1209:
762:
41:
557:
817:. The Qing government under Qianlong then ordered the extermination of the Sufi Jahriya "New Teaching" and banned adoption of non-Muslim children by Muslims, converting non-Muslims to Muslim and banning new mosques from being built. Some Sufi Khafiya "Old Teaching" Muslims still served in Qing forces in fighting against the Jahriya Sufi "New Teaching" Muslims despite the fact that those laws forbdding them from spreading their religion applied to them too. Li Shiyao was a member of the Qing Eight Banners and related to the Qing royal family.
1428:
1382:, using Confucian terminology to explain Islam. Liu Zhi met and talked with the Vice Minister of the Board of War regarding Islam, convincing him that Confucian principles were supported by Islam so that it should not be regarded as heretical. Liu Zhi used neo-Confucianism in his Islamic work titled as "The Philosophy of Arabia", and it was written that the book "illuminates" Confucianism, while Confucianism was at odds with Buddhism and Taoism, in a preface to the book by the non-Muslim Vice-Minister of the Board of Propriety.
903:); or that once, when an artisan made a sabre for him, he tested the weapon by cutting off the artisan's son head, who came with his father and was standing nearby, after that with words " it's a really good sabre " he presented artisan with a gift. This reign of tyranny did not make Kashgarians miss the Khoja too much when he was defeated by Qing troops after ruling the city for four months and forced to flee back to Kokand.
1269:
spread to China via Yemen and
Central Asia. Most Islamic proselytization activity occurred within the Muslim community itself between different sects and was not directed at non-Muslims, proselytizers who sought to convert other Muslims included people like Qi Jingyi, Ma Mingxin, Ma Qixi, and Ma Laichi. Some Sufi orders wear distinctive headgear, a six cornered hat can be found in China. The most important
1258:
546:
1195:. The Hui Muslims of Shaanxi supported the revolutionaries and the Hui Muslims of Gansu supported the Qing. The native Hui Muslims of Xi'an (Shaanxi province) joined the Han Chinese revolutionaries in slaughtering the entire 20,000 Manchu population of Xi'an. The native Hui Muslims of Gansu province led by general
693:, who he falsely claimed converted to Islam. Kangxi falsely claimed that Galdan had spurned and turned his back on Buddhism and the Dalai Lama and that he was plotting to install a Muslim as ruler of China after invading it in a conspiracy with Chinese Muslims. Kangxi also distrusted Muslims of Turfan and Hami.
1268:
spread throughout the
Northwestern China in the early decades of the Qing dynasty (mid-17th century through early 18th century), helped by somewhat easier travel between China and the Middle East. Among the Sufi orders found in China are the Kubrawiyya, Naqshbandiyya, and Qadiriyya. The Naqshbandiyya
653:
peoples in the revolt. After fierce fighting, and negotiations, a peace agreement was agreed on in 1649, and
Milayan and Ding nominally pledged allegiance to the Qing and were given ranks as members of the Qing military. When other Ming loyalists in southern China made a resurgence and the Qing were
1187:
where they would serve as slaves in Han Banner garrisons in
Guangzhou. Russian, Oirats and Muslims (Oros. Ulet. Hoise jergi weilengge niyalma) such as Yakov and Dmitri were exiled to the Han banner garrison in Guangzhou. In the 1780s after the Muslim rebellion in Gansu started by Zhang Wenqing 張文慶
1065:
area, with no ramifications or consequences from the Muslim rebellions of other areas. Allès wrote in the document "Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan" published by French Centre for
Research on Contemporary China that "The major Muslim revolts in the middle of
657:
The
Confucian Hui Muslim scholar Ma Zhu (1640-1710) served with the southern Ming loyalists against the Qing. Zhu Yu'ai, the Ming Prince Gui was accompanied by Hui refugees when he fled from Huguang to the Burmese border in Yunnan and as a mark of their defiance against the Qing and loyalty to the
2771:
1789 Mongol Code (Ch. 蒙履 Menggu lüli, Mo. Mongγol čaγaǰin-u bičig), (Ch. 南省，給駐防爲, Mo. emün-e-tü muji-dur čölegüljü sergeyilen sakiγči quyaγ-ud-tur boγul bolγ-a). Mongol Code 蒙例 (Beijing: Lifan yuan, 1789; reprinted Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1968), p. 124. Batsukhin
Bayarsaikhan, Mongol Code
1199:
sided with the Qing and prepared to attack the anti-Qing revolutionaries of Xi'an city. Only some wealthy
Manchus who were ransomed and Manchu females survived. Wealthy Han Chinese seized Manchu girls to become their slaves and poor Han Chinese troops seized young Manchu women to be their wives.
1053:
However, Muslims in other parts of China proper like in the east and southern provinces who did not revolt, were not affected at all by the rebellion, and experienced no genocide, nor did they seek to revolt. It was reported that Muslim villages in Henan province, which was next to
Shaanxi, were
812:
More than 1000 Hui Muslim children and women from the Sufi
Jahriya order in eastern Gansu were massacred by Qing Banner general Li Shiyao during a 1784 uprising by Hui Jahriyya Muslims Zhang Wenqing and Tian Wu, 3 years after an early 1781 rebellion by Salar Sufi Jahriyya members when the Qing
740:
because of the rape of Uyghur Muslim women for months by the Manchu official Sucheng and his son. The Manchu Emperor ordered that the Uyghur rebel town be massacred, the Qing forces enslaved all the Uyghur children and women and slaughtered the Uyghur men. Manchu soldiers and Manchu officials
1188:
was defeated, Muslims like Ma Jinlu 馬進祿 were exiled to the Han Banner garrison in Guangzhou to become slaves to Han Banner officers. The Qing code regulating Mongols in Mongolia sentenced Mongol criminals to exile and to become slaves to Han bannermen in Han Banner garrisons in China proper.
749:
Professor of Chinese and Central Asian History at Georgetown University, James A. Millward wrote that foreigners often mistakenly think that Ürümqi was originally a Uyghur city and that the Chinese destroyed its Uyghur character and culture, however, Ürümqi was founded as a Chinese city by
654:
forced to withdraw their forces from Gansu to fight them, Milayan and Ding once again took up arms and rebelled against the Qing. The Muslim Ming loyalists were then crushed by the Qing with 100,000 of them, including Milayin, Ding Guodong, and Turumtay killed in battle.
1145:. The 1895 revolt was similar to the 1781 Jahriyya revolt in that it began with fighting between different Muslim factions, and that they had tried to resolve the dispute between the factions through the legal system of China before turning to violence.
899:, capturing Kashgar. Aside from his execution of Adolf Schlagintweit, his cruelty found many other reflections in the local legends. It is said that he killed so many innocent Muslims that four or six minarets were built from the skulls of the victims (
644:
in order to drive the Qing out and restore the Ming Prince of Yanchang Zhu Sichuan to the throne as the emperor. The Muslim Ming loyalists were supported by Hami's Sultan Sa'id Baba and his son Prince Turumtay. The Muslim Ming loyalists were joined by
745:
was preceded by another Manchu official, Binjing who raped a Muslim daughter of the Kokan aqsaqal from 1818 to 1820. The Qing sought to cover up the rape of Uyghur women by Manchus to prevent anger against their rule from spreading among the Uyghurs.
4166:
1182:
In addition to sending Han exiles convicted of crimes to Xinjiang to be slaves of Banner garrisons there, the Qing also practiced reverse exile, exiling Inner Asian (Mongol, Russian and Muslim criminals from Mongolia and Inner Asia) to
704:
in the northwest. With the conquest of the Dzungaria, there was attempt to divide the Xinjiang region into four sub-khanates under four chiefs who were subordinate to the emperor. Similarly, the Qing made members of was a member of the
1455:. It sentenced Europeans to death for spreading Christianity among Han Chinese and Manchus (tartars). Christians who would not repent their conversion were sent to Muslim cities in Xinjiang, to be given as slaves to Muslim leaders and
976:
wrote about the real incident in one of his novels, claiming the Muslims who had nearly lynched Shuxing'a were not Hui Muslims but belonged to another ethnicity but nevertheless the Manchu official blamed all Muslims for the incident.
4230:
3364:
Chinese Gleams of Sufi Light: Wang Tai-yu's Great Learning of the Pure and Real and Liu Chih's Displaying the Concealment of the Real Realm. With a New Translation of Jami's Lawa'ih from the Persian by William C.
793:
followers of the Jahriya in 1781 and 1784, but they were easily and promptly suppressed, with the help of the Khafiya. Han, Hui, and Dongxiang joined the Salar Jahriyya in the 1781 revolt against the Qing.
1101:
These pro-Qing Hui warlords rose to power by their fighting against Muslim rebels. The sons of the defected Muslim warlords of the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) helped the Qing crush the Muslim rebels in the
871:
under Kath Tora led to his accession to rulership of Kashgar as an authoritarian ruler. His reign, however, was brief, for at the end of seventy-five days, on the approach of the Chinese, he fled back to
1439:
of various sects increased in China after the Opium Wars, they became interested in converting China's Muslims to Christianity. A significant amount of research was dedicated to the Muslim "problem", as
952:
origin which had converted to Islam. Du Wenxiu raised the banner of his revolt in the name of driving the Manchus out of China and establishing unity between Han and Hui. The insurgents took the city of
1097:
sect, and they helped Qing massacre Jahariyya rebels. General Zuo moved the Han around Hezhou out of the area and relocated them as a reward for the Muslims there helping Qing kill other Muslim rebels.
4064:
972:. Shuxing'a developed a deep hatred of Muslims after an incident where he was stripped naked and nearly lynched by a mob of Muslims. He ordered several Muslim rebels to be slow sliced to death.
4825:
1066:
the nineteenth century which involved the Hui in Shaanxi, Gansu and Yunnan, as well as the Uyghurs in Xinjiang, do not seem to have had any direct effect on this region of the central plain."
4786:
1374:
and Allah, justifying Muslim obedience to the Qing government, since Allah was reflected by the Mandate of Haven in this world. Liu Zhi and Wang Daiyu's writings became part of the
1011:, broke out due to a pricing dispute over bamboo poles which a Han merchant was selling to a Hui. It lasted from 1862 to 1877. The failure of the revolt led to the flight of many
910:'s rule in Kashgaria after he took over the area from the Qing, found the conditions under Yaqub Beg to be oppressive and recalled Qing rule favorably and in a positive manner.
4159:
4830:
4666:
832:
were not recaptured by the Qing until 1828, after a three-year campaign. Hui Muslim merchants helped the Qing fight off Jahangir Khoja and his Turkic Kokandi invaders. The
3423:
721:
Mountains. In 1758–59, however, rebellions against this arrangement broke out both north and south of the Tian Shan mountains. Then in the oasis of Ush to the south of
4505:
614:. There were five major Muslim rebellions during the Qing period. The first and last rebellions were caused by sectarian infighting between rival Sufi Muslim orders.
4245:
1244:-language inscriptions being the chief distinguishing feature. Many Muslims held government positions, including positions of importance, particularly in the army.
161:
3861:
4650:
4621:
4240:
3696:
4322:
2621:
Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 298. JSTOR, JSTOR,
2608:
Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 294. JSTOR, JSTOR,
2410:
Damsan Harper, Steve Fallon, Katja Gaskell, Julie Grundvig, Carolyn Heller, Thomas Huhti, Bradley Maynew, Christopher Pitts. Lonely Planet China. 9. 2005.
1247:
The Qing treated Han and Hui civilians in the same legal category. Both Han and Hui were moved from the walled city in Beijing to the outside, while only
4310:
4295:
3997:
2283:
585:
1208:
3459:
2484:
The Islam Quintet: Shadows of the Pomegranate Tree, The Book of Saladin, The Stone Woman, A Sultan in Palermo, and Night of the Golden Butterfly
640:
capital in 1644, Muslim Ming loyalists in Gansu led by Muslim leaders Milayin and Ding Guodong led a revolt in 1646 against the Qing during the
5033:
4372:
761:
3397:
1240:, and other places (in addition to those in the western Muslim regions). The architecture typically employed traditional Chinese styles, with
5100:
5064:
4305:
3551:
2772:(Mongγol čaγaǰin - u bičig), Monumenta Mongolia IV (Ulaanbaatar: Centre for Mongol Studies, National University of Mongolia, 2004), p. 142.
2732:
2563:
2266:
1849:
3922:
3616:
Kim Hodong, "Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877". Stanford University Press (March 2004).
863:. In Kashgaria, this was followed by another invasion in 1829 by Mahommed Ali Khan and Yusuf Khoja, the brother of Jahangir. In 1846, a new
4534:
4285:
4198:
3937:
4203:
4107:
2762:Šande 善德, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3238-046, QL 54.5.6 (May 30, 1789) and Šande, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3248-028, QL 54.6.30 (August 20, 1789).
5095:
4750:
4119:
3992:
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3658:
3469:
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3304:
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2927:
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2372:
2320:
2232:
2112:
2078:
2024:
1997:
1876:
1815:
1778:
1740:
1702:
1668:
1634:
1597:
1563:
1529:
1451:
in 1814 A.D. added a sixth clause in this section with reference to Christianity. It was modified in 1821 and printed in 1826 by the
153:
5039:
4880:
4755:
4112:
3689:
3641:
3621:
3613:(chapter on Du Wenxiu, the Panthay Rebellion and the founding of Panglong in Burma). Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B006GMID5K
2900:
2415:
2293:
1488:
785:
as well as perceived mismanagement, corruption, and anti-Muslim attitudes of the Qing officials resulted in attempted uprisings by
4850:
1947:
421:
805:
Sufis, the Jahriyya Sufi Muslims and their rivals, the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims, led to a Jahriyya Sufi Muslim rebellion which the
4967:
4210:
3897:
3783:
3507:
3434:
1257:
3932:
3871:
3831:
1839:
4551:
4417:
4185:
3841:
2873:
2846:
2542:
2438:
2051:
1930:
1903:
1306:
446:
355:
4032:
3972:
1110:
1103:
1048:
1032:
986:
129:
121:
4985:
4616:
4300:
4290:
4275:
4270:
4102:
4052:
3806:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
86:
81:
76:
71:
860:
742:
4744:
4522:
4389:
4255:
4149:
3759:
3749:
3682:
3192:
3158:
1447:
Under the "fundamental laws" of China, one section is titled "Wizards, Witches, and all Superstitions, prohibited." The
578:
383:
330:
957:
and declared the new nation of Pingnan Guo, meaning “the Pacified Southern Nation”. The rebellion found support among
741:
regularly having sex with or raping Uyghur women caused massive hatred and anger by Uyghur Muslims to Manchu rule. The
4661:
4644:
4154:
4129:
4092:
4002:
3962:
3714:
3653:. Vol. 5 of International Dictionary of Historic Places (illustrated, annotated ed.). Taylor & Francis.
24:
3328:
3294:
2994:
2722:
3535:
3226:
3096:
3062:
5044:
4490:
3492:
3362:
3952:
3739:
3579:
Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China
1200:
Young pretty Manchu girls were also seized by Hui Muslims of Xi'an during the massacre and brought up as Muslims.
1179:
the Qing armies only massacred the Muslims who had rebelled, and spared Muslims who took no part in the uprising.
736:
occurred after Uyghur women were gang raped by the servants and son of Manchu official Su-cheng. It was said that
5054:
4773:
4702:
4495:
4027:
3821:
2256:
1362:
wrote about Sufism in Chinese and translated Sufi writings from their original languages. The Hui Muslim scholar
50:
1427:
4975:
4795:
4529:
4500:
4250:
3101:. Vol. 149 of Harvard East Asian monographs (illustrated ed.). Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 59.
2678:
Lipman, Jonathan N. (Jul 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu".
2635:
Lipman, Jonathan N. (Jul 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu".
2178:
Lipman, Jonathan N. (Jul 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu".
2135:
Lipman, Jonathan N. (Jul 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu".
1086:
641:
350:
40:
4571:
4037:
4022:
3856:
3754:
571:
335:
280:
1587:
1366:
used Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist terminology in his Islamic writings. Liu Zhi and Wang Daiyu were both
1303:. He was known among the Hui Sufis as Qi Daozu (Grand Master Qi). The shrine complex around "great tomb" (
4952:
4840:
4721:
4546:
3764:
3515:(illustrated, reprint, annotated ed.). State University of New York Press. p. 25. Archived from
3333:. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series. Scarecrow Press. p. 146.
3163:. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series. Scarecrow Press. p. 104.
907:
370:
4845:
3907:
3811:
1061:
Elisabeth Allès wrote that the relationship between Hui Muslim and Han peoples continued normally in the
5026:
4885:
4512:
4474:
4362:
4342:
4260:
4059:
4042:
3876:
2865:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
2838:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
1498:
166:
1224:
In the Qing dynasty, Muslims had many mosques in the large cities, with particularly important ones in
1807:
Charities in the Non-Western World: The Development and Regulation of Indigenous and Islamic Charities
4957:
4924:
4890:
4835:
4715:
4697:
4407:
4337:
4144:
3927:
1412:
2890:
2622:
2609:
1400:
are a group of Chinese immigrants who arrived in Thailand via Burma or Laos. Most of them were from
5010:
4860:
4800:
4732:
4412:
4265:
4220:
3967:
3846:
3826:
3734:
3636:
Gernet, Jacques. A History of Chinese Civilization. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
3401:
1300:
888:
729:
137:
3583:
3555:
2789:
2537:
Gernet, Jacques. A History of Chinese Civilization. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
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4606:
4601:
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4357:
4352:
4347:
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4017:
3836:
3486:
3131:
2703:
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2660:
2652:
2203:
2195:
2160:
2152:
1441:
607:
466:
411:
61:
2430:
The Chinese Sultanate: Islam, Ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856-1873
290:
2482:
4905:
4900:
4875:
4820:
4815:
4738:
4686:
4591:
4422:
4327:
4225:
4124:
4087:
4012:
3942:
3912:
3866:
3654:
3637:
3617:
3465:
3369:
3334:
3300:
3266:
3232:
3198:
3164:
3112:
3102:
3068:
3034:
3000:
2957:
2951:
2923:
2917:
2896:
2869:
2863:
2842:
2836:
2819:
2803:
2728:
2559:
2538:
2515:
2488:
2461:
2455:
2434:
2411:
2368:
2362:
2316:
2310:
2289:
2262:
2228:
2108:
2074:
2068:
2047:
2041:
2020:
2014:
1993:
1987:
1926:
1899:
1893:
1872:
1866:
1845:
1811:
1805:
1774:
1736:
1698:
1664:
1630:
1624:
1593:
1559:
1525:
1519:
1493:
1371:
1359:
1292:
1241:
1192:
1044:
1036:
969:
925:
919:
880:
864:
710:
215:
113:
3260:
3028:
2509:
2428:
2222:
2102:
1920:
1692:
1553:
5059:
4942:
4865:
4805:
4611:
4332:
4193:
4139:
3982:
3947:
3851:
3776:
3744:
3431:
Contemporary China Studies - School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies - University of Oxford
2687:
2644:
2187:
2144:
1770:
1732:
1658:
1452:
697:
481:
436:
240:
1058:
Muslim population of Beijing was unaffected by the Muslim rebels during the Dungan Revolt.
848:
5074:
5020:
4870:
4855:
4679:
4134:
4097:
4047:
4007:
3957:
3902:
3771:
3539:
3143:
1448:
1157:
1016:
798:
701:
531:
526:
491:
108:
1922:
The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C1760-1860
3577:
2783:
4937:
4810:
4576:
4539:
3987:
3977:
3917:
2580:
852:
829:
821:
675:
667:
646:
516:
506:
426:
375:
339:
305:
295:
31:
1962:
1948:"Between the "Ummah" and "China"：The Qing Dynasty's Rule over Xinjiang Uyghur Society"
5089:
5049:
5015:
4980:
4596:
4586:
4402:
3793:
2707:
2664:
2207:
2164:
1248:
1070:
1012:
599:
360:
3516:
2348:
Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877
2282:
LIPMAN, JONATHAN N. (1997). "4 / Strategies of Resistance Integration by Violence".
1431:
Christian missionaries baptizing a 79-year-old Chinese Muslim. (No later than 1908).
940:
and non-Muslim tin miners was the spark that lit the tensions that led to war. The
5069:
4766:
4708:
4397:
4379:
4235:
3705:
1379:
1184:
1153:
1149:
1114:
1090:
1078:
954:
806:
790:
722:
686:
637:
633:
603:
561:
550:
501:
496:
1764:
1726:
3648:
5005:
4726:
4447:
4442:
2785:
Annals & Memoirs of the Court of Peking: (from the 16th to the 20th Century)
1408:
1311:
1122:
1082:
949:
751:
714:
650:
205:
2953:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
2919:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
2691:
2648:
2364:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
2312:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
2191:
2148:
2070:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
2043:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
1895:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
1626:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
1521:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
968:
The Manchu official Shuxing'a started an anti-Muslim massacre which led to the
4673:
4517:
4467:
4437:
4280:
2868:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 193.
2841:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 192.
1436:
1407:
In the 19th century, Chinese Muslims also became some of the first Muslims in
1363:
1344:
1337:
1322:
1296:
1270:
1254:
The origin of Hui in Ürümqi is often indicated by the names of their Mosques.
1196:
1169:
1161:
1138:
1130:
1118:
1074:
1055:
992:
941:
841:
814:
802:
786:
755:
486:
471:
300:
285:
255:
245:
235:
220:
210:
190:
3116:
1054:
totally unaffected and relations between Han and Hui continued normally. The
824:
who had invaded from Kokand, which lasted from 1820–1828. The oases of
4462:
4452:
1375:
1326:
1288:
1284:
1237:
1213:
973:
945:
718:
345:
250:
230:
225:
195:
781:, disagreements between the adherents of Khafiya and Jahriya, two forms of
2889:
Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick; Kotker, Norman (1969). Kotker, Norman (ed.).
2581:"Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan"
1261:
Painting depicting a Chinese Muslim, during the reign of the Qing dynasty.
4947:
4692:
4639:
4581:
4457:
4432:
3532:
3368:. Contributor Tu Wei-ming (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 9.
3299:. Vol. 44 of The A to Z Guide Series. Scarecrow Press. p. 146.
3197:. Vol. 44 of The A to Z Guide Series. Scarecrow Press. p. 104.
1397:
1391:
1333:
1318:
1233:
1229:
1142:
1134:
1008:
929:
441:
310:
265:
200:
928:
lasted from 1855 to 1873. The war took place mostly in the southwestern
4932:
1352:
1275:
1225:
1165:
1126:
1094:
1004:
996:
892:
884:
868:
856:
833:
825:
733:
706:
671:
476:
431:
416:
365:
270:
260:
3674:
2699:
2656:
2199:
2156:
1370:(non-Sufi) Muslims and argued that Muslims could be loyal both to the
2457:
Belief and Bloodshed: Religion and Violence across Time and Tradition
1401:
1367:
1291:(祁静一), also known as Hilal al-Din (1656–1719), student of the famous
1265:
1176:
1093:
exterminate the Muslim rebels. These Muslim generals belonged to the
1040:
1028:
937:
933:
896:
873:
837:
782:
690:
682:
678:
611:
511:
275:
3398:"The Completion of the Idea of Dual Loyalty Towards China and Islam"
820:
Kashgaria was able to be free of Qing control during an invasion by
3464:. Contributor Sir H. A. R. Gibb. Brill Archive. 1954. p. 771.
2753:
Yongwei, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0188-2740-032, QL 43.3.30 (April 26, 1778).
2255:
Jonathan N. Lipman; Jonathan Neaman Lipman; Stevan Harrell (1990).
738:
Ush Muslims had long wanted to sleep on hides and eat their flesh.
4656:
4215:
1444:
called it, but the effort resulted in no large-scale conversions.
1416:
1415:). They came as golddiggers to work in the Dunstan gold fields in
1351:
Chinese Hui Sufis developed a new type of organization called the
1256:
1207:
1062:
1000:
962:
958:
778:
770:
760:
521:
2623:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=14#page_scan_tab_contents
2610:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=10#page_scan_tab_contents
2285:
Familiar Strangers : A History of Muslims in Northwest China
1871:(reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 191, 192.
1191:
The Hui Muslim community was divided in its support for the 1911
4315:
2956:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 169.
2922:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 132.
2895:(illustrated ed.). American Heritage Pub. Co. p. 365.
2367:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 147.
2315:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 167.
2224:
Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1
2104:
Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1
2073:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 134.
2019:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 109.
1992:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 108.
1660:
Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1
1629:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 171.
1524:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 298.
1456:
844:
766:
3678:
2433:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 89.
1089:
defected to the Qing dynasty side, and helped the Qing general
883:, a self-indulgent debaucherer, and the murderer of the famous
16:
Overview of the role of Islam and Muslims in Qing dynasty China
3647:
Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon, eds. (1996).
2227:(illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 21.
2107:(illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 20.
1156:
fought for the Qing dynasty against the foreigners during the
3650:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania
3067:. Durham East Asia Series. Taylor & Francis. p. 16.
2724:
China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects
1841:
China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects
1663:(illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 8.
809:
in China crushed with the help of the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims.
4826:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
3228:
Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China
3098:
Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic
1804:
Brown, Rajeswary Ampalavanar; Pierce, Justin, eds. (2013).
1694:
Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China
1589:
Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China
1555:
Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China
685:. Kangxi claimed that Chinese Muslims inside China such as
2511:
Night of the Golden Butterfly (Vol. 5) (The Islam Quintet)
758:(Tungans), and it is the Uyghurs who are new to the city.
2782:
Backhouse, Sir Edmund; Otway, John; Bland, Percy (1914).
1868:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
2258:
Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counterculture
1031:
revolted against the Qing dynasty, most notably in the
1220:(shrine) seen over the wall of Hongyuan Park in Linxia
1378:, a Chinese Islamic text which synthesized Islam and
769:
pilgrimage routes, by land and by sea, from China to
2460:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 121.
2288:. University of Washington Press. pp. 112–114.
4998:
4966:
4923:
4916:
4831:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
4785:
4630:
4562:
4483:
4388:
4184:
4075:
3885:
3792:
3722:
3713:
670:incited anti-Muslim sentiment among the Mongols of
3265:. Durham East Asia Series. Routledge. p. 15.
3033:. Durham East Asia Series. Routledge. p. 16.
1133:suppressed and massacred the rebel Muslims led by
2996:Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives
2398:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B006GMID5K
606:(1644–1912), Islam was a significant religion in
2406:
2404:
879:The last of the Khoja revolts was in 1857 under
801:sectarian violence between two suborders of the
2999:(illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 165.
2046:. Stanford University Press. pp. 206–207.
674:(Kokonor) in order to gain support against the
4231:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
3231:. University of Washington Press. p. 71.
2824:. Atlantic Monthly Company. 1913. p. 779.
2808:. Atlantic Monthly Company. 1913. p. 779.
2788:(reprint ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p.
1697:. University of Washington Press. p. 55.
1592:. University of Washington Press. p. 54.
1558:. University of Washington Press. p. 53.
944:were led by, for the most part of the war, by
4651:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
4622:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
3690:
2533:
2531:
1355:, centered around a lineage of Sufi masters.
1314:remains the center of the Qadiriyya in China.
579:
8:
3609:Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011).
3433:. Contemporary China Studies. Archived from
2394:Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011).
662:Early revolts in Xinjiang, Shaanxi and Gansu
2341:
2339:
1925:(illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 39.
4920:
3719:
3697:
3683:
3675:
2558:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 55.
2016:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
1989:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
1898:. Stanford University Press. p. 124.
1769:. University of California Press. p.
1731:. University of California Press. p.
658:Ming, they changed their surname to Ming.
586:
572:
56:
18:
4311:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
1287:, which was established in China through
1160:. They included well known Generals like
4160:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
1426:
4767:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
1510:
1027:During the mid-nineteenth century, the
948:(1823–1872), a Muslim from a family of
145:
100:
59:
21:
3484:
3262:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest
3139:
3129:
3064:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest
3030:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest
2727:. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 77.
1961:. Kobe University: 204. Archived from
1844:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 45–.
1618:
1616:
5065:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
4306:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
2579:Allès, Elizabeth (17 January 2007) .
1251:could reside inside the walled city.
1113:broke out, and loyalist Muslims like
7:
4286:Ministry of Posts and Communications
2556:Hong Kong images: people and animals
861:leading a rebellion against the Qing
5034:History of Qing (People's Republic)
3400:. Etudes orientales. Archived from
2686:(3). Sage Publications, Inc.: 299.
2643:(3). Sage Publications, Inc.: 298.
2454:Wellman, James K. Jr., ed. (2007).
2186:(3). Sage Publications, Inc.: 294.
2143:(3). Sage Publications, Inc.: 293.
1838:Michael Dillon (16 December 2013).
876:amid the jeers of the inhabitants.
4751:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
4120:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
4113:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
3993:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
3817:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1047:, and several million died in the
14:
5040:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
4881:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
4756:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
3908:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
3552:"Muslim Community in New Zealand"
1489:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
1043:. One million people died in the
4851:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
4167:Articles of Favourable Treatment
3923:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
3582:. Carlton & Porter. p.
3225:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998).
2993:Feener, R. Michael, ed. (2004).
2821:The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 112
1955:Journal of Intercultural Studies
1691:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998).
1586:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998).
1552:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998).
555:
544:
39:
3898:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
3784:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
3330:Historical Dictionary of Sufism
3160:Historical Dictionary of Sufism
1423:Christian missionary activities
1404:and about a third were Muslim.
1325:order, established in China by
906:The local Muslims living under
732:in 1765 by Uyghurs against the
4552:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
3842:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
3611:Traders of the Golden Triangle
2396:Traders of the Golden Triangle
1763:WAKEMAN JR., FREDERIC (1986).
1725:WAKEMAN JR., FREDERIC (1986).
1:
4986:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
4761:Islam during the Qing dynasty
4617:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
4301:Provincial military commander
4291:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
4276:Imperial Household Department
4103:Preparative Constitutionalism
3807:Sino-Russian border conflicts
3576:Robert Samuel Maclay (1861).
2862:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
2835:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
1484:Islam during the Ming dynasty
1479:Islam during the Yuan dynasty
1474:Islam during the Song dynasty
1469:Islam during the Tang dynasty
1435:As the presence of Christian
961:'s aboriginal population and
689:(Kokonor) were plotting with
5101:Religion in the Qing dynasty
4745:Researches on Manchu Origins
4150:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
3760:Transition from Ming to Qing
3750:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
3509:Chinese Gleams of Sufi Light
2892:The Horizon history of China
384:Islamic Association of China
4645:Changzhou School of Thought
4155:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
4130:Railway Protection Movement
4108:1909 Parliamentary election
4093:British expedition to Tibet
4003:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
3963:Self-Strengthening Movement
3938:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
3424:"Chinese Muslim literature"
2950:Millward, James A. (1998).
2916:Millward, James A. (1998).
2514:. Verso Books. p. 90.
2361:Millward, James A. (1998).
2309:Millward, James A. (1998).
2067:Millward, James A. (1998).
2040:Millward, James A. (1998).
2013:Millward, James A. (2007).
1986:Millward, James A. (2007).
1892:Millward, James A. (1998).
1623:Millward, James A. (1998).
1518:Millward, James A. (1998).
1293:Central Asian Sufi teachers
859:in 1828 by the Manchus for
5117:
5045:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
3933:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
3872:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
3862:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
3832:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
3594:mohammedan slaves to beys.
3461:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
3396:Masumi, Matsumoto (2004).
2692:10.1177/009770048401000302
2649:10.1177/009770048401000302
2261:. SUNY Press. p. 76.
2221:Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007).
2192:10.1177/009770048401000302
2149:10.1177/009770048401000302
2101:Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007).
1657:Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007).
1389:
984:
917:
743:invasion by Jahangir Khoja
696:From 1755–1757, the
5096:History of Islam in China
5055:Names of the Qing dynasty
4703:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
4033:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
4028:Gongche Shangshu movement
3973:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
3822:Chinese Rites controversy
2591:(49) (Online ed.): 6
2554:Hugh D. R. Baker (1990).
2427:Atwill, David G. (2005).
1148:A Muslim army called the
1104:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
991:The Dungan Revolt by the
987:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
857:sliced to death (Lingchi)
765:Late 19th century map of
687:Turkic Muslims in Qinghai
4976:Great Qing Treasure Note
4796:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
4506:Administrative divisions
4323:Administrative divisions
4251:Flag of the Qing dynasty
3361:Murata, Sachiko (2000).
3259:Dillon, Michael (2003).
3095:Gladney, Dru C. (1996).
3061:Dillon, Michael (2004).
3027:Dillon, Michael (2003).
2805:The Atlantic, Volume 112
1865:Perdue, Peter C (2009).
936:. Disagreements between
891:. Wali Khan had invaded
813:executed Jahriya leader
713:, rulers in the western
162:Second Sino-Japanese War
4572:Chengde Mountain Resort
4373:Three Eastern Provinces
4023:First Sino-Japanese War
3998:Northern Chinese Famine
3857:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
3755:Qing invasion of Joseon
2721:Michael Dillon (1999).
1358:The Hui Muslim scholar
4953:Great Qing Copper Coin
4841:Convention of Tientsin
4774:Annotated Bibliography
4722:Qing official headwear
3765:Battle of Shanhai Pass
3491:: CS1 maint: others (
1432:
1262:
1221:
995:from the provinces of
774:
101:Rebellions and revolts
5027:Draft History of Qing
4886:Treaty of Shimonoseki
4667:performance criticism
4271:Imperial Commissioner
4261:Great Qing Legal Code
4060:Eight-Nation Alliance
4043:Third plague pandemic
3953:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
3877:White Lotus Rebellion
3630:Les Musulmans Chinois
3327:Renard, John (2005).
3293:Renard, John (2009).
3191:Renard, John (2009).
3157:Renard, John (2005).
1919:Newby, L. J. (2005).
1499:Demographics of China
1430:
1260:
1211:
764:
711:East Turkestan Khojas
628:Ming loyalist Muslims
130:Second Dungan Revolt
4958:Great Qing Gold Coin
4891:Treaty of Tarbagatai
4836:Convention of Peking
4716:Pentaglot Dictionary
4698:Literary inquisition
4408:Ever Victorious Army
4241:Deliberative Council
4145:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
4098:1905 Batang uprising
4038:Hundred Days' Reform
3928:Small Swords Society
3296:The A to Z of Sufism
3194:The A to Z of Sufism
1413:Islam in New Zealand
1035:(1862–1877) and the
700:was at war with the
623:Anti-Qing rebellions
122:First Dungan Revolt
5011:Anti-Qing sentiment
4861:Treaty of the Bogue
4801:Treaty of Nerchinsk
4733:Complete Tang Poems
4413:Green Standard Army
4296:Provincial governor
4266:Imperial Clan Court
4246:Diplomatic missions
4221:Consultative Bureau
3968:Tongzhi Restoration
3847:Afaqi Khoja revolts
3827:Ten Great Campaigns
3735:Jurchen unification
3628:Keim, Jean (1954).
2508:Ali, Tariq (2010).
2487:. Open Road Media.
2481:Ali, Tariq (2014).
889:Adolf Schlagintweit
146:Post-dynastic China
138:Afaqi Khoja revolts
4896:Treaty of Tientsin
4607:Western Qing tombs
4602:Eastern Qing tombs
4428:Peking Field Force
4172:Manchu Restoration
4065:Declaration of war
4018:Jindandao incident
3837:Lhasa riot of 1750
3538:2011-06-07 at the
3422:Garnaut, Anthony.
2585:China Perspectives
1442:Marshall Broomhall
1433:
1263:
1222:
1069:Many Muslims like
775:
636:'s capture of the
608:Northwestern China
114:Panthay Rebellion
5083:
5082:
4994:
4993:
4906:Treaty of Whampoa
4901:Treaty of Wanghia
4876:Treaty of Nanking
4846:Li–Lobanov Treaty
4821:Chefoo Convention
4816:Burlingame Treaty
4687:Kangxi Dictionary
4592:Old Summer Palace
4423:Firearm Battalion
4226:Cup of Solid Gold
4180:
4179:
4125:Manchurian plague
4088:Late Qing reforms
4079:(1901–1912)
4013:Sikkim expedition
3943:Panthay Rebellion
3913:Taiping Rebellion
3889:(1801–1900)
3867:Sino-Nepalese War
3812:Dzungar–Qing Wars
3798:(1683–1799)
3726:(1616–1683)
3506:Murata, Sachiko.
2734:978-0-7007-1026-3
2565:978-962-209-255-6
2268:978-0-7914-0113-2
1946:Wang, Ke (2017).
1851:978-1-136-80940-8
1494:Religion in China
1372:Mandate of Heaven
1193:Xinhai Revolution
1109:In 1895, another
1045:Panthay rebellion
1037:Panthay rebellion
970:Panthay Rebellion
926:Panthay Rebellion
920:Panthay Rebellion
914:Panthay Rebellion
895:from his base in
642:Milayin rebellion
596:
595:
174:
173:
5108:
5060:New Qing History
4943:Qianlong Tongbao
4921:
4866:Treaty of Canton
4806:Unequal treaties
4612:Fuling Mausoleum
4211:Advisory Council
4140:Wuchang Uprising
4080:
3983:Tianjin Massacre
3948:Second Opium War
3890:
3852:Sino-Burmese War
3799:
3777:Battle of Penghu
3745:Seven Grievances
3727:
3720:
3699:
3692:
3685:
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3669:
3667:
3633:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3554:. Archived from
3548:
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3503:
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3404:on 30 April 2011
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5021:Chuang Guandong
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4856:Treaty of Aigun
4789:
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4680:History of Ming
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4484:Special regions
4479:
4418:Imperial Guards
4384:
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4081:
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4008:Sino-French War
3958:Amur Annexation
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1425:
1394:
1388:
1206:
1158:Boxer Rebellion
1152:led by General
1025:
1017:Imperial Russia
989:
983:
922:
916:
799:Jahriyya revolt
717:, south of the
702:Dzungar Khanate
664:
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109:Jahriyya revolt
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4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3988:Margary Affair
3985:
3980:
3978:Mudan incident
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3918:Nian Rebellion
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3887:
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3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
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3724:
3717:
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3701:
3694:
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3672:
3660:978-1884964046
3659:
3644:
3634:
3632:. France Asie.
3625:
3614:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3568:
3543:
3498:
3471:978-9004071643
3470:
3451:
3414:
3388:
3375:978-0791446379
3374:
3353:
3340:978-0810865402
3339:
3319:
3306:978-0810863439
3305:
3285:
3272:978-1134360963
3271:
3251:
3238:978-0295800554
3237:
3217:
3204:978-0810863439
3203:
3183:
3170:978-0810865402
3169:
3149:
3140:|journal=
3108:978-0674594975
3107:
3087:
3074:978-0203166642
3073:
3053:
3040:978-1134360963
3039:
3019:
3006:978-1576075166
3005:
2985:
2983:Gladney (1999)
2976:
2963:978-0804729338
2962:
2942:
2929:978-0804729338
2928:
2908:
2901:
2881:
2874:
2854:
2847:
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2811:
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2755:
2746:
2733:
2713:
2670:
2627:
2614:
2601:
2571:
2564:
2546:
2527:
2521:978-1844676118
2520:
2500:
2494:978-1480448582
2493:
2473:
2467:978-0742571341
2466:
2446:
2439:
2419:
2400:
2387:
2374:978-0804729338
2373:
2353:
2335:
2322:978-0804729338
2321:
2301:
2294:
2274:
2267:
2247:
2234:978-3447040914
2233:
2213:
2170:
2127:
2114:978-3447040914
2113:
2093:
2080:978-0804729338
2079:
2059:
2052:
2032:
2026:978-0231139243
2025:
2005:
1999:978-0231139243
1998:
1978:
1938:
1931:
1911:
1904:
1884:
1878:978-0674042025
1877:
1857:
1850:
1830:
1817:978-1317938521
1816:
1796:
1780:978-0520048041
1779:
1755:
1742:978-0520048041
1741:
1717:
1704:978-0295800554
1703:
1683:
1670:978-3447040914
1669:
1649:
1636:978-0804729338
1635:
1612:
1599:978-0295800554
1598:
1578:
1565:978-0295800554
1564:
1544:
1531:978-0804729338
1530:
1509:
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1424:
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1387:
1384:
1349:
1348:
1330:
1315:
1205:
1202:
1039:1856–1873) in
1024:
1021:
985:Main article:
982:
979:
918:Main article:
915:
912:
853:Jahangir Khoja
822:Jahangir Khoja
681:Mongol leader
668:Kangxi Emperor
663:
660:
629:
626:
624:
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306:Zhang Chengzhi
303:
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296:Yusuf Ma Dexin
293:
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55:
54:
49:
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36:
35:
32:Islam in China
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5113:
5102:
5099:
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5056:
5053:
5051:
5050:Manchu people
5048:
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5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:Canton System
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4981:Hubu Guanpiao
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
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4658:
4655:
4653:
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4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4631:Society &
4629:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:Summer Palace
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4587:Mukden Palace
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4563:Palaces &
4561:
4553:
4550:
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4533:
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4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4403:Eight Banners
4401:
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4387:
4381:
4378:
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4256:Grand Council
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4105:
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4083:
4076:20th century
4074:
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3989:
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3886:19th century
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3677:
3662:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3642:0-521-49712-4
3639:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3622:0-8047-4884-5
3619:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3572:
3569:
3558:on 2017-05-27
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3522:on 2014-05-01
3518:
3511:
3510:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3473:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3440:on 1 May 2014
3436:
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3002:
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2912:
2909:
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2902:9780828100052
2898:
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2615:
2611:
2605:
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2590:
2586:
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2575:
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2567:
2561:
2557:
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2436:
2432:
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2420:
2417:
2416:1-74059-687-0
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2376:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2346:Kim, Hodong.
2342:
2340:
2336:
2324:
2318:
2314:
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2305:
2302:
2297:
2295:0-295-97644-6
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2110:
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2036:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1979:
1968:on 2019-06-01
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1831:
1819:
1813:
1810:. Routledge.
1809:
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1797:
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1782:
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1768:
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1369:
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1361:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1343:, founded by
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:Koja Abd Alla
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1255:
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1245:
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1231:
1227:
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1215:
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1203:
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1189:
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1163:
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1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:Dungan Revolt
1107:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1049:Dungan Revolt
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:Dungan Revolt
1030:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
981:Dungan Revolt
980:
978:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
921:
913:
911:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:rebel of the
846:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
810:
808:
804:
800:
795:
792:
788:
784:
780:
772:
768:
763:
759:
757:
753:
747:
744:
739:
735:
731:
730:Ush rebellion
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
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694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
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659:
655:
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648:
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635:
627:
622:
617:
615:
613:
609:
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601:
589:
584:
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570:
569:
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563:
552:
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541:
533:
530:
528:
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523:
520:
518:
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513:
510:
508:
505:
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498:
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483:
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464:
457:
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448:
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443:
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425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
401:
398:
397:
393:
392:
385:
382:
381:
377:
374:
372:
371:Uyghur Arabic
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
341:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
321:
320:
312:
309:
307:
304:
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219:
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202:
199:
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189:
188:
184:Major figures
181:
180:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
152:
151:
150:
149:
144:
139:
136:
134:
128:
126:
120:
118:
112:
110:
107:
106:
105:
104:
99:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
67:
66:
63:
58:
52:
47:
46:
42:
38:
37:
33:
26:
20:
5070:Treaty ports
5032:
5025:
4999:Other topics
4772:
4765:
4760:
4743:
4731:
4714:
4709:Peiwen Yunfu
4707:
4685:
4678:
4649:
4398:Beiyang Army
4380:Zongli Yamen
4236:Da-Qing Bank
4053:Red Lanterns
3706:Qing dynasty
3664:. Retrieved
3649:
3629:
3610:
3593:
3587:. Retrieved
3578:
3571:
3560:. Retrieved
3556:the original
3546:
3524:. Retrieved
3517:the original
3508:
3501:
3475:. Retrieved
3460:
3454:
3442:. Retrieved
3435:the original
3430:
3417:
3406:. Retrieved
3402:the original
3391:
3379:. Retrieved
3363:
3356:
3344:. Retrieved
3329:
3322:
3310:. Retrieved
3295:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3261:
3254:
3242:. Retrieved
3227:
3220:
3208:. Retrieved
3193:
3186:
3174:. Retrieved
3159:
3152:
3120:. Retrieved
3097:
3090:
3078:. Retrieved
3063:
3056:
3044:. Retrieved
3029:
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
2995:
2988:
2979:
2967:. Retrieved
2952:
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2918:
2911:
2891:
2884:
2864:
2857:
2837:
2830:
2820:
2814:
2804:
2798:
2784:
2777:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2738:. Retrieved
2723:
2716:
2683:
2680:Modern China
2679:
2673:
2640:
2637:Modern China
2636:
2630:
2617:
2604:
2593:. Retrieved
2588:
2584:
2574:
2555:
2549:
2510:
2503:
2483:
2476:
2456:
2449:
2429:
2422:
2395:
2390:
2378:. Retrieved
2363:
2356:
2347:
2326:. Retrieved
2311:
2304:
2284:
2277:
2257:
2250:
2238:. Retrieved
2223:
2216:
2183:
2180:Modern China
2179:
2173:
2140:
2137:Modern China
2136:
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2103:
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2069:
2062:
2042:
2035:
2015:
2008:
1988:
1981:
1970:. Retrieved
1963:the original
1958:
1954:
1941:
1921:
1914:
1894:
1887:
1867:
1860:
1840:
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1806:
1799:
1791:
1784:. Retrieved
1765:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1727:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1693:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1659:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1625:
1603:. Retrieved
1588:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1554:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1520:
1513:
1446:
1437:missionaries
1434:
1406:
1395:
1380:Confucianism
1357:
1350:
1347:(1719–1781).
1340:
1329:(1681–1766).
1304:
1279:) included:
1274:
1264:
1253:
1246:
1223:
1217:
1212:The dome of
1190:
1185:China proper
1181:
1174:
1154:Dong Fuxiang
1150:Kansu Braves
1147:
1115:Dong Fuxiang
1108:
1100:
1091:Zuo Zongtang
1079:Dong Fuxiang
1068:
1060:
1052:
1026:
1015:people into
990:
967:
923:
905:
900:
878:
819:
811:
807:Qing dynasty
796:
776:
748:
737:
727:
723:Lake Balkash
695:
665:
656:
638:Ming dynasty
634:Qing dynasty
631:
604:Qing dynasty
597:
331:Architecture
281:Shams al-Din
167:Islamophobia
91:
5006:Aisin Gioro
4968:Paper money
4727:Qing poetry
4448:Wuwei Corps
4443:Shuishiying
4204:Family tree
1409:New Zealand
1271:Sufi orders
1123:Ma Guoliang
1083:Ma Qianling
950:Han Chinese
901:kala minara
715:Tarim Basin
598:During the
376:Xiao'erjing
366:Sufi orders
361:Sini script
206:Hu Songshan
132:(1895–1896)
124:(1862–1877)
116:(1856–1873)
5090:Categories
4674:Four Wangs
4565:mausoleums
4518:Golden Urn
4491:Inner Asia
4468:Xiang Army
4438:Hushenying
4363:Liangguang
4343:Liangjiang
4281:Lifan Yuan
4186:Government
3604:References
3589:2011-07-06
3562:2008-01-09
3408:2010-06-28
2875:0295980400
2848:0295980400
2740:2010-06-28
2595:2011-07-20
2543:0521497124
2440:0804751595
2053:0804797927
1972:2019-06-01
1932:9004145508
1905:0804797927
1390:See also:
1386:Migrations
1364:Wang Daiyu
1345:Ma Mingxin
1338:Naqshbandi
1336:: another
1323:Naqshbandi
1297:Khoja Afaq
1197:Ma Anliang
1170:Ma Fuxiang
1162:Ma Anliang
1139:Ma Yonglin
1131:Ma Fuxiang
1119:Ma Anliang
1075:Ma Anliang
1071:Ma Zhan'ao
1023:Rebellions
887:explorer,
867:revolt in
851:suborder,
842:Naqshbandi
815:Ma Mingxin
803:Naqshbandi
707:Ak Taghliq
632:After the
487:Dongxiangs
301:Wang Daiyu
286:Su fei-erh
256:Ma Mingxin
246:Ma Hualong
236:Ma Fuxiang
221:Ma Anliang
211:Kasim Tuet
191:Afaq Khoja
23:Part of a
4496:Manchuria
4463:Huai Army
4453:Yong Ying
4338:Shaan-Gan
3794:High Qing
3740:Later Jin
3487:cite book
3142:ignored (
3132:cite book
3117:0073-0483
2708:143843569
2665:143843569
2208:143843569
2165:143843569
1419:in 1868.
1376:Han Kitab
1327:Ma Laichi
1289:Qi Jingyi
1285:Qadiriyya
1249:Bannermen
1238:Guangzhou
1214:Qi Jingyi
1087:Ma Julung
974:Tariq Ali
946:Du Wenxiu
908:Yaqub Beg
881:Wali Khan
725:in 1765.
532:Ili Turks
412:Hong Kong
346:Han Kitab
251:Ma Laichi
231:Ma Buqing
226:Ma Bufang
196:Du Wenxiu
4948:Hongqian
4917:Currency
4787:Treaties
4693:Kaozheng
4640:Booi Aha
4582:Hetu Ala
4535:Timeline
4530:Xinjiang
4501:Mongolia
4458:Chu Army
4433:New Army
4390:Military
4328:Viceroys
3666:24 April
3536:Archived
3526:24 April
3477:24 April
3381:24 April
3365:Chittick
3346:24 April
3312:24 April
3278:24 April
3244:24 April
3210:24 April
3176:24 April
3122:24 April
3080:24 April
3046:24 April
3012:24 April
2969:24 April
2935:24 April
2380:24 April
2328:24 April
2240:24 April
2120:24 April
2086:24 April
1823:24 April
1792:milayin.
1786:24 April
1748:24 April
1710:24 April
1676:24 April
1642:24 April
1605:24 April
1571:24 April
1537:24 April
1463:See also
1398:Chin Haw
1392:Chin Haw
1334:Jahriyya
1319:Khufiyya
1234:Hangzhou
1143:Ma Wanfu
1135:Ma Dahan
1009:Xinjiang
930:province
719:Tianshan
709:clan of
553:•
527:Tibetans
442:Xinjiang
311:Zheng He
266:Ma Wanfu
201:Hu Dahai
4933:Zhiqian
4925:Coinage
4662:Economy
4633:culture
4368:Yun-Gui
4358:Min-Zhe
4353:Sichuan
4348:Huguang
4194:Emperor
3715:History
3533:Alt URL
3444:25 July
1360:Liu Zhi
1353:menhuan
1341:menhuan
1307:Gongbei
1276:menhuan
1226:Beijing
1218:Gongbei
1204:Culture
1166:Ma Fulu
1127:Ma Fulu
1095:Khafiya
1029:Muslims
1005:Ningxia
997:Shaanxi
942:Muslims
893:Kashgar
869:Kashgar
836:Muslim
830:Yarkand
826:Kashgar
797:In the
734:Manchus
676:Dzungar
672:Qinghai
647:Tibetan
618:History
482:Kazakhs
477:Uyghurs
467:Ahmadis
437:Sichuan
432:Ningxia
417:Kashgar
402:Regions
356:Shrines
351:Mosques
336:Cuisine
324:Culture
271:Ma Yize
261:Ma Qixi
216:Liu Zhi
156:present
62:dynasty
51:History
4547:Taiwan
3723:Early
3708:topics
3657:
3640:
3620:
3468:
3372:
3337:
3303:
3269:
3235:
3201:
3167:
3115:
3105:
3071:
3037:
3003:
2960:
2926:
2899:
2872:
2845:
2731:
2706:
2700:189017
2698:
2663:
2657:189017
2655:
2562:
2541:
2518:
2491:
2464:
2437:
2414:
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