2750:
the
Christian faith appeared only two or more decades following the siege. The earliest and most reliable sources describe the execution of eight hundred to one thousand soldiers or citizens and the local bishop, but none mention a conversion as a condition of clemency. Even more telling, neither a contemporary Turkish chronicle nor Italian diplomatic reports mention martyrdom. One would imagine that if such a report were circulating, humanists and preachers would have seized on it. It seems likely that more inhabitants of Otranto were taken out of Italy and sold into slavery than were slaughtered.
1340:
4200:
1626:'Ubada b. as-Samit reported: Allah's Messenger as saying: Receive teaching from me, receive teaching from me. Allah has ordained a way for those women. When an unmarried male commits adultery with an unmarried female, they should receive one hundred lashes and banishment for one year. And in case of married male committing adultery with a married female, they shall receive one hundred lashes and be
4189:
59:
1724:
Some commentators have suggested that terrorists use alternative interpretations of these surahs to justify beheading captives, however there is agreement among scholars that they have a different meaning. Furthermore, according to Rachel Saloom, surah 47:4 goes on to recommend generosity or ransom
2749:
Recently, though, historians have begun to question the veracity of these tales of mass slaughter and martyrdom. Francesco Tateo argues that the earliest contemporary sources do not support the story of the eight hundred martyrs; such tales of religious persecution and conscious self-sacrifice for
1581:
Muslim-majority nations carry out a large percentage of the world's executions. In the year 2020, an
Amnesty International report found that 88 percent of all recorded executions took place in either Iran, Egypt, Iraq or Saudi Arabia. However, 'all recorded executions' did not include data from
1469:
The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His
Messenger, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is: execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land: that is their disgrace in this world, and a heavy
1601:
Several Muslim-majority nations have not performed an execution in several decades, though death sentences may still be given. Leaders in
Algeria and Tunisia, which have not executed criminals since the early 1990s, have recently suggested a return to capital punishment.
1465:) a right to, if the court approves, take the life of the killer. Hudud crimes, which are crimes against God, and are considered the most serious offences under sharia law, for which punishments are prescribed in the Quran. This includes banditry and adultery:
1618:
in public under sharia is controversial for being a cruel form of capital punishment. These forms of execution remain part of the law enforced in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Qatar, Iran and
Mauritania. However no stoning has been implemented for many years.
1484:
Diyya is controversial, especially when paid to avoid trial for crimes such as murder. Concerns have been raised that poor offenders face trial and capital punishment while wealthy offenders avoid even a trial by paying off qisas compensation. The
2207:
1669:
Today, its use had been abandoned in most countries by the end of the 20th century. Decapitation is a legal method of execution in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Yemen, and was reportedly used in 2001 in Iran according to
1696:
Now when ye meet in battle those who disbelieve, then it is smiting of the necks until, when ye have routed them, making fast of bonds; and afterward either grace or ransom 'til the war lay down its burdens.
1690:
When the Lord inspired the angels (saying) I am with you. So make those who believe stand firm. I will throw fear into the hearts of those who disbelieve. Then smite the necks and smite of them each finger.
1666:. The use of decapitation for punishment continued well into the 20th century in both Islamic and non-Islamic nations. When done properly, it was once considered a humane and honorable method of execution.
1991:
2176:
2557:
1918:
3949:
1457:
is a category of sentencing where sharia permits capital punishment, for intentional or unintentional murder. In the case of death, sharia gives the murder victim's nearest relative or
3831:
2350:
3199:
2258:
Ebbe, O. N., & Odo, I. (2013), The
Islamic Criminal Justice System, in Comparative and International Criminal Justice Systems: Policing, Judiciary, and Corrections, CRC Press,
1733:
Decapitation was the normal method of executing the death penalty under classical
Islamic law. It was also, together with hanging, one of the ordinary methods of execution in the
2304:
Javaid Rehman & Eleni
Polymenopoulou (2013), Is Green part of the rainbow - Sharia, Homosexuality, and LGBT Rights in the Muslim World, Fordham Int'l Law Journal, 37:1-501
3816:
1326:
2237:
1831:
in 1880 and led Jihad against the
Ottoman Empire and their British allies. He and his followers beheaded opponents, Christian and Muslim alike including the British general
1763:
as recently as 2001, but as of 2014 is no longer in use. It is also a legal form of execution in Qatar and Yemen, but the punishment has been suspended in those countries.
2199:
2529:
2083:
3915:
1813:
in 1480. According to a traditional account, after capture, more than 800 of its inhabitants – who refused to convert to Islam – were beheaded. They are known as the "
1682:
There is a debate as to whether the Quran discusses decapitation. Two surahs could potentially be used to provide a justification for decapitation in the context of
2713:
1740:
Currently, Saudi Arabia is the only country in the world which uses decapitation within its
Islamic legal system. The majority of executions carried out by the
989:
1961:
2584:
1983:
3846:
1939:
1845:
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1598:, both hudud and qisas type capital punishment is part of the legal system and in use. In others, there is variation in the use of capital punishment.
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2608:
2168:
1470:
punishment is theirs in the Hereafter, Except for those who return repenting before you apprehend them. And know that Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.
1238:
2111:
3937:
1641:
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1319:
880:
3841:
2789:
2547:
4244:
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3808:
2510:
2371:"Beheading was last used as a method of execution in 2001....beheading is no longer in use." Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide,
1705:
interprets the last sentence of 8:12 to mean striking at the enemies in any way possible, from their head to the tips of their extremities.
2342:
1435:
Both the hadiths and the Quran mention specific crimes for which capital punishment is a valid punishment. In the four primary schools of
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2017:
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2648:
2397:
Rachel Saloom (2005), "Is Beheading Permissible under Islamic Law – Comparing Terrorist Jihad and the Saudi Arabian Death Penalty",
2325:
2032:
1860:
1749:
1192:
853:
2229:
4234:
3574:
3430:
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2612:
438:
1509:(mischief in the land, or moral corruption against Allah, social disturbance and creating disorder within the Muslim state) and
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1427:-prescribed punishment for crimes such as apostasy from Islam, adultery, witchcraft, murder, rape, and publishing pornography.
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1112:
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36:
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2664:
Watt, W. Montgomery (2012). "Ḳurayẓa". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
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1953:
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1255:
253:
2144:
Marion Katz (2006), Corruption of the Times and the Mutability of the Shari'a, The. Cardozo Law Review, 28:171-188
1513:(consensual heterosexual or homosexual relations not allowed by Islam, specifically pre-marital or extramarital).
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1914:
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crimes, for example, are considered crimes against Allah and require capital punishment in public. These include
1420:
1122:
1092:
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343:
1721:, the expression indicates the brevity of the act, as it is confined to battle and is not a continuous command.
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4140:
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3004:
1294:
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885:
719:
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Jon Weinberg (2008), Sword of Justice? Beheadings Rise in Saudi Arabia, Harvard International Review, 29(4):15
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when waging war, and it refers to a period when Muslims were persecuted and had to fight for their survival.
4239:
4003:
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2502:
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1127:
467:
2429:
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dagli, Caner K.; Dakake, Maria Massi; Lumbard, Joseph E.B.; Rustom, Mohammed (2015).
2411:
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dagli, Caner K.; Dakake, Maria Massi; Lumbard, Joseph E.B.; Rustom, Mohammed (2015).
4155:
4084:
4053:
3993:
2975:
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Byron Farwell, Prisoners of the Mahdi (New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1989), pp. 156-7.
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1117:
891:
868:
516:
443:
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1832:
1709:
reads the reference to striking at the necks as conveying the gravity and severity of the fighting. For
1671:
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1233:
1213:
2471:
Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century
2448:
Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century
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2013:
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2468:
2445:
2048:
Shahid M. Shahidullah, Comparative Criminal Justice Systems: Global and Local Perspectives,
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17:
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602:
360:
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2029:
381:
1904:
Samuel M. Zwemer, The law of Apostasy, The Muslim World. Volume 14, Issue 4, pp. 373–391
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309:
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2315:
1759:
According to Amnesty, decapitation have been carried out by state authorities in
3755:
3245:
3184:
3111:
2998:
1850:
1818:
1663:
1344:
800:
159:
2433:. HarperCollins (Kindle edition). p. Commentary to 47:4, Loc. 59632–59635.
2415:. HarperCollins (Kindle edition). p. Commentary to 8:12, Loc. 23676–23678.
2012:
Mohamed El-Awa (1993), Punishment in Islamic Law, American Trust Publications,
1887:
Mohamed El-Awa (1993), Punishment in Islamic Law, American Trust Publications,
4048:
3145:
3120:
2200:"Tunisia president calls for return of death penalty following brutal killing"
1718:
1710:
1706:
1558:
1548:
429:
1622:
Quotations regarding stoning can be seen in hadiths including the following:
3763:
3194:
3009:
1714:
1582:
China, where the number of executions is classified information. In several
1564:
1538:
1146:
1031:
268:
2548:"Saudi Arabia's Beheadings Are Public, but It Doesn't Want Them Publicized"
295:
1772:
The Islamic followers of Mohammed executed the men of the Jewish tribe of
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3602:
3460:
3412:
3206:
3160:
3124:
2849:
2169:"Mideast states made 'chilling' use of executions amid pandemic: Amnesty"
1591:
1533:
1527:
1443:
1412:
1392:
969:
926:
828:
140:
4111:
3717:
3405:
3285:
3177:
3170:
3165:
2907:
2591:, deathpenaltyworldwide.org, Cornell Law School, accessed 13 June 2016.
1810:
1784:
1611:
1543:
1177:
947:
835:
783:
580:
281:
133:
78:
2127:
Oliver Leaman (2013), Controversies in Contemporary Islam, Routledge,
3635:
3609:
3568:
3529:
3446:
3359:
3280:
3135:
3081:
3076:
2843:
1522:
1505:(leaving Islam to become an atheist or convert to another religion),
1404:
1384:
1376:
1364:
933:
708:
701:
558:
481:
302:
113:
68:
1776:
for an alleged treaty violation, with several hundred killed in 627.
2745:
Creating East And West: Renaissance Humanists And the Ottoman Turks
3884:
3709:
3663:
3651:
3453:
3439:
3398:
3071:
2928:
2914:
2835:
2798:
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1828:
1683:
1506:
1498:
1454:
1436:
1372:
1359:
1338:
1025:
1018:
940:
919:
912:
898:
842:
776:
769:
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648:
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591:
547:
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226:
219:
200:
179:
106:
99:
87:
58:
3550:
3522:
3472:
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3364:
2935:
2527:"Saudi Arabia's Beheading of a Nanny Followed Strict Procedures"
1595:
1570:
1510:
1489:
in 2012 brought particular attention to this issue in Pakistan.
1476:
1458:
1439:
1408:
905:
821:
789:
620:
569:
509:
349:
188:
170:
152:
44:
3970:
3738:
3354:
2771:
2767:
2747:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 158.
2317:
An Introduction to Comparative Legal Models of Criminal Justice
1388:(accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the
2118:, Revue des Sciences Politiques, No. 29 (2011), pages 92-101
2155:"11 countries where LGBTQ+ people still face death penalty"
1446:
fiqh, certain types of crimes mandate capital punishment.
1821:
of this account has been questioned by modern scholars.
1442:(Islamic jurisprudence) and the two primary schools of
2399:
UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs
2230:"Algeria considers death penalty for child abductors"
1984:"An introduction to sharia law and the death penalty"
1517:
List of crimes where capital punishment is applicable
1399:
law which could result in capital punishment include
2081:"Qisas being used by the wealthy to avoid trial: CJ"
4067:
4034:
3984:
3893:
3860:
3807:
3754:
3560:
3482:
3429:
3378:
3220:
3102:
3062:
2945:
2897:
2821:
2431:The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary
2413:The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary
1662:was a standard method of execution in pre-modern
2490:
2488:
2486:
1624:
1467:
1752:, which usually cause mass gatherings but are
1395:during his lifetime). Crimes according to the
2783:
1954:"BBC - Religions - Islam: Capital punishment"
1807:invaded and laid siege to the city of Otranto
1320:
1070:
8:
2602:"Iran / death penalty A state terror policy"
2714:"How the 800 Martyrs of Otranto Saved Rome"
2286:The Stop Stoning Forever Campaign: A Report
2094:(Pakistan), 3 October 2013 (concerning the
3981:
3967:
3751:
3735:
3375:
3351:
2818:
2790:
2776:
2768:
2498:The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective
1846:Capital and corporal punishment in Judaism
1327:
1313:
1088:
1077:
1063:
873:
738:
540:
452:
329:
73:
31:
2609:International Federation for Human Rights
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2640:Capital Punishment: A Reference Handbook
1754:not allowed to be photographed or filmed
2424:
2422:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1791:; a Christian knight who served in the
1419:, etc. Death penalty is in use in many
1205:
1154:
1100:
1091:
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852:
809:
748:
455:
332:
186:
177:
168:
85:
76:
43:
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2575:
2475:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2452:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2353:from the original on December 27, 2017
1938:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1931:
29:Overview of the death penalty in Islam
2314:Cliff Roberson, Dilip K. Das (2008).
1856:Religion and capital punishment#Islam
7:
2689:The Real History Behind the Templars
2546:Justine Drennen (January 20, 2015).
2495:Hood, Roger; Hoyle, Carolyn (2015).
2240:from the original on 25 October 2021
2210:from the original on 25 October 2021
2179:from the original on 25 October 2021
1994:from the original on 25 October 2021
2343:"Decapitation and the Muslim World"
2618:from the original on 19 April 2019
2560:from the original on July 27, 2019
2341:Nina Rastogi (February 20, 2009).
1866:Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia
1797:against Islam's two holiest cities
1363:is traditionally regulated by the
25:
1861:Public executions in Saudi Arabia
1343:"Execution of a Moroccan Jewess (
4199:
4198:
4187:
3718:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
2966:Timeline of the history of Islam
2674:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4535
1674:, where it is no longer in use.
57:
4059:List of ex-Muslim organisations
2536:, abcnews.com, 11 January 2013.
2198:Cordall, Simon (October 2020).
1982:Asif, Naima (26 January 2021).
1964:from the original on 2019-12-05
1921:from the original on 2018-07-21
586:(unlawful warfare and banditry)
2637:Kronenwetter, Michael (2001).
2582:"Death Penalty Database: Iran"
1701:Among classical commentators,
1:
2611:. 16 March 2010. p. 38.
2373:Death Penalty Worldwide: Iran
1431:Capital crimes and sentencing
4245:Islam and capital punishment
4044:Apostasy in Islam by country
3921:Liberalism and progressivism
1183:Pre-Islamic Arabian religion
18:Islam and capital punishment
1729:Decapitation in Islamic law
4261:
2320:. CRC Press. p. 156.
1652:
1423:, where it is utilised as
1371:), which derived from the
4182:
3980:
3966:
3832:Geography and cartography
3750:
3734:
3374:
3350:
2817:
2806:
2234:www.middleeastmonitor.com
2028:Encyclopædia Britannica,
1421:Muslim-majority countries
4141:Islamic view of miracles
2691:. Penguin. p. 133.
607:("spreading corruption")
4235:Punishments in religion
3906:Creationism (evolution)
2687:Newman, Sharan (2007).
2668:(2nd ed.). Brill.
2553:Foreign Policy Magazine
2503:Oxford University Press
2467:Rudolph Peters (2006).
2444:Rudolph Peters (2006).
4156:Persecution of Muslims
4054:List of former Muslims
2971:Succession to Muhammad
2666:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2401:, vol. 10, pp. 221–49.
2096:murder of Shahzeb Khan
2070:& 34 5:33 & 34
1795:and organized attacks
1767:Historical occurrences
1699:
1693:
1646:
1487:Murder of Shahzeb Khan
1482:
1351:
3950:Conversion to mosques
3817:Alchemy and chemistry
2743:Nancy Bisaha (2004).
1694:
1688:
1672:Amnesty International
1655:Decapitation in Islam
1649:Decapitation in Islam
1342:
45:Islamic jurisprudence
4230:Corporal punishments
3676:Ma malakat aymanukum
3251:Association football
2236:. 13 November 2020.
1789:Raynald of Châtillon
1787:personally beheaded
1703:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1678:In Islamic scripture
1530:of married personals
1266:Religious conversion
2724:on 17 December 2013
2092:The Express Tribune
1577:Modern applications
1401:apostasy from Islam
1103:Abrahamic religions
1095:and other religions
4161:Quran and miracles
4075:Criticism of Islam
3789:Geometric patterns
3641:Gender segregation
3212:Non-denominational
2587:2019-04-07 at the
2532:2019-07-18 at the
2378:2019-07-27 at the
2291:2015-04-03 at the
2114:2014-09-03 at the
2109:Islam's Trajectory
2086:2015-04-08 at the
2035:2015-02-05 at the
1815:Martyrs of Otranto
1594:, as well as Shia
1356:Capital punishment
1352:
698:Gender segregation
261:Islamic leadership
4212:
4211:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4146:Domestic violence
4136:Islamic terrorism
4131:Islamic extremism
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3516:Marriage contract
3346:
3345:
3306:Political aspects
3093:Story of Prophets
2862:Prophets of Islam
2712:Bunson, Matthew.
2525:Russell Goldman,
2512:978-0-19-870173-6
2284:R Terman (2007),
2175:. 21 April 2021.
1827:declared himself
1750:public beheadings
1584:Islamic countries
1347:)" a painting by
1337:
1336:
1087:
1086:
1001:
1000:
859:
858:
673:
672:
526:
525:
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244:
243:
16:(Redirected from
4252:
4202:
4201:
4194:Islam portal
4192:
4191:
4190:
3982:
3974:
3968:
3809:Medieval science
3752:
3742:
3736:
3393:Economic history
3376:
3352:
3338:Islam by country
3171:Bektashi Alevism
2819:
2810:Outline of Islam
2792:
2785:
2778:
2769:
2762:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2720:. Archived from
2718:Catholic Answers
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2416:
2408:
2402:
2395:
2382:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2125:
2119:
2105:
2099:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2057:
2046:
2040:
2026:
2020:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1885:
1781:Battle of Hattin
1644:
1480:
1475:Qur'an, Sura 5,
1464:
1349:Alfred Dehodencq
1329:
1322:
1315:
1104:
1089:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1042:Prisoners of war
1037:
995:
990:Comparison with
874:
739:
666:
655:
644:
627:
617:
608:
598:
587:
576:
565:
541:
453:
330:
289:Wilayat al-faqih
275:Majlis-ash-Shura
74:
61:
32:
21:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4188:
4186:
4170:
4092:Cultural Muslim
4063:
4030:
3986:Other religions
3976:
3972:
3954:
3889:
3856:
3803:
3746:
3744:Islamic studies
3740:
3722:
3556:
3501:
3478:
3425:
3370:
3369:
3342:
3291:Moral teachings
3234:
3216:
3190:Nation of Islam
3151:Twelver Shi'ism
3098:
3064:Religious texts
3058:
2976:Early conquests
2959:
2941:
2893:
2813:
2802:
2796:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2589:Wayback Machine
2580:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2534:Wayback Machine
2524:
2520:
2513:
2505:. p. 178.
2494:
2493:
2484:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2396:
2385:
2380:Wayback Machine
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2293:Wayback Machine
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2204:theguardian.com
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2126:
2122:
2116:Wayback Machine
2106:
2102:
2088:Wayback Machine
2079:
2075:
2064:
2060:
2047:
2043:
2037:Wayback Machine
2027:
2023:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1915:"Archived copy"
1913:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1842:
1769:
1731:
1680:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1634:
1628:stoned to death
1608:
1579:
1519:
1495:
1481:
1474:
1462:
1452:
1433:
1390:Islamic prophet
1333:
1304:
1178:Pagan Sabianism
1155:Other religions
1102:
1094:
1083:
1053:Islamic studies
1047:
1046:
1035:
1013:
1003:
1002:
988:
985:
953:
871:
861:
860:
848:
796:
736:
726:
725:
724:
685:
675:
674:
664:
653:
643:(discretionary)
642:
625:
615:
606:
603:Mofsed-e-filarz
596:
585:
574:
563:
538:
528:
527:
522:
435:
387:
355:
327:
317:
316:
315:
256:
246:
245:
240:
148:
147:
119:
71:
46:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4258:
4256:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4240:Islamic ethics
4237:
4232:
4227:
4217:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4196:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4071:
4069:
4068:Related topics
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3990:
3988:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3748:
3747:
3739:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3701:
3699:Sources of law
3696:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3672:
3667:
3660:
3655:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3577:
3572:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3323:Social welfare
3320:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3007:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2986:Historiography
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2827:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2754:
2735:
2704:
2698:978-0425215333
2697:
2679:
2656:
2649:
2629:
2593:
2571:
2538:
2518:
2511:
2482:
2459:
2436:
2418:
2403:
2383:
2364:
2333:
2326:
2306:
2297:
2277:
2268:
2264:978-1466560338
2251:
2221:
2190:
2160:
2157:. 17 May 2023.
2146:
2137:
2133:978-0415676137
2120:
2100:
2073:
2058:
2054:978-1449604257
2041:
2021:
2018:978-0892591428
2005:
1974:
1945:
1906:
1897:
1893:978-0892591428
1876:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:Charles Gordon
1825:Muhammad Ahmad
1822:
1804:Ottoman Empire
1802:Forces of the
1800:
1793:Second Crusade
1777:
1768:
1765:
1744:government of
1735:Ottoman Empire
1730:
1727:
1679:
1676:
1653:Main article:
1650:
1647:
1632:
1607:
1604:
1586:such as Sunni
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1494:
1491:
1472:
1451:
1448:
1432:
1429:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1198:Zoroastrianism
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
997:
996:
984:
983:
978:
973:
965:
962:
961:
955:
954:
952:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
883:
877:
872:
867:
866:
863:
862:
857:
856:
850:
849:
847:
846:
839:
832:
825:
817:
814:
813:
807:
806:
805:
804:
795:
794:
780:
773:
766:
758:
755:
754:
746:
745:
737:
732:
731:
728:
727:
723:
722:
717:
712:
705:
695:
687:
686:
681:
680:
677:
676:
671:
670:
669:
668:
665:(compensation)
657:
646:
632:
631:
630:
629:
618:
609:
600:
589:
578:
567:
556:
551:
539:
534:
533:
530:
529:
524:
523:
521:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
463:
460:
459:
449:
448:
447:
446:
441:
434:
433:
426:
419:
418:
417:
410:
398:
392:
389:
388:
386:
385:
378:
371:
364:
356:
354:
353:
346:
340:
337:
336:
328:
323:
322:
319:
318:
314:
313:
306:
299:
292:
285:
278:
271:
265:
264:
263:
257:
252:
251:
248:
247:
242:
241:
239:
238:
223:
216:
208:
196:
193:
192:
184:
183:
175:
174:
166:
165:
164:
163:
156:
149:
146:
145:
137:
128:
122:
118:
117:
110:
103:
95:
92:
91:
83:
82:
72:
67:
66:
63:
62:
54:
53:
41:
40:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4257:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4205:
4197:
4195:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:Post-Islamism
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4004:Protestantism
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3965:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3847:Ophthalmology
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3595:Death penalty
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:Other aspects
3559:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3365:Jurisprudence
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3104:Denominations
3101:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2924:
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2889:Holiest sites
2887:
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2884:Judgement Day
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2107:David Forte,
2104:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2056:, pp. 370-377
2055:
2051:
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2042:
2038:
2034:
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2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1963:
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1958:www.bbc.co.uk
1955:
1949:
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1605:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:against Islam
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1554:Homosexuality
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
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1456:
1449:
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1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:homosexuality
1414:
1410:
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1159:
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1153:
1148:
1145:
1143:
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1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1128:Protestantism
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
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1105:
1099:
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703:
699:
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689:
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684:
679:
678:
667:
662:
658:
656:
654:(retaliation)
651:
647:
645:
640:
636:
635:
634:
633:
628:
623:
619:
613:
610:
604:
601:
599:
594:
590:
588:
583:
579:
577:
575:(illicit sex)
572:
568:
566:
561:
557:
555:
552:
550:
549:
545:
544:
543:
542:
537:
532:
531:
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486:
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483:
479:
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470:
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464:
462:
461:
458:
454:
445:
444:Breastfeeding
442:
440:
437:
436:
432:
431:
427:
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424:
420:
416:
415:
411:
409:
408:
404:
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384:
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365:
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351:
347:
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335:
331:
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321:
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307:
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279:
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259:
258:
255:
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236:
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229:
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224:
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221:
217:
214:
213:
209:
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191:
190:
185:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
167:
162:
161:
157:
155:
154:
150:
143:
142:
138:
136:
135:
130:
129:
127:
126:
125:Sunnah prayer
121:
120:
116:
115:
111:
109:
108:
104:
102:
101:
97:
96:
94:
93:
90:
89:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
52:
50:
42:
38:
34:
33:
27:
19:
4119:Islamophobia
3994:Christianity
3942:
3875:Contemporary
3769:Architecture
3708:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3567:
3549:
3544:Nikah mut'ah
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3471:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3310:
3091:
3015:
2997:
2990:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:Five Pillars
2876:
2842:
2831:God in Islam
2808:
2757:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2722:the original
2717:
2707:
2688:
2682:
2665:
2659:
2643:. ABC-CLIO.
2639:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2596:
2562:. Retrieved
2551:
2541:
2521:
2497:
2470:
2462:
2447:
2439:
2430:
2412:
2406:
2398:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2346:
2336:
2316:
2309:
2300:
2280:
2271:
2266:, Chapter 16
2254:
2242:. Retrieved
2233:
2224:
2212:. Retrieved
2203:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2173:france24.com
2172:
2163:
2149:
2140:
2123:
2103:
2091:
2076:
2061:
2044:
2024:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1988:law.ox.ac.uk
1987:
1977:
1966:. Retrieved
1957:
1948:
1923:. Retrieved
1909:
1900:
1774:Banu Qurayza
1758:
1746:Saudi Arabia
1739:
1732:
1723:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1681:
1668:
1660:Decapitation
1658:
1637:Sahih Muslim
1635:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1609:
1600:
1588:Saudi Arabia
1580:
1496:
1483:
1468:
1453:
1434:
1424:
1396:
1383:
1377:
1368:
1354:
1353:
1214:Antisemitism
1206:Islam and...
1118:Christianity
1113:Baháʼí Faith
1032:
1024:
1017:
991:
968:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
841:
834:
827:
820:
799:
788:
782:
775:
768:
761:
749:
707:
690:
660:
649:
638:
621:
616:("sedition")
597:("mischief")
592:
581:
570:
559:
546:
517:Masturbation
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
428:
421:
412:
405:
380:
373:
366:
359:
348:
308:
301:
294:
287:
280:
273:
233:
225:
218:
211:
199:
187:
178:
169:
158:
151:
139:
132:
123:
112:
105:
98:
86:
77:
48:
26:
3894:Other areas
3885:Theological
3880:Eschatology
3837:Mathematics
3774:Calligraphy
3704:Theological
3658:Inheritance
3575:Cleanliness
3005:Shi'a Imams
2999:Ahl al-Bayt
2728:11 February
2135:, Chapter 9
1851:Raif Badawi
1819:Historicity
1664:Islamic law
1479:33 & 34
1365:Islamic law
1345:Sol Hachuel
1123:Catholicism
854:Inheritance
801:Bayt al-mal
160:Nafl prayer
4219:Categories
4049:Ex-Muslims
3944:Shu'ubiyya
3938:Psychology
3926:Literature
3916:Inventions
3862:Philosophy
3670:Leadership
3646:Honorifics
3301:Philosophy
3156:Isma'ilism
3121:Maturidism
3010:Caliphates
2981:Golden Age
2872:Revelation
2244:25 October
2214:25 October
2183:25 October
1998:25 October
1968:2019-12-04
1925:2022-07-11
1872:References
1779:After the
1719:Ibn Kathir
1711:al-Qurtubi
1707:Al-Qurtubi
1559:Kidnapping
1549:Witchcraft
1380:literature
1271:Secularism
1261:Shia–Sunni
1239:Liberalism
715:Honorifics
564:(gambling)
4166:Symbolism
4124:Incidents
4102:Criticism
3999:Mormonism
3901:Astrology
3827:Cosmology
3822:Astronomy
3764:Arabesque
3631:Etiquette
3590:Blasphemy
3380:Economics
3195:Ahmadiyya
3129:Mu'tazili
3117:Ash'arism
2295:WLUM Laws
1895:, pp 1-68
1715:al-Tabari
1616:beheading
1565:Rebellion
1539:Espionage
1249:Modernism
1244:Modernity
1229:Democracy
1224:Blasphemy
1147:Mandaeism
1133:Mormonism
1033:Istijarah
683:Etiquette
626:(stoning)
554:Blasphemy
269:Caliphate
254:Political
4204:Category
4097:Islamism
4080:Muhammad
4036:Apostasy
4011:Hinduism
3911:Feminism
3842:Medicine
3682:Military
3636:Gambling
3585:Apostasy
3580:Criminal
3492:Marriage
3461:Tayammum
3413:Murabaha
3286:Madrasas
3276:Holidays
3266:Clothing
3261:Children
3256:Calendar
3207:Quranism
3161:Alawites
3125:Atharism
3016:Rashidun
2855:In Islam
2850:Muhammad
2613:Archived
2585:Archived
2558:Archived
2530:Archived
2376:Archived
2351:Archived
2289:Archived
2238:Archived
2208:Archived
2177:Archived
2112:Archived
2084:Archived
2033:Archived
1992:Archived
1962:Archived
1934:cite web
1919:Archived
1840:See also
1809:and its
1783:(1187),
1633:—
1592:Pakistan
1561:of women
1534:Apostasy
1528:Adultery
1503:apostasy
1497:Certain
1473:—
1413:adultery
1393:Muhammad
1295:Category
1276:Violence
1256:Politics
1219:Apostasy
1193:Yazidism
1168:Hinduism
1163:Buddhism
1036:(asylum)
1011:Military
970:Dhabihah
927:Tayammum
829:Murabaha
734:Economic
536:Criminal
475:Abortion
439:Adoption
396:Polygyny
344:Contract
334:Marriage
206:clothing
141:Tahajjud
37:a series
35:Part of
4151:Nursing
4112:Qutbism
4026:Sikhism
4021:Judaism
4016:Jainism
3852:Physics
3799:Pottery
3784:Gardens
3779:Carpets
3694:Slavery
3616:Divorce
3603:Dhabiĥa
3431:Hygiene
3406:Takaful
3388:Banking
3318:Science
3312:Qurbani
3281:Mosques
3241:Animals
3230:Culture
3178:Zaydism
3166:Alevism
3052:Ottoman
3042:Almohad
3037:Fatimid
3032:Córdoba
3027:Abbasid
3022:Umayyad
2955:Leaders
2950:History
2908:Shahada
2823:Beliefs
2622:5 April
2564:May 30,
2357:May 30,
1811:citadel
1785:Saladin
1742:Wahhabi
1642:17:4191
1612:stoning
1610:Lethal
1606:Methods
1544:Robbery
1425:sharīʿa
1397:sharīʿa
1369:sharīʿa
1188:Sikhism
1173:Jainism
1142:Judaism
992:kashrut
976:Alcohol
959:Dietary
948:Istinja
892:Taharah
869:Hygiene
836:Takaful
811:Banking
787: (
784:Sadaqah
743:History
582:Hirabah
496:Hygiene
430:Kafa'ah
401:Divorce
282:Imamate
230: (
204: (
134:Tarawih
100:Raka'ah
79:Shahada
4225:Sharia
3973:
3931:poetry
3741:
3626:Ethics
3610:Dhimmi
3569:Baligh
3530:Mahram
3487:Family
3467:Toilet
3447:Miswak
3200:Lahori
3141:Salafi
3087:Seerah
3082:Tafsir
3077:Hadith
3047:Sokoto
2992:Sahaba
2867:Angels
2844:Tawhid
2801:topics
2695:
2647:
2509:
2324:
2262:
2131:
2068:
2052:
2039:(2012)
2016:
1891:
1717:, and
1697:(47:4)
1691:(8:12)
1523:Murder
1405:murder
1385:sunnah
1382:, and
1378:ḥadīth
1300:Portal
934:Miswak
886:Toilet
881:Sexual
720:Toilet
709:Mahram
702:Purdah
663:
652:
641:
624:
614:
605:
595:
584:
573:
562:
560:Maisir
482:Baligh
457:Sexual
382:Mut‘ah
368:Halala
361:Misyar
325:Family
303:Dhimmi
296:Bay'ah
212:Mut'ah
114:Turbah
69:Ritual
4085:Quran
3975:Other
3870:Early
3794:Music
3710:Kalam
3664:Jizya
3652:Hudud
3537:Nikah
3454:Najis
3440:Ghusl
3399:Sukuk
3328:Women
3296:Music
3271:Flags
3185:Ibadi
3112:Sunni
3072:Quran
2929:Zakat
2915:Salah
2878:Qadar
2836:Allah
2799:Islam
2616:(PDF)
2605:(PDF)
2347:Slate
2066:Quran
2030:Qisas
1829:Mahdi
1507:fasad
1499:hudud
1493:Hudud
1455:Qisas
1450:Qisas
1444:Shi'a
1437:Sunni
1373:Quran
1360:Islam
1093:Islam
1026:Hudna
1019:Jihad
941:Najis
920:Ghusl
913:Masah
899:Ihram
843:Sukuk
777:Khums
770:Nisab
763:Jizya
751:Zakat
650:Qisas
639:Tazir
612:Fitna
593:Fasad
548:Hudud
468:Awrah
423:Iddah
414:Zihar
407:Khula
227:Umrah
220:Tawaf
201:Ihram
180:Zakat
107:Qibla
88:Salah
3756:Arts
3687:POWs
3621:Diet
3551:Zina
3523:Mahr
3509:Haya
3473:Wudu
3420:Riba
3333:LGBT
3225:Life
3146:Shia
3136:Sufi
3127:and
2936:Hajj
2922:Sawm
2730:2012
2693:ISBN
2645:ISBN
2624:2016
2566:2022
2507:ISBN
2359:2022
2322:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2246:2021
2216:2021
2185:2021
2129:ISBN
2050:ISBN
2014:ISBN
2000:2021
1940:link
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