3883:
3882:
3912:
2353:
4432:) than to challenge in new contexts. The argument is, the schools have been more or less frozen for centuries, and reflect a culture that simply no longer exists. Traditional scholars hold that religion is there to regulate human behavior and nurture people's moral side and since human nature has not fundamentally changed since the beginning of Islam a call to modernize the religion is essentially one to relax all laws and institutions.
5127:
8356:
3897:
easier for the different communities, with Roman, Persian, Central Asia and North
African backgrounds to integrate into the Islamic State and that assisted in the quick expansion of the Islamic State. The scholars in Madina were consulted on the more complex judicial issues. The Sharia and the official more centralized schools of fiqh developed later, during the time of the Abbasids.
8345:
5113:
1782:
4561:
6913:
3855:
son you are and you have destroyed yourself and those who are with you. If you say, that if you are upon the truth and you will be killed at the hands of others, then you will not truly be free." Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr left and was later also killed and crucified by the Syrian Roman Army now under the control of the
Umayyads and led by Hajjaj.
1191:
140:
4452:. Traditional scholars hold that the laws are contextual and consider circumstance such as time, place and culture, the principles they are based upon are universal such as justice, equality and respect. Many Muslim scholars argue that even though technology may have advanced, the fundamentals of human life have not.
6292:
The place of the
Ismailis within the theological pluralism of the Muslim community is best summarised by their Imam's statement to the International Islamic Conference held in Amman in July 2005: "Our historic adherence is to the Ja'fari madhhab and other madhahib of close affinity, and it continues,
3896:
During the early
Umayyad period, there was more community involvement. The Quran and Muhammad's example was the main source of law after which the community decided. If it worked for the community, was just and did not conflict with the Quran and the example of Muhammad, it was accepted. This made it
3820:
the fourth caliph wrote in a letter "I did not approach the people to get their oath of allegiance but they came to me with their desire to make me their Amir (ruler). I did not extend my hands towards them so that they might swear the oath of allegiance to me but they themselves extended their hands
3738:
In the books actually written by these original jurists and scholars, there are very few theological and judicial differences between them. Imam Ahmad rejected the writing down and codifying of the religious rulings he gave. They knew that they might have fallen into error in some of their judgements
3845:
the
Umayyad ruler. Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr then took on the Umayyads and expelled their forces from Hijaz and Iraq. But then his forces were depleted in Iraq, trying to stop the Khawarij. The Umayyads then moved in. After a lengthy campaign, in his last hour Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr asked his mother
5825:
of Imam Malik Ibn Anas, translated by Aisha Bewley (Book #5, Hadith #5.9.23) (Book #16, Hadith #16.1.1) (Book #17, Hadith #17.24.43) (Book #20, Hadith #20.10.40) (Book #20, Hadith #20.11.44) (Book #20, Hadith #20.32.108) (Book #20, Hadith #20.39.127) (Book #20, Hadith #20.40.132) (Book #20, Hadith
3854:
the first caliph for advice. Asma' bint Abu Bakr replied to her son, she said: "You know better in your own self, that if you are upon the truth and you are calling towards the truth go forth, for people more honourable than you have been killed and if you are not upon the truth, then what an evil
3747:
These scholars did not distinguish between each other. They were not Sunni or Shia. They felt that they were following the religion of
Abraham as described in the Quran "Say: Allah speaks the truth; so follow the religion of Abraham, the upright one. And he was not one of the polytheists" (Qur'an
3743:
himself. They all give priority to the Qur'an and the hadith (the practice of
Muhammad). They felt that the Quran and the Hadith, the example of Muhammad provided people with almost everything they needed. "This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have
4377:
are central to
Western law, the importance of the institution of fatawa (non-binding answers by Islamic legal scholars to legal questions) has been called "central to the development" of Islamic jurisprudence. This is in part because of a "vacuum" in the other source of Islamic law,
4441:
had a much more flexible character, and some modern Muslim scholars believe that it should be renewed, and that the classical jurists should lose special status. This would require formulating a new fiqh suitable for the modern world, e.g. as proposed by advocates of the
4974:
statements from between three and twelve witnesses. When the statements of all witnesses are consistent, the notaries will certify their unanimous testimony in a legal document, which may be used to support the litigant's claim. The notaries serve to free the
3807:
These original jurists and scholars also acted as a counterbalance to the rulers. When they saw injustice, all these scholars spoke out against it. As the state expanded outside Madina, the rights of the different communities, as they were constituted in the
4983:
school requires two notaries to collect a minimum of twelve eyewitness statements in certain legal cases, including those involving unregistered marriages and land disputes. John
Makdisi has compared this group of twelve witness statements, known as a
6293:
under the leadership of the hereditary
Ismaili Imam of the time. This adherence is in harmony also with our acceptance of Sufi principles of personal search and balance between the zahir and the spirit or the intellect which the zahir signifies."
3762:
regarding a similar case. As these jurists went to new areas, they were pragmatic and continued to use the same ruling as was given in that area during pre-Islamic times, if the population felt comfortable with it, it was just and they used
2267:
The formative period of Islamic jurisprudence stretches back to the time of the early Muslim communities. During this period, jurists were more concerned with issues of authority and teaching than with theory and methodology.
6707:
6070:
5249:(d.941) who ruled the streets of Baghdad from 921-941 CE, insisted that "whoever asserts that there is any part of Islam with which the Companions of the Prophet did not provide us has called them liars".
5101:) are also similar in both the Islamic and common law systems. These influences have led some scholars to suggest that Islamic law may have laid the foundations for "the common law as an integrated whole".
4843:
The relationship between (at least the Sunni) schools of jurisprudence and the conflict between the unity of the Shariah and the diversity of the schools, was expressed by the 12th century Hanafi scholar
2299:) while specifying that the primary Islamic texts (the Qur'an and the hadith) be understood according to objective rules of interpretation derived from scientific study of the Arabic language.
3739:
and stated this clearly. They never introduced their rulings by saying, "Here, this judgement is the judgement of God and His prophet." There is also very little text actually written down by
2380:
In the years proceeding Muhammad, the community in Madina continued to use the same rules. People were familiar with the practice of Muhammad and therefore continued to use the same rules.
2187:
or successors/followers and successors of successors), as Muslims and Islam spread from West Arabia to the conquered lands north, east, and west, where it was systematized and elaborated.
2037:
is an Arabic term meaning "deep understanding" or "full comprehension". Technically it refers to the body of Islamic law extracted from detailed Islamic sources (which are studied in the
8105:
7987:
2167:
The commands and prohibitions chosen by God were revealed through the agency of the Prophet in both the Quran and the Sunnah (words, deeds, and examples of the Prophet passed down as
7355:
4416:
or culture (a cultural practice that was influenced by traditions), that the classical jurists themselves lived in, when rulings were made. Some suggest that the discipline of
2363:
7972:
6716:
2263:", which has been "predicated on rejection of Western social and legal advances" and the development of specifically Islamic states, social sciences, economics, and finance.
1919:
deals with the observance of rituals, morals and social legislation in Islam as well as economic and political system. In the modern era, there are four prominent schools (
2366:. Muhammad then provided an example, which is recorded in the hadith books, showing people how he practically implemented these rules in a society. After the passing of
4365:(Shia) are divided into smaller sub-schools, the differences among the Shi'ite schools is considerably greater. Ibadites only follow a single school without divisions.
8071:
2477:
1976:
must look deep down into a matter and not content himself with just the apparent meaning, and a person who only knows the appearance of a matter is not qualified as a
6078:
4386:
the Ottoman Empire. While the practice in Islam dates back to the time of Muhammad, according to at least one source (Muhammad El-Gamal), it is "modeled after the
1070:
6358:(2 – Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, 24–25 February 1977). American Society of Comparative Law: 187–198 .
4979:
from the time-consuming task of hearing the testimony of each eyewitness himself, and their documents serve to legally authenticate each oral testimony. The
8385:
8002:
3892:, is the largest printed Fiqh Encyclopedia; it took 40 years to complete and was later translated into Urdu, Tamil, Persian, Malay & Bengali language.
6150:
2256:
were products of this era. However, Abduh and El-Sanhuri were modernists. 19th century Ottoman Shariah Code was built on the views of the Hanafi school.
8076:
7992:
8093:
2248:. Several "juristic revival movements" influenced by "exposure to Western legal and technological progress" followed until the mid-20th century CE.
5975:
8056:
7977:
3777:. This made it easier for the different communities to integrate into the Islamic State and assisted in the quick expansion of the Islamic State.
1565:
961:
2049:
as "knowledge of the rules of God which concern the actions of persons who own themselves connected to obey the law respecting what is required (
7997:
6945:
5797:
5770:
3951:, i.e. collective reasoning and consensus amongst authoritative Muslims of a particular generation, and its interpretation by Islamic scholars.
8007:
7964:
6819:
6796:
6741:
6672:
6547:
6196:
3888:
1452:
5646:
5619:
3784:
proposed giving priority to the Qur'an and the Hadith (the practice of Muhammad) and only then look at the consensus of the Muslim jurists (
2470:
6146:
4848:, who wrote: "Our school is correct with the possibility of error, and another school is in error with the possibility of being correct."
6648:
4325:
3906:
3663:
2038:
1992:
2436:
in Medina. Along with Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, Muhammad al-Baqir, Zayd ibn Ali and over 70 other leading jurists and scholars.
6327:
6285:
5386:
3812:
still applied. The Quran also gave additional rights to the citizens of the state and these rights were also applied. Ali, Hassan and
2091:
369:
7859:
7813:
7473:
7467:
6861:
6697:
6627:
6520:
6491:
6466:
6441:
6160:
6127:
6057:
5985:
5911:
5884:
5857:
5807:
5753:
5656:
5629:
5373:
4507:
4487:
4131:). The conclusions arrived at with the aid of these additional tools constitute a wide array of laws, and its application is called
3584:
2791:
2370:, there was a need for jurists, to decide on new legal matters where there is no such ruling in the Quran or the hadith, example of
1630:
934:
6212:
Lucas, Scott C. (2006). "The Legal Principles of Muhammad B. Ismāʿīl Al-Bukhārī and Their Relationship to Classical Salafi Islam".
5246:
3804:(Sahih translates as authentic or correct). They also felt that Muhammad's judgement was more impartial and better than their own.
3546:
2228:
from the mid-fourth century to mid-seventh AH Islamic jurisprudence was "limited to elaborations within the main juristic schools".
7730:
7586:
7121:
7017:
4467:
1230:
519:
6736:
5874:
5847:
2302:
Secondary sources of law were developed and refined over the subsequent centuries, consisting primarily of juristic preference (
8214:
8030:
6917:
5177:
5162:
4502:
3158:
2773:
2463:
2418:
2272:
1812:
4343:
There are different approaches to the methodology used in jurisprudence to derive Islamic rulings from the primary sources of
8380:
8279:
7837:
7735:
6013:
5780:
5524:
5316:
4877:
4462:
3915:
1757:
1157:
1091:
616:
117:
5826:#20.49.167) (Book #20, Hadith #20.57.190) (Book #26, Hadith #26.1.2) (Book #29, Hadith #29.5.17) (Book #36, Hadith #36.4.5)
4426:
made it relatively easy to record and validate also the rulings of jurists. This, in turn, made them far easier to imitate (
3841:
rulers after Husayn ibn Ali was betrayed by the people of Kufa and killed by Syrian Roman Army now under the control of the
2210:
from 50 AH until the early second century AH there was competition between "a traditionalist approach to jurisprudence" in
1962:
means knowledge about Islamic legal rulings from their sources. Deriving religious rulings from their sources requires the
7647:
7406:
7141:
6887:
4492:
2915:
1501:
8176:
8199:
7796:
7652:
7642:
7548:
7259:
4477:
3580:
3439:
2135:
1533:
823:
778:
405:
8166:
5830:
5707:
8301:
7982:
7750:
7543:
6978:
6247:
5205:
1580:
1407:
891:
5672:
5901:
4005:
jurists almost unanimously reject both pure reason and analogical reason; viewing both these methods as subjective.
8061:
7944:
7461:
6938:
6615:
6188:
5743:
5369:
5273:
5016:
4056:
but further instructions and details on how to perform these duties can be found in the traditions of Muhammad, so
2356:
1620:
334:
6539:
The Role of the Arab-Islamic World in the Rise of the West: Implications for Contemporary Trans-Cultural Relations
3911:
3667:
8141:
7842:
7671:
7367:
7147:
7110:
6831:
6737:"The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England_ The Case of Merton College"
5036:
4443:
3625:
3457:
2526:
1715:
1427:
1122:
424:
2362:
The Quran set the rights, responsibilities, and rules for people and societies to adhere to, such as dealing in
8296:
8025:
7849:
7622:
7160:
4893:
4053:
3190:
Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (died 829) wrote biographies and history books, student of Malik ibn Anas
2486:
2253:
2113:
1647:
1447:
966:
800:
5941:
5167:
3385:
2384:
2217:
the "golden age of classical Islamic jurisprudence" from the "early second to the mid-fourth century when the
8159:
7187:
7033:
6883:
4845:
3834:
3822:
3683:
3595:
3403:
2797:
2232:
1242:
548:
6902:
8311:
8240:
8209:
8149:
7131:
7126:
7044:
6682:(2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp. 201–206.
5210:
3847:
3809:
2518:
2328:
2083:
1696:
1462:
972:
949:
597:
524:
74:
5306:
4396:," and gives the questioner "decisive primary-mover advantage in choosing the question and its wording."
2183:
8257:
8235:
7054:
6931:
6315:
4497:
4151:. This division of interpretation in more detailed issues has resulted in different schools of thought (
3856:
1691:
1516:
1300:
1255:
2905:
2310:
4959:, during the 12th and 13th centuries, was introduced by Crusaders who may have been influenced by the
3177:, jurisprudence from early Medina period now mostly followed by Sunni in Africa, Sunni Sufi and taught
8390:
7924:
7831:
7776:
4147:
and the schools of thought have differing views on its details, without viewing other conclusions as
4057:
3645:
3419:
3274:
3060:
2785:
1061:
1056:
1039:
2352:
2340:
8154:
8035:
7929:
7745:
7242:
7039:
6305:
5195:
4993:
4607:
3797:
3409:
2941:
2935:
2609:
2447:
2433:
1805:
1701:
1335:
1235:
634:
583:
88:
6853:
6001:
8316:
8230:
8081:
8017:
7825:
7801:
7478:
7456:
7416:
7219:
7170:
7136:
7027:
6766:
6758:
6367:
5458:
5140:
4989:
4867:
3769:
3443:
3296:
3174:
2591:
2451:
2389:
1725:
1682:
1652:
1635:
1610:
1555:
1511:
1223:
1150:
795:
576:
537:
341:
7306:
5927:
3816:
gave their allegiance to the first three caliphs because they abided by these conditions. Later
6319:
6309:
4446:, which would deal with the modern context. This modernization is opposed by most conservative
8291:
8286:
8191:
8181:
8171:
7854:
7740:
7692:
7535:
7446:
7207:
7197:
7192:
7182:
7177:
7010:
6857:
6815:
6792:
6693:
6668:
6623:
6619:
6543:
6516:
6487:
6462:
6437:
6323:
6281:
6192:
6156:
6123:
6053:
5981:
5907:
5880:
5853:
5803:
5776:
5749:
5652:
5625:
5520:
5516:
5441:
Maghen, Ze'ev (2003). "Dead Tradition: Joseph Schacht and the Origins of "Popular Practice"".
5382:
5312:
5157:
5052:
4997:
4643:
3303:
3146:
3052:
2195:
1766:
1730:
1677:
1590:
1550:
1412:
814:
555:
476:
414:
312:
291:
6656:
3875:
then raised and taught her son Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr who later taught his grandson
2175:
or Companions) heard and obeyed, and passed this essence of Islam to succeeding generations (
8321:
8306:
8066:
7771:
7493:
7431:
7421:
7411:
7396:
7202:
7105:
7077:
6965:
6849:
6750:
6607:
6359:
6221:
5579:
5450:
5268:
5172:
4926:
4482:
3984:
3801:
3588:
3520:
3413:
3399:
3288:
2929:
2779:
2514:
2443:
2410:
2406:
1833:
1575:
1570:
1521:
1506:
1491:
1400:
1279:
481:
355:
4073:
Some topics are without precedent in Islam's early period. In those cases, Muslim jurists (
3185:(748–822) wrote history books like Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, student of Malik ibn Anas
8247:
7954:
7899:
7385:
7345:
7296:
7248:
7022:
6017:
5834:
5200:
5151:
4675:
4530:
4472:
4168:
is the source of a range of laws in different topics that guide Muslims in everyday life.
3756:
3723:
Key: Travelled extensively collecting the sayings of Muhammad and compiled books of hadith
3637:
3508:
3453:
3429:
2759:
2625:
2371:
2322:
2260:
2003:(lit. the branches of fiqh), the elaboration of rulings on the basis of these principles.
1851:
1710:
1526:
1486:
1475:
1457:
1360:
1305:
1218:
1133:
683:
441:
94:
7699:
5392:
5289:
4032:). On other issues, for example, the Qur'an states one needs to engage in daily prayers (
4012:
gives clear instructions on many issues, such as how to perform the ritual purification (
3284:
2439:
462:
60:
8359:
8086:
7939:
7781:
7483:
6809:
4637:
4615:
4611:
4331:
3876:
3813:
3781:
3774:
3740:
3391:
3170:
2767:
2414:
2402:
2394:
2271:
Progress in theory and methodology happened with the coming of the early Muslim jurist
2249:
1798:
1670:
1657:
1615:
1560:
1174:
455:
286:
6350:
Badr, Gamal Moursi (Spring 1978). "Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems".
6052:
Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah (2001). The History of Islam V.2. Riyadh: Darussalam. p. 110.
3598:(874–936) wrote Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Kitāb al-luma, Kitāb al-ibāna 'an usūl al-diyāna
8374:
8262:
8099:
7949:
7488:
7451:
7426:
7311:
6879:
6770:
6608:
6576:
5068:
4901:
4776:
4712:
4625:
3964:
3767:
to deduce that it did not conflict with the Quran or the Hadith. As explained in the
3550:
2105:
2041:) and the process of gaining knowledge of Islam through jurisprudence. The historian
1862:
1735:
1640:
1600:
1143:
205:
17:
5509:
4880:, which is mentioned in texts of Islamic jurisprudence as early as the 8th century.
4866:
were developed by Muslim jurists during the classical period of Islam, known as the
8349:
8274:
7934:
7786:
7664:
7380:
6986:
6311:
Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy
5118:
4925:, which developed during the 7th–9th centuries, bears a notable resemblance to the
4885:
4784:
4751:
4689:
4629:
4603:
4387:
4336:
3621:
3449:
3423:
3269:
3152:
2637:
2422:
2094:
1786:
1742:
1479:
1211:
1200:
772:
763:
740:
692:
569:
448:
390:
7284:
7272:
6010:
2275:(767–820), who codified the basic principles of Islamic jurisprudence in his book
2190:
The history of Islamic jurisprudence is "customarily divided into eight periods":
2156:
6687:
6537:
2090:
has also come to mean Islamic jurisprudence. It is not thus possible to speak of
7911:
7401:
7340:
7267:
7154:
6680:
Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God
5126:
4964:
4863:
4667:
4633:
4155:
3633:
3126:
2140:
According to Sunni Islamic history, Sunni law followed a chronological path of:
2042:
1972:) to have a deep understanding in the different discussions of jurisprudence. A
1921:
1538:
1496:
1420:
881:
240:
6225:
5454:
3314:(died 833) wrote early history and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography
3125:(699–767) wrote Al Fiqh Al Akbar and Kitab Al-Athar, jurisprudence followed by
1885:
and his companions). Fiqh expands and develops Shariah through interpretation (
8204:
7301:
7276:
6689:
Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity. Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran
5132:
5108:
5064:
5004:
4889:
4773:
4759:
4748:
4575:
Islam are each named by students of the classical jurist who taught them. The
4362:
4001:
3992:
3988:
3800:
dedicating their lives to the collection of the correct hadith, in books like
3659:
3516:
3311:
3162:
3161:(702–765) Muhammad and Ali's great great grand son, jurisprudence followed by
3122:
2426:
2201:
second period "characterized by personal interpretations" of the canon by the
2177:
2098:
1543:
510:
4382:(legal rulings by state appointed Islamic judges) after the fall of the last
7919:
7350:
7165:
6071:"The Advice of Asmaa bint Abu Bakr (ra) to her son Abdullah Ibn Zubair (ra)"
5827:
5715:
5088:
5060:
4971:
4930:
4693:
4659:
4647:
4619:
4383:
4233:
4148:
3833:
felt that it was a test from God for him and his duty to confront him. Then
3649:
3504:
3265:
3182:
3142:
2619:
1869:
is often described as the style of human understanding and practices of the
1442:
1112:
349:
5183:
4725:
4009:
3931:
2432:
Imam Jafar al-Sadiq, Imam Abu Hanifa and Malik ibn Anas worked together in
2280:
2069:
2011:
and the total product of human efforts at understanding the divine will. A
1873:, that is human understanding of the divine Islamic law as revealed in the
376:
6912:
5680:
4996:, surmising a link between the king's reforms and the legal system of the
4560:
4551:
4538:
8252:
7758:
7616:
7568:
7362:
7316:
7280:
7005:
6240:
Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse
5900:
Brockopp, Jonathan E.; Neusner, Jacob; Sonn, Tamara (27 September 2005).
5078:
5073:
5024:
5020:
4956:
4814:
4796:
4706:
4679:
4651:
4392:
4374:
4354:
4203:
4125:
4115:
3860:
3851:
3830:
3759:
3138:
2613:
2374:
2367:
2316:
2304:
2148:
2063:
1964:
1943:
1934:
1882:
1752:
1720:
1434:
1368:
1050:
1007:
909:
221:
5648:
Islamic State Practices, International Law and the Threat from Terrorism
5051:." John Makdisi speculated that English legal institutions such as "the
4836:
they accept as authentic and the weight they give to analogy or reason (
4832:
These schools share many of their rulings, but differ on the particular
8267:
7873:
7561:
7441:
7333:
7326:
7321:
7063:
6829:
Makdisi, John A. (June 1999). "The Islamic Origins of the Common Law".
6762:
6243:
5462:
5242:
5092:
5056:
5012:
4952:
4767:
4733:
4702:
4685:
4595:
4572:
4565:
4526:
4520:
4437:
4406:
4251:
4098:
4064:
3975:
3956:
3868:
3842:
3838:
3826:
3764:
3752:
3679:
3554:
3134:
2947:
2244:
2218:
2203:
2172:
2152:
1887:
1585:
1262:
1028:
916:
864:
661:
362:
214:
159:
6371:
5007:
institutions may have been adapted from similar legal institutions in
5000:. The island had previously been ruled by various Islamic dynasties.
7791:
7765:
7724:
7685:
7602:
7515:
7436:
7291:
7237:
7232:
6999:
5145:
5008:
4980:
4922:
4872:
4857:
4833:
4788:
4729:
4721:
4717:
4698:
4655:
4599:
4587:
4583:
4428:
4345:
4260:
4196:
4144:
4077:
3980:
3936:
3922:
3433:
3130:
2284:
2239:
2168:
2129:
2057:
1878:
1870:
1605:
1595:
1384:
1352:
1344:
1329:
1323:
1207:
1014:
789:
782:
639:
562:
383:
194:
149:
49:
6778:
Hawting, G.R. (2000). "16. John Wansbrough, Islam, and Monotheism".
6754:
6363:
6002:"Surat Al-Ma'idah [5:3] - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم"
5949:
8040:
7865:
7819:
7807:
7609:
7595:
7554:
7227:
7084:
7070:
6991:
6954:
5595:, edited by Bernard G. Weiss, (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2002. p. 162.)
5308:
Islamic Law and the Legal System of Saudí: Studies of Saudi Arabia
5190:
5097:
5083:
4970:
In classical Islamic jurisprudence, litigants in court may obtain
4909:
4837:
4821:
4806:
4802:
4792:
4780:
4671:
4663:
4591:
4576:
4448:
4418:
4358:
4350:
4242:
4224:
4215:
4105:
4084:
4036:
4026:
3969:
3872:
3792:
3751:
Most of the differences are regarding Sharia laws devised through
2605:
2522:
2295:
2211:
2144:
2109:
2075:
2051:
1930:
1903:
1897:
1874:
1859:
1747:
1625:
1316:
1274:
1267:
1190:
1182:
1106:
1099:
1021:
1000:
993:
979:
923:
857:
850:
843:
831:
729:
718:
672:
628:
503:
494:
487:
307:
300:
281:
260:
187:
180:
168:
139:
3829:, an oppressive ruler took power, Husayn ibn Ali the grandson of
2417:
whose views many Sunni follow and also taught by Jafar al-Sadiq.
7706:
7678:
7628:
7575:
7091:
6512:
6030:
5087:) may have also originated from Islamic law. The methodology of
5044:
5028:
4976:
4947:
4917:
4825:
4763:
4755:
4741:
4091:
4046:
4016:
3948:
3786:
3675:
2631:
2289:
2222:
2013:
1284:
986:
902:
870:
701:
650:
590:
430:
269:
251:
233:
33:
8126:
7894:
7510:
6927:
6923:
5873:
Calder, Norman; Mojaddedi, Jawid Ahmad; Rippin, Andrew (2003).
5194:– a comprehensive treatise on the contents of Islam written by
6844:
Schneider, Irene (2014). "Fiqh". In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.).
5216:
4412:
3864:
3817:
2599:
2397:
was written as a consensus of the opinion, of these scholars.
2334:
2214:
where Islam was revealed and a "rationalist approach in Iraq".
1839:
6509:
Property, Social Structure, and Law in the Modern Middle East
3755:
where there is no such ruling in the Quran or the hadiths of
3406:
jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and hadith books
6749:(4). The University of Pennsylvania Law Review: 1231–1261.
4813:
Entirely separate from both the Sunni and Shia traditions,
2383:
The scholars appearing in the diagram below were taught by
2231:
the "dark age" of Islamic jurisprudence stretched from the
1907:) of jurists on questions presented to them. Thus, whereas
6108:
Muawiya Restorer of the Muslim Faith By Aisha Bewley p. 68
6099:
Nahj al-Balagha Sermon 71, Letter 27, Letter 34, Letter 35
3837:, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr's cousin confronted the
1995:, lit. the roots of fiqh, alternatively transliterated as
6152:
Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary
1999:), the methods of legal interpretation and analysis; and
6122:. Alexandria, VA: Al-Saadawi Publications. p. 127.
5702:
5700:
5698:
3291:, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and taught
6005:
5479:
Hawting, "John Wansbrough, Islam, and Monotheism", 2000
5019:
and the Emirate of Sicily, and by Crusaders during the
4349:(Islamic law). The main methodologies are those of the
4187:
Rules in relation to circumstances surrounding actions.
3306:(778–849) wrote The Book of Knowledge of the Companions
2079:)". This definition is consistent amongst the jurists.
6663:
Doi, Abd ar-Rahman I., and Clarke, Abdassamad (2008).
4951:(judge) and beneficiaries. The trust law developed in
3959:, i.e. independent legal reasoning by Islamic jurists.
2450:
travelled everywhere collecting hadith and his father
5969:
5967:
5772:
E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936
5554:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5536:
1842:
1836:
5011:
and jurisprudence, and introduced to England by the
4373:
While using court decisions as legal precedents and
4191:
These types of rules can also fall into two groups:
1881:(the teachings and practices of the Islamic prophet
79:
8223:
8190:
8140:
8049:
8016:
7963:
7910:
7716:
7638:
7585:
7534:
7376:
7258:
7218:
7101:
7053:
6977:
6709:
Islamic Finance : Law, Economics, and Practice
5474:
5472:
4087:
jurists use historical consensus of the community (
2235:
in the mid-seventh AH (1258 CE) to 1293 AH/1876 CE.
1911:is considered immutable and infallible by Muslims,
101:
87:
73:
48:
6278:Faith and Ethics: The Vision of the Ismaili Imamat
5508:
4111:) and weigh the harms and benefits of new topics (
3744:approved for you Islam as religion" (Qur'an 5:3).
3648:(1201–1274) wrote jurisprudence books followed by
6655:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from
6031:"Sahih Bukhari : Read, Study, Search Online"
4121:), and a plurality utilizes juristic preference (
4579:schools (and where they are commonly found) are
2950:(682–720) raised and taught by Abdullah ibn Umar
2421:, Hisham ibn Urwah and Muhammad al-Baqir taught
6782:. New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 489–509.
6486:. Cambridge University Press. p. 205-210.
4884:itself later influenced the development of the
4083:) try to arrive at conclusions by other means.
2207:or companions of Muhammad, lasting until 50 AH.
6791:(3rd ed.). London: Cavendish Publishing.
5608:. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute Press.
3821:towards me." But later as fate would have it (
2401:by Malik ibn Anas quotes 13 hadiths from Imam
2338:), and sayings of a companion of the Prophet (
6939:
6846:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics
6610:Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice
2471:
1806:
1151:
8:
6880:Islamic Law and the Transfer of European Law
6715:. Cambridge University Press. Archived from
6653:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
6461:. University of Chicago Press. p. 4-8.
4545:
4153:
4123:
4113:
4103:
4089:
4075:
4062:
4044:
4034:
4024:
4014:
54:
6141:
6139:
5799:Studies in Islamic History and Civilization
4817:Islam has evolved its own distinct school.
2238:In 1293 AH (1876 CE) the Ottomans codified
8137:
8123:
7907:
7891:
7531:
7507:
6974:
6946:
6932:
6924:
6678:Cilardo, Agostino, "Fiqh, History of", in
6570:
6568:
6566:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5582:, (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2002. pp. 3, 161.)
5511:The Koran : A Very Short Introduction
2782:(died 713) taught by Aisha, he then taught
2478:
2464:
2456:
2279:. The book details the four roots of law (
2259:The most recent era has been that of the "
2194:the first period ending with the death of
2025:) is a particular ruling in a given case.
1813:
1799:
1169:
1158:
1144:
954:
819:
621:
533:
410:
154:
112:
6854:10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001
5356:
4202:Dealings and transactions (with people) (
4097:); a majority in the modern era also use
3867:the fourth caliph was also killed by the
2800:(624–692) taught by Aisha, he then taught
6436:. Oxford University Press. p. 7-9.
6419:
6395:
6384:
6185:THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF ISLAMIC LAW
4559:
3910:
3881:
3662:(1058–1111) wrote The Niche for Lights,
2351:
6577:"The Islamic Origins of the Common Law"
6352:The American Journal of Comparative Law
5942:"IMAM JAFAR BIN MUHAMMAD AS-SADIQ (AS)"
5300:
5298:
5261:
5234:
4022:) before the obligatory daily prayers (
1915:is considered fallible and changeable.
1181:
1038:
933:
890:
829:
536:
413:
267:
258:
249:
166:
157:
124:
6649:"Law. Legal Thought and Jurisprudence"
6407:
5430:. بیروت، لبنان: دارالفکر. p. 731.
5344:
5285:
5283:
4564:Map of the Muslim world with the main
3796:). This then resulted in jurists like
3628:jurisprudence followed by Twelver Shia
38:
6903:Types of Hanafi Legal Rulings (Ahkam)
6890:, 2011. (Retrieved 28 November 2011.)
6780:The Quest for the Historical Muhammad
6742:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
4963:institutions they came across in the
3889:Al Mausu'ah Al Fiqhiyah Al Kuwaitiyah
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3674:
3672:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3515:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3448:
3438:
3428:
3418:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3338:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3283:
3273:
3264:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3200:
3189:
3181:
3169:
3167:
3157:
3151:
3121:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3083:
3077:
3059:
3051:
3044:
3016:
3014:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2914:
2904:
2866:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2810:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2758:
2702:
2646:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2007:is the product of the application of
1933:practice, plus two (or three) within
1901:) and is implemented by the rulings (
93:
7:
6459:The Expert Witness in Islamic Courts
6280:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 4.
5023:. In particular, the "royal English
4361:denominations. While both Sunni and
4268:Rules in relation to circumstances (
2776:(657–725) taught and raised by Aisha
2515:Muhammad, The final Messenger of God
5606:Islamic Jurisprudence (UsulAI-Fiqh)
5515:. Oxford University Press. p.
4546:
4534:
4326:Principles of Islamic jurisprudence
3999:amongst the Sunnis. Similarly, the
3907:Principles of Islamic jurisprudence
3664:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
2039:principles of Islamic jurisprudence
2018:
1993:principles of Islamic jurisprudence
1948:
1855:
59:
8386:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia
6814:. UK: Cambridge University Press.
6735:Gaudiosi, Monica M. (April 1988).
6542:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 73.
6484:Positive Law from the Muslim World
6259:
6149:(2006). Ramadan, Hisham M. (ed.).
5558:
4184:Rules in relation to actions, and,
3711:Key: Some of Muhammad's Companions
2387:, many of whom settled in Madina.
2308:), laws of the previous prophets (
25:
6507:Ann Elizabeth Mayer, ed. (1985).
6011:Quran Surah Al-Maaida ( Verse 3 )
5604:Nyazee, Imran Ahsan Khan (2000).
5478:
4340:("principles of jurisprudence").
4334:of the Muslim jurist is known as
4060:are in most cases the basis for (
3585:History of the Prophets and Kings
2454:was a student of Malik ibn Anas.
1987:, are traditionally divided into
8355:
8354:
8343:
7874:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
7122:Timeline of the history of Islam
6911:
5125:
5111:
4400:Arguments for and against reform
1832:
1780:
1189:
138:
8215:List of ex-Muslim organisations
6536:Al-Rodhan, Nayef R. F. (2012).
5593:Studies in Islamic Legal Theory
5576:Studies in Islamic Legal Theory
5490:
5178:List of Islamic terms in Arabic
5163:Index of Islam-related articles
5047:is identified with the Islamic
5039:is identified with the Islamic
5031:is identified with the Islamic
4870:. One such institution was the
4210:Rules in relation to actions ('
3863:the first caliph and raised by
3452:(died 892) wrote early history
2774:Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
2419:Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
2405:. Aisha also taught her nephew
667:(unlawful warfare and banditry)
6118:Rashīd Riḍā, Muhammad (1996).
5645:Rehman, Javaid (7 June 2005).
5247:Al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari
4878:informal value transfer system
4422:, which developed to validate
4320:Methodologies of jurisprudence
3547:Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni
2634:(579–644) second caliph taught
2602:(607–661) fourth caliph taught
2442:was taught by Malik ibn Anas.
2413:, who was the main teacher of
2273:Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i
2116:as an expert in the civil law
1937:practice. A person trained in
1:
6888:Institute of European History
6811:The Social Structure of Islam
6706:El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (2006).
6651:. In John L. Esposito (ed.).
6606:El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (2006).
6575:Makdisi, John (1 June 1999).
5903:Judaism and Islam in Practice
5333:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
4311:In time / Deferred / Repeat (
3886:The 45 Volumes/18,500 pages,
2916:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin
1968:(an individual who exercises
8200:Apostasy in Islam by country
8077:Liberalism and progressivism
5849:Understanding Women in Islam
5742:Coulson, Noel James (1994).
5077:in Islam" and the "European
4862:A number of important legal
4840:) in deciding difficulties.
3790:) and analogical reasoning (
3581:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
3440:Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi
3159:Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir
3045:Hammad bin ibi Sulman taught
2136:History of Islamic economics
6848:. Oxford University Press.
6248:University of Chicago Press
5206:Schools of Islamic theology
5027:protected by the action of
4858:Sharia: Classic Islamic law
4552:
4539:
4304:Valid / Corrupt / Invalid (
4135:. Thus, in contrast to the
3925:in order of importance are
2171:). The first Muslims (the
1364:("Stories of the Prophets")
80:
8407:
6616:Cambridge University Press
6226:10.1163/156851906778946341
6189:Cambridge University Press
5977:Modernist Islam, 1840–1940
5618:Asadulla, Abubakr (2009).
5591:Weiss, Bernard G. (2002).
5574:Weiss, Bernard G. (2002).
5455:10.1163/156851903770227575
5370:Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi
5274:Collins English Dictionary
5017:Norman conquest of England
5003:Several other fundamental
4855:
4518:
4323:
3916:Legal systems of the world
3904:
3780:To reduce the divergence,
2446:was taught by Al-Shafi‘i.
2377:regarding a similar case.
2357:Islamic schools of thought
2245:Majallah el-Ahkam-i-Adliya
2133:
2127:
31:
8338:
8136:
8122:
7988:Geography and cartography
7906:
7890:
7530:
7506:
6973:
6962:
6832:North Carolina Law Review
6667:. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd.,
6581:North Carolina Law Review
6120:The Muhammadan Revelation
6043:Nahj ul Balagha Letter 54
5974:Kurzman, Charles (2002).
5037:assize of novel disseisin
4852:Influence on Western laws
4805:(minority communities in
4779:(minority communities in
4701:(minority communities in
4444:Islamization of knowledge
4180:) covers two main areas:
3626:Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih
3458:Genealogies of the Nobles
3378:
3372:
3370:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3281:
3279:
3258:
3256:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3187:
3179:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3067:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2958:
2924:
2920:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2764:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2409:. He then taught his son
2348:Diagram of early scholars
57:
55:
41:
8297:Islamic view of miracles
6482:Baudouin Dupret (2021).
6276:Lakhani, M. Ali (2017).
6183:B. Hallaq, Wael (2005).
6075:Ummah.com - Muslim Forum
5745:A History of Islamic Law
5335:, Altamira, 2001, p. 141
5305:Vogel, Frank E. (2000).
4515:Schools of jurisprudence
3668:The Alchemy of Happiness
3640:followed by Twelver Shia
3553:hadith book followed by
3432:(815–883/4) founded the
2254:Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri
2219:eight "most significant"
2114:Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri
1453:Medieval Islamic science
688:("spreading corruption")
32:Not to be confused with
8062:Creationism (evolution)
6884:European History Online
6692:, New York: Routledge,
6647:Calder, Norman (2009).
6432:Lawrence Rosen (2000).
6214:Islamic Law and Society
5846:Hasyim, Syafiq (2006).
5833:13 October 2010 at the
5769:Houtsma, M. Th (1993).
5443:Islamic Law and Society
5311:. Brill. pp. 4–5.
5292:Encyclopædia Britannica
5146:Traditionalist theology
4937:was required to have a
4846:Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi
4527:schools of fiqh thought
4456:Fields of jurisprudence
4176:Islamic jurisprudence (
3973:as a central Pillar of
3835:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
3823:Predestination in Islam
3684:Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi
3404:Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal
2798:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
2326:), blocking the means (
2225:jurisprudence emerged."
8312:Persecution of Muslims
8210:List of former Muslims
7127:Succession to Muhammad
6515:Press. p. 54-64.
5507:Cook, Michael (2000).
5426:أنیس, إبراهیم (1998).
5211:Sources of Islamic law
4568:
4164:This wider concept of
4154:
4124:
4114:
4104:
4090:
4076:
4063:
4045:
4035:
4025:
4015:
3918:
3893:
3810:Constitution of Medina
3145:and originally by the
2519:Constitution of Medina
2487:Early Islamic scholars
2429:, and Malik ibn Anas.
2359:
2084:Modern Standard Arabic
1463:Succession to Muhammad
8381:Islamic jurisprudence
8106:Conversion to mosques
7973:Alchemy and chemistry
6918:Islamic jurisprudence
6808:Levy, Reuben (1957).
6686:Dahlén, Ashk (2003),
6665:Shari'ah: Islamic Law
6316:Oneworld Publications
6191:. pp. 124, 127.
6008:on 25 September 2013.
5712:bewley.virtualave.net
5677:bewley.virtualave.net
5168:Ja'fari jurisprudence
4933:. For example, every
4563:
4166:Islamic jurisprudence
3979:. On the other hand;
3914:
3905:Further information:
3885:
3857:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
3726:Key: Worked in Persia
3714:Key: Taught in Medina
2385:Muhammad's companions
2355:
2320:), extended analogy (
2242:jurisprudence in the
2221:schools of Sunni and
2134:Further information:
126:Islamic jurisprudence
27:Islamic jurisprudence
18:Islamic Jurisprudence
7832:Ma malakat aymanukum
7407:Association football
6920:at Wikimedia Commons
6659:on 21 November 2008.
6434:The Justice of Islam
6306:Brown, Jonathan A.C.
6016:12 June 2018 at the
5879:. Psychology Press.
5796:Šārôn, Moše (1986).
5416:Levy (1957). p. 150.
4410:) reflects a unique
4172:Component categories
3720:Key: Worked in Syria
3646:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
3596:Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari
3420:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj
3275:Muhammad al-Shaybani
3061:Farwah bint al-Qasim
2786:Said ibn al-Musayyib
2097:as an expert in the
1895:by Islamic jurists (
1502:Association football
107:"full comprehension"
105:"deep understanding"
6787:Hudson, A. (2003).
6457:Ron Shaham (2010).
6155:. Rowman Altamira.
6081:on 25 February 2021
5241:for example, Sunni
5196:Javed Ahmed Ghamidi
4955:at the time of the
4306:sahih, fasid, batil
4297:Permit / Enforced (
4249:Disrecommendation (
4143:is not regarded as
3848:Asma' bint Abu Bakr
3798:Muhammad al-Bukhari
3717:Key: Taught in Iraq
3410:Muhammad al-Bukhari
2948:Umar ibn Abdul Aziz
2942:Salim ibn Abd-Allah
2936:Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri
2620:Abd Allah ibn Abbas
2448:Muhammad al-Bukhari
2434:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
1891:) of the Quran and
1263:Profession of Faith
1236:Day of Resurrection
8317:Quran and miracles
8231:Criticism of Islam
7945:Geometric patterns
7797:Gender segregation
7368:Non-denominational
6422:, pp. 1244–45
6398:, pp. 1237–40
5718:on 13 October 2010
5683:on 21 October 2014
5141:Abdallah al-Harari
5043:, and the English
4992:jury trials under
4990:English Common Law
4868:Islamic Golden Age
4569:
4525:There are several
4313:adaa, qadaa, i'ada
3919:
3894:
3678:(1207–1273) wrote
3386:Isma'il ibn Ja'far
3297:Ismail ibn Ibrahim
2906:Ibrahim al-Nakha’i
2616:'s daughter taught
2592:Abdullah ibn Masud
2525:, and advised his
2452:Ismail ibn Ibrahim
2425:, Jafar al-Sadiq,
2360:
2332:), local customs (
779:Gender segregation
342:Islamic leadership
8368:
8367:
8334:
8333:
8330:
8329:
8302:Domestic violence
8292:Islamic terrorism
8287:Islamic extremism
8118:
8117:
8114:
8113:
7886:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7672:Marriage contract
7502:
7501:
7462:Political aspects
7249:Story of Prophets
7018:Prophets of Islam
6916:Media related to
6821:978-0-521-09182-4
6798:978-1-85941-729-4
6789:Equity and Trusts
6673:978-1-84200-087-8
6549:978-0-230-39320-2
6238:Mansoor Moaddel,
6198:978-0-521-80332-8
6187:. Cambridge, UK:
6147:Irshad Abdel Haqq
5952:on 22 August 2023
5381:. Enlight Press.
5375:The Laws of Islam
5372:(26 March 2016).
5245:scholar/preacher
5158:Glossary of Islam
5091:and reasoning by
5053:scholastic method
4998:Kingdom of Sicily
4058:Qur'an and Sunnah
3942:Secondary sources
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3549:(864- 941) wrote
3444:Jami` at-Tirmidhi
3304:Ali ibn al-Madini
3053:Muhammad al-Baqir
2938:(died 741) taught
2792:Abdullah ibn Umar
2762:(died 681) taught
2594:(died 653) taught
2311:shara man qablana
1823:
1822:
1168:
1167:
1082:
1081:
940:
939:
754:
753:
607:
606:
532:
531:
325:
324:
111:
110:
16:(Redirected from
8398:
8358:
8357:
8350:Islam portal
8348:
8347:
8346:
8138:
8130:
8124:
7965:Medieval science
7908:
7898:
7892:
7549:Economic history
7532:
7508:
7494:Islam by country
7327:Bektashi Alevism
6975:
6966:Outline of Islam
6948:
6941:
6934:
6925:
6915:
6867:
6840:
6825:
6802:
6783:
6774:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6721:
6714:
6702:
6660:
6634:
6633:
6613:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6572:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6429:
6423:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6399:
6393:
6387:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6273:
6267:
6257:
6251:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6143:
6134:
6133:
6115:
6109:
6106:
6100:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6077:. Archived from
6067:
6061:
6050:
6044:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6029:Bukhari, Sahih.
6026:
6020:
6009:
6004:. Archived from
5998:
5992:
5991:
5971:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5948:. Archived from
5938:
5932:
5931:
5928:"Jafar Al-Sadiq"
5924:
5918:
5917:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5843:
5837:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5739:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5714:. Archived from
5704:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5679:. Archived from
5669:
5663:
5662:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5615:
5609:
5602:
5596:
5589:
5583:
5580:Bernard G. Weiss
5572:
5566:
5556:
5531:
5530:
5514:
5504:
5498:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5423:
5417:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5398:on 2 August 2019
5397:
5391:. Archived from
5380:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5302:
5293:
5287:
5278:
5266:
5250:
5239:
5173:Outline of Islam
5135:
5130:
5129:
5121:
5116:
5115:
5114:
4744:Islam comprise:
4736:no longer exist.
4555:
4549:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4299:rukhsah, azeemah
4240:Permissibility (
4231:Recommendation (
4159:
4129:
4119:
4109:
4095:
4081:
4068:
4054:month of Ramadan
4050:
4040:
4030:
4020:
3995:, etc. rejected
3985:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
3927:Primary sources
3850:the daughter of
3802:Sahih al-Bukhari
3652:and Twelver Shia
3636:(930–977) wrote
3624:(923–991) wrote
3589:Tafsir al-Tabari
3583:(838–923) wrote
3521:Sunan Abu Dawood
3519:(817–889) wrote
3507:(824–887) wrote
3442:(824–892) wrote
3422:(815–875) wrote
3414:Sahih al-Bukhari
3412:(810–870) wrote
3402:(780–855) wrote
3400:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
3287:(767–820) wrote
3268:(729–798) wrote
3173:(711–795) wrote
3055:(676–733) taught
2932:(667–772) taught
2930:Hisham ibn Urwah
2918:(659–712) taught
2794:(614–693) taught
2788:(637–715) taught
2780:Urwah ibn Zubayr
2770:(626–680) taught
2640:(603–681) taught
2628:(610–660) taught
2622:(618–687) taught
2495:
2494:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2457:
2444:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
2411:Hisham ibn Urwah
2407:Urwah ibn Zubayr
2329:sadd al-dhari'ah
2184:Tabi' al-Tabi'in
2067:), disapproved (
2061:), recommended (
2020:
1950:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1787:Islam portal
1785:
1784:
1783:
1193:
1170:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1123:Prisoners of war
1118:
1076:
1071:Comparison with
955:
820:
747:
736:
725:
708:
698:
689:
679:
668:
657:
646:
622:
534:
411:
370:Wilayat al-faqih
356:Majlis-ash-Shura
155:
142:
113:
97:
83:
69:
68:
67:
65:
63:
39:
21:
8406:
8405:
8401:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8396:
8395:
8371:
8370:
8369:
8364:
8344:
8342:
8326:
8248:Cultural Muslim
8219:
8186:
8142:Other religions
8132:
8128:
8110:
8045:
8012:
7959:
7902:
7900:Islamic studies
7896:
7878:
7712:
7657:
7634:
7581:
7526:
7525:
7498:
7447:Moral teachings
7390:
7372:
7346:Nation of Islam
7307:Twelver Shi'ism
7254:
7220:Religious texts
7214:
7132:Early conquests
7115:
7097:
7049:
6969:
6958:
6952:
6899:
6878:Potz, Richard,
6875:
6873:Further reading
6870:
6864:
6843:
6839:(5): 1635–1739.
6828:
6822:
6807:
6799:
6786:
6777:
6755:10.2307/3312162
6734:
6725:
6723:
6722:on 3 April 2018
6719:
6712:
6705:
6700:
6685:
6646:
6642:
6637:
6630:
6605:
6604:
6600:
6590:
6588:
6574:
6573:
6564:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6523:
6506:
6505:
6501:
6494:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6469:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6444:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6418:
6414:
6406:
6402:
6394:
6390:
6383:
6379:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6288:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6262:Islamic Finance
6258:
6254:
6237:
6233:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6199:
6182:
6181:
6177:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6145:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6103:
6098:
6094:
6084:
6082:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6051:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6018:Wayback Machine
6000:
5999:
5995:
5988:
5973:
5972:
5965:
5955:
5953:
5946:www.ziaraat.org
5940:
5939:
5935:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5914:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5887:
5876:Classical Islam
5872:
5871:
5867:
5860:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5835:Wayback Machine
5821:
5817:
5810:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5783:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5741:
5740:
5731:
5721:
5719:
5706:
5705:
5696:
5686:
5684:
5671:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5632:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5603:
5599:
5590:
5586:
5573:
5569:
5561:Islamic Finance
5557:
5534:
5527:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5489:
5485:
5477:
5470:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5378:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5343:
5339:
5331:Glasse, Cyril,
5330:
5326:
5319:
5304:
5303:
5296:
5288:
5281:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5253:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5201:Palestinian law
5152:Bahar-e-Shariat
5131:
5124:
5117:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5089:legal precedent
5071:in England and
4929:in the English
4860:
4854:
4740:The schools of
4571:The schools of
4523:
4517:
4512:
4458:
4328:
4322:
4174:
3952:
3943:
3926:
3921:The sources of
3909:
3903:
3757:Islamic prophet
3638:Nahj al-Balagha
3509:Sunan ibn Majah
3454:Futuh al-Buldan
3430:Dawud al-Zahiri
2944:ibn Umar taught
2760:Alqama ibn Qays
2626:Zayd ibn Thabit
2610:Muhammad's wife
2489:
2484:
2372:Islamic prophet
2350:
2323:maslaha mursala
2314:), continuity (
2261:Islamic revival
2233:fall of Baghdad
2138:
2132:
2126:
2073:), or neutral (
2031:
1983:The studies of
1835:
1831:
1819:
1781:
1779:
1772:
1771:
1716:Other religions
1711:Arabic language
1673:
1663:
1662:
1591:Moral teachings
1482:
1468:
1467:
1458:Spread of Islam
1403:
1393:
1392:
1380:(jurisprudence)
1362:Qisas al-Anbiya
1311:
1310:
1290:
1289:
1258:
1248:
1247:
1203:
1164:
1134:Islamic studies
1128:
1127:
1116:
1094:
1084:
1083:
1069:
1066:
1034:
952:
942:
941:
929:
877:
817:
807:
806:
805:
766:
756:
755:
745:
734:
724:(discretionary)
723:
706:
696:
687:
684:Mofsed-e-filarz
677:
666:
655:
644:
619:
609:
608:
603:
516:
468:
436:
408:
398:
397:
396:
337:
327:
326:
321:
229:
228:
200:
152:
127:
106:
102:Literal meaning
56:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8404:
8402:
8394:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8373:
8372:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8362:
8352:
8339:
8336:
8335:
8332:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8283:
8282:
8272:
8271:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8250:
8245:
8244:
8243:
8238:
8227:
8225:
8224:Related topics
8221:
8220:
8218:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8196:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
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8163:
8162:
8157:
8146:
8144:
8134:
8133:
8127:
8120:
8119:
8116:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8108:
8103:
8096:
8091:
8090:
8089:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8053:
8051:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8022:
8020:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7969:
7967:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7916:
7914:
7904:
7903:
7895:
7888:
7887:
7884:
7883:
7880:
7879:
7877:
7876:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7857:
7855:Sources of law
7852:
7847:
7846:
7845:
7835:
7828:
7823:
7816:
7811:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7762:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7733:
7728:
7720:
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7711:
7710:
7703:
7696:
7689:
7682:
7675:
7668:
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7658:
7656:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7639:
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7620:
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7606:
7599:
7591:
7589:
7583:
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7580:
7579:
7572:
7565:
7558:
7551:
7546:
7540:
7538:
7528:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7518:
7512:
7511:
7504:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7479:Social welfare
7476:
7471:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7383:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7359:
7358:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7288:
7287:
7264:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7224:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7163:
7158:
7151:
7144:
7142:Historiography
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7102:
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6908:
6907:
6905:
6898:
6897:External links
6895:
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6400:
6388:
6377:
6364:10.2307/839667
6342:
6329:978-1780744209
6328:
6297:
6287:978-1786733900
6286:
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5808:
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5761:
5754:
5729:
5694:
5664:
5657:
5637:
5630:
5621:Islam Vs. West
5610:
5597:
5584:
5567:
5532:
5525:
5499:
5483:
5468:
5449:(3): 276–347.
5433:
5418:
5409:
5388:978-0994240989
5387:
5361:
5357:Schneider 2014
5349:
5337:
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5122:
5106:
5103:
5035:, the English
4856:Main article:
4853:
4850:
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4829:
4811:
4810:
4800:
4771:
4738:
4737:
4715:
4710:
4696:
4683:
4641:
4638:Eastern Arabia
4623:
4616:North Caucasus
4519:Main article:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4402:
4401:
4371:
4370:
4332:modus operandi
4324:Main article:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4266:
4265:
4256:
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4238:
4229:
4216:decision types
4208:
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4200:
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4188:
4185:
4173:
4170:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3902:
3899:
3877:Jafar al-Sadiq
3814:Husayn ibn Ali
3775:Malik ibn Anas
3741:Jafar al-Sadiq
3734:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3724:
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3463:
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3427:
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3407:
3397:
3395:
3392:Musa al-Kadhim
3389:
3382:
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3379:
3377:
3375:
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3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
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3192:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3171:Malik ibn Anas
3168:
3166:
3156:
3150:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
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3100:
3098:
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3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3063:Jafar's mother
3058:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
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3018:
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3015:
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3009:
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3005:
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2999:
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2808:
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2795:
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2783:
2777:
2771:
2768:Husayn ibn Ali
2765:
2763:
2756:
2755:
2753:
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2749:
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2739:
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2635:
2629:
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2597:
2595:
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2579:
2577:
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2573:
2571:
2569:
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2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
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2548:
2547:
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2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2415:Malik ibn Anas
2403:Jafar al-Sadiq
2395:Malik ibn Anas
2349:
2346:
2341:qawl al-sahabi
2265:
2264:
2257:
2250:Muhammad Abduh
2236:
2229:
2226:
2215:
2212:western Arabia
2208:
2199:
2165:
2164:
2128:Main article:
2125:
2122:
2112:legal scholar
2030:
2027:
1958:Figuratively,
1941:is known as a
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1792:
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1763:
1762:
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1755:
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1733:
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1718:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1671:Related topics
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1653:Social welfare
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
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1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
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1531:
1530:
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1509:
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1494:
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1473:
1470:
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1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
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1431:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1341:
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1320:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:Predestination
1239:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:Revealed Books
1221:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
964:
958:
953:
948:
947:
944:
943:
938:
937:
931:
930:
928:
927:
920:
913:
906:
898:
895:
894:
888:
887:
886:
885:
876:
875:
861:
854:
847:
839:
836:
835:
827:
826:
818:
813:
812:
809:
808:
804:
803:
798:
793:
786:
776:
768:
767:
762:
761:
758:
757:
752:
751:
750:
749:
746:(compensation)
738:
727:
713:
712:
711:
710:
699:
690:
681:
670:
659:
648:
637:
632:
620:
615:
614:
611:
610:
605:
604:
602:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
544:
541:
540:
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529:
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527:
522:
515:
514:
507:
500:
499:
498:
491:
479:
473:
470:
469:
467:
466:
459:
452:
445:
437:
435:
434:
427:
421:
418:
417:
409:
404:
403:
400:
399:
395:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
346:
345:
344:
338:
333:
332:
329:
328:
323:
322:
320:
319:
304:
297:
289:
277:
274:
273:
265:
264:
256:
255:
247:
246:
245:
244:
237:
230:
227:
226:
218:
209:
203:
199:
198:
191:
184:
176:
173:
172:
164:
163:
153:
148:
147:
144:
143:
135:
134:
122:
121:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
95:[fiqh]
91:
85:
84:
77:
71:
70:
52:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8403:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8378:
8376:
8361:
8353:
8351:
8341:
8340:
8337:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8276:
8273:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8263:Post-Islamism
8261:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8222:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8189:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8161:
8160:Protestantism
8158:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8125:
8121:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8101:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8088:
8085:
8084:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8048:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8019:
8015:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8003:Ophthalmology
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7966:
7962:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7893:
7889:
7875:
7872:
7868:
7867:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7844:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7809:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7763:
7761:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7751:Death penalty
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7726:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7717:Other aspects
7715:
7709:
7708:
7704:
7702:
7701:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7683:
7681:
7680:
7676:
7674:
7673:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7618:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7600:
7598:
7597:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7584:
7578:
7577:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7566:
7564:
7563:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7522:
7521:Jurisprudence
7519:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7375:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7335:
7332:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7260:Denominations
7257:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7169:
7168:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
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7075:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7046:
7045:Holiest sites
7043:
7041:
7040:Judgement Day
7038:
7036:
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7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
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6881:
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6876:
6872:
6865:
6863:9780199739356
6859:
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6704:
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6699:9780415945295
6695:
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6681:
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6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6645:
6644:
6639:
6631:
6629:0-521-86414-3
6625:
6621:
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6612:
6611:
6602:
6599:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6571:
6569:
6567:
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6551:
6545:
6541:
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6532:
6529:
6524:
6522:9780873959889
6518:
6514:
6510:
6503:
6500:
6495:
6493:9781108960137
6489:
6485:
6478:
6475:
6470:
6468:9780226749358
6464:
6460:
6453:
6450:
6445:
6443:9780198298847
6439:
6435:
6428:
6425:
6421:
6420:Gaudiosi 1988
6416:
6413:
6409:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6396:Gaudiosi 1988
6392:
6389:
6386:
6385:Gaudiosi 1988
6381:
6378:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
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6343:
6331:
6325:
6321:
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6272:
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6227:
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6176:
6164:
6162:9780759109919
6158:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6142:
6140:
6136:
6131:
6129:1-881963-55-1
6125:
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6114:
6111:
6105:
6102:
6096:
6093:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6058:9960-892-88-3
6055:
6049:
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6040:
6037:
6032:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6007:
6003:
5997:
5994:
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5987:9780195154689
5983:
5979:
5978:
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5968:
5964:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5934:
5929:
5923:
5920:
5915:
5913:9781134605538
5909:
5906:. Routledge.
5905:
5904:
5896:
5893:
5888:
5886:9780415240321
5882:
5878:
5877:
5869:
5866:
5861:
5859:9789793780191
5855:
5851:
5850:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5832:
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5811:
5809:9789652640147
5805:
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5800:
5792:
5789:
5784:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5765:
5762:
5757:
5755:9780748605149
5751:
5747:
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5734:
5730:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5660:
5658:9781841135014
5654:
5650:
5649:
5641:
5638:
5633:
5631:9780595501571
5627:
5624:. iUniverse.
5623:
5622:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5568:
5564:
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5555:
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5539:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5512:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5494:
5493:In God's Path
5487:
5484:
5480:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5434:
5429:
5428:المعجم الوسیط
5422:
5419:
5413:
5410:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5362:
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5142:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5123:
5120:
5109:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5069:Inns of Court
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:Ahl al-Hadith
4711:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4543:
4541:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4514:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
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4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
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4474:
4471:
4469:
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4460:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4404:Each school (
4399:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4263:
4262:
4258:Prohibition (
4257:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4214:— عملية) or "
4213:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4086:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4055:
4052:) during the
4051:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4011:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3965:Sunni Muslims
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3924:
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3913:
3908:
3900:
3898:
3891:
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3874:
3870:
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3635:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3556:
3552:
3551:Kitab al-Kafi
3548:
3544:
3542:
3528:
3526:
3522:
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3506:
3480:
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3464:
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3405:
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3334:
3324:
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3305:
3298:
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3267:
3263:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3210:
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3132:
3128:
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3076:
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3002:
2996:
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2698:
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2645:
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2627:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2551:
2549:
2528:
2524:
2521:, taught the
2520:
2517:(570–632 the
2516:
2496:
2493:
2492:
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2481:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2462:
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2209:
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2200:
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2162:
2158:
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2141:
2137:
2131:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:United States
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:Chief Justice
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2005:Furūʿ al-fiqh
2002:
2001:Furūʿ al-fiqh
1998:
1997:Usool al-fiqh
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
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1905:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:jurisprudence
1861:
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1829:
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1816:
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1651:
1649:
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1634:
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1629:
1627:
1626:Proselytizing
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1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
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1602:
1599:
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1549:
1545:
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1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:Denominations
1532:
1528:
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1520:
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1513:
1510:
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1471:
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1314:
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1286:
1283:
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1234:
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1131:
1124:
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1119:
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1111:
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1047:
1045:
1044:
1041:
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748:
743:
739:
737:
735:(retaliation)
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709:
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656:(illicit sex)
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525:Breastfeeding
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35:
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8275:Islamophobia
8150:Christianity
8098:
8031:Contemporary
7925:Architecture
7864:
7830:
7818:
7806:
7764:
7757:
7723:
7705:
7700:Nikah mut'ah
7698:
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7090:
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7062:
7055:Five Pillars
7032:
6998:
6987:God in Islam
6964:
6845:
6836:
6830:
6810:
6788:
6779:
6746:
6740:
6724:. Retrieved
6717:the original
6708:
6688:
6679:
6664:
6657:the original
6652:
6640:Bibliography
6609:
6601:
6589:. Retrieved
6584:
6580:
6553:. Retrieved
6538:
6531:
6508:
6502:
6483:
6477:
6458:
6452:
6433:
6427:
6415:
6410:, p. 32
6403:
6391:
6380:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6333:. Retrieved
6310:
6300:
6291:
6277:
6271:
6261:
6255:
6239:
6234:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6184:
6178:
6166:. Retrieved
6151:
6119:
6113:
6104:
6095:
6085:20 September
6083:. Retrieved
6079:the original
6074:
6065:
6048:
6039:
6024:
6006:the original
5996:
5976:
5954:. Retrieved
5950:the original
5945:
5936:
5922:
5902:
5895:
5875:
5868:
5848:
5841:
5822:
5818:
5798:
5791:
5771:
5764:
5744:
5720:. Retrieved
5716:the original
5711:
5685:. Retrieved
5681:the original
5676:
5667:
5647:
5640:
5620:
5613:
5605:
5600:
5592:
5587:
5578:, edited by
5575:
5570:
5560:
5510:
5502:
5492:
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5446:
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5400:. Retrieved
5393:the original
5374:
5364:
5352:
5340:
5332:
5327:
5307:
5272:
5264:
5237:
5215:
5189:
5182:
5150:
5119:Islam portal
5096:
5082:
5072:
5048:
5040:
5032:
5002:
4985:
4969:
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4946:
4942:
4938:
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4896:such as the
4881:
4871:
4864:institutions
4861:
4842:
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4812:
4785:Central Asia
4739:
4690:Saudi Arabia
4630:North Africa
4604:Central Asia
4570:
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4436:
4434:
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4411:
4405:
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4342:
4337:usul al-fiqh
4335:
4329:
4312:
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4284:
4277:
4272:) comprise:
4269:
4267:
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4222:Obligation (
4218:" comprise:
4211:
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4190:
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4165:
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4152:
4149:sacrilegious
4140:
4136:
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4042:) and fast (
4033:
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4000:
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3963:Majority of
3962:
3941:
3920:
3895:
3887:
3806:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3768:
3750:
3746:
3737:
3622:Ibn Babawayh
3450:Al-Baladhuri
3446:hadith books
3426:hadith books
3424:Sahih Muslim
3416:hadith books
3270:Usul al-fiqh
3153:Zayd ibn Ali
2638:Abu Hurairah
2438:
2431:
2423:Zayd ibn Ali
2398:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2361:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2243:
2202:
2189:
2182:
2176:
2166:
2160:
2139:
2117:
2101:
2095:John Roberts
2087:
2081:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2034:
2032:
2022:
2012:
2009:Uṣūl al-fiqh
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:Uṣūl al-fiqh
1988:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1942:
1938:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1866:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1743:Islamophobia
1522:Demographics
1517:Circumcision
1433:
1426:
1419:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1315:
1113:
1105:
1098:
1072:
1049:
1027:
1020:
1013:
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985:
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971:
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915:
908:
901:
880:
869:
863:
856:
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842:
830:
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771:
741:
730:
719:
702:
697:("sedition")
678:("mischief")
673:
662:
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640:
627:
598:Masturbation
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:
509:
502:
493:
486:
461:
454:
447:
440:
429:
389:
382:
375:
368:
361:
354:
314:
306:
299:
292:
280:
268:
259:
250:
239:
232:
220:
213:
204:
193:
186:
179:
167:
158:
129:
125:
75:Romanization
42:
29:
8391:Law schools
8050:Other areas
8041:Theological
8036:Eschatology
7993:Mathematics
7930:Calligraphy
7860:Theological
7814:Inheritance
7731:Cleanliness
7161:Shi'a Imams
7155:Ahl al-Bayt
6726:28 February
6408:Hudson 2003
6318:. pp.
5956:13 November
5852:. Equinox.
5828:Al-Muwatta'
5722:13 November
5687:25 February
5565:: pp. 30–31
5402:22 December
5345:Calder 2009
5081:" (Islamic
5065:law schools
5009:Islamic law
4965:Middle East
4945:(trustee),
4941:(settlor),
4923:Islamic law
4876:, an early
4668:East Africa
4634:West Africa
4508:Theological
4488:Inheritance
4290:Preventor (
4276:Condition (
3859:the son of
3782:ash-Shafi'i
3634:Sharif Razi
3523:Hadith Book
3511:hadith book
3165:, he taught
2055:), sinful (
2043:Ibn Khaldun
1758:Laws of war
1421:Ahl al-Bayt
1306:Foundations
935:Inheritance
882:Bayt al-mal
241:Nafl prayer
8375:Categories
8205:Ex-Muslims
8100:Shu'ubiyya
8094:Psychology
8082:Literature
8072:Inventions
8018:Philosophy
7826:Leadership
7802:Honorifics
7457:Philosophy
7312:Isma'ilism
7277:Maturidism
7166:Caliphates
7137:Golden Age
7028:Revelation
6675:(hardback)
6618:. p.
6260:El-Gamal,
6242:, pg. 32.
6220:(3): 292.
5823:Al-Muwatta
5782:9004097910
5559:El-Gamal,
5526:0192853449
5318:9004110623
5224:References
5133:Law portal
5015:after the
5005:common law
4943:mutawillis
4902:French law
4894:civil laws
4890:common law
4760:Azerbaijan
4608:South Asia
4483:Hygienical
4390:system of
4204:Mu`amalaat
3993:Hanbalites
3989:Al-Bukhari
3901:Components
3660:Al-Ghazali
3517:Abu Dawood
3312:Ibn Hisham
3285:al-Shafi‘i
3149:and taught
3131:Sunni Sufi
3123:Abu Hanifa
2527:companions
2440:Al-Shafi‘i
2427:Abu Hanifa
2277:ar-Risālah
2153:Companions
2120:of Egypt.
2099:common law
2045:describes
1611:Philosophy
1348:(exegesis)
1285:Pilgrimage
1275:Almsgiving
796:Honorifics
645:(gambling)
8322:Symbolism
8280:Incidents
8258:Criticism
8155:Mormonism
8057:Astrology
7983:Cosmology
7978:Astronomy
7920:Arabesque
7787:Etiquette
7746:Blasphemy
7536:Economics
7351:Ahmadiyya
7285:Mu'tazili
7273:Ash'arism
6886:, Mainz:
6771:153149243
6587:(5): 1635
6168:17 August
5802:. BRILL.
5775:. BRILL.
5708:"Muwatta"
5491:Hoyland,
5257:Citations
5067:known as
4972:notarized
4931:trust law
4694:Wahhabism
4660:Kurdistan
4648:Indonesia
4620:Tatarstan
4503:Political
4473:Etiquette
4468:Economics
4384:caliphate
4234:mustahabb
4195:Worship (
3981:Zahirites
3686:on Sufism
3670:on Sufism
3505:Ibn Majah
3394:(745–799)
3388:(719–775)
3289:Al-Risala
3277:(749–805)
3266:Abu Yusuf
3183:Al-Waqidi
3155:(695–740)
3143:Zaidiyyah
2198:in 11 AH.
2157:Followers
2033:The word
2029:Etymology
1731:terrorism
1683:Criticism
1636:Sexuality
1606:Mysticism
1576:Festivals
1556:Education
1551:Economics
1487:Academics
1443:Caliphate
1256:Practices
1114:Istijarah
764:Etiquette
707:(stoning)
635:Blasphemy
350:Caliphate
335:Political
8360:Category
8253:Islamism
8236:Muhammad
8192:Apostasy
8167:Hinduism
8067:Feminism
7998:Medicine
7838:Military
7792:Gambling
7741:Apostasy
7736:Criminal
7648:Marriage
7617:Tayammum
7569:Murabaha
7442:Madrasas
7432:Holidays
7422:Clothing
7417:Children
7412:Calendar
7363:Quranism
7317:Alawites
7281:Atharism
7172:Rashidun
7011:In Islam
7006:Muhammad
6308:(2014).
6014:Archived
5831:Archived
5651:. Hart.
5105:See also
5079:commenda
5074:Madrasas
5063:", the "
5041:Istihqaq
5025:contract
5021:Crusades
4994:Henry II
4957:Crusades
4904:and the
4815:Khawarij
4797:Pakistan
4777:Isma'ili
4707:Pakistan
4680:Maldives
4652:Malaysia
4566:madhhabs
4498:Military
4463:Criminal
4393:responsa
4375:case law
4212:amaliyya
4156:madh'hab
4126:Istihsan
4116:Istislah
3991:, early
3869:Umayyads
3861:Abu Bakr
3852:Abu Bakr
3831:Muhammad
3760:Muhammad
3139:Deobandi
2614:Abu Bakr
2375:Muhammad
2368:Muhammad
2364:interest
2317:istishab
2305:istihsan
2196:Muhammad
2149:Muhammad
2110:Egyptian
2108:, or of
1965:mujtahid
1922:madh'hab
1883:Muhammad
1877:and the
1767:Glossary
1753:Jihadism
1726:Violence
1721:Islamism
1692:Muhammad
1678:Apostasy
1621:Politics
1571:Feminism
1566:Exorcism
1527:Diaspora
1512:Children
1507:Calendar
1435:Rashidun
1413:Muhammad
1408:Timeline
1369:Mathnawi
1231:Prophets
1175:a series
1173:Part of
1117:(asylum)
1092:Military
1051:Dhabihah
1008:Tayammum
910:Murabaha
815:Economic
617:Criminal
556:Abortion
520:Adoption
477:Polygyny
425:Contract
415:Marriage
287:clothing
222:Tahajjud
118:a series
116:Part of
8307:Nursing
8268:Qutbism
8182:Sikhism
8177:Judaism
8172:Jainism
8008:Physics
7955:Pottery
7940:Gardens
7935:Carpets
7850:Slavery
7772:Divorce
7759:Dhabiĥa
7587:Hygiene
7562:Takaful
7544:Banking
7474:Science
7468:Qurbani
7437:Mosques
7397:Animals
7386:Culture
7334:Zaydism
7322:Alevism
7208:Ottoman
7198:Almohad
7193:Fatimid
7188:Córdoba
7183:Abbasid
7178:Umayyad
7111:Leaders
7106:History
7064:Shahada
6979:Beliefs
6763:3312162
6266:: p. 32
6250:, 2005.
6244:Chicago
5673:"ulama"
5497:: p.223
5481:: p.513
5463:3399422
5243:Hanbali
5093:analogy
5057:licence
5013:Normans
4953:England
4910:Italian
4892:and in
4834:hadiths
4774:Ja'fari
4768:Lebanon
4752:Twelver
4749:Ja'fari
4734:Qurtubi
4703:Morocco
4692:); see
4686:Hanbali
4644:Shafi'i
4596:Balkans
4553:maḏāhib
4521:Madhhab
4493:Marital
4438:shariah
4407:madhhab
4363:Shi'ite
4283:Cause (
4252:makrooh
4197:Ibadaat
4099:analogy
4065:Shariah
3976:Ijtihad
3957:Ijtihad
3843:Yazid I
3839:Umayyad
3827:Yazid I
3825:) when
3770:Muwatta
3765:Ijtihad
3753:Ijtihad
3748:3:95).
3680:Masnavi
3650:Ismaili
3555:Twelver
3175:Muwatta
3147:Fatimid
3135:Barelvi
2399:Muwatta
2390:Muwatta
2204:Sahabah
2178:Tabi'un
2173:Sahabah
2124:History
2104:of the
1970:ijtihad
1929:within
1888:ijtihad
1860:Islamic
1648:Slavery
1631:Science
1586:Madrasa
1581:Finance
1492:Animals
1480:society
1476:Culture
1448:Imamate
1428:Sahabah
1401:History
1371:(Poems)
1356:(creed)
1280:Fasting
1208:Oneness
1201:Beliefs
1073:kashrut
1057:Alcohol
1040:Dietary
1029:Istinja
973:Taharah
950:Hygiene
917:Takaful
892:Banking
868: (
865:Sadaqah
824:History
663:Hirabah
577:Hygiene
511:Kafa'ah
482:Divorce
363:Imamate
311: (
285: (
215:Tarawih
181:Raka'ah
160:Shahada
66:
64:
58:
8129:
8087:poetry
7897:
7782:Ethics
7766:Dhimmi
7725:Baligh
7686:Mahram
7643:Family
7623:Toilet
7603:Miswak
7356:Lahori
7297:Salafi
7243:Seerah
7238:Tafsir
7233:Hadith
7203:Sokoto
7148:Sahaba
7023:Angels
7000:Tawhid
6957:topics
6860:
6818:
6795:
6769:
6761:
6696:
6671:
6626:
6591:25 May
6555:25 May
6546:
6519:
6490:
6465:
6440:
6372:839667
6370:
6335:4 June
6326:
6284:
6264:, 2006
6195:
6159:
6126:
6056:
5984:
5910:
5883:
5856:
5806:
5779:
5752:
5655:
5628:
5563:, 2006
5523:
5495:, 2015
5461:
5385:
5315:
5269:"fiqh"
5184:Ma'ruf
5055:, the
4981:Maliki
4927:trusts
4906:avallo
4886:agency
4882:Hawala
4873:Hawala
4795:, and
4789:Levant
4766:, and
4732:, and
4730:Thawri
4726:Awza'i
4722:Laythi
4718:Jariri
4699:Zahiri
4678:, and
4676:Kerala
4656:Brunei
4636:, and
4626:Maliki
4618:, and
4600:Levant
4588:Turkey
4584:Hanafi
4544:; pl.
4540:maḏhab
4531:Arabic
4478:Family
4435:Early
4429:taqlid
4424:hadith
4369:Fatawa
4346:sharia
4270:wadia'
4261:haraam
4145:sacred
4137:sharia
4078:Fuqaha
4010:Qur'an
3937:Hadith
3932:Qur'an
3923:Sharia
3436:school
3434:Zahiri
2908:taught
2293:, and
2285:sunnah
2281:Qur'an
2240:Hanafi
2169:hadith
2130:Sharia
2070:makrūh
2064:mandūb
2058:haraam
1953:fuqaha
1909:sharia
1893:Sunnah
1879:sunnah
1871:sharia
1852:Arabic
1702:Hadith
1616:Poetry
1596:Mosque
1561:Ethics
1386:Sharia
1354:Aqidah
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