Tawhid - Knowledge (XXG)

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between the existence of the creator and that of the creation. Defenders argued that Ibn Arabi and his followers are offering a "subtle metaphysics following the line of the Asharite formula: "The attributes are neither God nor other than God." God's "signs" (ayat) and "traces" (athar)—the creatures—are neither the same as God nor different from him, because God must be understood as both absent and present, both transcendent and immanent. Understood correctly, wahdat al-wujud elucidates the delicate balance that needs to be maintained between these two perspectives." Shah Wali Allah of Delhi argued that the Ibn Arabi's "unity of being" was experiential and based on a subjective experience of illumination or ecstasy, rather than an ontological reality.

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cannot enter into the category of number. Do you not see that those who say that God is a third of a trinity fall into this infidelity? Another meaning is to say, "So-and-So is one of his people", namely, a species of this genus or a member of this species. This meaning is also false when applied to God, because it implies likening something to God, whereas God is above all likeness. As to the two meanings that are correct when applied to God, one is that it should be said that "God is one" in the sense that there is no likeness to him among things. Another is to say that "God is one" in the sense that there is no multiplicity or division conceivable in Him, neither outwardly, nor in the mind, nor in the imagination. God alone possesses such a unity.

3212:(wujud mutlaq). For, if there were being other than he (i.e., creatural being), God would no longer be the Unique, i.e., the only one to be. As this Divine Essence is infinite, his qualities are the same as his essence, Essentially there is one Reality which is one and indivisible. The border between theoretical Tawhid and Shirk is to know that every reality and being in its essence, attributes and action are from him (from Him-ness), it is Tawhid. Every supernatural action of the prophets is by God's permission as Quran points to it. The border between the Tawhid and Shirk in practice is to assume something as an end in itself, independent from God, not as a road to God (to Him-ness). 3318:, Annihilation and Subsistence, "Man's existence, or ego, or self-hood ... must be annihilated so that he can attain to his true self which is his existence and "subsistence" with God. All of man's character traits and habits, everything that pertains to his individual existence must become completely naughted and "obliterated" (mahw). Then God will give back to him his character traits and everything positive he ever possessed. But at this stage, he will know consciously and actually—not just theoretically—and with a through spiritual realization, that everything he is derives absolutely from God. He is nothing but a ray of God's Attributes manifesting the Hidden Treasure." 2786:

Since two contrary wills could not possibly be realized at the same time, one of them must admit himself powerless in that particular instance. On the other hand, a powerless being can not by definition be a god. Therefore, the possibility of having more than one god is ruled out. For if a God is powerful above another, then this asserts a difference in the particular attributes that are confined to the essence of Godhood, which implies the lesser God must lack in certain necessary attributes deeming this deity as anthropomorphic and snatching away the title of a god from such entity.

2590:, the Qur'an argues that the knowledge of God as the creator of everything rules out the possibility of lesser gods since these beings must be themselves created. For the Qur'an, God is an immanent and transcendent deity who actively creates, maintains and destroys the universe. The reality of God as the ultimate cause of things is the belief that God is veiled from human understanding because of the secondary causes and contingent realities of things in the world. Thus the belief in the oneness of God is equated in the Qur'an with the "belief in the unseen" ( 74: 2823:. The Qur'an suggests several causes for deviation from monotheism to polytheism: Great temporal power, regarded by the holder and his subjects as 'absolute'—may lead the holder to think that he is God-like; such claims were commonly forced upon, and accepted by, those who were subject to the ruler. Also, certain natural phenomena (such as the sun, the moon and the stars) inspire feelings of awe, wonder or admiration that could lead some to regard these 3101:, the result of this interpretation is the negation of the divine attributes, the affirmation of the created Quran, and the denial of all possibility of the vision of God in the world beyond. Mu'tazilis believed that God is deprived of all positive attributes, in the sense that all divine qualifications must be understood as being the essence itself, and declaring that God is existing ubiquitously and in everything. They resorted to 2757:

wholly simple and one, whose essence is its very existence, and therefore is self-sufficient and not in need of something else to give it existence. Because its existence is not contingent on or necessitated by something else but is necessary and eternal in itself, it satisfies the condition of being the necessitating cause of the entire chain that constitutes the eternal world of contingent existing things. Thus his

7981: 4182:. استدلال‌ بر توحيد، مسبوق‌ به‌ پذيرش‌ وجود خداست‌ و طبعاً در صورت‌بندی آن‌، غالباً مواجهه‌ با مدعيان‌ و معتقدان‌ به‌ دو يا چند خدا در نظر بوده‌ و نظريه‌ ثنويها و مجوس‌ و نصارا ابطال‌ میشده‌ است‌. به‌ همين‌ سبب‌ از قديمترين‌ زمان‌، متكلمان‌ برای دفاع‌ از آموزه‌ توحيد و اثبات‌ آن‌، احتجاج‌ به‌ روش‌ خُلف‌ را كارآمدتر از ارائه‌ ادله‌ اثباتی میدانسته‌اند. آنان‌ بيشترِ دلايل‌ توحيد را با اين‌ رويكرد ارائه كرده اند. 1682: 2445:: "Indeed, I am God and there is no god but Me. I created people and I created good and I make it flow through the person I love. So blessed is the person through whom I will save it! I am God and there is no god but me. I created people and I created evil and I do it through whomever I want. So woe to the one on whose hands I will do it! (Kafi, vol. 1, p. 154, h 1, Mahasan, vol. 1, p. 440, h 1018). 3093:

engendering. He is beyond the perception of the senses. The eyes cannot see him, observation cannot attain him, the imagination cannot comprehend him. He is a thing, but he is not like other things; he is omniscient, all-powerful, but his omniscience and his all-mightiness cannot be compared to anything created. He created the world without any pre-established archetype and without an auxiliary.

3276:), Tawhid is not only the affirmation in speech of God's unity, but also as importantly a practical and existential realization of that unity. This is done by rejecting the concepts tied to the world of multiplicity, to isolate the eternal from the temporal in a practical way. The ideal is a radical purification from all worldliness. According to Vincent J. Cornall, it is possible to draw up a 2302:. Although the term is usually translated as "polytheism" into English, the sin is thought to be more complex. Alternatively, the translation 'associating ' has been suggested. The term includes denial of attributing any form of divinity to any other thing but God. This includes the self by elevating oneself above others and associating attributes of God with a created being. Because of that, 2879: 3306:. It involves a practical rejection of the concepts tied to the world of multiplicity. Al-Junayd for example "distinguishes four steps, starting from the simple attestation of unicity which is sufficient for ordinary believers, and culminating in the highest rank reserved for the elite, when the creature totally ceases to exist before his Lord, thus achieving al-fanā fi al-tawhīd ". 3430:, and that belief in and practice of religion should remain in the sphere of private life. One motive for adopting this stance has been to reduce the effects of conflict between followers of different religions or between adherents of secularism and those of a religion. In public life, this view insists that the authority of the state prevails over any religious authorities. 7970: 1056: 399: 3418:, pointing out that the only legitimate "preference principle" in the sight of God is piety, writes: "Every time a rich man believes that he is better than a poor one, or a white man believes that he is better than a black one, then he is being arrogant. He is adopting the same hierarchical principles adopted by Iblis in his jahl , and thus falling into shirk ." 3132:

or reality apart from it. The inspiration of al-Ash'ari in this matter was on the one hand to distinguish essence and attribute as concepts, and on the other hand to see that the duality between essence and attribute should be situated not on the quantitative but on the qualitative level—something which Mu'tazilis thinking had failed to grasp.

465: 2594:). The Qur'an summarizes its task in making this "unseen", to a greater or lesser degree "seen" so that belief in the existence of God becomes a Master-Truth rather than an unreasonable belief. The Qur'an states that God's signals are so near and yet so far, demanding that its students listen to what it has to say with humility ( 2272:, other names may be shared by both God and human beings. According to the Islamic teachings, the latter is meant to serve as a reminder of God's immanence rather than being a sign of one's divinity or alternatively imposing a limitation on God's transcendent nature. Attribution of divinity to a created entity, 3340:. Widely different interpretations of the meaning of the "Unity of Existence" have been proposed throughout the centuries by critics, defenders, and Western scholars. Ibn Arabi himself did not use the term "Unity of Existence" and similar statements had been made by those before him. For example, according to 2718:). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an 2643:). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an 3433:

For some Islamic thinkers, these propositions infringe the doctrine of Tawhid, and are therefore anathema. If the cosmos is a unified and harmonious whole, centered around the omnipotent and omnipresent God, they hold that recognising any other authority as superior is wrong. According to one writer:

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According to the Qur'an, one consequence of properly conceived relationship between God and man as the served and servant, is the proper relationship among humans. In order to achieve the former, the Qur'an consistently "reminds" men of two points: 1. That God is one; everything except God (including

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theology, which dominated Sunni Islam from the tenth to the nineteenth century, insists on ultimate divine transcendence and holds that divine unity is not accessible to human reason. Ash'arism teaches that human knowledge regarding it is limited to what has been revealed through the prophets, and on

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The Qur'an argues that there can be no multiple sources of divine sovereignty since "behold, each god would have taken away what had created, And some would have Lorded it over others!" The Qur'an argues that the stability and order prevailing throughout the universe shows that it was created and is

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or considering oneself as in power separate from God, is a form of idolatry for many Sufis. In the metaphysical cosmology of Sufism, God's sovereignty is a necessity instead of an accident. Therefore, it is impossible to worship something else but God. By venerating the self, one worships God in the

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put forward an interpretation of Tawhid in light of reason, with the Qur'an and Hadith serving as a basis. Before Avicenna the discussions among Muslim philosophers were about the unity of God as divine creator and his relationship with the world as creation. The earlier philosophers were profoundly

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to solve the problems of tashbih and ta'til concedes that the divine Being possesses in a real sense the Attributes and Names mentioned in the Qur'an. Insofar as these Names and Attributes have a positive reality, they are distinct from the essence, but nevertheless they do not have either existence

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forget the false deities and call upon the one true God for help. As soon as they are relieved from the danger, they however start associating other beings with God. "If they happen to be aboard a ship ˹caught in a storm˺, they cry out to Allah ˹alone˺ in sincere devotion. But as soon as He delivers

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The Islamic doctrine of Tawhid puts forth a God whose rule, will or law are comprehensive and extend to all creatures and to all aspects of the human life. Early Muslims understood religion to thus cover the domains of state, law and society. It is believed that the entirety of the Islamic teaching

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Twelvers believe God is alone in being, along with his names, his attributes, his actions, his theophanies. The totality of being therefore is he, through him, comes from him, and returns to him. God is not a being next to or above other beings, his creatures; he is being, the absolute act of being

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Certain theologians use the term Tawhid in a much broader meaning to denote the totality of discussion of God, his existence and his various attributes. Others go yet further and use the term to ultimately represent the totality of the "principles of religion". In its current usage, the expressions

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in essence, but accepted it as something that facilitates humankind's investigation and comprehension of natural processes. These medieval scholars argued that nature was composed of uniform atoms that were "re-created" at every instant by God. The laws of nature were only the customary sequence of

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According to Avicenna, the universe consists of a chain of actual beings, each giving existence to the one below it and responsible for the existence of the rest of the chain below. Because an actual infinite is deemed impossible by Avicenna, this chain as a whole must terminate in a being that is

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To know God is to know his unification. To say that God is one has four meanings: two of them are false and two are correct. As for the two meanings that are false, one is that a person should say "God is one" and be thinking of a number and counting. This is false because that which has no second

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The first step of religion is to accept, understand and realize him as the Lord... The correct form of belief in his unity is to realize that he is so absolutely pure and above nature that nothing can be added to or subtracted from his being. That is, one should realize that there is no difference

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God is unique, nothing is like him; he is neither body, nor individual, nor substance, nor accident. He is beyond time. He cannot dwell in a place or within a being; he is not the object of any creatural attribute or qualification. He is neither conditioned nor determined, neither engendered nor

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The Qur'an in verse 21:22 states: "Had there been within them gods besides Allāh, they both would have been ruined". Later Muslim theologians elaborated on this verse saying that the existence of at least two gods would inevitably arise between them, at one time or another, a conflict of wills.

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Many authors consider being or existence to be the proper designation for the reality of God. While all Muslims believe the reality of God to be one, critics hold that the term "existence" (wujud) is also used for the existence of things in this world and that the doctrine blurs the distinction

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was limited to declaring or preferring belief in one God and the unity of God. Although the monotheistic definition has persisted into modern Arabic, it is now more generally used to connote "unification, union, combination, fusion; standardization, regularization; consolidation, amalgamation,

3344:"There is nothing in wujud except God...Wujud only belongs to the Real One". Ghazali explains that the fruit of spiritual ascent of the Sufi is to "witness that there is no existence in the world save God and that 'All things are perishing except his face' (Qur'an 28:88)" 3402:

According to the Qur'an, God is the progenitor of all things, both good and evil. As is written in the Qur'an, all of humanity is created at the will of Allah, both the good and the evil; and that their natures have been predisposed as such since the beginning of creation.

3298:), the affirmation in speech of God's unity is only the first step of Tawhid. Further steps involve a spiritual experience for the existential realization of that unity. Categorizations of different steps of Tawhid could be found in the works of Muslims Sufis like 2560:

for the existence of God as a creator based on perceived evidence of order, purpose, design, or direction—or some combination of these—in nature. Teleology is the supposition that there is a purpose or directive principle in the works and processes of nature.

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by permitting his own hierarchical value system to supersede God's will: God asked the angels to bow to Adam, who he had created from clay. Satan refused, saying that "I am better than him; you created me from fire and created him from clay". The Medieval

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The desire to preserve the unity and transcendence of God led to the prohibition of Muslims from creating representation or visual depictions of God, or of any Prophet including Muhammad. Representations in art of the human form are a disputed matter in

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Next, the Qur'an argues that polytheism takes away from human dignity: God has honored human beings and given them charge of the physical world, and yet they disgrace their position in the world by worshipping what they carve out with their own hands.

2996:. All Muslim authorities maintain that a true understanding of God is impossible unless He introduces Himself due to the fact that God is beyond the range of human vision and senses. Therefore, God tells people who He is by speaking through the 3287:) by describing the reality as a unified whole, with God being a single concept that would describe or ascribe all existing things: "He is the First and the Last, the Evident and the Immanent: and He has full knowledge of all things."( 4757: 2987:

According to Sunni Islam, the orthodox understanding of theology is taken directly from the teachings of Muhammad with the understanding and methodology of his companions, sourced directly from the revealed scripture the

5017: 4162:يك‌ برهان‌ لمّی نيز در اين‌ باب‌ مطرح‌ شده‌ است‌: يكدستی و يكتايی عالم‌ (خَلْق‌) از يك‌ پديدآورنده‌ و مدبّر حكايت‌ می كند. ...«ذهن‌ سليم‌ متنبه‌ میشود از شدت‌ ارتباط‌ عالَم‌، بعضی به‌ بعض‌ ديگر، بر وحدت‌ خالق 2818:

Lastly, the Qur'an argues that monotheism is not a later discovery made by the human race, but rather there is the combined evidence of the prophetic call for monotheism throughout human history starting from

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The Quran teaches the existence of a single and absolute truth that transcends the world—a unique, independent and indivisible being who is independent of the entire creation. God, according to Islam, is a

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Surely Allah does not forgive associating ˹others˺ with Him ˹in worship˺, but forgives anything else of whoever He wills. Indeed, whoever associates ˹others˺ with Allah has clearly gone far astray.

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tend to elide the sovereignty and uniqueness of God. For this reason, other Sunnis disagree with these two features, as they regard it as comparing God to a created object ascribed some power to.

2525:) do not partake in creation but are created; rejection of an avatar or offspring of God; or a partner in creation in form of a sibling or wife. The uniqueness of the creator is expressed in the 2403:

Indeed, Allah does not forgive associating others with Him ˹in worship˺, but forgives anything else of whoever He wills. And whoever associates others with Allah has indeed committed a grave sin.

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apparent causes (customs of God), the ultimate cause of each accident being God himself. Other forms of the argument also appear in Avicenna's other works, and this argument became known as the

4677: 2146:

Islamic intellectual history can be understood as a gradual unfolding of the manner in which successive generations of believers have understood the meaning and implications of professing

7720: 2260:). The divine names project divine attributes, which, in turn, project all the levels of the creation down to the physical plane. Aside from the supreme name "Allah" and the neologism 7602: 3200:

have no independent and hypostatic existence apart from the being and essence of God. Any suggestion of these attributes and names being conceived of as separate is thought to entail

2602:). The Qur'an draws attention to certain observable facts, to present them as "reminders" of God instead of providing lengthy "theological" proofs for the existence and unity of God. 3291:)" However many Muslims criticize monism for it blurs the distinction between the creator and the creature, something incompatible with the genuine and absolute monotheism of Islam. 3204:. It would be even incorrect to say God knows by his knowledge which is in his essence but God knows by his knowledge which is his essence. Also, God has no physical form, and he is 6970: 4751: 3000:. According to this view, the fundamental message of all of the prophets is: "There is no god worthy of worship except Allah (avoiding the false gods as stated in Surah hud)." 7587: 5665: 4091:

Shagaviev, Damir A., and Venera N. Khisamova. "Islamic theological literature of the Salafi sect in the modern Tatarstan." Journal of Sustainable Development 8.7 (2015): 83.

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Understanding of the meaning of Tawhid is one of the most controversial issues among Muslims. Islamic scholars have different approaches toward understanding it, comprising

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laid the foundation of Muslim ethics. According to Islam, the world is sustained by God as the ultimate reality, unique in his attributes, distinct from everything else.

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is the religion's central and single most important concept, upon which a Muslim's entire religious adherence rests. It unequivocally holds that God is indivisibly one (

2024: 7686: 5348: 5005: 4343: 4250: 3491: 1897: 38: 4425: 4033: 3703: 5638: 7617: 1917: 3364:(Satan). Since it is impossible for two majesties to coexist, one cannot participate in divine intimacy or mercy and will also be subject to God's wrath. 3642: 158: 3113:

designation of power; the face signifies the essence; the fact that God is seated on the Throne is a metaphorical image of the divine reign, and so on.

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Al-Bar, M.A., Chamsi-Pasha, H. (2015). The Sources of Common Principles of Morality and Ethics in Islam. In: Contemporary Bioethics. Springer, Cham.

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Mulia, Siti Musdah. "Muslim Family Law Reform in Indonesia A Progressive Interpretation of The Qur’an." Al-Mawarid: Jurnal Hukum Islam (2015): 1-18.

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In practice, nearly all Muslims live their daily lives under some national jurisdiction and accept at least part of the constraints this involves.

2230:) which means 'to unite' or 'to make one'. This term signifies the belief in absolute oneness and uniqueness of God. This reflects the struggle of 7671: 7592: 5701: 5696: 2391:): concealed or hidden. It is when people perform the necessary rituals but not for God but for the sake of others, including social recognition. 1937: 1892: 839: 73: 7612: 6502: 3458:. The key concern is that the use of statues or images may lead to idolatry. The dominant forms of expression in the Islamic art, thus, became 2722:

that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect.

1912: 211: 3434:"Traditionally, a Muslim is not a nationalist, or citizen of a nation-state; he has no political identity, only a religious membership in the 7622: 7579: 5771: 5748: 5606: 5587: 5561: 5538: 5495: 5465: 5439: 5301: 5254: 5235: 5192: 5094: 5062: 4467: 3927: 3902: 2017: 1883: 1715: 726: 6104: 2749:

cannot stand alone and must end up in a Necessary Existent". Another argument Avicenna presented for God's existence was the problem of the

5854: 4518: 2769:(necessary existent). There is a gradual multiplication of beings through a timeless emanation from God as a result of his self-knowledge. 4012: 3621: 4186: 4166: 4881:

Awn, Peter J. (1983). Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblīs in Sufi Psychology. Leiden, Germany: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-9004069060.

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In many jurisdictions of the world, the laws and the general attitude of the population hold that the sphere of public life should be

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and an ontological argument. "It is ontological insofar as 'necessary existence' in intellect is the first basis for arguing for a

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includes lordship in the form of a legislator. By this, Salafis consider a legislation not based on (its own) interpretation of

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to his or her base desires and passions. In seeking to always satisfy the desires, he or she may commit a kind of polytheism.

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constitutes the foremost article of the Muslim profession of submission. The first part of the Islamic declaration of faith (

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such questions as God's creation of evil and the apparent anthropomorphism of God's attributes, revelation has to accepted

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Halverson J.R. (2010) The Doctrines of Sunni Theology. In: Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. Palgrave Macmillan, New York

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the entirety of nature) is contingent upon God. 2. With all His might and glory, God is essentially the all-merciful God.

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between his person and his attributes, and his attributes should not be differentiated or distinguished from his person.

807: 7791: 4397: 7926: 7597: 7365: 7158: 6535: 5964: 5756: 5738: 5691: 5670: 5624: 3486: 2577: 2104:) is the declaration of belief in the oneness of God. To attribute divinity to anything or anyone else, is considered 1760: 854: 681: 143: 2943: 6271: 5550:

Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment

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Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment

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Winter, Timothy, ed. The Cambridge companion to classical Islamic theology. Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 233

7676: 7559: 7076: 6495: 6256: 6037: 5036: 3699: 3128: 3085: 2915: 1869: 1344: 1156: 894: 113: 5412: 2889: 2264:(referring to the divine beneficence that creates and maintains the universe) and a few other specific names like 2114:, unless repented afterwards. Muslims believe that the entirety of the Islamic teaching rests on the principle of 7769: 7756: 7457: 7286: 6982: 6704: 6667: 6461: 4591:

Wiktorowicz, Quintan. "Anatomy of the Salafi movement." Studies in conflict & terrorism 29.3 (2006): 207-239.

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Mark, Durie. "Semantic decomposition of four Quranic words." Russian Journal of Linguistics 26.4 (2022): 937-969.

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Ali states that "God is One" means that God is away from likeness and numeration and he is not divisible even in

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approach. These different approaches lead to different and in some cases opposite understanding of the issue.

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God, rather than a local, tribal, or parochial one, and is an absolute who integrates all affirmative values.

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and nation-states are obstacles". Hence the idea of creating a wholly Islamic state, or a revived caliphate.

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Theologians usually use reason and deduction to prove the existence, unity and oneness of God. They use a

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Other forms of the argument also appear in Avicenna's other works, and this argument became known as the

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The Shari'a: History, Ethics and Law. (2018). Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 92

7941: 7855: 7696: 7632: 7440: 7416: 7093: 7071: 7031: 6776: 6727: 6693: 6584: 6406: 6261: 6022: 5794: 5647: 5571: 5404: 5340: 5082: 4816: 4335: 4027: 3385:. In the following, we provide a few examples of the influences of Tawhid on the Muslim culture: 3221: 3189: 2854: 2742: 2587: 2159: 1955: 1755: 1269: 1259: 999: 956: 926: 909: 884: 829: 785: 497: 6873: 4515: 4271:

Johnson, Steve A. (October 1984). "Ibn Sīnā's Fourth Ontological Argument for God's Existence".

3830: 3828: 3059:. Doing something else would imply accepting another authority or object of desire besides God. 370: 7916: 7911: 7816: 7806: 7796: 7469: 7355: 7307: 7150: 7061: 6764: 6754: 6749: 6739: 6734: 6567: 6376: 6322: 6241: 6165: 5602: 5583: 5557: 5534: 5512: 5491: 5461: 5435: 5371: 5363: 5332: 5297: 5250: 5231: 5188: 5164: 5147: 5126: 5090: 5058: 5040: 4667: 4463: 4417: 4327: 4288: 4242: 4004: 3994: 3988: 3923: 3898: 3859: 3613: 3603: 3597: 3476: 3247: 2997: 1843: 1621: 1289: 1040: 1004: 951: 864: 824: 686: 4183: 4163: 7946: 7931: 7681: 7386: 7108: 7046: 7036: 7026: 7011: 6759: 6662: 6634: 6522: 6446: 6416: 6391: 6236: 6002: 5837: 5453: 5396: 5324: 5273: 5135: 5114: 4847: 4794: 4455: 4409: 4319: 4280: 4234: 3327: 3283: 3263: 2981: 2737:

alone. Avicenna's proof of God's existence is unique in that it can be classified as both a

2676: 2395:

might be unwitting, yet punishable, although to a lesser extent than greater forms of shirk.

2256:

and of the divine nature, the Qur'an uses 99 terms referred to as "Excellent Names of God" (

1962: 1750: 1553: 1481: 1435: 1392: 1373: 1254: 1136: 849: 844: 795: 780: 765: 674: 553: 133: 4222: 2220:) which means, "He asserted, or declared, God to be one", is derived from the Arabic root ' 7872: 7569: 7514: 7000: 6960: 6849: 6805: 6579: 6431: 6426: 6381: 5842: 5827: 5822: 4522: 4190: 4170: 3299: 3106: 2493: 2489: 2328: 2167: 2043: 1986: 1740: 1686: 1646: 1501: 1401: 984: 800: 760: 749: 731: 634: 579: 492: 7314: 5223: 4915: 3957: 4487: 7984: 7701: 7554: 7396: 7098: 6361: 6337: 6317: 6297: 5832: 5713: 5212:

Johnson, Steve A.(1984), "Ibn Sina's Fourth Ontological Argument for God's Existence",

5139: 4284: 3259: 3174: 2745:". The proof is also "cosmological insofar as most of it is taken up with arguing that 2132: 1969: 1666: 1416: 1411: 1353: 1274: 1249: 1072: 944: 931: 889: 834: 448: 417: 407: 312: 82: 48: 31: 3373:

rests on the principle of Tawhid. Muslims use the single raised index finger gesture (

2473:. His quotations contain the first rational proofs among Muslims of the Unity of God. 7999: 7887: 7714: 7564: 7103: 7066: 7041: 6878: 6251: 6175: 6149: 6083: 5522: 5479: 5174: 4893: 4815:(Spring 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from 4079:

Faruki, Kemal. "TAWḤĪD AND THE DOCTRINE OF'IṢMAH." Islamic Studies 4.1 (1965): 31-43.

3509: 3427: 3315: 3205: 3178: 2820: 2289: 2274: 2106: 1981: 1486: 1454: 1234: 1181: 1009: 914: 874: 365: 350: 239: 221: 3438:. For a traditional Muslim, Islam is the sole and sufficient identification tag and 3406:

According to the Qur'an, Satan deviated from the unification of God in the story of

2976:"Tawhid" or "knowledge of Tawhid" are sometimes used as an equivalent for the whole 2936: 7974: 7899: 7549: 7401: 7279: 6995: 6543: 6441: 6386: 6210: 6139: 5895: 5880: 5718: 5475: 5072: 3527: 3481: 3185: 3098: 2993: 2140: 1848: 1799: 1511: 1491: 1383: 1363: 1324: 1319: 1279: 1060: 1016: 753: 485: 474: 403: 322: 307: 244: 64: 6844: 6829: 6073: 3075: 206: 17: 5076: 7526: 7016: 6939: 6924: 6824: 6711: 6302: 6226: 6032: 5050: 4067:

Sinai, Nicolai. "Key terms of the Qur'an: a critical dictionary." (2023): 1-840.

3754: 3459: 3439: 3055:

is furthermore understood to mean that everyday acts must be in accordance with

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The Sacred Foundations of Justice in Islam: The Teachings of ʻAlī Ibn Abī Ṭālib

3018:

is to avoid delving into theological speculation and did not employ the use of

1681: 7829: 6911: 6868: 6839: 6231: 6134: 6053: 5968: 5812: 5156: 4773: 4459: 4151: 3415: 3341: 3303: 3225: 3201: 3170: 3135: 3122: 2824: 2799: 2605: 2583: 2438: 2235: 2231: 2073: 1598: 1495: 1206: 1161: 1146: 817: 355: 5375: 5336: 4421: 4331: 4292: 4246: 4008: 3946:(third ed.). New York: Spoken Language Services Inc. 1976. p. 1055. 3617: 2517:

denies any affinity between the creator and its creation. This includes that

7534: 6965: 6907: 6854: 6722: 6292: 6180: 6114: 6058: 6007: 5875: 5817: 5807: 5483: 5328: 5294:

An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism

5086: 4323: 4238: 3990:

The Split World of Gerard Manley Hopkins: An Essay in Semiotic Phenomenology

3878: 3496: 3463: 3337: 3230: 3182: 2719: 2711: 2644: 2636: 2609: 2311: 2186: 1588: 1201: 1176: 1126: 716: 360: 345: 340: 302: 274: 216: 3035:(Lordship)) all Sunnis agree upon, Salafism holds two additional meanings: 2989: 264: 5277: 4413: 3360:(majesty). This name is supposed to be worshipped and then transmitted by 7877: 7373: 7231: 7183: 6977: 6883: 6834: 6562: 6129: 6068: 6063: 5987: 5885: 4367: 3922:. Islamic Surveys (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 3836: 3670: 3243: 3238: 3162: 3110: 2992:; being the main information source for understanding the unification of 2803: 2680: 2620: 2462: 2441:: Among the things that God revealed to Moses and revealed to him in the 2307: 2269: 1656: 1650: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1476: 1239: 1191: 1026: 994: 708: 642: 5344: 4969: 4957: 4559: 4339: 2808: 2779: 2599: 2595: 2430: 2257: 7892: 7488: 7176: 7056: 6934: 6929: 6916: 6900: 6893: 6888: 6620: 5910: 5890: 5761: 5680: 5408: 5384: 4945: 3881: 3522: 3502: 3288: 2828: 2807:

them ˹safely˺ to shore, they associate ˹others with Him once again˺." (

2703: 2628: 2427: 2411: 2408: 2303: 2100: 1603: 1568: 1449: 1299: 1229: 1151: 1131: 859: 536: 201: 196: 191: 2591: 2150:. Islamic scholars have different approaches toward understanding it. 7406: 7380: 7339: 7300: 7217: 7130: 7051: 6953: 6863: 6794: 6789: 5781: 5616: 3516: 3277: 3269: 3158: 2858: 2846: 2827:. Another reason for deviation from monotheism is when one becomes a 2734: 2535: 2163: 1817: 1593: 1573: 1521: 1314: 1186: 1166: 1107: 879: 869: 658: 626: 618: 603: 597: 279: 269: 181: 176: 138: 5400: 5031:

Banani Amin, co ed.: Richard G. Hovannisian, Georges Sabagh (1994),

2647:

that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence.

3813:

Vincent J. Cornell, Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol 5, pp. 3561-3562.

2278:, is considered a denial of the truth of God and thus a major sin. 2170:

to some degree, all seek to explain at some level the principle of

7786: 7655: 7480: 7434: 7422: 7224: 7210: 7169: 6946: 6784: 6641: 6627: 6548: 6511: 5945: 5935: 5930: 5900: 5286:

Islamic Identity and Development: Studies of the Islamic Periphery

3435: 3361: 3295: 3273: 3020: 3015: 2977: 2862: 2850: 2795: 2699: 2624: 2526: 2470: 2466: 2442: 2151: 2127: 2111: 2077: 1563: 1141: 1021: 899: 590: 548: 541: 464: 456: 380: 375: 297: 259: 254: 249: 153: 123: 118: 103: 79: 59: 52: 4835:

Amin Banani, Richard G. Hovannisian, Georges Sabagh (1994), p. 71

3702:. ICRS (Indonesian Consortium of Religious Studies). 2010-10-30. 2698:. Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of 7321: 7293: 7243: 7190: 7135: 6648: 6276: 6170: 5925: 5915: 5905: 5728: 3596:

Dressler, Markus; Geaves, Ron; Klinkhammer, Gritt, eds. (2009).

3455: 2518: 2155: 1829: 1444: 1294: 1244: 650: 558: 385: 186: 7741: 7509: 7125: 6484: 6480: 5962: 5620: 3088:

describes the Mu'tazilite conception of the tawhid as follows:

5245:

Lakhani, M. Ali; Shah Kazemi, Reza; Lewisohn, Leonard (2006).

3855:

A dictionary of modern written Arabic - Edited by Milton Cowan

3166: 2872: 2762: 2497: 2458: 2253: 1421: 1284: 4619:

Philips, Abu Ameenah Bilal. "1.1 The Categories of Tawheed".

4450:. Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind. Vol. 5. 3643:"From the article on Tawhid in Oxford Islamic Studies Online" 30:"Tawheed" redirects here. For the Pharoah Sanders album, see 5313:"Ibn Sina Avicenna and Malcolm and the Ontological Argument" 4587: 4585: 4308:"Ibn Sina Avicenna and Malcolm and the Ontological Argument" 4223:"IBN Sina Avicenna and Malcolm and the Ontological Argument" 3895:

Early Shīʿī thought: the teachings of Imam Muḥammad al-Bāqir

3841:. London: Williams and Norgate. pp. 2926–2928 (Vol.8.). 3780: 3778: 2564:

Another argument which is used frequently by theologians is

5582:. Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain & Northern Ireland. 5368:

Fundamentals of Islamic thought: God, man, and the universe

4087: 4085: 4133: 4054: 4052: 2798:

argues that human beings have an instinctive distaste for

2314:

of depicting God as a created object ruling from the sky.

5385:"The Portrayal of Nature in a Medieval Qur'an Commentary" 4769: 4767: 3599:

Sufis in Western Society: Global Networking and Locality

3332:

The first detailed formulation of "Unity of Existence" (

5264:

Mayer, Toby (2001). "Ibn Sina's 'Burhan Al-Siddiqin'".

2121:

From an Islamic standpoint, there is an uncompromising

4362: 4360: 3645:. Oxfordislamicstudies.com. 2008-05-06. Archived from 2623:

initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of

5119:

The Sufi Path of Love:The Spiritual Teachings of Rumi

4075: 4073: 3665: 3663: 4854:, Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, p. 727 4516:

AVICENNA'S COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT FOR GOD'S EXISTENCE

3858:. New York: Spoken Language Services. p. 1055. 3196:. According to Shia theologians, the attributes and 2342: 2294:

Associating partners in divinity of God is known as

2060: 7848: 7815: 7755: 7664: 7631: 7578: 7525: 7331: 7253: 7200: 7149: 6991: 6815: 6775: 6658: 6610: 6534: 6346: 6285: 6219: 6158: 6097: 6046: 5980: 5868: 5793: 5658: 5228:

The Concept of Monotheism in Islam and Christianity

5081:. Translated by Liadain Sherrard; Philip Sherrard. 5033:

Poetry and Mysticism in Islam: The Heritage of Rumi

3920:

Islamic philosophy and theology: an extended survey

2903:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2252:In order to explain the complexity of the unity of 2131:) which is seen as distinguishing Islam from other 4653: 3161:which have been narrated from the Islamic prophet 2725:This was the first attempt at using the method of 27:Core Islamic tenet denoting the unification of God 5432:Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present 3944:The Hans Wehr Dictionary Of Modern Written Arabic 3700:"The Fundamentals of Tawhid (Islamic Monotheism)" 3492:Parable of those who associate partners with God 39:Al-Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life 4727: 4715: 4121: 3103:metaphorical interpretations of Qur'anic verses 2502: 2482: 2420: 2401: 2268:("King of Kings") in an authentic narration of 2191: 6496: 5632: 5006:"An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence" 2018: 1709: 1080: 425: 8: 5548:Henrik Lagerlund, ed. (September 30, 2007). 5488:Shiʻism doctrines, thought, and spirituality 4660:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 4446:Henrik Lagerlund, ed. (September 30, 2007). 3767:Wahhab, Abd Al. "Chapter 4, Fear of Shirk". 3080:The Mu'tazilis liked to call themselves the 2802:: At times of crisis, for example, even the 2225: 2215: 2198:He has never had offspring, nor was He born. 5203:The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology 4152:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18428-9_2 2469:view), is credited with having established 2373: 2348: 7752: 7738: 7522: 7506: 7146: 7122: 6531: 6503: 6489: 6481: 5977: 5959: 5655: 5639: 5625: 5617: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4032:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3750: 3748: 3746: 3084:(ahl al-tawhid). In Maqalat al-Islamiyin, 3014:The approach of textual interpretation in 2418:Chapter 4, verse 116 of the Qur'an reads: 2025: 2011: 1727: 1716: 1702: 1340: 1098: 1087: 1073: 443: 432: 418: 43: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 2963:Learn how and when to remove this message 2399:Chapter 4, verse 48 of the Qur'an reads: 4889: 4887: 4843: 4841: 4739: 4134:Lakhani, Shah Kazemi & Lewisohn 2006 2461:, the first imam (Shia view) and fourth 2166:, and even the Islamic understanding of 5527:Western Muslims and the Future of Islam 4813:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 3588: 3545: 1994: 1927: 1882: 1828: 1746: 1739: 1434: 1391: 1343: 1106: 455: 58: 5163:, State University of New York Press, 4025: 3188:and compiled by Shia scholars such as 2200:And there is none comparable to Him." 2110:—an unpardonable sin according to the 2072:'oneness ') is the concept of 3968:from the original on February 7, 2019 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 2125:at the heart of the Islamic beliefs ( 7: 4109: 3105:or Prophetic reports with seemingly 2901:adding citations to reliable sources 2778:being administered by only one God ( 2702:, in which he distinguished between 2627:, in which he distinguished between 2496:quotes the following statement from 265:Ta'til (denial of divine attributes) 3027:Additional to the first meaning of 2773:Indivisibility of God's sovereignty 2332: 2320:is classified into two categories: 2226: 2216: 2047: 212:Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un 4285:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1984.tb03452.x 3602:. London: Routledge. p. 207. 3157:Twelvers theology is based on the 1674:Portrayals of God in popular media 25: 5572:Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn 5010:Fordham International Law Journal 4697:Tabatabaei (19981), pp. 23 and 24 4398:"Ibn Sina's 'Burhan Al-Siddiqin'" 3918:Watt, William Montgomery (1995). 2185:Chapter 112 of the Quran, titled 159:Anthropomorphism and corporealism 7980: 7979: 7968: 7489:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 6679:Timeline of the history of Islam 4221:Morewedge, Parviz (1970-04-01). 3993:. Washington, D.C. p. 101. 3958:"The Concept Of Tawhid In Islam" 3368:Influences on the Muslim culture 3062:The Salafi specific features of 2877: 2547:Arguments for the oneness of God 1680: 1054: 463: 397: 72: 7840:List of ex-Muslim organisations 5554:Springer Science+Business Media 5415:from the original on 2022-04-28 5351:from the original on 2018-11-27 5103:from the original on 2022-07-09 5020:from the original on 2022-07-09 4785:Roger S. Gottlie (2006), p. 210 4680:from the original on 2017-08-11 4498:from the original on 2007-10-31 4452:Springer Science+Business Media 4428:from the original on 2018-11-15 4378:from the original on 2020-02-10 4346:from the original on 2018-11-27 4253:from the original on 2022-07-09 4015:from the original on 2022-07-09 3706:from the original on 2015-06-20 3681:from the original on 2008-07-24 3624:from the original on 2021-09-03 3109:content, e.g., the hand is the 3010:Traditionalist theology (Islam) 2888:needs additional citations for 4906:Symbolism, MENA (2019-03-22). 4642:Corbin (1993), pp. 115 and 116 4600:Corbin (1993), pp. 109 and 110 4492:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4372:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 3675:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 1: 6412:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani 6402:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas 5993:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari 5078:History of Islamic Philosophy 5057:. University of Texas Press. 4811:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 4728:Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988 4716:Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988 4658:. In John L. Esposito (ed.). 4122:Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988 3784:Tariq Ramadan (2005), p. 203. 2651:God as the necessary existent 7825:Apostasy in Islam by country 7692:Liberalism and progressivism 6079:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 5383:Mourison, Robert G. (2002). 5288:, Rutledge, ASIN: B000FBFF5Y 5123:State University of New York 5004:Al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (2003). 4935:Fazlur Rahman (1980), p. 2-3 4863:John Esposito (1998), p. 121 4758:fa:بنیاد دایرةالمعارف اسلامی 3987:Dennis, Sobolev (May 2011). 3314:According to the concept of 3310:Annihilation and subsistence 3242:affected by the emphasis of 3051:to be a form of polytheism. 2177:The classical definition of 5201:Gottlieb, Roger S. (2006), 4756:(in Persian). Vol. 1. 3838:Al-Qamus: An Arabic Lexicon 3487:Islamic view of the Trinity 3336:) is closely associated to 3069: 3039:(names and attributes) and 2825:celestial bodies as deities 2772: 2761:rests on the conception of 2578:Kalam cosmological argument 2449:Discerning the unity of God 2343: 2152:Islamic scholastic theology 2061: 638:("Stories of the Prophets") 144:Schools of Islamic theology 8037: 6357:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei 6257:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi 6171:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi 5509:Major themes of the Qur'an 5311:Morewedge, Parviz (1970). 5266:Journal of Islamic Studies 5161:Words of Ecstasy in Sufism 5037:Cambridge University Press 4807:Chittick, William (2020), 4548:Encyclopedia of the Qur'an 4402:Journal of Islamic Studies 4396:Mayer, Toby (2001-01-01). 4306:Morewedge, Parviz (1970). 4202:Fazlur Rahman (1980), p. 2 3893:Lalani, Arzina R. (2004). 3389:Interpersonal relationship 3325: 3257: 3219: 3150: 3120: 3073: 3007: 2838: 2660: 2654: 2575: 2572:God as the cause of causes 2287: 2245: 260:Kufr (disobidience/denial) 36: 29: 7963: 7751: 7737: 7603:Geography and cartography 7521: 7505: 7145: 7121: 6530: 6519: 6105:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī 5976: 5958: 5654: 5296:. Yale University Press. 4989:Ozay Mehmet (1990), p. 57 4460:10.1007/978-1-4020-6084-7 4211:Robert G. Mourison (2002) 3822:Tabatabaei (1981), p. 23. 3254:Sufi and Irfani viewpoint 3127:The solution proposed by 2298:and is the antithesis of 2048: 2001:Islamization of knowledge 1884:Science in medieval times 7922:Islamic view of miracles 5511:, Bibliotheca Islamica, 5180:Islam: The Straight Path 5146:, Publisher:I.B.Tauris, 5055:Believing Women in Islam 4752: 3216:Philosophical viewpoints 3116: 2841:Early Islamic philosophy 727:Medieval Islamic science 7677:Creationism (evolution) 6089:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 6038:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 5998:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri 5531:Oxford University Press 5329:10.5840/monist197054212 5207:Oxford University Press 5185:Oxford University Press 4664:Oxford University Press 4324:10.5840/monist197054212 4239:10.5840/monist197054212 3129:Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari 3086:Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari 1337:In particular religions 171:Expressions and phrases 119:Phrases and expressions 37:For the 1982 book, see 7937:Persecution of Muslims 7835:List of former Muslims 6684:Succession to Muhammad 6422:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri 6372:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr 6333:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 6201:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 6028:Abu Sulayman Sijistani 5850:Transcendent theosophy 5597:Turner, Colin (2006). 5292:Momen, Moojan (1985). 4980:Azizah Al-Hibri (2003) 4621:Islamic Studies Book 1 4570:Chittick (2006), p. 47 4544:Polytheism and Atheism 3268:In Islamic mysticism ( 3095: 3004:Athari/Salafi approach 2869:Theological viewpoints 2855:philosophical approach 2679:was first proposed by 2507: 2487: 2435: 2416: 2203: 2194:Say, "He is Allah—One; 737:Succession to Muhammad 270:Tanzih (transcendance) 7721:Conversion to mosques 7588:Alchemy and chemistry 6206:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi 5460:. World Wisdom, Inc. 5284:Mehmet, Ozay (1990), 5249:. World Wisdom, Inc. 4633:Corbin (1993), p. 115 4609:Corbin (1993), p. 110 4193:Encyclopedia Islamica 4173:Encyclopedia Islamica 3835:Lane, Edward (1863). 3793:Turner (2006), p. 75. 3738:Encyclopedia of Islam 3482:Index finger in Islam 3090: 2847:textualistic approach 2739:cosmological argument 2696:Proof of the Truthful 2663:Cosmological argument 2657:Proof of the Truthful 2615:Proof of the Truthful 2608:theologians rejected 2558:teleological argument 2437:This is atributed to 182:Takbir (Allahu Akbar) 177:Tasbih (Subhan Allah) 7447:Ma malakat aymanukum 7022:Association football 6921:Moderate Kharijites 6437:Reza Davari Ardakani 6313:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji 6247:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki 6196:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 6110:Afdal al-Din Kashani 5450:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 5428:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 4706:Momen (1985), p. 176 4652:Tamara Sonn (2009). 4484:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 3294:For Muslim mystics ( 3153:Theology of Twelvers 3082:people of the tawhid 2897:improve this article 2851:theological approach 2747:contingent existence 2673:ontological argument 2667:ontological argument 2566:Reductio ad absurdum 2366:): open and apparent 2248:Name of God in Islam 2242:Name of God in Islam 2196:Allah—the Sustainer. 1812:(Islamic monotheism) 1778:Early social changes 1773:Early historiography 1224:Specific conceptions 776:Association football 8011:Islamic terminology 6397:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 6318:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani 6308:Mohsen Fayz Kashani 6267:Sayyid Haydar Amuli 5777:Medieval psychology 5749:Natural philosophy 5580:William C. Chittick 5576:A Shiʻite Anthology 5278:10.1093/jis/12.1.18 5144:The Vision of Islam 4753:دانشنامه جهان اسلام 4414:10.1093/jis/12.1.18 3962:bismikaallahuma.org 3852:Wehr, Hans (1976). 2751:mind–body dichotomy 2690:The Book of Healing 1687:Religion portal 1102:Part of a series on 537:Profession of Faith 510:Day of Resurrection 250:Ihsan (development) 7942:Quran and miracles 7856:Criticism of Islam 7560:Geometric patterns 7412:Gender segregation 6983:Non-denominational 6407:Abdolkarim Soroush 6252:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi 6166:Hajji Bektash Wali 5702:medieval astronomy 5648:Islamic philosophy 4908:"The index finger" 4521:2006-09-14 at the 4189:2009-02-03 at the 4169:2009-02-03 at the 3897:. London: Tauris 3552:Also romanized as 3322:Unity of existence 3222:Islamic philosophy 3190:Al-Shaykh al-Saduq 3045:Al-Asma wa's-Sifat 3037:Al-Asma wa's-Sifat 2759:ontological system 2743:Necessary Existent 2683:(965–1037) in the 2588:pre-Islamic Arabia 2519:invisible entities 2509:The perception of 2490:Vincent J. Cornell 240:Shirk (polytheism) 89:Arabic calligraphy 18:Islamic monotheism 7993: 7992: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7927:Domestic violence 7917:Islamic terrorism 7912:Islamic extremism 7733: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7287:Marriage contract 7117: 7116: 7077:Political aspects 6806:Story of Prophets 6575:Prophets of Islam 6478: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6323:Rajab Ali Tabrizi 6262:Mahmud Shabistari 6242:Jalaladdin Davani 6191:Nasir al-Din Tusi 6013:Abu Hatim al-Razi 5954: 5953: 5608:978-0-415-34105-9 5599:Islam: The Basics 5589:978-0-87395-510-2 5563:978-1-4020-6083-0 5540:978-0-19-517111-2 5497:978-0-585-08860-0 5467:978-1-933316-38-3 5441:978-0-7914-6799-2 5364:Motahari, Morteza 5303:978-0-300-03531-5 5256:978-1-933316-26-0 5237:978-3-7003-0339-8 5209:, ASIN B000RKTUVS 5194:978-0-19-511233-7 5096:978-0-710-30416-2 5064:978-0-292-70904-1 4469:978-1-4020-6083-0 3929:978-0-85224-552-1 3904:978-1-85043-592-1 3477:Divine simplicity 3381:) as a symbol of 3248:divine simplicity 3147:Twelvers theology 2973: 2972: 2965: 2947: 2729:, which utilizes 2370:al-shirk al-khafi 2341: 2325:al-Shirk al-akbar 2266:al-Malik al-Muluk 2071: 2059: 2035: 2034: 1787:Modern philosophy 1726: 1725: 1622:Euthyphro dilemma 1462: 1461: 1097: 1096: 442: 441: 318:Al-Mu'awwidhatayn 255:Nifaq (hypocrisy) 16:(Redirected from 8028: 7983: 7982: 7975:Islam portal 7973: 7972: 7971: 7753: 7745: 7739: 7580:Medieval science 7523: 7513: 7507: 7164:Economic history 7147: 7123: 7109:Islam by country 6894:Bektashi Alevism 6532: 6523:Outline of Islam 6505: 6498: 6491: 6482: 6452:Hasanzadeh Amoli 6447:Mostafa Malekian 6417:Taha Abdurrahman 6392:Ismail al-Faruqi 6350: 6272:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī 6003:Abu Bakr al-Razi 5978: 5960: 5785: 5772:Medieval science 5767: 5752: 5734: 5724: 5687: 5676: 5656: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5618: 5612: 5593: 5578:. Translated by 5567: 5544: 5501: 5490:. Albany: SUNY. 5471: 5454:William Chittick 5445: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5379: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5307: 5281: 5260: 5241: 5214:The Muslim World 5198: 5136:William Chittick 5115:William Chittick 5111: 5109: 5108: 5083:Abingdon, Oxford 5068: 5028: 5026: 5025: 4990: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4914:. Archived from 4903: 4897: 4891: 4882: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4855: 4848:William Chittick 4845: 4836: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4804: 4798: 4795:William Chittick 4792: 4786: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4748: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4657: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4601: 4598: 4592: 4589: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4540: 4525: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4364: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4279:(3–4): 161–171. 4273:The Muslim World 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4194: 4180: 4174: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4092: 4089: 4080: 4077: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4031: 4023: 4021: 4020: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3890: 3884: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3832: 3823: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3794: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3773: 3772: 3769:Kitab Al Tawheed 3764: 3758: 3752: 3741: 3730: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3667: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3593: 3576: 3550: 3328:Sufi metaphysics 3284:Sufi metaphysics 3264:Sufi metaphysics 3143:(without how). 3070:Mu'tazili school 2982:Islamic theology 2968: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2905: 2881: 2873: 2677:existence of God 2610:cause and effect 2471:Islamic theology 2433: 2414: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2333:شِرْك ٱلْأَكْبَر 2229: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2168:natural sciences 2066: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2027: 2020: 2013: 1972: 1965: 1963:Classical Arabic 1821: 1813: 1728: 1718: 1711: 1704: 1685: 1684: 1341: 1255:Form of the Good 1137:Classical theism 1099: 1089: 1082: 1075: 1061:Islam portal 1059: 1058: 1057: 467: 444: 434: 427: 420: 404:Islam portal 402: 401: 400: 134:Sufi metaphysics 124:Islam (religion) 76: 44: 21: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8025: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7989: 7969: 7967: 7951: 7873:Cultural Muslim 7844: 7811: 7757:Other religions 7747: 7743: 7725: 7660: 7627: 7574: 7517: 7515:Islamic studies 7511: 7493: 7327: 7272: 7249: 7196: 7141: 7140: 7113: 7062:Moral teachings 7005: 6987: 6961:Nation of Islam 6874:Twelver Shi'ism 6811: 6777:Religious texts 6771: 6689:Early conquests 6672: 6654: 6606: 6526: 6515: 6509: 6479: 6466: 6432:Fouad Zakariyya 6427:Mohammed Arkoun 6382:Frithjof Schuon 6348: 6342: 6328:Qazi Sa’id Qumi 6281: 6215: 6154: 6093: 6042: 5972: 5950: 5864: 5823:Illuminationism 5789: 5783: 5765: 5750: 5733:(jurisprudence) 5732: 5722: 5685: 5674: 5650: 5645: 5615: 5609: 5596: 5590: 5570: 5564: 5547: 5541: 5521: 5498: 5474: 5468: 5448: 5442: 5426: 5418: 5416: 5401:10.2307/1596214 5389:Studia Islamica 5382: 5370:. Mizan Press. 5362: 5354: 5352: 5310: 5304: 5291: 5263: 5257: 5244: 5238: 5222: 5219:(3-4), 161–171. 5195: 5173: 5106: 5104: 5097: 5071: 5065: 5049: 5023: 5021: 5003: 4999: 4997:Further reading 4994: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4921: 4919: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4852:Wahdat Al-Wujud 4846: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4820: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4772: 4765: 4760:. p. 5053. 4754: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4683: 4681: 4674: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4542:Mustansir Mir, 4541: 4528: 4523:Wayback Machine 4514: 4510: 4501: 4499: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4431: 4429: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4381: 4379: 4366: 4365: 4358: 4349: 4347: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4256: 4254: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4197: 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Braumüller. 5220: 5210: 5199: 5193: 5175:Esposito, John 5171: 5154: 5140:Sachiko Murata 5133: 5112: 5095: 5069: 5063: 5047: 5029: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4982: 4973: 4961: 4949: 4937: 4928: 4912:MENA symbolism 4898: 4883: 4874: 4865: 4856: 4837: 4828: 4799: 4797:(1983), p. 179 4787: 4778: 4763: 4743: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4699: 4690: 4672: 4644: 4635: 4626: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4581: 4572: 4563: 4551: 4526: 4508: 4475: 4468: 4438: 4388: 4356: 4318:(2): 234–249. 4298: 4263: 4233:(2): 234–249. 4213: 4204: 4195: 4175: 4155: 4138: 4126: 4114: 4112:, p. 120. 4102: 4093: 4081: 4069: 4060: 4048: 4039: 4000:978-0813219097 3999: 3979: 3949: 3935: 3928: 3910: 3903: 3885: 3871: 3864: 3844: 3824: 3815: 3795: 3786: 3774: 3759: 3757:(2002), p. 97. 3742: 3716: 3691: 3659: 3634: 3608: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3450: 3447: 3423: 3420: 3413:Muslim scholar 3399: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3369: 3366: 3326:Main article: 3323: 3320: 3311: 3308: 3280:image of God ( 3260:Sufi cosmology 3255: 3252: 3217: 3214: 3151:Main article: 3148: 3145: 3121:Main article: 3118: 3117:Ash'ari school 3115: 3074:Main article: 3071: 3068: 3008:Main article: 3005: 3002: 2971: 2970: 2885: 2883: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2836: 2833: 2791: 2788: 2774: 2771: 2767:Wajib al-Wujud 2727:a priori proof 2655:Main article: 2652: 2649: 2576:Main article: 2573: 2570: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2527:Daily Prayer's 2450: 2447: 2424: 2405: 2397: 2396: 2367: 2344:shirk al-akbar 2304:Sunni scholars 2288:Main article: 2285: 2280: 2246:Main article: 2243: 2240: 2207: 2204: 2192: 2088:) and single ( 2033: 2032: 2030: 2029: 2022: 2015: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1932: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1800:Concept of God 1797: 1791: 1789: 1780: 1775: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1720: 1713: 1706: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1654: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1618: 1616:Related topics 1615: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1439: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1427:Zoroastrianism 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1396: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1348: 1347: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1118: 1116:Types of faith 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1095: 1094: 1092: 1091: 1084: 1077: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1019: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1007: 997: 992: 987: 981: 980: 979: 978: 973: 968: 960: 959: 954: 948: 945:Related topics 943: 942: 939: 938: 935: 934: 929: 927:Social welfare 924: 919: 918: 917: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 821: 820: 815: 805: 804: 803: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 757: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 713: 712: 705: 698: 690: 689: 684: 678: 673: 672: 669: 668: 665: 664: 656: 647: 646: 640: 632: 624: 615: 614: 594: 586: 583: 582: 577: 571: 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 561: 556: 551: 545: 544: 539: 533: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 517:Predestination 513: 512: 507: 501: 500: 498:Revealed Books 495: 489: 488: 478: 473: 472: 469: 468: 460: 459: 453: 452: 440: 439: 437: 436: 429: 422: 414: 411: 410: 393: 392: 389: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 320: 315: 313:Verse of Light 310: 305: 300: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 236: 233: 232: 229: 228: 225: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 173: 170: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 100: 97: 96: 93: 92: 77: 69: 68: 56: 55: 32:Tauhid (album) 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8033: 8022: 8021:Shia theology 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8001: 7986: 7978: 7976: 7966: 7965: 7962: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7888:Post-Islamism 7886: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7781: 7780:Protestantism 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7740: 7736: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7630: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7618:Ophthalmology 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7508: 7504: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7378: 7376: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7366:Death penalty 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7332:Other aspects 7330: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7136:Jurisprudence 7134: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6990: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6817:Denominations 6814: 6808: 6807: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6603: 6602:Holiest sites 6600: 6598: 6597:Judgement Day 6595: 6593: 6592: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6518: 6513: 6506: 6501: 6499: 6494: 6492: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6345: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6150:Shams Tabrizi 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6084:Nasir Khusraw 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6059:Ibn Miskawayh 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5637: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5610: 5604: 5601:. Routledge. 5600: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5518: 5517:0-88297-051-8 5514: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5476:Nasr, Hossein 5473: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5458:The Essential 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5224:Köchler, Hans 5221: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5170: 5169:0-87395-918-3 5166: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5152:1-84511-320-9 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5131:0-87395-724-5 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5073:Corbin, Henry 5070: 5066: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5046: 5045:0-521-45476-X 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4986: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4918:on 2019-09-29 4917: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4899: 4896:(1998), p. 24 4895: 4894:John Esposito 4890: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4829: 4819:on 2023-09-06 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4776:(1984), p. 29 4775: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4740:Motahari 1985 4736: 4733: 4730:, p. 115 4729: 4724: 4721: 4718:, p. 197 4717: 4712: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4679: 4675: 4673:9780195305135 4669: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4648: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4630: 4627: 4622: 4615: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4512: 4509: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4439: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4389: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4264: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4184:توحيد در كلام 4179: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4164:توحيد در كلام 4159: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4124:, p. 114 4123: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3983: 3980: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3865:9780879500030 3861: 3857: 3856: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3771:. Darussalam. 3770: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3649:on 2020-04-01 3648: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3609:9780415850902 3605: 3601: 3600: 3592: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3556: 3549: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3429: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3398:Good and evil 3397: 3395: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3351:Utterance of 3349: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3207: 3206:imperceptible 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3097:According to 3094: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2967: 2964: 2956: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2914: – 2913: 2909: 2908:Find sources: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2886:This article 2884: 2880: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2812: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2781: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2536:Allāhu ʾakbar 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463:Rashid Caliph 2460: 2456: 2453:According to 2448: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2429: 2428:Surah An-Nisa 2423: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2409:Surah An-Nisa 2404: 2400: 2394: 2386: 2371: 2368: 2361: 2345: 2339: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2306:have accused 2305: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2290:Shirk (Islam) 2284: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2223: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2190: 2188: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156:jurisprudence 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1918:Ophthalmology 1914: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1830:Jurisprudence 1827: 1822: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1535: 1528: 1527:Transcendence 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1456: 1455:Hongjun Laozu 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1422:Yungdrung Bon 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1285:Supreme Being 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1182:Kathenotheism 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 982: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 962: 961: 958: 955: 953: 950: 949: 946: 941: 940: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 916: 913: 912: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 900:Proselytizing 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 819: 816: 814: 811: 810: 809: 808:Denominations 806: 802: 799: 798: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 755: 751: 746: 745: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 711: 710: 706: 704: 703: 699: 697: 696: 692: 691: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 676: 671: 670: 663: 661: 657: 655: 653: 649: 648: 644: 641: 639: 637: 633: 631: 629: 625: 623: 621: 617: 616: 612: 611: 606: 605: 600: 599: 595: 593: 592: 588: 587: 581: 578: 576: 573: 572: 568: 567: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 546: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 531: 526: 525: 518: 515: 514: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 487: 483: 480: 479: 476: 471: 470: 466: 462: 461: 458: 454: 450: 446: 445: 435: 430: 428: 423: 421: 416: 415: 413: 412: 409: 405: 395: 394: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 366:Fi sabilillah 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 351:Alhamdulillah 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 338: 332: 331: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 295: 289: 288: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 245:Iman (belief) 243: 241: 238: 237: 231: 230: 223: 222:Be, and it is 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 187:Hamd (Praise) 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 174: 168: 167: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 129:Throne of God 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 101: 95: 94: 90: 85: 84: 83:Jalla Jalālah 81: 75: 71: 70: 66: 61: 57: 54: 50: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 8006:God in Islam 7900:Islamophobia 7765:Christianity 7713: 7646:Contemporary 7540:Architecture 7479: 7445: 7433: 7421: 7379: 7372: 7338: 7320: 7315:Nikah mut'ah 7313: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7242: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7081: 6804: 6728: 6710: 6703: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612:Five Pillars 6589: 6556: 6555: 6544:God in Islam 6521: 6462:Partawi Shah 6457:Javadi Amoli 6442:Ahmad Fardid 6387:Martin Lings 6237:Hajji Bayram 6211:Ibn Taymiyya 6140:Omar Khayyám 6125:Ayn-al-Quzat 6120:Ahmad Yasavi 6033:Ibn Masarrah 5967:by century ( 5965:Philosophers 5940: 5860:Contemporary 5762: 5729: 5719: 5682: 5671: 5598: 5575: 5549: 5526: 5508: 5487: 5457: 5431: 5417:. Retrieved 5392: 5388: 5367: 5353:. Retrieved 5320: 5316: 5293: 5285: 5272:(1): 18–39. 5269: 5265: 5246: 5227: 5216: 5213: 5202: 5179: 5160: 5143: 5118: 5105:. Retrieved 5077: 5054: 5051:Barlas, Asma 5032: 5022:. Retrieved 5013: 5009: 4985: 4976: 4964: 4952: 4940: 4931: 4920:. Retrieved 4916:the original 4911: 4901: 4877: 4868: 4859: 4851: 4831: 4821:, retrieved 4817:the original 4812: 4809:"Ibn 'Arabî" 4802: 4790: 4781: 4746: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4682:. Retrieved 4659: 4647: 4638: 4629: 4623:. p. 2. 4620: 4614: 4605: 4596: 4575: 4566: 4554: 4543: 4511: 4500:. Retrieved 4491: 4478: 4447: 4441: 4430:. Retrieved 4408:(1): 18–39. 4405: 4401: 4391: 4380:. Retrieved 4371: 4348:. Retrieved 4315: 4311: 4301: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4255:. Retrieved 4230: 4226: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4178: 4158: 4136:, p. 15 4129: 4117: 4105: 4096: 4063: 4042: 4017:. Retrieved 3989: 3982: 3970:. Retrieved 3961: 3952: 3943: 3938: 3919: 3913: 3894: 3888: 3874: 3854: 3847: 3837: 3818: 3789: 3768: 3762: 3733: 3732:D. Gimaret, 3708:. Retrieved 3694: 3683:. Retrieved 3674: 3651:. Retrieved 3647:the original 3637: 3626:. Retrieved 3598: 3591: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3528:Brahmo Samaj 3515: 3508: 3501: 3452: 3444: 3432: 3425: 3405: 3401: 3392: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3357: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3333: 3331: 3313: 3293: 3281: 3267: 3229: 3210: 3198:names of God 3193: 3156: 3140: 3134: 3126: 3111:metaphorical 3099:Henry Corbin 3096: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3063: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3026: 3019: 3013: 2994:God in Islam 2986: 2974: 2959: 2950: 2940: 2933: 2926: 2919: 2907: 2895:Please help 2890:verification 2887: 2844: 2817: 2813: 2793: 2784: 2776: 2766: 2755: 2724: 2715: 2707: 2688: 2684: 2670: 2640: 2632: 2619: 2604: 2582:Against the 2581: 2563: 2555: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2503: 2488: 2483: 2475: 2455:Hossein Nasr 2452: 2436: 2421: 2417: 2402: 2398: 2393:Hidden shirk 2392: 2384: 2369: 2359: 2324: 2317: 2316: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2282: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2221: 2211: 2209: 2193: 2184: 2178: 2176: 2171: 2147: 2145: 2137: 2126: 2120: 2115: 2105: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2038: 2037: 2036: 1995:Other topics 1943:Architecture 1849:Etiquettical 1808: 1807: 1785: / 1678: 1512:Omnipresence 1393:Indo-Iranian 1384:Samaritanism 1369:Baháʼí Faith 1359:Christianity 1325:Unitarianism 1304: 1280:Summum bonum 1017:Islamophobia 796:Demographics 791:Circumcision 707: 700: 693: 659: 651: 635: 627: 619: 608: 602: 596: 589: 481: 323:Hadith Qudsi 308:Throne Verse 148: 78: 65:God in Islam 7770:Catholicism 7665:Other areas 7656:Theological 7651:Eschatology 7608:Mathematics 7545:Calligraphy 7475:Theological 7429:Inheritance 7346:Cleanliness 6718:Shi'a Imams 6712:Ahl al-Bayt 6377:René Guénon 6367:Gohar Shahi 6303:Mulla Sadra 6227:Ibn Khaldun 5838:metaphysics 5784:(mysticism) 5766:(education) 5744:Metaphysics 5723:(dialectic) 5709:Eschatology 5686:(intellect) 5157:Ernst, Carl 3755:Asma Barlas 3460:calligraphy 3449:Islamic art 3440:nationalism 3043:(worship). 2720:agent-cause 2687:section of 2685:Metaphysics 2645:agent-cause 2552:Theological 2478:imagination 1948:Calligraphy 1905:Mathematics 1875:Theological 1795:Eschatology 1627:God complex 1584:Metaphysics 1579:Hermeticism 1559:Esotericism 1542:Experiences 1517:Omniscience 1507:Omnipotence 1477:Eternalness 1212:Transtheism 1197:Panentheism 1157:Ignosticism 1122:Agnosticism 1032:Laws of war 695:Ahl al-Bayt 580:Foundations 8016:Monotheism 8000:Categories 7830:Ex-Muslims 7715:Shu'ubiyya 7709:Psychology 7697:Literature 7687:Inventions 7633:Philosophy 7441:Leadership 7417:Honorifics 7072:Philosophy 6879:Isma'ilism 6840:Maturidism 6723:Caliphates 6694:Golden Age 6585:Revelation 6232:Yunus Emre 6176:Ibn Sab’in 6145:Suhrawardi 6135:Ibn Tufail 6054:Al-Ghazali 6008:Apharabius 5843:psychology 5813:Avicennism 5675:(theology) 5484:Nasr, Vali 5419:2022-04-28 5355:2018-11-27 5107:2020-05-30 5024:2022-04-28 4922:2019-10-03 4823:2023-09-06 4774:Carl Ernst 4684:2017-07-29 4662:. Oxford: 4502:2007-11-05 4488:"Avicenna" 4432:2018-11-27 4382:2007-11-27 4350:2018-11-27 4257:2019-11-23 4227:The Monist 4019:2015-11-05 3972:October 7, 3710:2015-10-28 3685:2008-05-28 3653:2014-08-24 3628:2018-11-27 3535:References 3422:Secularism 3416:Al-Ghazali 3379:al-sabbaha 3375:al-sabbaba 3342:al-Ghazali 3304:al-Ghazali 3226:Avicennism 3202:polytheism 3141:bila kayfa 3053:Al-'Ibadah 3041:Al-'Ibadah 2923:newspapers 2839:See also: 2800:polytheism 2661:See also: 2584:polytheism 2439:Imam Sadiq 2236:polytheism 2232:monotheism 2160:philosophy 2123:nondualism 2074:monotheism 1956:Literature 1898:Inventions 1854:Hygienical 1818:Mysticism 1756:Philosophy 1662:philosophy 1599:Revelation 1471:Attributes 1207:Polytheism 1162:Monotheism 1147:Henotheism 885:Philosophy 622:(exegesis) 559:Pilgrimage 549:Almsgiving 356:Jazakallah 114:Attributes 7947:Symbolism 7905:Incidents 7883:Criticism 7775:Mormonism 7672:Astrology 7598:Cosmology 7593:Astronomy 7535:Arabesque 7402:Etiquette 7361:Blasphemy 7151:Economics 6966:Ahmadiyya 6908:Muhakkima 6855:Wahhabism 6845:Mu'tazili 6830:Ash'arism 6293:Mir Damad 6286:17th–19th 6220:14th–16th 6186:al-Abharī 6181:Ibn Arabi 6115:Ahi Evren 6074:Bahmanyār 5833:cosmology 5818:Averroism 5751:(physics) 5697:astrology 5692:Cosmology 5376:909092922 5337:0026-9662 5087:Routledge 5075:(2014) . 4422:0955-2340 4332:0026-9662 4293:0027-4909 4247:0026-9662 4110:Nasr 2006 4028:cite book 4009:961580704 3618:824531805 3583:Citations 3497:Salvation 3464:arabesque 3338:Ibn Arabi 3231:Al-Farabi 3194:al-Tawhid 3167:the first 3076:Muʿtazila 3033:Rubūbīyah 2804:idolaters 2731:intuition 2712:existence 2637:existence 2533:) phrase 2338:romanized 2262:ar-Rahman 2210:The word 2206:Etymology 2189:, reads: 2187:al-Ikhlas 2182:merger". 2141:universal 2056:romanized 1938:Astrology 1893:Astronomy 1870:Political 1589:Mysticism 1545:Practices 1482:Existence 1379:Mandaeism 1374:Mormonism 1345:Abrahamic 1290:Sustainer 1202:Pantheism 1177:Monolatry 1127:Apatheism 1005:terrorism 957:Criticism 910:Sexuality 880:Mysticism 850:Festivals 830:Education 825:Economics 761:Academics 717:Caliphate 530:Practices 361:Istighfar 346:Mashallah 341:Inshallah 303:Al-Ikhlas 292:Scripture 275:Bila Kayf 217:Allahumma 207:Ta'awwudh 7985:Category 7878:Islamism 7861:Muhammad 7817:Apostasy 7792:Hinduism 7682:Feminism 7613:Medicine 7453:Military 7407:Gambling 7356:Apostasy 7351:Criminal 7263:Marriage 7232:Tayammum 7184:Murabaha 7057:Madrasas 7047:Holidays 7037:Clothing 7032:Children 7027:Calendar 6978:Quranism 6912:Khawarij 6884:Alawites 6835:Atharism 6729:Rashidun 6568:In Islam 6563:Muhammad 6130:Averroes 6069:Ibn Hazm 6064:Avicenna 6018:Al Amiri 5988:Al-Kindi 5981:9th–10th 5891:ʼIjtihād 5876:ʻAṣabīya 5869:Concepts 5808:Farabism 5763:Madrasah 5574:(1981). 5525:(2005). 5507:(1980), 5486:(1988). 5456:(2007). 5430:(2006). 5413:Archived 5366:(1985). 5349:Archived 5345:27902176 5226:(1982). 5177:(1998). 5159:(1984), 5142:(2006), 5117:(1983), 5101:Archived 5053:(2002). 5018:Archived 4678:Archived 4655:"Tawḥīd" 4519:Archived 4496:Archived 4486:(2007). 4426:Archived 4376:Archived 4374:. 2007. 4344:Archived 4340:27902176 4251:Archived 4187:Archived 4167:Archived 4013:Archived 3966:Archived 3704:Archived 3679:Archived 3622:Archived 3470:See also 3356:name of 3244:Plotinus 3239:Avicenna 3163:Muhammad 2998:prophets 2953:May 2020 2912:"Tawhid" 2780:28:70-72 2681:Avicenna 2675:for the 2621:Avicenna 2425:— 2406:— 2358:greater 2312:Wahhabis 2270:Muhammad 2234:against 2212:'tawhid' 2049:تَوْحِيد 1913:Medicine 1864:Military 1844:Economic 1839:Criminal 1820:(Sufism) 1761:Theology 1733:a series 1731:Part of 1657:Religion 1651:theodicy 1642:Ontology 1637:Theology 1632:God gene 1407:Buddhism 1402:Hinduism 1320:Personal 1310:Ditheism 1295:The Lord 1240:Demiurge 1192:Pandeism 1041:Glossary 1027:Jihadism 1000:Violence 995:Islamism 966:Muhammad 952:Apostasy 895:Politics 845:Feminism 840:Exorcism 801:Diaspora 786:Children 781:Calendar 709:Rashidun 687:Muhammad 682:Timeline 643:Mathnawi 505:Prophets 449:a series 447:Part of 408:Category 406:• 139:Theology 98:Theology 49:a series 47:Part of 7932:Nursing 7893:Qutbism 7807:Sikhism 7802:Judaism 7797:Jainism 7787:Druzism 7623:Physics 7570:Pottery 7555:Gardens 7550:Carpets 7465:Slavery 7387:Divorce 7374:Dhabiĥa 7202:Hygiene 7177:Takaful 7159:Banking 7089:Science 7083:Qurbani 7052:Mosques 7012:Animals 7001:Culture 6935:Nukkari 6930:Azzabas 6917:Azariqa 6901:Zaydism 6889:Alevism 6765:Ottoman 6755:Almohad 6750:Fatimid 6745:Córdoba 6740:Abbasid 6735:Umayyad 6668:Leaders 6663:History 6621:Shahada 6536:Beliefs 6349:present 5911:Maslaha 5795:Schools 5782:Sufism 5666:Alchemy 5409:1596214 5125:Press, 5016:: 195. 4368:"Islam" 3671:"Allah" 3567:tauheed 3555:tawheed 3523:Taqarub 3503:Shahada 3428:secular 3235:Al-Razi 3179:seventh 3136:Ash'ari 3123:Ash'ari 2937:scholar 2765:as the 2704:essence 2629:essence 2606:Ash'ari 2383:hidden 2377: 2352: 2340:: 2308:Salafis 2222:wahhada 2101:shahada 2070: 2058:: 2051:‎ 1987:Pottery 1859:Marital 1751:History 1649: ( 1604:Worship 1569:Fideism 1494: ( 1450:Shangdi 1436:Chinese 1417:Sikhism 1412:Jainism 1354:Judaism 1300:Trinity 1235:Creator 1230:Brahman 1172:Dualism 1152:Ietsism 1132:Atheism 922:Slavery 905:Science 860:Madrasa 855:Finance 766:Animals 754:society 750:Culture 722:Imamate 702:Sahabah 675:History 645:(Poems) 630:(creed) 554:Fasting 482:Oneness 475:Beliefs 202:Hawqala 197:Basmala 192:Shahada 149:Oneness 7744: 7702:poetry 7512: 7397:Ethics 7381:Dhimmi 7340:Baligh 7301:Mahram 7258:Family 7238:Toilet 7218:Miswak 6971:Lahori 6954:Najdat 6850:Salafi 6800:Seerah 6795:Tafsir 6790:Hadith 6760:Sokoto 6705:Sahaba 6580:Angels 6557:Tawhid 6514:topics 5941:Tawḥīd 5901:ʻIrfān 5714:Ethics 5672:Aqidah 5659:Fields 5605: 5586: 5560: 5537: 5515: 5494: 5464: 5438: 5407: 5374: 5343: 5335: 5317:Monist 5300: 5253: 5234: 5191: 5167: 5150: 5129: 5093: 5061: 5043: 4968:Quran 4956:Quran 4944:Quran 4670: 4558:Quran 4466: 4420: 4338: 4330: 4312:Monist 4291: 4245: 4007: 3997: 3926: 3901: 3862: 3734:Tawhid 3616: 3606: 3573:tevhid 3561:tauhid 3517:Taghut 3383:tawhid 3278:monist 3270:Sufism 3183:eighth 3159:Hadith 3064:tawhid 3057:sharia 3049:sharia 3029:tawhid 2990:Qur'an 2980:, the 2939: 2932: 2925: 2918: 2910: 2863:Irfani 2859:Sufism 2796:Qur'an 2735:reason 2710:) and 2708:Mahiat 2635:) and 2633:Mahiat 2541:Takbīr 2515:Tawhid 2511:tawhid 2329:Arabic 2300:Tawhid 2179:tawhid 2172:tawhid 2164:Sufism 2148:tawhid 2116:tawhid 2096:Tawhid 2082:Tawhid 2062:tawḥīd 2044:Arabic 2039:Tawhid 1970:Poetry 1809:Tawhid 1594:Prayer 1574:Gnosis 1554:Belief 1522:Aseity 1487:Gender 1315:Monism 1305:Tawhid 1275:Mother 1250:Father 1187:Omnism 1167:Monism 1108:Theism 976:Hadith 890:Poetry 870:Mosque 835:Ethics 660:Sharia 628:Aqidah 620:Tafsir 604:Hadith 598:Sunnah 542:Prayer 493:Angels 335:Others 280:Tafwid 7866:Quran 7746:Other 7641:Early 7565:Music 7481:Kalam 7435:Jizya 7423:Hudud 7308:Nikah 7225:Najis 7211:Ghusl 7170:Sukuk 7099:Women 7067:Music 7042:Flags 6947:Sufri 6940:Wahbi 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