926:
550:
206:
323:
architecture. The city of Venice was built with a
Christian population in mind, but implemented many classic Islamic elements, and the merchant-city reputation of Venice helped solidify the blend of Islamic and Christian cultures at the time. In many areas European-made goods could not match the quality of Islamic or Byzantine work until near the end of the Middle Ages. Luxury textiles were widely used for clothing and hangings and also, fortunately for art history, also often as shrouds for the burials of important figures, which is how most surviving examples were preserved. In this area
414:
802:, from which the order took its common name. Around a decade later, the royal palace moved their headquarters to near the Temple of David, and the Knights Templar took over all of the Al-Aqsa Mosque. Subsequently, the Templar order built secular and religious structures within the mosque’s area, like multiple cloisters, shrines, and a church. It's likely that the Templars used the Dome of the Rock, also known as al-Haram al-Sharif, as a standard to reach in terms of architectural beauty. The typical
993:
59:. Western European Christians interacted with Muslims in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East and formed a relationship based on shared ideas and artistic methods. Islamic art includes a wide variety of media including calligraphy, illustrated manuscripts, textiles, ceramics, metalwork, and glass, and because the Islamic world encompassed people of diverse religious backgrounds, artists and craftsmen were not always Muslim, and came from a wide variety of different backgrounds.
2813:
1104:
generally of a linear character, were turned into straps or bands. ... It is characteristic of the moresque, which is essentially a surface ornament, that it is impossible to locate the pattern's beginning or end. ... Originating in the Middle East, they were introduced to continental Europe via Italy and Spain ... Italian examples of this ornament, which was often used for bookbindings and embroidery, are known from as early as the late fifteenth century.
159:
851:
1092:, where small motifs in this style have continued to be used by conservative book designers up to the present day. It is seen in gold tooling on covers, borders for illustrations, and printer's ornaments for decorating empty spaces on the page. In this field the technique of gold tooling had also arrived in the 15th century from the Islamic world, and indeed much of the leather itself was imported from there.
2537:
19:
780:
685:
299:
2549:
2525:
34:
493:
also draws from
Islamic cultures' usage of the lion as a symbol of victory at the time, though it flips the context, as it is being used to depict the Norman victory over the Arabs. The inscription on the mantle is also written in Arabic, referencing the culture and language of the lands they overthrew.
626:, its sculptured saints, the delicate lace-work of its fretted roofs, and the profusion of ornaments lavished indiscriminately over the whole building: but its peculiar distinguishing characteristics are, the small cluttered pillars and pointed arches, formed by the segments of two interfering circles"
496:
The
Normans of Sicily were located at a crossroads between European Christian cultures, and the Islamic worlds of Spain, North Africa, Western Asia. Though they were a Christian culture, the lands they ruled over had been previously occupied by Arab Islamic rule until the Normans overtook it in 1060,
99:, though it may have stimulated the desire for Islamic imports among Crusaders returning to Europe. Islamic architecture, however, appeared to influence the designs of Templar churches within the Middle East and other cathedrals within Europe upon the return of Crusaders in the 12th and 13th century.
1138:
in 1492. Many of the settlers from Spain were craftsmen and builders that converted to
Christianity from Islam, bringing "domes, eight-pointed stars, quatrefoil elements, ironwork, courtyard fountains, balconies, towers, and colorful tiles" as noted by historian Phil Pasquini. The oldest building in
78:
Islamic decorative arts were highly valued imports to Europe throughout the Middle Ages. In the early period, textiles were especially important, due to the labor-intensive nature of their production. These textiles originating in the
Islamic world were frequently used for church vestments, shrouds,
492:
An example of this blended art style can be seen in the Mantle of Roger II. Designed in Norman Sicily, it went on to be the coronation garb for the Holy Roman Empire. The mantle depicts lions overcoming camels, symbolic imagery to allude to the Norman conquering of Arab territory. This symbol
172:
Islamic art was widely imported and admired by
European elites during the Middle Ages. There was an early formative stage from 600-900 and the development of regional styles from 900 onwards. Early Islamic art used mosaic artists and sculptors trained in the Byzantine and Coptic traditions. Instead
657:
in
Jerusalem, which was built by the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik. Furthermore, the trefoil arch, which was adopted by Gothic architects to symbolize the Holy Trinity, first appeared within Umayyad shrines and palaces before it was seen in European architecture. Darke’s argument that Western Gothic
593:
Caliphate within the
Iberian peninsula was credited with introducing many elements adopted into Gothic architecture within Spain, and Christian Crusaders returning home to Europe in the 12th and 13th century carried Islamic architectural influences with them into France and later England. Several
281:
were, however, not wealthier), with many passing through Venice. However, for the most part luxury products of the court culture such as silks, ivory, precious stones and jewels were imported to Europe only in an unfinished form and manufactured into the end product labelled as "eastern" by local
1103:
The ornament known as moresque in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries (but now more commonly called arabesque) is characterized by bifurcated scrolls composed of branches forming interlaced foliage patterns. These basic motifs gave rise to numerous variants, for example, where the branches,
322:
were imported from the
Islamic world into Europe during the Middle Ages, mostly through Italy, and above all Venice. Venetians visited cities like Damascus, Cairo, and Aleppo throughout the Middle Ages. When they would visit these Muslim centers, they would bring back new ideas for art and
1205:
652:
Wren’s attribution of the Gothic’s style’s pointed arch to
Islamic architecture was affirmed by 21st century scholar Diana Darke, who in Stealing from the Saracens: How Islamic Architecture Shaped Europe explains that the pointed arch first appeared in the 7th century
201:
contains "three elements in exactly equal proportions — the Roman, the Lombard, and Arab. It is the central building of the world. ... the history of Gothic architecture is the history of the refinement and spiritualization of Northern work under its influence".
1542:, William Collins & Sons, London 1981, p. 440: "If medieval Islam towered over the Old Continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific for centuries on end, it was because no state (Byzantium apart) could compete with its gold and silver money ..."; and Vol 3:
367:, long reconquered by the Christians, and production here outstripped that of Al-Andalus. Styles of decoration gradually became more influenced by Europe, and by the 15th century the Italians were also producing lustrewares, sometimes using Islamic shapes like the
1606:
for Christian Western Europe, 430 for Islamic North Africa, 450 for Islamic Spain and 425 for Islamic Portugal, while only Islamic Egypt and the Christian Byzantine Empire had significantly higher GDP per capita than Western Europe (550 and 680–770 respectively)
82:
In the early centuries of Islam, the most important points of contact between the Latin West and the Islamic world from an artistic point of view were Southern Italy, Sicily, and the Iberian peninsula, which both held significant Muslim populations. Later the
277:. Here they produced work that was exported to Christian elites across Europe; other types of Islamic luxury goods, notably silk textiles and carpets, came from the generally wealthier eastern Islamic world itself (the Islamic conduits to Europe west of the
586:: "The more I saw of this peculiar style, the more I became convinced that the Gothic was derived from it, with a certain mixture of Byzantine (...) the origin of this Gotho-Saracenic style may be traced to the manners and habits of the Saracens"
1554:, p. 106: "For them , success meant making contact with the rich regions of the Mediterranean - and obtaining gold currencies, the dinars of Egypt or Syria, ... In other words, Italy was still only a poor peripheral region ..." . The
512:, incorporated Islamic elements, probably usually created by local Muslim craftsmen working in their own traditions. The ceiling at the Cappella, with its wooden vault arches and gilded figurines, has close parallels with Islamic buildings in
894:. The exact reason for the incorporation of pseudo-Kufic in early Renaissance works is unclear. It seems that Westerners mistakenly associated 13th–14th-century Middle-Eastern scripts as being identical with the scripts current during
317:
Until the end of the Middle Ages, many European produced goods could not match the quality of objects originating from areas in the Islamic world or the Byzantine Empire. Because of this, a wide variety of portable objects from various
1213:
452:"Imitations of Arabic in European art are often described as pseudo-Kufic, borrowing the term for an Arabic script that emphasizes straight and angular strokes, and is most commonly used in Islamic architectural decoration"
257:
above, have parallels in Iberian Islamic art. The depiction of Christ in Majesty surrounded by musicians, which was to become a common feature of Western heavenly scenes, may derive from courtly images of Islamic rulers.
42:
335:
which is the earliest and most important European imitation of Eastern work. European, especially Italian, cloth gradually caught up with the quality of Eastern imports, and adopted many elements of their designs.
1159:, Islamic art and architecture has seen a decline in popularity in the United States. There are a few popular Islamic influenced tourist attractions in the United States, such as the Morocco pavilion in Disney's
736:. The pointed arch was subsequently adopted and widely used by Muslim architects, becoming the characteristic arch of Islamic architecture. According to Bony, it has spread from Islamic lands, possibly through
565:
as "disorder”, causing several to draw similarities between Gothic and Islamic architecture. The theory that the Gothic architectural style was influenced by Islamic architecture was made widely known by
454:. Numerous cases of pseudo-Kufic are known in European religious art from around the 10th to the 15th century. Pseudo-Kufic would be used as writing or as decorative elements in textiles, religious
249:
seems to show considerable influence from Islamic art. Islamic influence can also be traced in Romanesque and Gothic art in northern European art. For example, in the Romanesque portal at
1012:
Islamic individuals and costumes often provided the contextual backdrop to describe an evangelical scene. This was particularly visible in a set of Venetian paintings in which contemporary
755:
The pointed arch as a defining characteristic of Gothic architecture appears to have been introduced from the Islamic, in some areas, but to have evolved as a structural solution in late
347:
wares which had the highest status among the Islamic elites themselves — the Islamic only produced porcelain in the modern period. Much Islamic pottery was imported into Europe, dishes (
138:
of the Christian population living under Muslim rule remained very Christian in most ways, but showed Islamic influences in other respects; much what was described as this is now called
3951:
3929:
925:
3934:
393:
Mudéjar art is a style influenced by Islamic art that developed from the 12th century until the 16th century in the Iberia's Christian kingdoms. It is the consequence of the
229:
Throughout the Middle Ages, Islamic rulers controlled at various points parts of Southern Italy, the island of Sicily, and most of modern Spain and Portugal, as well as the
2658:
3956:
1778:
1428:"CNG: Feature Auction CNG 70. SPAIN, Castile. Alfonso VIII. 1158-1214. AV Maravedi Alfonsi-Dobla (3.86 g, 4h). Toledo (Tulaitula) mint. Dated Safar era 1229 (1191 AD)"
1931:"Crusader Sculpture and the So-Called 'Templar Workshop': A Reassessment of Two Carved Panels from the Dome of the Rock in the Haram Al-Sharif Museum in Jerusalem"
3758:
3500:
167:
401:
between the Muslim, Christian and Jewish populations in medieval Spain. The elaborate decoration typical of Mudéjar style fed into the development of the later
748:, before the end of the 11th century. The pointed arch reduced architectural thrust by about 20% and therefore had practical advantages over the semi-circular
1034:
3971:
4079:
3484:
1594:, p. 382, table A.7. and Maddison, Angus (2007): "Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD. Essays in Macro-Economic History", Oxford University Press,
3961:
3763:
3587:
2792:
3983:
3537:
920:
721:
971:
from the 13th century onwards, and especially in religious painting, starting from the Medieval period and continuing into the Renaissance period.
3939:
3899:
3457:
2734:
331:
textiles, and Islamic silk by both, so that is hard to say which culture's textiles had the greatest influence on the Cloth of St Gereon, a large
659:
549:
3966:
1099:
which were bought as patterns by craftsmen in a variety of trades. Peter Furhring, a leading specialist in the history of ornament, says that:
662:
in Islamic art itself, which make it difficult to determine which architectural elements were created by whom in a strictly linear evaluation.
3978:
3921:
2955:
2581:
2504:
2456:
2418:
2399:
2380:
2334:
2287:
2246:
2174:
1646:
1599:
1591:
1334:
1284:
910:
Perhaps they marked the imagery of a universal faith, an artistic intention consistent with the Church's contemporary international program.
1180:
570:
in his Parentalia (1750). Wren argued that the pointed arch and ribbed-vaulting characteristics of the Gothic style were borrowed from the
594:
attributes of Gothic architecture have been biasedly attributed to being borrowed from Islamic styles. The 18th-century English historian
4074:
3464:
139:
1143:. One of five missions in the area, it was supposed to include a dome and tower as per Moorish design, but was left in ruins after the
646:
974:
Such carpets were often integrated into Christian imagery as symbols of luxury and status of Middle-Eastern origin, and together with
783:
Seal of the Knights Templar featuring a domed building, whether from a dome from Al-Aqsa, the Dome of the Rock or the aedicula of the
343:
injunctions against eating off precious metal, and so developed many varieties of fine pottery for the elite, often influenced by the
2411:
The Heritage of "Maitre Alpais": An International and Interdisciplinary Examination of Medieval Limoges Enamel and Associated Objects
3385:
3365:
3354:
2485:
2437:
2361:
2265:
2228:
2205:
1685:
1551:
1531:
1499:
1866:
Warren, John (1991), "Creswell's Use of the Theory of Dating by the Acuteness of the Pointed Arches in Early Muslim Architecture",
1126:
hold exquisite books with covers displaying Mamluk-style center-pieces, of a type also used in contemporary Italian book-binding.
645:
in London, he admitted the use of “Saracen vaulting,” referring to the ribbed-vaulting typical of Islamic mosques, such as in the
273:
pottery wares of Spain were first produced in Al-Andalus, but Muslim potters then seem to have emigrated to the area of Christian
3904:
3844:
3743:
3391:
2670:
1226:
Ebers, Georg. "Egypt: Descriptive, Historical, and Picturesque." Volume 1. Cassell & Company, Limited: New York, 1878. p 213
4064:
3872:
3350:
1039:
1005:
3319:
764:
135:
114:, much of which used Muslim artists and craftsmen working in the style of their own tradition. Techniques included inlays in
3738:
3580:
3344:
3329:
2861:
2623:
1491:
675:
107:
2515:
3999:
3675:
3527:
3522:
3371:
3334:
2699:
2628:
1114:
1052:
891:
862:
815:
784:
575:
455:
413:
363:, where much of the production was already exported to Christian countries. Many of the potters migrated to the area of
1578:
Rather than along religious lines, the divide was between east and west, with the rich countries all lying east of the
1558:
1416:
3944:
3894:
3877:
3834:
3829:
3733:
3685:
3495:
3407:
3339:
2653:
1407:
339:
Byzantine pottery was not produced in high-quality types, as the Byzantine elite used silver instead. Islam has many
3777:
3632:
3423:
3381:
3250:
2306:
814:(known to Muslims as al-Haram al-Sharif), though it's possible they are also referencing the nearby rotunda in the
497:
and their art style reflects this previous Arab leadership and existence at a middle ground in the Medieval world.
1976:
55:, defined as the artistic production of the territories ruled by Muslims from the 7th century onward, on European
3433:
3361:
2648:
2638:
2574:
2018:
84:
79:
hangings and clothing for the elite. Islamic pottery of everyday quality was still preferred to European wares.
3867:
3573:
1982:
1586:(2007): "Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD. Essays in Macro-Economic History", Oxford University Press,
1081:
1603:
446:
script was often imitated in the West during the Middle-Ages and the Renaissance, to produce what is known as
194:
1069:
1065:
768:
756:
749:
717:
283:
214:
992:
4059:
3748:
1164:
835:
642:
2256:
Fuhring, Peter (1994). "Renaissance Ornament Prints; The French Contribution". In Jacobson, Karen (ed.).
3450:
2930:
2724:
823:
1756:
Pathways of portability : Islamic and christian interchange from the tenth to the twelfth century
205:
4069:
3839:
3690:
3617:
3413:
3223:
2719:
2714:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2679:
2674:
2633:
2613:
2598:
2567:
1519:
1156:
1135:
574:, typically Arab Muslims, therefore Gothic art should be called the “Saracen style” of architecture.
466:
418:
286:, which made them easy to accept in the West, indeed by the late Middle Ages there was a fashion for
241:
is mainly a hybrid of Catholic and Byzantine styles, showing little Islamic influence; however, the
3785:
3622:
3177:
3134:
2684:
2663:
2541:
1144:
1140:
978:
script offer an interesting example of the integration of Eastern elements into European painting.
870:
679:
671:
603:
487:
1239:
282:
medieval artisans. They were free from depictions of religious scenes and normally decorated with
3859:
3753:
3637:
3490:
3152:
3142:
2986:
2940:
2643:
2553:
1958:
1772:
1168:
1017:
981:
689:
123:
2323:
Pathways of Portability: Islamic and Christian Interchange from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century
1635:
Pathways of Portability: Islamic and Christian Interchange from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century
146:
Christian craftsmen started using Islamic artistic elements in their buildings, as a result the
3700:
3695:
3667:
3554:
3124:
3119:
3101:
3058:
2812:
2500:
2481:
2473:
2452:
2433:
2414:
2395:
2376:
2357:
2330:
2310:
2283:
2261:
2242:
2224:
2201:
2170:
1950:
1902:
1850:
1829:
1810:
1795:
1760:
1681:
1642:
1595:
1587:
1547:
1527:
1495:
1340:
1330:
1280:
1254:
799:
720:. The priority of the Byzantines in its use is also evidenced by slightly pointed examples in
713:
623:
590:
541:
in origin, was widely used in Islamic architecture, and may have spread from Spain to France.
501:
376:
344:
72:
23:
1917:
1887:
465:
Examples are known of the incorporation of Kufic script such as a 13th French Master Alpais'
237:
also held territory in regions of the Islamic world, and ruled over some Muslim populations.
3802:
3725:
3401:
3397:
3237:
3109:
3076:
2996:
2787:
1942:
1608:
1134:
Moorish architecture appeared in the Americas as early as the arrival of the Spanish led by
1119:
874:
811:
760:
705:
654:
567:
302:
270:
158:
96:
253:
in southern France, the scalloped edges to the doorway and the circular decorations on the
67:
speciality throughout the period. Christian art in Islamic lands, such as that produced in
4036:
3652:
3596:
3428:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3114:
3048:
2950:
2917:
2834:
2618:
1562:
1535:
1109:
1085:
1047:
964:
791:
709:
405:
style in Spanish architecture, combining with late Gothic and Early Renaissance elements.
364:
319:
274:
263:
218:
1540:
Civilization & Capitalism, 15-18th Centuries, Vol 1: The Structures of Everyday Life
1412:
898:'s time, and thus found natural to represent early Christians in association with them:
850:
4031:
3889:
3647:
3627:
3377:
3281:
3167:
3043:
2945:
2902:
2897:
2217:
2193:
1583:
1566:
1123:
1096:
948:
944:
827:
733:
534:
324:
178:
147:
1611:(2006): "An Estimate of Average Income and Inequality in Byzantium around Year 1000",
1371:
The Art of the Umayyad Period in Spain (711–1031), Metropolitan Museum of Art timeline
1370:
4053:
3849:
3642:
3294:
3182:
3063:
3053:
3033:
2935:
1962:
1042:
which accurately describes contemporary (15th century) Alexandrian Mamluks arresting
901:
807:
631:
595:
558:
470:
242:
127:
111:
60:
56:
1108:
Elaborate book bindings with Islamic designs can be seen in religious paintings. In
4021:
3542:
3187:
2890:
2880:
2872:
2709:
2529:
975:
854:
819:
803:
795:
701:
538:
447:
434:
287:
238:
92:
2478:
Lustre Pottery: Technique, Tradition and Innovation in Islam and the Western World
1427:
890:
Pseudo-Kufic is a decorative motif that resembles Kufic script and occurs in many
22:
Islamicate pointed arches and Byzantine mosaics complement each other within the
3715:
3604:
3259:
3068:
3038:
2857:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2777:
2590:
2340:
2275:
1930:
1569:
show Iran and Iraq as having the world's highest per capita GDP in the year 1000
1139:
the United States of America that was influenced by Islamic architecture is the
1089:
1084:(a term with a complicated history). It has been used in a great variety of the
858:
729:
402:
306:
259:
210:
190:
143:
103:
52:
18:
2167:
Domes, Arches, and Minarets: a history of Islamic-inspired buildings in America
1946:
1825:
The "arab cathedrals" : moorish architecture as seen by British travellers
779:
3548:
3532:
2907:
2762:
2747:
2058:
1833:
1344:
1043:
929:
900:"In Renaissance art, pseudo-Kufic script was used to decorate the costumes of
684:
562:
527:
388:
372:
352:
298:
246:
68:
2314:
1954:
1764:
3909:
3612:
3510:
3245:
2847:
2536:
2241:. California studies in the history of art. University of California Press.
1555:
1021:
968:
658:
art was borrowed directly from Islamic art has been criticized for ignoring
368:
328:
712:
empires, where it mostly appears in early churches in Syria. The Byzantine
360:
2282:. Constructing the study of Islamic art. Vol. 2. Aldershot: Ashgate.
2258:
The French Renaissance in prints from the Bibliothèque Nationale de France
3515:
3289:
3172:
3162:
2925:
2782:
1077:
1029:
619:
611:
522:
332:
310:
182:
88:
2548:
1451:
91:, Islamic art seems to have had relatively little influence even on the
4004:
3822:
3817:
3213:
3192:
2772:
997:
839:
725:
607:
579:
571:
557:
Western scholars of the 18–19th century, who generally preferred
505:
422:
356:
250:
234:
230:
186:
131:
38:
1823:
1324:
33:
4026:
4014:
4009:
3773:
3680:
3417:
3265:
3197:
3147:
3017:
3012:
2991:
2976:
2767:
1754:
1073:
1025:
1013:
956:
952:
940:
878:
741:
737:
693:
517:
509:
459:
440:
426:
348:
340:
254:
222:
198:
115:
64:
27:
233:, all of which retained large Christian populations. The Christian
3882:
3812:
3795:
3565:
3255:
3218:
3157:
2971:
2885:
2742:
2260:. (often wrongly cat. as George Baselitz). Grunwald Center, UCLA.
2239:
French Gothic Architecture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
1160:
1028:
personages are employed anachronistically in paintings describing
991:
960:
924:
895:
849:
778:
745:
683:
615:
583:
548:
443:
412:
297:
204:
119:
32:
17:
1556:
Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1-2008 AD
1326:
Stealing from the Saracens how Islamic architecture shaped Europe
3807:
3790:
3710:
3705:
2981:
2757:
2752:
2302:
1579:
831:
278:
174:
3569:
2563:
936:
1475-1483 with small-pattern Holbein Islamic carpet at her feet
818:
Both Al-Aqsa and the Holy Sepulchre likely draw influence from
806:
built by the knights across Western Europe, such as the London
2559:
1624:
The subject of Mack's book; the Introduction gives an overview
1206:"Master Alpais' ciborium – Master G. ALPAIS – Decorative Arts"
1095:
Like other Renaissance ornament styles it was disseminated by
513:
290:
imitations of Arabic script used decoratively in Western art.
2449:
Oriental panorama: British travellers in 19th century Turkey
1046:
in an historic scene of the 1st century CE. Another case is
622:, its large and ramified windows, its ornamental niches or
2430:
Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300-1600
810:, may have been influenced by the shape of Al-Aqsa or the
553:
The Liwan or Sanctuary of the Mosque of Ibn-Tuloon (1878)
162:
Map showing the main trade routes of late medieval Europe
2327:
Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Mediterranean World
1639:
Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Mediterranean World
2373:
Gardner's art through the ages: the western perspective
1369:
Hoffman, 324; Mack, Chapter 1, and passim throughout;
1167:
in Irvine, California, and the Islamic-themed city of
1088:
but has been especially long-lived in book design and
530:) technique of emphasizing three-dimensional elements
2513:
2219:
Early Medieval Art: Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque
1666:
The subject of Mack's book; see Chapter 1 especially.
305:
dish, approx 32cm diameter, with Christian monogram "
2409:
La Niece, Susan; McLeod, Bet; Rohrs, Stefan (2010).
1032:
situations. An example in point is the 15th century
3992:
3920:
3858:
3772:
3724:
3666:
3603:
3474:
3442:
3318:
3280:
3236:
3206:
3133:
3100:
3091:
3026:
3005:
2964:
2916:
2871:
2827:
2820:
2733:
2606:
2597:
1736:
421:, circa 1200 with rim engraved with Arabic script,
2216:
371:. Metalwork forms like the zoomorphic jugs called
716:has curved elliptical arches rising to a pointed
2040:
2038:
967:, were used as important decorative features in
458:or frames. Many are visible in the paintings of
266:generally were more important than in the West.
51:refers to the stylistic and formal influence of
2392:Medieval Italy : an encyclopedia, Volume 2
2390:Kleinhenz, Christopher; Barker, John W (2004).
1861:
1859:
1857:
1791:
934:Madonna with Saint John the Baptist and Donatus
908:
826:, round churches of early Christianity such as
696:, showing the influence of Islamic architecture
600:
130:to create sculptures or containers, and bronze
3501:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
2083:
2081:
798:in Jerusalem, considered by the crusaders the
610:architecture, are, its numerous and prominent
168:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
3581:
2575:
1720:
1718:
1394:
1382:
740:, then under Islamic rule, and from there to
602:"The marks which constitute the character of
395:
379:were also introduced from the Islamic world.
309:", decorated in cobalt blue and gold lustre,
189:), which also spread to Europe. According to
75:, continued to develop under Islamic rulers.
8:
1777:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1709:
1277:The Muslim Reception of European Orientalism
1237:Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia
173:of wall-paintings, Islamic art used painted
2352:Jones, Dalu; Michell, George, eds. (1976).
752:arch for the building of large structures.
122:, often used for architectural decoration,
87:were important in trading artworks. In the
3588:
3574:
3566:
3485:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World
3097:
2824:
2603:
2582:
2568:
2560:
2375:(13, revised ed.). Cengage Learning.
1985:, Oxford University Press, 2004, page 203.
1879:
1877:
1486:Jones, Dalu & Michell, George, (eds);
1072:developed, beginning in late 15th century
1035:The Arrest of St. Mark from the Synagogue
1002:The Arrest of St. Mark from the Synagogue
3538:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
2499:(4 ed.). Laurence King Publishing.
1846:
1828:. Burlington Magazine Publications Ltd.
1474:
982:Anatolian rugs were used in Transylvania
921:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
834:, and Byzantine interpretations such as
545:Islamic Influence on Gothic Architecture
157:
3458:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
2520:
2413:. British Museum Research Publication.
2123:
2111:
1898:
1637:, pp.324f., in: Hoffman, Eva R. (ed.):
1267:
1196:
984:as decoration in Evangelical churches.
641:When Sir. Christopher Wren constructed
1770:
1275:Heschel, Susannah; Ryad, Umar (2019).
2160:
2158:
2156:
2066:(1st ed.). Rome: Verduci Editore
1748:
1746:
1744:
1526:, 224-226, 2nd edn. 1981, Pan Books,
794:received as headquarters part of the
7:
2147:
2135:
2099:
2087:
2060:Antique Ottoman Rugs in Transylvania
2044:
2029:
2006:
1994:
1913:
1883:
1806:
1724:
1615:, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 449–470 (468))
1357:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1181:Islamic influence on medieval Europe
3465:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam
2280:Islamic visual culture, 1100 - 1800
873:. The script is further divided by
846:Islamic elements in Renaissance art
142:. During the late centuries of the
2432:. University of California Press.
2343:; Fleming, John (1982), "Honour",
1524:An Unfinished History of the World
1192:Explanatory notes and item notices
1053:Saint Mark Preaching in Alexandria
906:. Mack states another hypothesis:
41:—see text. Detail of the tympanum
14:
4080:Multiculturalism and Christianity
3366:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem
2497:A history of Western architecture
2356:. Arts Council of Great Britain.
1737:La Niece, McLeod & Rohrs 2010
225:text makes Christian professions.
177:, from as early as 862-3 (at the
49:Islamic influences on Western art
3764:Reception in early modern Europe
3759:Contributions to Medieval Europe
2811:
2547:
2535:
2523:
1510:Caiger-Smith, chapters 6 & 7
1415:; discussed pp. 49–56 here
500:Christian buildings such as the
140:Repoblación art and architecture
1935:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
1115:Saint John the Baptist and Zeno
429:, 1215-30. Louvre Museum MRR 98
106:formed the basis of art in the
2200:(in French). Editions Perrin.
1700:Caiger-Smith, Chapters 6 and 7
1302:, pp. 3–8, and throughout
136:Mozarabic art and architecture
1:
2325:, in: Hoffman, Eva R. (ed.):
2198:Les empires normands d'Orient
1979:: Reclaiming Human Experience
1929:Hunt, Lucy-Anne (July 2000).
1870:, vol. 8, pp. 59–65
1602:, p. 185, table 4.2 give 425
1492:Arts Council of Great Britain
1252:Essays on Gothic architecture
892:Italian Renaissance paintings
676:Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture
635:Essays on Gothic architecture
482:Arab-Norman culture in Sicily
108:Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture
4000:Arab Agricultural Revolution
3523:Mathematics and architecture
1977:God and Enchantment of Place
1544:The Perspective of the World
1076:; it has been called either
1040:Giovanni di Niccolò Mansueti
1006:Giovanni di Niccolò Mansueti
816:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
785:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
73:Armenian communities in Iran
2447:Schiffer, Reinhold (1999).
1792:Kleinhenz & Barker 2004
1613:Review of Income and Wealth
1235:William J. Hamilton (1842)
688:The Romanesque exterior of
4096:
4075:Multiculturalism and Islam
2428:Mack, Rosamond E. (2001).
2307:Victoria and Albert Museum
1947:10.1179/peq.2000.132.2.131
1604:1990 International Dollars
1413:chapter 1, paras 25 and 29
1130:Influence in North America
918:
669:
485:
432:
386:
165:
85:Italian maritime republics
63:, for example, remained a
3952:Geography and cartography
3658:Influences on Western art
3506:Influences on Western art
2809:
2371:Kleiner, Fred S. (2008).
2297:Harthan, John P. (1961).
2057:Ionescu, Stefano (2005).
1753:R., Hoffman, Eva (2007).
1395:Honour & Fleming 1982
1383:Honour & Fleming 1982
722:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
660:cross-cultural influences
102:Numerous techniques from
37:The Romanesque portal at
2329:, Blackwell Publishing,
2321:Hoffman, Eva R. (2007):
1822:Tonia., Raquejo (1986).
1710:Jones & Michell 1976
1676:Howard, Deborah (2000).
1641:, Blackwell Publishing,
1633:Hoffman, Eva R. (2007):
947:origin, either from the
355:in the 13th century, in
2223:, Thames & Hudson,
2215:Beckwith, John (1964),
2165:Pasquini, Phil (2012).
1456:Encyclopedia Britannica
1373:Retrieved April 1, 2011
1279:. New York: Routledge.
769:Cistercian architecture
647:Great Mosque of Cordoba
215:Alfonso VIII of Castile
4065:Christianity and Islam
3496:Indo-Saracenic Revival
2495:Watkin, David (2005).
2345:A World History of Art
1250:Thomas Warton (1802),
1165:Irvine Spectrum Center
1106:
1009:
937:
915:Middle Eastern Carpets
912:
882:
836:Basilica of San Vitale
787:
697:
639:
554:
430:
396:
314:
226:
163:
45:
30:
3935:Alchemy and chemistry
3451:Empire of the Sultans
2301:(2nd rev. ed.).
1680:. Connecticut: Yale.
1323:Darke, Diana (2020).
1210:Louvre museum website
1155:After the attacks of
1101:
1068:based on the Islamic
995:
928:
867:Adoration of the Magi
853:
824:Mausoleum of Augustus
822:mausolea such as the
782:
765:Burgundian Romanesque
759:, both in England at
687:
670:Further information:
552:
416:
301:
208:
161:
150:style was developed.
36:
21:
3414:Arab World Institute
3224:Ottoman illumination
1408:The Stones of Venice
1187:Notes and references
1136:Christopher Columbus
643:St. Paul’s Cathedral
568:Sir Christopher Wren
383:Mudéjar art in Spain
262:, ornament, and the
217:in imitation of the
3845:Early social change
3744:Early social change
2480:. Faber and Faber.
2347:, London: Macmillan
2237:Bony, Jean (1985).
1678:Venice and the East
1477:, pp. 206–209.
1385:, pp. 256–262.
1145:battle of the Alamo
1064:A Western style of
871:Gentile da Fabriano
680:Norman architecture
672:Gothic architecture
488:Arab-Norman culture
3491:Aniconism in Islam
3429:Toronto (Aga Khan)
3386:Khalili Collection
3251:Geometric patterns
2659:Bahmani and Deccan
2474:Caiger-Smith, Alan
1561:2019-02-16 at the
1360:, pp. 164–165
1169:Opa-Locka, Florida
1157:September 11, 2001
1010:
938:
904:heroes like David"
883:
788:
704:originated in the
698:
690:Monreale Cathedral
555:
520:, and reflect the
431:
351:) even in Islamic
327:was influenced by
315:
227:
164:
46:
31:
4047:
4046:
4015:elementary school
3633:Geometric pattern
3563:
3562:
3232:
3231:
3087:
3086:
3059:Hardstone carving
2956:Chinese influence
2807:
2806:
2793:Stucco decoration
2506:978-1-85669-459-9
2458:978-90-420-0407-8
2420:978-0-86159-182-4
2401:978-0-415-93931-7
2382:978-0-495-57355-5
2354:The Arts of Islam
2335:978-1-4051-2071-5
2289:978-0-86078-922-2
2248:978-0-520-05586-5
2176:978-0-9670016-1-6
2150:, pp. 127–28
2138:, pp. 125–37
2102:, pp. 164–65
2009:, pp. 52, 69
1647:978-1-4051-2071-5
1609:Milanovic, Branko
1600:978-0-19-922721-1
1592:978-0-19-922721-1
1488:The Arts of Islam
1452:"Coin - Portugal"
1336:978-1-78738-305-0
1286:978-1-138-23203-7
1082:western arabesque
800:Temple of Solomon
714:Karamagara Bridge
578:commented on the
502:Cappella Palatina
345:Chinese porcelain
245:of Christians in
97:Crusader kingdoms
4087:
3922:Medieval science
3590:
3583:
3576:
3567:
3402:Majorelle Garden
3098:
2931:Hispano-Moresque
2825:
2815:
2624:Anatolian Seljuk
2604:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2540:
2539:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2510:
2491:
2462:
2443:
2424:
2405:
2386:
2367:
2348:
2318:
2293:
2271:
2252:
2233:
2222:
2211:
2181:
2180:
2162:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2114:, pp. 10–12
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2065:
2054:
2048:
2047:, pp. 73–93
2042:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1997:, pp. 65–66
1992:
1986:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1926:
1920:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1852:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1819:
1813:
1804:
1798:
1789:
1783:
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1768:
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1625:
1622:
1616:
1576:
1570:
1536:Braudel, Fernand
1517:
1511:
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1502:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1432:www.cngcoins.com
1424:
1418:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
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1320:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1272:
1257:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1212:. Archived from
1204:Muriel Barbier.
1201:
988:Islamic costumes
812:Dome of the Rock
775:Templar churches
761:Durham Cathedral
655:Dome of the Rock
637:
589:The 8th century
576:William Hamilton
399:
303:Hispano-Moresque
271:Hispano-Moresque
134:. In Iberia the
61:Glass production
4095:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4043:
3988:
3916:
3905:Early sociology
3854:
3818:decision-making
3768:
3749:Early conquests
3720:
3662:
3599:
3597:Islamic studies
3594:
3564:
3559:
3528:Moorish Revival
3476:
3470:
3438:
3355:Calligraphy Art
3321:
3314:
3276:
3228:
3202:
3129:
3093:
3083:
3049:Enamelled glass
3022:
3001:
2960:
2912:
2867:
2828:Regional styles
2816:
2803:
2729:
2700:Sudano-Sahelian
2607:Regional styles
2593:
2588:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2514:
2507:
2494:
2488:
2472:
2469:
2467:Further reading
2459:
2446:
2440:
2427:
2421:
2408:
2402:
2389:
2383:
2370:
2364:
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2339:
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2274:
2268:
2255:
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2236:
2231:
2214:
2208:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1974:
1970:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1912:
1908:
1897:
1893:
1882:
1875:
1865:
1864:
1855:
1845:
1841:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1805:
1801:
1790:
1786:
1769:
1752:
1751:
1742:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1584:Maddison, Angus
1577:
1573:
1563:Wayback Machine
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
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1481:
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1234:
1230:
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1221:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1177:
1153:
1132:
1110:Andrea Mantegna
1097:ornament prints
1086:decorative arts
1062:
1048:Gentile Bellini
1024:and especially
990:
965:Northern Africa
923:
917:
888:
848:
792:Knights Templar
777:
682:
668:
638:
630:
547:
490:
484:
479:
437:
417:Master Alpais'
411:
391:
385:
375:and the bronze
320:decorative arts
296:
294:Decorative arts
264:decorative arts
219:Almoravid dinar
170:
156:
24:Palatine Chapel
12:
11:
5:
4093:
4091:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
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3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3813:use of analogy
3805:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3782:
3780:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3739:Historiography
3736:
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3557:
3555:Topkapı Scroll
3552:
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3405:
3394:
3389:
3378:British Museum
3374:
3369:
3362:Islamic Museum
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3095:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3073:Stained glass
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3044:Damascus steel
3041:
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2349:
2337:
2319:
2294:
2288:
2272:
2266:
2253:
2247:
2234:
2229:
2212:
2206:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2077:
2049:
2034:
2022:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1968:
1941:(2): 131–156.
1921:
1906:
1891:
1873:
1853:
1849:, p. 141
1839:
1814:
1799:
1784:
1740:
1729:
1714:
1702:
1693:
1686:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1626:
1617:
1571:
1567:Angus Maddison
1512:
1503:
1479:
1467:
1443:
1419:
1399:
1397:, p. 269.
1387:
1375:
1362:
1350:
1335:
1304:
1292:
1285:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1243:
1228:
1219:
1216:on 2011-06-15.
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1152:
1149:
1131:
1128:
1061:
1058:
989:
986:
949:Ottoman Empire
945:Middle-Eastern
919:Main article:
916:
913:
887:
884:
877:like those on
857:script in the
847:
844:
828:Santa Costanza
804:round churches
796:Al-Aqsa Mosque
776:
773:
734:Constantinople
667:
664:
628:
561:characterized
546:
543:
535:diaphragm arch
486:Main article:
483:
480:
478:
475:
433:Main article:
410:
407:
387:Main article:
384:
381:
325:Byzantine silk
295:
292:
155:
152:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4092:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Religious art
4058:
4057:
4055:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
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4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3972:ophthalmology
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
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3811:
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3809:
3808:Jurisprudence
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3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
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3499:
3497:
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3333:
3331:
3328:
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3325:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3279:
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3269:
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3264:
3261:
3257:
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3252:
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3209:
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3149:
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3141:
3140:
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3132:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:Ivory carving
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
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3025:
3019:
3016:
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3008:
3004:
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2988:
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2874:
2870:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2849:
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2826:
2823:
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2647:
2645:
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2640:
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2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
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2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2487:0-571-13507-2
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2439:0-520-22131-1
2435:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:. Routledge.
2393:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2363:0-7287-0081-6
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2267:0-9628162-2-1
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2230:0-500-20019-X
2226:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2209:
2207:2-262-02297-6
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2126:, p. 162
2125:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2090:, p. 161
2089:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:Freider. p.84
2015:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:Schiffer 1999
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1712:, p. 167
1711:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1687:0-300-08504-4
1683:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:0-00-216133-8
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:0-330-26458-3
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:0-7287-0081-6
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:Beckwith 1964
1471:
1468:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:15th-century
994:
987:
985:
983:
979:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
931:
927:
922:
914:
911:
907:
905:
903:
902:Old Testament
897:
893:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
808:Temple Church
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:In 1119, the
786:
781:
774:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
695:
691:
686:
681:
677:
673:
665:
663:
661:
656:
650:
648:
644:
636:
633:
632:Thomas Warton
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
599:
597:
596:Thomas Warton
592:
587:
585:
582:monuments in
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
560:
559:Classical art
551:
544:
542:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
494:
489:
481:
476:
474:
472:
471:Louvre Museum
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
442:
436:
428:
424:
420:
415:
408:
406:
404:
400:
398:
390:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
334:
330:
326:
321:
313:, c.1430-1500
312:
308:
304:
300:
293:
291:
289:
285:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:Mozarabic art
240:
236:
232:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
203:
200:
196:
195:Doge's Palace
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
169:
160:
153:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:ivory carving
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:Norman Sicily
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
80:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:Christian art
54:
50:
44:
40:
35:
29:
25:
20:
16:
4022:Sufi studies
3993:Other fields
3873:Contemporary
3796:consultation
3657:
3618:Architecture
3547:
3543:Pseudo-Kufic
3505:
3483:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3372:Kuala Lumpur
3270:
2797:
2649:Indo-Islamic
2639:Great Seljuk
2599:Architecture
2542:Christianity
2496:
2477:
2448:
2429:
2410:
2391:
2372:
2353:
2344:
2341:Honour, Hugh
2326:
2322:
2298:
2279:
2276:Grabar, Oleg
2257:
2238:
2218:
2197:
2194:Aubé, Pierre
2169:. Flypaper.
2166:
2143:
2131:
2124:Fuhring 1994
2119:
2112:Harthan 1961
2107:
2095:
2068:. Retrieved
2059:
2052:
2032:, p. 69
2025:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1975:
1971:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1909:
1899:Kleiner 2008
1894:
1867:
1842:
1824:
1817:
1802:
1787:
1755:
1732:
1727:, p. 51
1705:
1696:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1620:
1612:
1574:
1565:compiled by
1543:
1539:
1523:
1515:
1506:
1487:
1482:
1470:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:
1422:
1406:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1365:
1353:
1325:
1295:
1276:
1270:
1251:
1246:
1236:
1231:
1222:
1214:the original
1209:
1199:
1154:
1151:21st Century
1133:
1113:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1063:
1051:
1033:
1011:
1001:
1000:depicted in
980:
976:Pseudo-Kufic
973:
939:
933:
909:
899:
889:
886:Pseudo-Kufic
866:
865:, detail of
855:Pseudo-Kufic
789:
754:
702:pointed arch
699:
666:Pointed arch
651:
640:
634:
614:, its lofty
601:
598:summarized:
588:
556:
539:Late Antique
532:
521:
499:
495:
491:
477:Architecture
464:
451:
448:pseudo-Kufic
438:
435:Pseudo-Kufic
409:Pseudo-Kufic
394:
392:
338:
316:
288:pseudo-Kufic
268:
239:Crusader art
228:
221:, 1191. The
179:Great Mosque
171:
101:
93:Crusader art
81:
77:
69:Coptic Egypt
48:
47:
15:
4070:Islamic art
3962:Mathematics
3623:Calligraphy
3475:Principles,
3443:Exhibitions
3396:Marrakech (
3392:Los Angeles
3360:Jerusalem (
3322:collections
3273:Calligraphy
3153:Indo-Muslim
3135:Calligraphy
3069:Mosque lamp
3027:Other media
2946:Mina'i ware
2835:Bangladeshi
2591:Islamic art
2554:Visual arts
2299:Bookbinding
1983:David Brown
1520:Hugh Thomas
1494:, 9, 1976,
1090:bookbinding
1018:Palestinian
859:Virgin Mary
771:of France.
763:and in the
730:Hagia Irene
608:Saracenical
403:Plateresque
397:convivencia
260:Calligraphy
191:John Ruskin
154:Middle Ages
144:Reconquista
104:Islamic art
53:Islamic art
4054:Categories
4037:philosophy
3984:Psychology
3957:Inventions
3910:solidarity
3860:Philosophy
3840:Secularism
3754:Golden Age
3691:Capitalism
3638:Literature
3549:Stilfragen
3477:influences
3349:Istanbul (
3282:The garden
3238:Decoration
3207:Other arts
3102:Miniatures
2987:Embroidery
2941:Lustreware
2800:Decoration
2763:Mashrabiya
2671:Indonesian
2451:. Rodopi.
2187:References
2070:29 October
1916:, p.
1901:, p.
1886:, p.
1834:1026541162
1809:, p.
1794:, p.
1461:2020-05-30
1437:2020-05-30
1345:1197079954
1120:Saint John
1044:Saint Mark
930:Verrocchio
869:(1423) by
757:Romanesque
750:Romanesque
728:, and the
612:buttresses
563:Gothic art
528:stalactite
373:aquamanile
353:Al-Andalus
247:Al Andalus
213:issued by
185:in modern
166:See also:
4032:cosmology
4027:mysticism
4005:Education
3945:cosmology
3940:Astronomy
3900:Astrology
3883:dialectic
3791:consensus
3786:Democracy
3701:Socialism
3668:Economics
3613:Arabesque
3511:Grotesque
3424:Singapore
3408:Melbourne
3246:Arabesque
2675:Malaysian
2315:220550025
2305:(for the
2148:Mack 2001
2136:Mack 2001
2100:Mack 2001
2088:Mack 2001
2045:Mack 2001
2030:Mack 2001
2007:Mack 2001
1995:Mack 2001
1963:161235781
1955:0031-0328
1914:Bony 1985
1884:Bony 1985
1807:Bony 1985
1773:cite book
1765:886982374
1725:Mack 2001
1358:Aubé 2006
1300:Mack 2001
1147:in 1836.
1070:arabesque
969:paintings
959:state of
710:Sassanian
706:Byzantine
620:pinnacles
369:albarello
329:Sassanian
235:Crusaders
132:foundries
3967:Medicine
3930:Timeline
3878:Theology
3835:Quietism
3803:Feminism
3778:politics
3734:Timeline
3516:Moresque
3376:London (
3320:Museums,
3305:Paradise
3290:Charbagh
3271:See also
3173:Nastaliq
3163:Muhaqqaq
3094:the book
3006:Woodwork
2965:Textiles
2926:Fritware
2798:See also
2783:Muqarnas
2778:Mocárabe
2735:Elements
2476:(1985).
2278:(2006).
2196:(2006).
1868:Muqarnas
1559:Archived
1546:, 1984,
1175:See also
1078:moresque
1066:ornament
1060:Ornament
1030:Biblical
1022:Egyptian
875:rosettes
718:keystone
629:—
624:canopies
572:Saracens
523:Muqarnas
467:ciborium
419:ciborium
365:Valencia
341:hadithic
333:tapestry
311:Valencia
284:ornament
275:Valencia
211:Maravedí
183:Kairouan
124:porphyry
89:Crusades
3979:Physics
3823:schools
3726:History
3716:Welfare
3696:Poverty
3686:Banking
3676:History
3653:Pottery
3628:Gardens
3533:Mudéjar
3434:Tripoli
3412:Paris (
3382:V&A
3310:Persian
3300:Ottoman
3214:Muraqqa
3193:Thuluth
3178:Persian
3125:Persian
3120:Ottoman
3092:Arts of
3077:Shabaka
2951:Persian
2918:Pottery
2903:Turkish
2898:Persian
2873:Carpets
2862:Ottoman
2858:Turkish
2852:Safavid
2840:Persian
2773:Minaret
2748:Banna'i
2720:Umayyad
2715:Timurid
2705:Swahili
2695:Ottoman
2690:Moorish
2680:Iranian
2654:Bengali
2634:Fatimid
2629:Chinese
2619:Ayyubid
2614:Abbasid
2516:Portals
1657:Mack, 4
998:Mamluks
955:or the
941:Carpets
881:dishes.
840:Ravenna
726:Ravenna
591:Umayyad
580:Seljuks
506:Palermo
469:at the
423:Limoges
389:Mudéjar
357:Granada
251:Moissac
231:Balkans
187:Tunisia
148:Mudéjar
116:mosaics
95:of the
39:Moissac
4010:Ijazah
3890:Ethics
3681:Agency
3648:Poetry
3418:Louvre
3398:Museum
3345:Ghazni
3330:Berlin
3295:Mughal
3266:Zellij
3198:Tughra
3148:Diwani
3143:Arabic
3115:Mughal
3110:Arabic
3018:Minbar
3013:Khatam
2997:Suzani
2992:Soumak
2977:Damask
2908:Prayer
2891:Motifs
2788:Sitara
2768:Mihrab
2725:Yemeni
2685:Mamluk
2664:Mughal
2503:
2484:
2455:
2436:
2417:
2398:
2379:
2360:
2333:
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2286:
2264:
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1163:, the
1074:Venice
1026:Mamluk
1014:Syrian
1008:, 1499
957:Mamluk
953:Levant
951:, the
879:Mamluk
742:Amalfi
738:Sicily
694:Sicily
678:, and
616:spires
604:Gothic
518:Fustat
510:Sicily
460:Giotto
441:Arabic
427:France
377:mortar
361:Málaga
349:bacini
255:lintel
223:Arabic
199:Venice
193:, the
120:metals
71:or by
65:Jewish
28:Sicily
3895:Logic
3868:Early
3850:State
3830:Peace
3711:Usury
3706:Trust
3643:Music
3335:Cairo
3260:tiles
3256:Girih
3219:Hilya
3188:Taliq
3168:Naskh
3158:Kufic
3054:Glass
3039:Brass
3034:Music
2972:Batik
2936:Iznik
2886:Kilim
2848:Qajar
2844:Early
2743:Ablaq
2710:Tatar
2644:Hausa
2530:Islam
2064:(PDF)
1959:S2CID
1263:Notes
1240:p.206
1161:Epcot
1141:Alamo
961:Egypt
896:Jesus
820:Roman
746:Italy
584:Konya
456:halos
444:Kufic
209:Gold
175:tiles
3776:and
3605:Arts
3351:Arts
3340:Doha
3183:Sini
2982:Ikat
2821:Arts
2758:Jali
2753:Iwan
2501:ISBN
2482:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2396:ISBN
2377:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2311:OCLC
2303:HMSO
2284:ISBN
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2243:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2171:ISBN
2072:2016
1951:ISSN
1830:OCLC
1779:link
1761:OCLC
1682:ISBN
1643:ISBN
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1548:ISBN
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1496:ISBN
1341:OCLC
1331:ISBN
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1255:p.14
1124:Zeno
1122:and
863:halo
832:Rome
767:and
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