474:. Two truck bombs struck buildings in Beirut housing U.S. and French members of the Multinational Force in Lebanon, killing 241 American servicemen and 58 French paratroopers. Islamic Jihad claims responsibility in a statement to Agence France Presse: "We are the soldiers of God, ... We are neither Iranians, Syrian nor Palestinians, but Muslims who follow the precepts of the Koran ... We said after that that we would strike more violently still. Now they understand with what they are dealing. Violence will remain our only way."
481:. Two months after the Beirut barracks bombing. The 90-minute coordinated attack of six key foreign and Kuwaiti installations including two embassies, the airport and the country's main petro-chemical plant, was more notable for the damage it might have caused than what was actually destroyed. What might have been "the worst terrorist episode of the twentieth century in the Middle East," succeeding in killing only six people because of the bombs faulty rigging.
488:, president of the American University in Beirut (AUB), was assassinated near his office. He had replaced AUB president David Dodge, who was kidnapped six months earlier. A telephone message claiming to represent Islamic Jihad proclaimed: "We are responsible of the assassination of the president of AUB ... We also vow that not a single American or French will remain on this soil. We shall take no different course. And we shall not waver."
152:
32:
434:(IRGC). Baer claims the order for 1983 US embassy bombing is widely believed to have originated high up in the Iranian leadership hierarchy. According to Baer it is "a very distinct organization, which was separate from Hezbollah because you had the consultative council which only had a vague idea of what the hostage-takers were doing."
611:, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Beirut chief of station, was abducted on this date. Islamic Jihad claims to have killed him on 3 October 1985, and later released to a Beirut newspaper a photograph purporting to depict his corpse. Press reports stated that Buckley had been transferred to Iran, where he was tortured and killed.
561:, a Catholic church, and a nearby school building. 29 are killed and 242 wounded, mostly Argentinian civilians, many of them children. As of 2006 it remains the deadliest attack on an Israeli diplomatic mission. Islamic Jihad, claims responsibility, stating the attack was in retaliation for Israel's assassination of
437:
Hala Jaber calls it a name "deliberately contrived by the
Iranian Revolutionary Guards and their recruits to cast confusion." However, Wright is more circumspect saying: "Islamic Jihad was clearly pro-Iranian in ideology, but some doubts existed among both Muslim moderates and Western diplomats about
441:
More recently authors such as researcher Robert A. Pape and journalist
Lawrence Wright have made no mention of Islamic Jihad and simply name Hezbollah as the author of Lebanese terror attacks claimed or attributed to Islamic Jihad: "From 1982 to 1986, Hezbollah conducted 36 suicide terrorist attacks
618:
is kidnapped by three armed men. Weir may have thought he was safe from harm from
Muslims because he had lived in Lebanon since 1958. He lived in Shiite West Beirut working "closely with various Muslim-oriented charity and relief groups". Two days after his abduction, a telephone message allegedly
520:. In Christian East Beirut the US embassy was bombed by a suicide van bomber with 3000 pounds of explosives. 14 were killed, including two Americans, and dozens were injured. They had moved to a "quiet residential suburb of hillside villas and luxury apartments" after the 1983 bombing. Ambassador
372:
has described it as "more of an information network for a variety of cells of movements", rather than a centralized organization. Not all of IJ's claims of responsibility were credible, as "in some cases, the callers seemed to be exploiting the activities of groups that had no apparent ties to
528:
were buried under rubble but rescued with only minor injuries. Islamic Jihad took credit in an anonymous phone call vowing, "The operation comes to prove that we will carry out our previous promise not to allow a single
American to remain on Lebanese soil. ... we mean every inch of Lebanese
422:
According to Marius Deeb, by the mid-1980s
Hezbollah leaders are reported to have admitted their involvement in the attacks and the nominal nature of "Islamic Jihad", that it was merely a "telephone organisation," and whose name was "used by those involved to disguise their true identity."
646:
promptly retaliated with intimidation and by pressuring Syria to stop its operations in northern
Lebanon in exchange for release of the remaining three hostages. This fiasco, coupled by the pressure resulting from tighter security measures and joint anti-militia sweeps implemented by the
587:, crashes and burns about half a mile from the runway, killing all 256 passengers and crew on board. An anonymous caller to a French news agency in Beirut claimed that Islamic Jihad destroyed the plane to prove "our ability to strike at the Americans anywhere." An investigation by the
360:
reported that "Lebanese police sources, Western intelligence sources, Israeli
Government sources and leading Shi'ite Muslim religious leaders in Beirut are all convinced that there is no such thing as Islamic Jihad," as an organization, no membership, no writings, etc.
619:
from
Islamic Jihad, claiming responsibility for the abduction "in order to renew our acceptance of Reagan's challenge and to confirm our commitment of the statement ... that we will not leave any American on Lebanese soil." Weir was freed sixteen months later.
353:
Initially the group was described as "a mysterious group about which virtually nothing was known," one whose "only members" seemed to be the "anonymous callers" taking credit for the bombings, or one that simply didn't exist. After the MNF bombing, the
404:, Hezbollah remained underground until 1985, when it published a manifesto condemning the West, and proclaiming, '.... Allah is behind us supporting and protecting us while instilling fear in the hearts of our enemies.'"
550:. Two bombs exploded in a terrorist attack in Copenhagen, Denmark. One of the bombs exploded near the Great Synagogue and a Jewish nursing home and kindergarten, and another at the offices of Northwest Orient Airlines.
1810:
456:
24 May 1982. Car bomb attack on French
Embassy in Beirut killing 12 and wounding 27. Islamic Jihad is one of several groups taking responsibility. Anger over France's providing of arms to Iran's enemy
633:
traveled to Beirut with the intention of negotiating with
Islamic Jihad to release hostages. The group violated an agreement of safe passage and kidnapped him. He was kept as a hostage until 1991.
467:. Detonated in a delivery van driven by a suicide bomber, carrying about 2000 pounds of explosives. The bomb killed 63 people, 17 of them Americans, including 9 CIA agents in Beirut for a meeting.
400:, which did not yet officially exist" at the time of the bombings Islamic Jihad took credit for. Jeffrey Goldberg states "Using various names, including the Islamic Jihad Organization and the
642:
The IJO suffered a setback in 1986 when their temporary abduction of four Soviet diplomats carried out previously in September 1985 ended up in the assassination of one hostage. The
591:(CASB) found that the crash was most likely an accident. However, the minority report speculated that the in-flight fire "may have resulted from detonations of undetermined origin".
543:, by suicide car bomber attack of the Emir's motorcade. Two bodyguards and a passerby are killed. Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility and again demands the terrorists release.
368:
compared it to "a phony company which rents office space for a month and then vanishes," existing "only when it was committing an atrocity against its targets ..." Journalist
536:. The IJO claims a bombing of a Spanish restaurant aimed at American military personnel. The bomb killed 18 Spaniards and injured 82 others, including 11 American servicemen.
1909:
1774:
267:, assassinations, and bombings of embassies and peacekeeping troops which killed several hundred people. Their deadliest attacks were in 1983, when they carried out the
442:
involving a total of 41 attackers against American, French, and Israeli political and military targets in Lebanon ... Altogether, these attacks killed 659 people ..."
411:, "Islamic Jihad" was one of many aliases used by Hezbollah. A 2003 decision by an American court named Islamic Jihad as the name used by Hezbollah for its attacks in
883:
1914:
1115:
Marius Deeb, Militant Islamic Movements in Lebanon: Origins, Social Basis, and Ideology, Occasional Paper Series (Washington, DC, Georgetown University, 1986) p.19
675:
1919:
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145:
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1904:
373:
Islamic Jihad," while working with some success to create "an aura of a single omnipotent force in the region." Wright has compared Islamic Jihad to the
1717:
830:. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lanham Boulder New York London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 161.
290:. Adam Shatz described Islamic Jihad as "a precursor to Hezbollah, which did not yet officially exist" at the time of the bombing it took credit for.
464:
1899:
1400:"27 Injured in 3 Terrorist Explosions in Copenhagen". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 22 July 1985. Archived from the original on 2015-02-15.
1889:
39:
This article includes several inline citations that that do not link to a source, i.e. book page or newspaper article, and has an incomplete or
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20:
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689:
This organization is no longer active. Some reports indicate that they merged with Hezbollah afterwards, with their leader
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656:
161:
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268:
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The organization, advocating for the withdrawal of all Americans from Lebanon, claimed responsibility for a number of
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1784:
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49:
42:
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in 1987–88, brought a steady decline in the organization's activities in Lebanon for the rest of the civil war.
652:
547:
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511:
that the group perpetrated the assassination, stating "...we shall do this wherever our opposition is abroad."
1637:
1224:
622:
10 February 1986. Islamic Jihad released a photograph that claimed to show the (dead) body of French citizen
1725:
1207:
608:
374:
1078:. District of Columbia, U.S.: The United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Archived from
601:
235:
1373:
Walker, Jane. "Spanish bomb blast blamed on Jihad / Madrid restaurant explosion blamed on Muslim group."
1666:
580:
386:
369:
303:
253:
175:
1106:, "Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis", Palgrave Macmillan, 1997, p. 67
521:
478:
19:
This article is about the former Lebanese Shia faction. For other groups called "Islamic Jihad", see
317:, the IJO was not a militia but rather a typical underground urban guerrilla organization. Based at
713:
247:
1797:
1884:
745:
415:, and parts of the Middle East, and Europe. Hezbollah itself uses the name "Islamic Resistance" (
334:
307:
257:
196:
180:
165:
1747:
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1447:
1818:
1539:
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831:
735:
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appointed head of that party's overseas security apparatus. In 2008 Mughniyeh was killed by a
492:
338:
666:
The last recorded attack claimed by the IJO as an independent group took place outside the
1779:
1103:
1026:
683:
566:
485:
226:
214:
1492:
1799:, "Will Hezbullah avenge the hit on its terror chief?" by Yaakov Katz, 11 February 2011
884:"Tehran's master terrorist, Imad Mughniyah and the forgotten road to 9/11 part I of II"
690:
356:
342:
299:
279:
97:
53:
1868:
623:
615:
408:
1413:
1375:
671:
322:
101:
341:. However, senior Iranian officials denied the alleged connections. For instance,
1044:
1202:
667:
660:
648:
630:
525:
427:
48:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
908:
381:, serving the function of providing its controlling organization, in this case
1615:
393:
365:
264:
1822:
1543:
1281:, 19 April 1983, "Islamic Attacks Seen as Pro-Iranian", Hijazi, Ihsan, p. A12
725:
679:
562:
397:
382:
287:
157:
1046:
Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations
791:
1079:
698:
694:
314:
855:
557:. A suicide truck bomber smashes into the front of the Israeli Embassy
412:
318:
127:
710:
508:
496:
123:
539:
25 May 1985. Attempted assassination of Kuwaiti ruler (Emir) Sheikh
1433:
Watson, Laurie. "Errors By Crew Reportedly Cited in Gander Crash",
740:
702:
503:
where they were in exile. An anonymous person called and told the
500:
438:
whether it was actually directed by Iran rather than home-grown."
378:
310:
1638:"Interviews – Robert Baer – Terror And Tehran – FRONTLINE – PBS"
1587:"From the archive: Bells ring nationwide to welcome Terry Waite"
457:
326:
283:
325:, the group aligned 200 Lebanese Shi'ite militants financed by
1811:"CIA and Mossad killed senior Hezbollah figure in car bombing"
1642:
1487:
1485:
706:
643:
504:
25:
792:"حزب الدعوة العراقي.. النسخة الشيعية لجماعة الإخوان المسلمين"
278:
The group was closely linked with Palestinian militant group
1254:
Dying to Win : The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism
806:"Islamic Jihad Organization (Lebanon) / Islamic Jihad (IJO)"
389:
from acts that might provoke retaliation or other problems.
1532:"Abductors in Beirut Demand That Israel Free 400 Prisoners"
976:
974:
1612:"Interview with former Beirut KGB resident Yuri Perfilev"
256:
militia known for its activities in the 1980s during the
1748:"Hezbollah's most wanted commander killed in Syria bomb"
1248:
1246:
1219:
1217:
766:"Hezbollah's most wanted commander killed in Syria bomb"
396:
magazine has described Islamic Jihad as "a precursor to
1437:, United Press International, 6 November 1988, pp. A33.
1414:"1992 Patterns of Global Terrorism: The Year in Review"
909:"Karrubi: Iran knows Islamic Jihad only through media"
968:
Hezbollah: Born with a vengeance by Hala Jaber, p.113
826:
Najem, Tom; Amore, Roy C.; Abu Khalil, As'ad (2021).
345:
claimed that Iran had not been related to the group.
271:
of French and U.S. MNF peacekeeping troops, and that
956:, 30 December 1983, p.A6, "The Search for Evidence."
298:
Possibly formed in early 1983 and reportedly led by
240:
1809:Goldman, Adam; Nakashima, Ellen (30 January 2015).
1073:"Anne Dammarell et al. v. Islamic Republic of Iran"
430:describes it as the cover name used by the Iranian
192:
171:
141:
133:
119:
109:
93:
88:
964:
962:
1773:Powell, Robyn; Chivers, Tom (13 February 2008).
1667:"Islamic Jihad Says It Bombed Embassy; Toll 21"
1344:"Two Iranian exiles are assassinated in Paris"
1294:, Simon & Schuster, 2001, p. 73, pp. 15–16
1775:"Israel denies assassinating Hezbollah chief"
1267:Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11,
1071:Bates, John D. (Presiding) (September 2003).
678:in retaliation for Israel's assassination of
8:
1724:. Damascus. 19 February 2013. Archived from
1692:"Hezbollah Again Postpones General Congress"
1408:
1406:
810:Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium
670:in March 1992, when the Israeli Embassy in
555:1992 Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires
1565:"1991: Church envoy Waite freed in Beirut"
85:
1910:Islamic organizations established in 1983
849:
847:
72:Learn how and when to remove this message
252:'Islamic Jihad Movement') was a
1520:, Simon & Schuster, 2001, p.101,2,4
1448:"Arrow Air Flight 1285 accident record"
1333:, Simon & Schuster, 2001, pp. 101–2
1211:Three Rivers Press, New York, New York.
1133:LaRevue du Liban, 27 July-3 August 1985
757:
499:, and his brother were assassinated in
460:is thought to be the motivating factor.
1915:Islamic organisations based in Lebanon
821:
819:
731:Organization of the Oppressed on Earth
407:According to investigative journalist
402:Organization of the Oppressed on Earth
273:of the United States embassy in Beirut
339:June 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon
286:. It also maintained close ties with
7:
1920:Organizations disestablished in 1992
1364:, Simon & Schuster, 2001, p. 107
1320:, Simon & Schuster, 2001, p. 112
1010:, Simon & Schuster, (2001), p.95
997:, Simon & Schuster, (2001), p.86
984:, Simon & Schuster, (2001), p.85
944:, Simon & Schuster, (2001), p.73
1844:"Why the CIA Killed Imad Mughniyeh"
1718:"The Final Hours of Imad Mughniyeh"
1307:, Simon & Schuster, 2001, p. 73
1269:by Lawrence Wright, NY, Knopf, 2006
230:
1875:Factions in the Lebanese Civil War
1665:Long, William R. (19 March 1992).
922:from the original on 5 August 2013
14:
1905:1992 disestablishments in Lebanon
1049:. Random House Publishing Group.
626:, who had been kidnapped earlier.
465:Bombing of U.S. Embassy in Beirut
432:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
419:) in its attacks against Israel.
828:Historical Dictionary of Lebanon
614:May 1984. Presbyterian minister
541:Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
524:and visiting British Ambassador
426:Former CIA operative and author
333:' contingent previously sent by
150:
30:
517:1984 U.S. embassy annex bombing
219:Organisation du Jihad Islamique
1900:1983 establishments in Lebanon
1493:"Lebanon – The Hostage Crisis"
1350:. Paris. UPI. 8 February 1984.
882:Stephen Hughes (2 July 2015).
589:Canadian Aviation Safety Board
495:, former military governor of
472:MNF barracks bombing in Beirut
186:Multinational Force in Lebanon
1:
1895:Defunct Islamic organizations
1029:Part I, By Jeffrey Goldberg,
638:Decline and demise, 1986–1992
242:Ḥarakat al-Jihād al-'Islāmiyy
861:The New York Review of Books
854:Adam Shatz (29 April 2004).
331:Iranian Revolutionary Guards
146:Islamic Revolutionary Guards
451:Bombings and assassinations
282:and reportedly financed by
241:
1936:
1256:, Random House, 2005 p.129
1124:al-Nahar, 7 September 1985
599:
207:Islamic Jihad Organization
89:Islamic Jihad Organization
18:
1890:Israeli–Lebanese conflict
1880:Islamist insurgent groups
385:, with some distance and
1783:. London. Archived from
1025:23 February 2007 at the
856:"In Search of Hezbollah"
659:at the Shia quarters of
653:Internal Security Forces
548:1985 Copenhagen bombings
534:1985 El Descanso bombing
417:al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya
377:wing of the Palestinian
1043:Bergman, Ronen (2018).
686:in February that year.
609:William Francis Buckley
269:bombing of the barracks
1530:Ap (1 February 1987).
1476:"CASB Majority Report"
602:Lebanon Hostage Crisis
559:destroying the embassy
218:
1591:www.churchtimes.co.uk
1462:"CSB Majority Report"
1435:Philadelphia Inquirer
682:'s secretary-general
600:Further information:
581:Arrow Air Flight 1285
387:plausible deniability
176:Israel Defense Forces
16:Lebanese Shia militia
1787:on 15 February 2008.
1497:www.country-data.com
916:Kayhan International
657:Shi'ite Amal militia
585:Gander, Newfoundland
522:Reginald Bartholomew
479:1983 Kuwait bombings
364:Lebanese journalist
231:حركة الجهاد الإسلامي
1728:on 22 February 2013
1225:"terror and tehran"
1085:on 31 December 2005
1020:In The Party Of God
514:20 September 1984.
329:and trained by the
1754:. 13 February 2008
1618:on 28 January 2007
1567:. 18 November 1991
1536:The New York Times
1348:Lodi News Sentinel
1265:Wright, Lawrence,
1157:, 16 December 1983
772:. 13 February 2008
746:Lebanese Civil War
714:combined operation
579:12 December 1985.
477:12 December 1983.
335:Ayatollah Khomeini
258:Lebanese Civil War
197:Lebanese Civil War
181:South Lebanon Army
166:Islamic Dawa Party
111:Dates of operation
1848:POLITICO Magazine
1671:Los Angeles Times
1252:Pape, Robert A.,
1143:al-Nahar al-Arabi
1033:, 14 October 2002
837:978-1-5381-2043-9
736:Islamic terrorism
629:In January 1987,
574:Unverified claims
493:Gholam Ali Oveisi
491:7 February 1984.
484:18 January 1984.
470:23 October 1983.
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583:taking off from
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1698:. 20 March 2013
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1027:Wayback Machine
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1006:Wright, Robin,
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918:. 6 June 1985.
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759:
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722:
705:as a part of a
684:Abbas al-Musawi
651:, the Lebanese
640:
607:16 March 1984.
604:
598:
576:
567:Abbas al-Musawi
553:17 March 1992.
532:12 April 1985.
529:territory. ..."
486:Malcolm H. Kerr
463:18 April 1983.
453:
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375:Black September
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115:Early 1983–1992
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41:has an unclear
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392:Adam Shatz of
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21:Islamic Jihad
1851:. Retrieved
1847:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1814:
1804:
1793:
1785:the original
1778:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1751:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:the original
1721:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1695:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1670:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1646:. 2 May 2002
1641:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:the original
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1535:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:
1470:
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1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1396:
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1376:The Guardian
1374:
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1233:. Retrieved
1231:. 2 May 2002
1228:
1206:
1203:Baer, Robert
1198:
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1089:21 September
1087:. Retrieved
1080:the original
1065:
1045:
1038:
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1015:
1007:
1002:
994:
989:
981:
953:
949:
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936:
924:. Retrieved
915:
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887:
877:
865:. Retrieved
859:
827:
809:
800:
786:
774:. Retrieved
769:
760:
688:
676:was blown up
672:Buenos Aires
665:
641:
515:
440:
436:
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391:
370:Robin Wright
363:
355:
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323:Beqaa valley
297:
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222:
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206:
204:
137:400 fighters
120:Headquarters
102:
83:
68:
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40:
1853:15 February
1828:16 February
1758:13 February
1518:Sacred Rage
1391:26 May 1985
1362:Sacred Rage
1331:Sacred Rage
1318:Sacred Rage
1305:Sacred Rage
1292:Sacred Rage
1229:www.pbs.org
1208:See No Evil
1008:Sacred Rage
995:Sacred Rage
982:Sacred Rage
942:Sacred Rage
668:Middle East
661:West Beirut
649:Syrian Army
631:Terry Waite
596:Kidnappings
526:David Miers
428:Robert Baer
308:Palestinian
302:, a former
265:kidnappings
199:(1975–1990)
1869:Categories
1696:Al Monitor
752:References
394:The Nation
366:Hala Jaber
306:member of
54:footnoting
1885:Hezbollah
1823:0190-8286
1722:Al Akhbar
1622:18 August
1544:0362-4331
1502:18 August
1419:18 August
1235:18 August
1145:, 10 June
1069:see also
867:14 August
726:Hezbollah
680:Hezbollah
563:Hezbollah
398:Hezbollah
383:Hezbollah
349:Existence
288:Hezbollah
236:romanized
172:Opponents
158:Hezbollah
62:June 2023
1702:25 March
1596:13 March
1571:13 March
1549:13 March
1205:. 2002.
1179:al-Shira
1167:Le Point
1155:Ma'aretz
1023:Archived
926:5 August
920:Archived
776:14 April
720:See also
699:Damascus
695:car bomb
315:Force 17
50:citation
1752:Reuters
1732:4 April
1676:23 July
893:4 April
770:Reuters
446:Actions
413:Lebanon
321:in the
319:Baalbek
294:Origins
250:
238::
128:Baalbek
94:Leaders
1821:
1650:18 May
1542:
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711:Mossad
509:London
497:Tehran
227:Arabic
215:French
155:
142:Allies
124:Beirut
100:
1083:(PDF)
1076:(PDF)
912:(PDF)
741:Jihad
703:Syria
501:Paris
379:Fatah
311:Fatah
188:(MNF)
183:(SLA)
178:(IDF)
1855:2018
1830:2018
1819:ISSN
1760:2008
1734:2013
1704:2013
1678:2012
1652:2016
1624:2017
1598:2020
1573:2020
1551:2020
1540:ISSN
1504:2017
1421:2017
1237:2017
1091:2006
1051:ISBN
928:2013
895:2017
869:2006
832:ISBN
778:2017
709:and
458:Iraq
327:Iran
284:Iran
248:lit.
205:The
134:Size
52:and
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707:CIA
697:in
644:KGB
507:in
505:UPI
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211:IJO
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