form of Judaism there by the 1880s, was profoundly shaped by its engagement with high profile sceptics and atheists such as
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also rejected the notion of God. Samkhya lacks the notion of a 'higher being' that is the ground of all existence. It proposes a thoroughly dualistic understanding of the cosmos, in which two parallel realities
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Even in counties where freedom of religion is guaranteed by the constitution or other fundamental law, practices or beliefs of a specific religion might be reflected in ostensibly secular codes. For example,
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Langton, Daniel R. "Discourses of Doubt: The Place of Atheism, Scepticism and Infidelity in Nineteenth-Century North American Reform Jewish Thought" in Hebrew Union College Annual (2018) Vol.88. pp. 203-253.
1217: 1116:. These systems sometimes create legal problems for atheists and couples of different religions. Atheists may be forced to declare an approved religion, or may be assigned one based on their ethnicity. 1673: 1956: 1188:
Some states, regardless of state endorsement of a religion, protect major religions against insult (which may include profession of atheism or criticism of religion by atheists), including
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Religion is defined as the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, and atheism is — precisely not that. Got it? Atheism is a religion like abstinence is a sex position.
1288:. There are also online churches that have been created by atheists to secure legal rights, to ordain atheist clergy to hold ceremonies, as well as for parody, education, and advocacy. 844:
have theistic or nontheistic undertones. Religious forms of Taoism do believe in a variety of cosmological beings, which are analogies to the cosmic forces within the universe.
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nation, it is declared by the parties, that no pretext arising from religious opinions, shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries.
1181:. Despite having no state religion, the German government collects religious taxes for the constituents of several religions; the fee for leaving a religious body has been 409:(UU) consider themselves to be atheists, with 54% considering themselves humanist. According to this study 16% of UUs consider themselves Buddhist, 13% Christian, and 13% 324:, Kook held that, in practice, one could consider atheists as helping true religion burn away false images of God, thus in the end serving the purpose of true monotheism. 1366: 160: 2779: 540:, though not the subject itself. The Quran speaks repeatedly of people going back to unbelief after believing, and gives advice on dealing with "hypocrites": 373:
considerations, and admonishes the followers of Roman Catholicism to focus on their own role in encouraging atheism by their religious or moral shortcomings:
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Muslims are not at liberty to change their religion or become atheists. Atheists in Islamic countries and communities frequently conceal their non-belief.
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Legal treatment of atheism has in the past and continues to vary tremendously across different jurisdictions. Three major types of national regime exist:
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do not explicitly affirm, nor are they founded upon faith in, a higher being or beings. However, Confucian writings do have numerous references to
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believes that the emancipated soul is itself God. Jains do not believe in a creator God, but there is belief in numerous gods within the cosmos.
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embrace Jewish culture and history, rather than belief in a supernatural god, as the sources of their Jewish identity. A 2003 online poll in the
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when common law became progressively more descriptive than prescriptive, judges were allowed some latitude in determining guilt (which is why
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John Tyndall's Transcendental Materialism and the Conflict Between Religion and Science in Victorian England (Distinguished Dissertations)
1061: 782:) of a great number of spiritual beings, including the Vedic deities. From the point of view of Western theism, certain concepts of the 713:
opponents. The proper aim of a Cārvākan, according to these sources, was to live a prosperous, happy, productive life in this world (cf
828:, are vague on whether their conception of the Great Ultimate is like a personal deity or not. Although the Western translation of the 4439: 3382: 2130: 2105: 2073: 2032: 2003: 1594: 1541: 1053:). The minority of modern countries with state religions have established interpretations of either Christianity, Islam, or Buddhism. 1431: 4464: 683:, the physical) coexist and the aim of life is the gaining of liberating self-knowledge of the Purusha. Here, no God (better stated 472: 313:
character of US Reform Jewish theology was observable, which many would have viewed as atheistic or espousing atheistic tendencies.
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carries connotations of blasphemy and disconnection from the Islamic community. In Arabic, "atheism" is generally translated
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was allowed in the United States until 1962. Freedom of religion was affirmed in nearly all countries in 1966 by the
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is nontheistic, rejecting belief in God and all other deities, including Satan. "Satanism begins with atheism," said
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opposed to outwards, towards a deity. It rejects concepts such as prayer, the afterlife, and divine forces. The
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Religions that can be described as grey areas, and do not belong in the aforementioned categories, such as
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is currently established by law in both China and Vietnam, and respected in practice to some degree (see
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Philosophy of education: an encyclopedia – Volume 1671 of Garland reference library of the humanities
1360:"While Most Americans Believe in God, Only 36% Attend a Religious Service Once a Month or More Often" 1285: 896: 520: 386: 343:
raised Protestant and 28% were raised Catholic according to the 2014 Pew Religious Landscape survey.
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That a god (deva), gods, or other divine beings are the source of moral imperatives. Instead, the
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on Sunday, for example by banning alcohol sales or forcing businesses to close. Laws surrounding
569: 317: 266: 74: 302: 523:), although this also means "heresy". A person who denies the existence of a creator is called 5105: 5006: 5001: 4986: 4926: 4888: 4873: 4830: 4401: 4361: 4279: 4207: 4190: 4168: 3796: 3771: 3582: 3402: 3145: 2905: 2734: 2646: 2622: 2617: 2126: 2101: 2069: 2028: 1999: 1874: 1847: 1820: 1814: 1793: 1766: 1760: 1739: 1712: 1537: 1170: 878: 537: 525: 496: 333: 102: 1868: 1841: 1787: 1733: 1706: 1291:
In 1797, the United States Senate ratified a treaty with Tripoli that stated in Article 11:
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Aspects of Jaina religion – Issue 12 of Jñānapīṭha Mūrtidevī granthamālā: English series
4672: 4667: 4634: 4535: 4500: 4432: 4406: 4242: 4113: 4091: 4030: 3943: 3888: 3861: 3786: 3682: 3425: 3105: 2803: 2497: 2377:"The Religious Atheist – Why Atheism is on its way to becoming like any other religion" 2021: 1265: 1153: 1056:
Countries with state religions range from those with extremely tolerant laws, like the
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That human beings or other creatures are responsible to a god or gods for their actions
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that adhere to no religion have been well documented. Darren E. Sherkat questioned in
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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
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or the Adibuddha may seem to share characteristics with Western concepts of God, but
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that atheism was not a religion and not entitled to tax-exempt charitable status.
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Surveys: 'Uuism' unique Churchgoers from elsewhere, Christian Century Foundation
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is so ambiguous). British "religious atheists" are numerous and might include
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Abraham's Children: Liberty and Tolerance in an Age of Religious Conflict
1961: 1201: 1149: 1137: 1121: 1109: 1017: 874: 791: 787: 742: 717:). There is some evidence that the school persisted until at least 1578. 710: 680: 654: 639: 600: 592: 553: 410: 2224: 1212:
In Canada, atheists have set up "atheist churches" however in 2019, the
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require a belief in God (represented by Judaism's paramount prayer, the
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makes this explicit. While it identifies atheism as a violation of the
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in some Christian countries have enforced certain observances of the
1097: 1085: 1077: 1036:, where a specific religion or sect is supported by the state, and a 1008: 811: 764: 706: 515: 366: 2380: 4152: 3814: 3100: 2885: 2348: 1590: 1101: 1093: 1073: 989: 906: 841: 702: 533: 491: 486: 370: 244: 2813: 1895:"Regionalization FAQ - Background Questions & Nuts and Bolts" 1100:(for religious minorities). Similar separate systems are used in 774:
All canonical Buddhist texts that mention the subject accept the
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Church of Atheism of Central Canada v Canada (National Revenue)
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Non-Belief: An Islamic Perspective. Secularism and Nonreligion
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Sevinç, K., Coleman III, T. J., & Hood Jr., R. W. (2018).
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Most Reverend Rowan Williams Archbishop of Canterbury (2009).
1464:"Pope Francis says atheists can do good and go to heaven too!" 837: 829: 624:
The gods came afterwards, with the creation of this universe.
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and cultural ones. Not all ethnic Jews practice or believe in
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is a religion has been described as a contradiction in terms.
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The English Religious Tradition and the Genius of Anglicanism
705:, which is now known principally from fragments cited by its 405:
A 2001 survey by "Faith Communities Today" found that 18% of
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High rates of atheism have been found among self-identified
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found that only 48% of self-identified Jews believe in God.
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does not require any belief in a deity, and certain popular
509:), and that translates roughly as "denier" or "concealer". 350:
approach toward atheism. The approach taken varies between
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World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions
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Overview of the relationship between atheism and religion
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fault of their own, do not know Christ and the Church."
1937:"Existence of a Higher Power in Unitarian Universalism" 1060:, to those where the police enforce daily prayer, like 454: 5129: 926: Countries that currently practice state atheism 1280:
Atheism in the United States is protected under the
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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
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Discrimination against atheists in Islamic countries
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Atheist Community of Austin. Archived from 173:Some movements or sects within traditionally 154: 8: 1735:Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History 798:himself denied that he was a god or divine. 444:texts from within a religion or faith system 1994:Henry James Sumner Maine (September 2005). 4818: 4809: 4792: 4488: 4195: 3967: 3604: 3545: 3534: 3083: 3072: 3056: 3042: 3034: 2836: 2822: 2814: 2418: 2404: 2396: 1765:. Pearson Education India. pp. 206–. 161: 147: 31: 1977:"Satanist's Daughter To Keep the 'Faith'" 1819:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 258. 1407: 1403: 473:Learn how and when to remove this message 1816:A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 1 1792:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 71. 931: 917: Countries that formerly practiced 499:), a term that is also used to describe 5136: 1533:A medieval critique of Anthropomorphism 1499: 1487: 1327: 39: 2068:. Oxford University Press (USA 2001). 2362:from the original on 19 February 2006 1652:Sherkat, Darren E. (17 August 2015). 205:Jewish atheism usually refers to the 7: 2331:from the original on 9 February 2006 1998:. Cosimo Classics (New York, 2005). 1873:. Taylor & Francis. p. 38. 1732:David Christian (1 September 2011). 1432:Most Nones were raised in a religion 626:Who then knows whence it has arisen? 309:, with the result that a distinctly 2173:"North Texas Church of Freethought" 1066:millet system of the Ottoman Empire 1530:Swartz, Merlin (30 January 2015). 25: 2285:. London: Collins. Archived from 2205:from the original on 16 July 2011 2179:from the original on 16 July 2011 2153:from the original on 11 July 2011 1846:. Bhartiya Jnanpith. p. 27. 1606:AHMED BENCHEMSI (23 April 2015). 899:also practices LaVeyan Satanism. 832:as "god" in some editions of the 767:is an attribution of the universe 701:and atheist school of thought in 666:schools of Hindu philosophy, the 5139: 5113: 5112: 5099: 2755:Freedom From Religion Foundation 2304:"The Making of a Quaker Atheist" 1228:The chief law officer is called 670:do not accept God and the early 431: 359:Catechism of the Catholic Church 2282:The Gospel of Christian Atheism 2199:"Houston Church of Freethought" 2147:"About First Church of Atheism" 2027:. Yale University Press (USA). 2019:Kelly James Clark, ed. (2012). 1957:Interview with Peter H. Gilmore 1813:Dasgupta, Surendranath (1992). 1711:. Paulist Press. pp. 34–. 1705:Kenneth Kramer (January 1986). 1564:Goldziher, I. (24 April 2012). 1041:Communist Revolution in China, 936:Countries with state religion: 391:The Gospel of Christian Atheism 2745:Atheist Alliance International 2503:Separation of church and state 2354:Rachmani, Rav Hillel (2002b). 2349:http://doi.org/10.5334/snr.111 2323:Rachmani, Rav Hillel (2002a). 2100:. Wipf & Stock Publisher. 1312:Separation of church and state 1051:Freedom of religion in Vietnam 489:, atheists are categorized as 213:and (at least to some extent) 1: 2740:American Humanist Association 2279:Altizer, Thomas J.J. (1967). 1786:Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991). 1420:Religious self-identification 937: 653:is a valid form of belief in 451:that critically analyze them. 4585:Ordinary language philosophy 2689:Letter to a Christian Nation 2225:"Do Atheists Need a Church?" 1047:Freedom of religion in China 790:school of Buddhism, e.g. of 239:In general, formulations of 4635:Contemporary utilitarianism 4550:Internalism and externalism 2125:. Mellen University Press. 1570:BrillOnline Reference Works 1224:Great Britain (English Law) 620:Who will here proclaim it? 538:the punishment for apostasy 5178: 3899:Svatantrika and Prasangika 2550:Discrimination/Persecution 1867:Chambliss, Joseph (1996). 1358:Taylor, Humphrey. (2003). 983: 940: 872: 824:writings, such as that of 724: 660:Among the six fundamental 610: 420: 331: 249:Jewish religious movements 241:Jewish principles of faith 198: 5093: 4808: 4791: 4198: 3544: 3533: 3121:Philosophy of mathematics 3111:Philosophy of information 3082: 3071: 2851: 2121:Stephen Kim, ed. (1996). 1341:Real Time with Bill Maher 1270:University College London 253:Reconstructionist Judaism 2799:Disestablishmentarianism 2775:Recovering from Religion 2703:Why I Am Not a Christian 1517:22 November 2008 at the 4590:Postanalytic philosophy 4531:Experimental philosophy 2794:Countries by irreligion 2770:Rational Response Squad 2760:Humanists International 2661:The Demon-Haunted World 2062:Walter Bagehot (1867). 1840:Sangave, Vilas (2006). 1789:Hinduism, a way of life 1654:"Losing Their Religion" 1214:Federal Court of Canada 903:Legal status of atheism 568:The increasingly large 407:Unitarian Universalists 352:Christian denominations 4723:Social constructionism 3735:Hellenistic philosophy 3151:Theoretical philosophy 3126:Philosophy of religion 3116:Philosophy of language 2302:Amoss, George (1999). 1759:Upinder Singh (2008). 1298: 1183:challenged by atheists 1163:Colonial North America 1025: 929: 860:Unitarian Universalism 854:Unitarian Universalism 778:(as distinct from the 745:is often described as 648: 636:origin of the universe 559: 379: 259:prayer books, such as 5106:Philosophy portal 4625:Scientific skepticism 4605:Reformed epistemology 3131:Philosophy of science 2710:Why I Am Not a Muslim 2560:Negative and positive 2555:Implicit and explicit 2453:Criticism of religion 2375:Horgan, Lara (2009). 2251:"Atheism and the Law" 1536:. Brill. p. 96. 1307:Nontheistic religions 1246:Henry VIII of England 1090:Palestinian Authority 970:Orthodox Christianity 935: 910: 757:, and therefore of a 679:, the spiritual, and 570:ex-Muslim communities 447:without referring to 228:components, but also 224:encompasses not only 98:Christian agnosticism 5162:Religion and atheism 4526:Critical rationalism 4233:Edo neo-Confucianism 4077:Acintya bheda abheda 4056:Renaissance humanism 3767:School of the Sextii 3141:Practical philosophy 3136:Political philosophy 2991:Religious naturalism 2696:The System of Nature 2463:Organized secularism 2289:on 29 September 2006 1608:"Invisible Atheists" 1450:28 June 2015 at the 1286:Free Exercise Clause 897:First Satanic Church 455:improve this article 387:Thomas J. J. Altizer 133:Spiritual naturalism 80:Secular spirituality 60:Atheism and religion 41:Nontheistic religion 4097:Nimbarka Sampradaya 4008:Korean Confucianism 3755:Academic Skepticism 2717:Why I Am an Atheist 1959:, David Shankbone, 1338:(3 February 2012). 1250:English Reformation 1167:American Revolution 1043:freedom of religion 912:World map showing: 753:The existence of a 613:Atheism in Hinduism 402:historical sense." 346:There is no single 190:Abrahamic religions 108:Cultural Christians 35:Part of a series on 4718:Post-structuralism 4620:Scientific realism 4575:Quinean naturalism 4555:Logical positivism 4511:Analytical Marxism 3730:Peripatetic school 3642:Chinese naturalism 3169:Aesthetic response 3096:Applied philosophy 2750:Center for Inquiry 2654:Breaking the Spell 2478:Secular liberalism 2310:on 21 October 2006 1965:, 5 November 2007. 1686:on 15 January 2016 1026: 930: 618:Who really knows? 318:Abraham Isaac Kook 267:Humanistic Judaism 247:). In many modern 209:of people who are 75:Religious humanism 5127: 5126: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5080: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4506:Analytic feminism 4478: 4477: 4440:Kierkegaardianism 4402:Transcendentalism 4362:Neo-scholasticism 4208:Classical Realism 4185: 4184: 3957: 3956: 3772:Neopythagoreanism 3529: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3146:Social philosophy 3031: 3030: 2906:Feminist theology 2811: 2810: 2735:American Atheists 2647:The Age of Reason 1880:978-0-8153-1177-5 1853:978-81-263-1273-3 1826:978-81-208-0412-8 1799:978-81-208-0899-7 1772:978-81-317-1120-0 1745:978-0-520-95067-2 1718:978-0-8091-2781-8 1445:section 3.2.1.1.3 1372:on 9 January 2011 1171:French Revolution 1024: 1023: 879:Theistic Satanism 802:Chinese religions 483: 482: 475: 449:secondary sources 363:First Commandment 334:Christian atheism 234:religious Judaism 171: 170: 103:Christian atheism 92:Religious stances 18:Islam and atheism 16:(Redirected from 5169: 5144: 5143: 5135: 5116: 5115: 5104: 5103: 5102: 4819: 4810: 4793: 4683:Frankfurt School 4630:Transactionalism 4580:Normative ethics 4560:Legal positivism 4536:Falsificationism 4521:Consequentialism 4516:Communitarianism 4489: 4357:New Confucianism 4196: 4003:Neo-Confucianism 3968: 3777:Second Sophistic 3762:Middle Platonism 3605: 3546: 3535: 3378:Epiphenomenalism 3245:Consequentialism 3179:Institutionalism 3084: 3073: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3035: 2986:Process theology 2838: 2831: 2824: 2815: 2682:God Is Not Great 2675:The God Delusion 2668:The End of Faith 2597:Agnostic atheism 2565:Existence of God 2473:Secular humanism 2448:Anti-clericalism 2420: 2413: 2406: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2379:. Archived from 2371: 2369: 2367: 2347:, 7(1), 5. DOI: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2306:. Archived from 2298: 2296: 2294: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2026: 2016: 2010: 2009: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1972: 1966: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1685: 1678: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1603: 1597: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1527: 1521: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1460: 1454: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1377: 1371: 1365:. Archived from 1364: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1332: 1015: 1006: 997: 987: 976: 967: 954: 944: 938: 925: 916: 892:Peter H. Gilmore 884:LaVeyan Satanism 646: 587:Indian religions 557: 552:Qur'an, sura 9 ( 478: 471: 467: 464: 458: 435: 434: 427: 299:Joseph Krauskopf 287:Isaac Mayer Wise 279:Robert Ingersoll 163: 156: 149: 128:Secular Buddhism 113:Cultural Muslims 32: 21: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5138: 5130: 5128: 5123: 5100: 5098: 5077: 5041: 4941: 4903: 4850: 4804: 4803: 4775: 4764:Russian cosmism 4737: 4733:Western Marxism 4698:New Historicism 4663:Critical theory 4649: 4645:Wittgensteinian 4541:Foundationalism 4474: 4411: 4392:Social contract 4248:Foundationalism 4181: 4163: 4147:Illuminationism 4132:Aristotelianism 4118: 4107:Vishishtadvaita 4060: 4012: 3953: 3920: 3791: 3720:Megarian school 3715:Eretrian school 3656: 3617:Agriculturalism 3594: 3540: 3521: 3468: 3440: 3397: 3349: 3306: 3290:Incompatibilism 3259: 3231: 3183: 3155: 3078: 3067: 3062: 3032: 3027: 2847: 2842: 2812: 2807: 2783: 2722: 2632: 2606: 2573: 2507: 2468:Parody religion 2429: 2424: 2386: 2384: 2383:on 17 July 2010 2374: 2365: 2363: 2353: 2334: 2332: 2322: 2313: 2311: 2301: 2292: 2290: 2278: 2275: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2257:on 15 June 2010 2247:Matt Dillahunty 2245: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2227:. 18 April 2008 2223: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2108: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2006: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1827: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1773: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1746: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1659:Foreign Affairs 1651: 1650: 1646: 1636: 1634: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1589: 1585: 1575: 1573: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1519:Wayback Machine 1510: 1506: 1498: 1494: 1486: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1452:Wayback Machine 1442: 1438: 1434:pewresearch.org 1430: 1426: 1422:pewresearch.org 1418: 1414: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1303: 1282:First Amendment 1278: 1230:Lord Chancellor 1226: 1210: 1020: 1013: 1011: 1004: 1002: 995: 993: 985: 981: 974: 972: 965: 963: 952: 950: 942: 928: 927: 923: 921: 914: 905: 888:Church of Satan 881: 871: 862: 850: 848:Other religions 804: 740: 729: 723: 647: 634:, concerns the 630: 625: 623: 621: 619: 615: 609: 589: 579:Foreign Affairs 558: 551: 479: 468: 462: 459: 452: 436: 432: 425: 419: 336: 330: 307:J. Leonard Levy 291:Kaufmann Kohler 262:Gates of Prayer 222:Jewish identity 203: 197: 192: 167: 138: 137: 93: 85: 84: 50: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5175: 5173: 5165: 5164: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5109: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4962: 4957: 4951: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4909:Middle Eastern 4905: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4860: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4825: 4816: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4673:Existentialism 4670: 4668:Deconstruction 4665: 4659: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4501:Applied ethics 4497: 4495: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4465:Nietzscheanism 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4407:Utilitarianism 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4305:Transcendental 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4243:Existentialism 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4128: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4031:Augustinianism 4028: 4022: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3974: 3972: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3944:Zoroastrianism 3941: 3936: 3930: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3866: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3801: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3787:Church Fathers 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3669: 3667: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3613: 3611: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3560: 3554: 3552: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3359: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3316: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3302:Libertarianism 3299: 3298: 3297: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3275: 3269: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3193: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3165: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3106:Metaphilosophy 3103: 3098: 3092: 3090: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2845:Belief systems 2843: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804:Secular ethics 2801: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2788:Related topics 2785: 2784: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2713: 2706: 2699: 2692: 2685: 2678: 2671: 2664: 2657: 2650: 2642: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2583: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2498:Secularization 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2415: 2408: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2372: 2351: 2341: 2320: 2299: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2238: 2216: 2190: 2164: 2138: 2132:978-0773422780 2131: 2113: 2107:978-1606082096 2106: 2088: 2075:978-0192839756 2074: 2054: 2040: 2034:978-0300179378 2033: 2011: 2005:978-1596052260 2004: 1986: 1975:Sward, Susan. 1967: 1949: 1928: 1907: 1886: 1879: 1859: 1852: 1832: 1825: 1805: 1798: 1778: 1771: 1751: 1744: 1724: 1717: 1697: 1665: 1644: 1617: 1598: 1583: 1572:. Brill Online 1556: 1543:978-9004123762 1542: 1522: 1504: 1502:, p. 103. 1492: 1490:, p. 102. 1480: 1455: 1436: 1424: 1412: 1408:Rachmani 2002b 1404:Rachmani 2002a 1396: 1387: 1350: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1302: 1299: 1277: 1274: 1266:Jeremy Bentham 1232:and holds the 1225: 1222: 1209: 1206: 1058:United Kingdom 1034:state religion 1022: 1021: 1012: 1003: 994: 984: 982: 973: 964: 951: 941: 922: 913: 911: 904: 901: 870: 867: 861: 858: 849: 846: 806:Some forms of 803: 800: 796:Gautama Buddha 772: 771: 768: 761: 739: 736: 722: 719: 632:Nasadiya Sukta 628: 608: 605: 588: 585: 549: 481: 480: 439: 437: 430: 418: 415: 397:notion of the 332:Main article: 329: 326: 295:Emil G. Hirsch 201:Jewish atheism 199:Main article: 196: 193: 191: 188: 169: 168: 166: 165: 158: 151: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 130: 125: 123:Jewish atheism 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 94: 91: 90: 87: 86: 83: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 51: 48: 47: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5174: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5120: 5119: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046:Miscellaneous 5044: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742:Miscellaneous 4740: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4728:Structuralism 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4713:Postmodernism 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4703:Phenomenology 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4640:Vienna Circle 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4570:Moral realism 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4372:Phenomenology 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4312:Individualism 4310: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4177:Judeo-Islamic 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4153:ʿIlm al-Kalām 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4102:Shuddhadvaita 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4036:Scholasticism 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3532: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3487:Conceptualism 3485: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3416:Particularism 3414: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3383:Functionalism 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3368:Eliminativism 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3273:Compatibilism 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3212:Particularism 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3040: 3039: 3036: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3017: 3016:Transcendence 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2728:Organizations 2725: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2483:Secular state 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2398: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2165: 2152: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2114: 2109: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2089: 2077: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2036: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1882: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1836: 1833: 1828: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1809: 1806: 1801: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1782: 1779: 1774: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1728: 1725: 1720: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1701: 1698: 1682: 1675: 1669: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1648: 1645: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1571: 1567: 1560: 1557: 1545: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1397: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1368: 1361: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1276:United States 1275: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1264:and, notably 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175:school prayer 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1146:homosexuality 1143: 1142:contraception 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1038:secular state 1035: 1031: 1030:state atheism 1019: 1010: 1001: 992:(unspecified) 991: 980: 971: 962: 958: 957:Protestantism 949:(unspecified) 948: 939: 934: 920: 919:state atheism 909: 902: 900: 898: 893: 889: 885: 880: 876: 868: 866: 859: 857: 855: 847: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 822:Neo-Confucian 819: 818: 813: 809: 801: 799: 797: 793: 789: 786:found in the 785: 781: 777: 769: 766: 762: 760: 759:creator deity 756: 752: 751: 750: 748: 744: 737: 735: 733: 728: 720: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 686: 682: 678: 673: 669: 665: 664: 658: 656: 652: 645: 641: 637: 633: 627: 614: 606: 604: 602: 598: 594: 586: 584: 581: 580: 575: 574:Western world 571: 566: 562: 556:), ayat 73-73 555: 548: 544: 543:Sura 9:73,74 541: 539: 536:is silent on 535: 530: 528: 527: 522: 518: 517: 512: 508: 507: 502: 498: 494: 493: 488: 477: 474: 466: 456: 450: 446: 445: 440:This section 438: 429: 428: 424: 416: 414: 412: 408: 403: 400: 396: 392: 388: 383: 378: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 355: 353: 349: 344: 341: 335: 327: 325: 323: 319: 314: 312: 311:panentheistic 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 274: 272: 271:United States 268: 264: 263: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 216: 212: 208: 202: 194: 189: 187: 185: 180: 176: 164: 159: 157: 152: 150: 145: 144: 142: 141: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 118:Hindu atheism 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 95: 89: 88: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 46: 45: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 5111: 5097: 4768: 4759:Postcritique 4749:Kyoto School 4708:Posthumanism 4688:Hermeneutics 4543: / 4484:Contemporary 4460:Newtonianism 4423:Cartesianism 4382:Reductionism 4218:Conservatism 4213:Collectivism 4151: 3879:Sarvāstivadā 3857:Anekantavada 3782:Neoplatonism 3750:Epicureanism 3683:Pythagoreans 3622:Confucianism 3588:Contemporary 3578:Early modern 3482:Anti-realism 3436:Universalism 3393:Subjectivism 3189:Epistemology 3020: 2946:Neoplatonism 2876:Antireligion 2765:Humanists UK 2715: 2708: 2701: 2694: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2645: 2524: 2520:Demographics 2443:Antireligion 2385:. Retrieved 2381:the original 2364:. Retrieved 2333:. Retrieved 2312:. Retrieved 2308:the original 2291:. Retrieved 2287:the original 2281: 2259:. Retrieved 2255:the original 2241: 2229:. Retrieved 2219: 2207:. Retrieved 2193: 2181:. Retrieved 2167: 2155:. Retrieved 2141: 2122: 2116: 2097: 2091: 2079:. Retrieved 2064: 2057: 2043: 2022: 2014: 1995: 1989: 1980: 1970: 1960: 1952: 1940:. Retrieved 1931: 1919:. Retrieved 1910: 1898:. Retrieved 1889: 1869: 1862: 1842: 1835: 1815: 1808: 1788: 1781: 1761: 1754: 1734: 1727: 1707: 1700: 1688:. Retrieved 1681:the original 1668: 1657: 1647: 1635:. Retrieved 1631:The Guardian 1629: 1620: 1612:New Republic 1611: 1601: 1586: 1574:. Retrieved 1569: 1559: 1547:. Retrieved 1532: 1525: 1507: 1500:Altizer 1967 1495: 1488:Altizer 1967 1483: 1471:. Retrieved 1468:catholic.org 1467: 1458: 1439: 1427: 1415: 1399: 1390: 1381: 1374:. Retrieved 1367:the original 1353: 1345: 1340: 1330: 1294: 1290: 1279: 1248:ordered the 1227: 1211: 1187: 1118: 1064:. Under the 1062:Saudi Arabia 1055: 1027: 947:Christianity 890:High Priest 882: 863: 851: 834:Tao te Ching 815: 808:Confucianism 805: 779: 775: 773: 747:non-theistic 741: 730: 715:Epicureanism 694: 689: 684: 661: 659: 649: 643: 617: 603:in India. 590: 577: 567: 563: 560: 546: 542: 531: 524: 514: 510: 504: 490: 484: 469: 460: 453:Please help 441: 404: 399:death of God 390: 384: 380: 376: 356: 345: 337: 328:Christianity 315: 275: 260: 238: 204: 179:polytheistic 175:monotheistic 172: 59: 29: 4754:Objectivism 4693:Neo-Marxism 4655:Continental 4565:Meta-ethics 4545:Coherentism 4450:Hegelianism 4387:Rationalism 4347:Natural law 4327:Materialism 4253:Historicism 4223:Determinism 4114:Navya-Nyāya 3889:Sautrāntika 3884:Pudgalavada 3820:Vaisheshika 3673:Presocratic 3573:Renaissance 3512:Physicalism 3497:Materialism 3403:Normativity 3388:Objectivism 3373:Emergentism 3363:Behaviorism 3312:Metaphysics 3278:Determinism 3217:Rationalism 2976:Panentheism 2956:New Thought 2901:Esotericism 2866:Agnosticism 2579:Agnosticism 2458:Freethought 2387:12 December 1996:Ancient Law 1942:25 December 1921:25 December 1900:25 December 1473:16 December 1258:English law 1254:Restoration 1134:pornography 1009:Shi'a Islam 1000:Sunni Islam 979:Catholicism 961:Anglicanism 727:Transtheism 699:materialist 501:polytheists 395:Nietzsche's 389:. His book 283:Felix Adler 55:Agnosticism 5053:Amerindian 4960:Australian 4899:Vietnamese 4879:Indonesian 4428:Kantianism 4377:Positivism 4367:Pragmatism 4342:Naturalism 4322:Liberalism 4300:Subjective 4238:Empiricism 4142:Avicennism 4087:Bhedabheda 3971:East Asian 3894:Madhyamaka 3874:Abhidharma 3740:Pyrrhonism 3507:Nominalism 3502:Naturalism 3431:Skepticism 3421:Relativism 3411:Absolutism 3340:Naturalism 3250:Deontology 3222:Skepticism 3207:Naturalism 3197:Empiricism 3161:Aesthetics 3065:Philosophy 3001:Shramanism 2981:Polytheism 2961:Nondualism 2936:Monotheism 2916:Henotheism 2911:Gnosticism 2856:Abrahamism 2570:Antitheism 2493:Secularity 2488:Secularism 2435:Irreligion 2427:Irreligion 2314:27 October 2293:27 October 2273:References 1981:sfgate.com 1690:24 January 1336:Bill Maher 1262:George Fox 1238:conscience 1169:, and the 1114:Bangladesh 873:See also: 725:See also: 611:See also: 421:See also: 340:Christians 303:Aaron Hahn 215:culturally 211:ethnically 4932:Pakistani 4894:Taiwanese 4841:Ethiopian 4814:By region 4800:By region 4615:Scientism 4610:Systemics 4470:Spinozism 4397:Socialism 4332:Modernism 4295:Objective 4203:Anarchism 4137:Averroism 4026:Christian 3978:Neotaoism 3949:Zurvanism 3939:Mithraism 3934:Mazdakism 3705:Cyrenaics 3632:Logicians 3265:Free will 3227:Solipsism 3174:Formalism 2996:Shamanism 2971:Pantheism 2941:Mysticism 2931:Monolatry 2921:Immanence 2628:Humanists 2623:Agnostics 2602:Apatheism 2545:Criticism 1983:. SFGate. 1576:9 January 1566:"Dahrīya" 1376:1 January 1323:Citations 1216:ruled in 1198:blasphemy 1190:Indonesia 1122:blue laws 780:authority 776:existence 463:June 2015 348:Christian 226:religious 70:Pantheism 5156:Category 5146:Religion 5118:Category 5073:Yugoslav 5063:Romanian 4970:Scottish 4955:American 4884:Japanese 4864:Buddhist 4846:Africana 4836:Egyptian 4678:Feminist 4600:Rawlsian 4595:Quietism 4493:Analytic 4445:Krausism 4352:Nihilism 4317:Kokugaku 4280:Absolute 4275:Idealism 4263:Humanism 4051:Occamism 4018:European 3963:Medieval 3909:Yogacara 3869:Buddhist 3862:Syādvāda 3745:Stoicism 3710:Cynicism 3698:Sophists 3693:Atomists 3688:Eleatics 3627:Legalism 3568:Medieval 3492:Idealism 3446:Ontology 3426:Nihilism 3330:Idealism 3088:Branches 3077:Branches 2966:Pandeism 2891:Dharmism 2861:Acosmism 2618:Atheists 2525:Religion 2360:Archived 2329:Archived 2203:Archived 2177:Archived 2151:Archived 1962:Wikinews 1515:Archived 1448:Archived 1301:See also 1236:of 'the 1202:apostasy 1150:gambling 1138:abortion 1110:Pakistan 1018:Buddhism 875:Satanism 869:Satanism 792:Amitabha 788:Mahayana 755:creation 743:Buddhism 738:Buddhism 711:Buddhist 697:) was a 695:Charvaka 681:Prakriti 655:Hinduism 644:10:129-6 640:Rig Veda 629:—  607:Hinduism 601:Buddhism 593:Hinduism 554:At-Tawba 550:—  367:virtuous 49:Concepts 5068:Russian 5037:Spanish 5032:Slovene 5022:Maltese 5017:Italian 4997:Finland 4965:British 4947:Western 4937:Turkish 4922:Islamic 4917:Iranian 4869:Chinese 4856:Eastern 4823:African 4770:more... 4455:Marxism 4285:British 4228:Dualism 4124:Islamic 4082:Advaita 4072:Vedanta 4046:Scotism 4041:Thomism 3983:Tiantai 3926:Persian 3914:Tibetan 3904:Śūnyatā 3845:Cārvāka 3835:Ājīvika 3830:Mīmāṃsā 3810:Samkhya 3725:Academy 3678:Ionians 3652:Yangism 3609:Chinese 3600:Ancient 3563:Western 3558:Ancient 3517:Realism 3474:Reality 3464:Process 3345:Realism 3325:Dualism 3320:Atomism 3202:Fideism 2951:New Age 2896:Dualism 2881:Atheism 2871:Animism 2530:History 2513:Atheism 2366:5 March 2335:5 March 2261:20 July 2081:29 June 1595:9:73–74 1549:27 July 1344:. HBO. 1242:monarch 1240:of the 1158:tobacco 1154:alcohol 1126:Sabbath 1082:Lebanon 826:Chu Hsi 732:Jainism 721:Jainism 691:Cārvāka 677:Purusha 672:Mimamsa 668:Samkhya 651:Atheism 597:Jainism 572:in the 526:dahriya 207:atheism 195:Judaism 184:atheism 65:Ietsism 5132:Portal 5027:Polish 5007:German 5002:French 4987:Danish 4977:Canada 4927:Jewish 4889:Korean 4874:Indian 4416:People 4337:Monism 4290:German 4258:Holism 4191:Modern 4169:Jewish 4092:Dvaita 4065:Indian 3988:Huayan 3840:Ajñana 3797:Indian 3662:Greco- 3647:Taoism 3637:Mohism 3583:Modern 3550:By era 3539:By era 3454:Action 3335:Monism 3255:Virtue 3237:Ethics 3011:Theism 2926:Monism 2611:People 2587:Strong 2231:1 July 2209:1 July 2183:1 July 2157:1 July 2129:  2104:  2072:  2031:  2002:  1877:  1850:  1823:  1796:  1769:  1742:  1715:  1593:  1540:  1383:often. 1208:Canada 1194:heresy 1165:, the 1130:nudity 1098:Greece 1096:, and 1088:, the 1086:Israel 1078:Jordan 1016:  1014:  1007:  1005:  998:  996:  988:  986:  977:  975:  968:  966:  955:  953:  945:  943:  924:  915:  812:Taoism 784:Buddha 765:Dharma 707:Astika 693:(also 663:Astika 316:Rabbi 305:, and 257:Reform 230:ethnic 218:Jewish 5058:Aztec 5012:Greek 4992:Dutch 4982:Czech 4831:Bantu 4268:Anti- 3815:Nyaya 3805:Hindu 3665:Roman 3459:Event 3101:Logic 3006:Taoic 2886:Deism 2638:Books 2535:State 1684:(PDF) 1677:(PDF) 1637:6 May 1591:Quran 1370:(PDF) 1363:(PDF) 1234:title 1102:India 1094:Egypt 1074:Syria 990:Islam 842:Laozi 703:India 685:theos 534:Quran 521:إلحاد 516:ilhad 511:Kafir 506:shirk 492:kafir 487:Islam 442:uses 417:Islam 411:Pagan 371:moral 245:Shema 182:that 4159:Sufi 3993:Chan 3852:Jain 3825:Yoga 3355:Mind 3295:Hard 3283:Hard 3022:more 2592:Weak 2389:2009 2368:2006 2337:2006 2316:2006 2295:2006 2263:2009 2233:2011 2211:2011 2185:2011 2159:2011 2127:ISBN 2102:ISBN 2083:2013 2070:ISBN 2029:ISBN 2000:ISBN 1944:2016 1923:2016 1902:2016 1875:ISBN 1848:ISBN 1821:ISBN 1794:ISBN 1767:ISBN 1740:ISBN 1713:ISBN 1692:2016 1639:2016 1578:2019 1551:2017 1538:ISBN 1475:2018 1378:2011 1112:and 1106:Iran 1070:Iraq 1049:and 959:and 877:and 817:Tian 810:and 709:and 599:and 532:The 497:كافر 357:The 322:idol 281:and 4433:Neo 3998:Zen 2540:New 1284:'s 840:by 838:Tao 830:Tao 485:In 369:or 177:or 5158:: 2358:. 2327:. 2249:. 2201:. 2175:. 2149:. 1979:. 1656:. 1628:. 1610:. 1568:. 1466:. 1406:; 1380:. 1272:. 1204:. 1200:, 1196:, 1185:. 1156:, 1152:, 1148:, 1144:, 1140:, 1136:, 1132:, 1108:, 1104:, 1092:, 1084:, 1080:, 1076:, 1072:, 856:. 642:, 638:, 595:, 529:. 413:. 301:, 297:, 293:, 289:, 236:. 5134:: 3057:e 3050:t 3043:v 2837:e 2830:t 2823:v 2419:e 2412:t 2405:v 2391:. 2370:. 2339:. 2318:. 2297:. 2265:. 2235:. 2213:. 2187:. 2161:. 2135:. 2110:. 2085:. 2051:. 2037:. 2008:. 1946:. 1925:. 1904:. 1883:. 1856:. 1829:. 1802:. 1775:. 1748:. 1721:. 1694:. 1662:. 1641:. 1614:. 1580:. 1553:. 1477:. 1410:. 675:( 519:( 503:( 495:( 476:) 470:( 465:) 461:( 457:. 162:e 155:t 148:v 20:)

Index

Islam and atheism
Nontheistic religion
Agnosticism
Atheism and religion
Ietsism
Pantheism
Religious humanism
Secular spirituality
Christian agnosticism
Christian atheism
Cultural Christians
Cultural Muslims
Hindu atheism
Jewish atheism
Secular Buddhism
Spiritual naturalism
v
t
e
monotheistic
polytheistic
atheism
Jewish atheism
atheism
ethnically
culturally
Jewish
Jewish identity
religious
ethnic

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