1371:) literature, the application of computational methods on digitized Arabic texts across a range of genres (encyclopedias, madrasa textbooks, tafsir, etc) has shown that some biblical texts were known in literature belonging to interfaith polemic and apologetics, whereas use of the Bible in commentaries was nearly non-existent (with isolated exceptions) until a sharp rise in their usage in the late 19th century. This survey covered nearly all of the 50 most historically significant commentaries, along with 129 other titles, of which roughly 60% of extant commentaries are a copy. Further analysis of these quotations demonstrate that (1) an author of a commentary with little quotation of the Bible may have a more abundant set of quotations in their interfaith writings; (2) use-cases are largely second-hand, often erroneous, and lacking in direct familiarity with the biblical text. For example,
1253:, appears to be an Ethiopic loanword. It originates as a form of revelation delivered to Jesus, being referred to as being "taught" to Jesus or "sent down" to him. Like the Torah, with which it is frequently paired, the Gospel is exclusively mentioned in Medinan verses. The Quran argues that Christians must adjudicate by its content, that this content includes a prophecy of Muhammad, and that it includes a promise of paradise. Whereas "Gospel" is the most common translation, some historians have argued that that the term could encapsulate the entire Christian Bible or, perhaps, the content that might have been commonly assumed to be in the Christian Bible if direct access to its content was unavailable. Some have speculated about the relationship between the singular use of "
1367:(d. 1050) and al-Biqāʿī. More recently, a middle-grounded approach has acknowledged the use of biblical texts in a number of writers, but also views more engaged writers such as al-Biqāʿī to be rare exceptions, while also arguing that Gospel and other biblical quotations were reserved to widely reused canonical quotation lists that do not evince direct engagement with the Bible itself. In this view, familiarity with the Bible only becomes widespread in the nineteenth century and later. To address the impasse of opposing views, unlikely to be resolved by specialized analysis of a few titles of the large volume of commentary (
269:
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1333:. The Torah is known as the Pentateuch or the Five Books of Moses by Christians. However the Quran explains that the Torah, was a revelation and not a text written by Moses himself. The Quran elaborates by explaining that the Children of Israel did not preserve the Torah in its original form. Hadiths on
1402:) of biblical texts. According to Martin Accad, doctrines of corruption primarily referred to corruption of the meaning and interpretation of the biblical scriptures among Jews and Christians, as opposed to the text itself. However, more recently, Reynolds has argued that while corruption of meaning (
1362:
There is some dispute over the level of familiarity that pre-modern
Islamic commentators had with biblical literature. The minimalist position is that Islamic authors had a limited or superficial familiarity until the fifteenth century or later. Against this and as part of a maximalist position,
1941:
Arabic zabur. In the Quran the Psalms of David are said to be revelation sent to David, who is considered a prophet (4:163; 17:55; 21:105). In Urdu
Christians even sing these Zabur's in their worship to God. God is considered the author of the psalms. Surah 21:105 is a direct counterpart of the
1503:
as a prophecy fulfilled by the appearance of
Muhammad. Samawal argued in his book that since the children of Esau are described in Deuteronomy 2:4–6 and Numbers 20:14 as the brethren of the children of Israel, the children of Ishmael can also be described the same way. Some Muslim writers, like
1573:('famous'/'illustrious') were used interchangeably, and therefore, these verses constitute Jesus prophesying the coming of Muhammad; but neither of these words are present in this passage (or in the Bible at all), which instead has παράκλητος "Paracletos", that is, Paraclete, Advocate.
1584:; the replacement for Jesus in the world and within believers after His resurrection. John says that the world cannot receive the Spirit, although the Spirit abides with and in the disciples (14:17). The Spirit will convict the world of sin (16:8–9) and glorify Jesus (16:13–14).
2154:"إن بني إسرائيل كتبوا كتابا فاتبعوه و تركوا التوراة" "When the time of the Children of Israel was long and hard, they invented and invented a book of their own. "Muhammad Nasir al-Din Al Albani. سلسلة احاديثا صحيحة (Series of Authentic Narrations). جامع الكتب الإسلامية
1205:: The Prophet said, "The reciting of the Zabur (i.e. Psalms) was made easy for David. He used to order that his riding animals be saddled, and would finish reciting the Zabur before they were saddled. And he would never eat except from the earnings of his manual work."
1547:
And I will ask the Father, and he will give you another
Advocate (παράκλητος), to be with you forever. This is the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees him nor knows him. You know him, because he abides with you, and he will be in
1134:: زبور "writings") in five verses. and two of these mention that it was given to David (4:163; 17:55). The word zabūr is often viewed by scholars in the sense "psalter" as being a conflation of Arabic zabūr, "writing", with the Hebrew word for "psalm", mizmōr (
1406:) was often invoked by interpreters, this was done for the rhetorical purpose of arguing against Jewish and Christian interpretations of their own scripture, while Islamic authors typically did also believe in the corruption of the text itself (
1180:, which says "he righteous shall inherit the land, and abide forever in it." The Zabur is also mentioned in the Qur'an in metaphorical language describing how "The Mountains and Birds echo David's hymns." This is similar to how David's son
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said unto me: 'They have well said that which they have spoken. I will raise them up a prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee; and I will put My words in his mouth, and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command
1257:" (Gospel) and the Bible's inclusion of four Gospels, however, it was common in late antiquity for Christians to speak of "the Gospel" (message) in unison. Likewise, some specific gospel harmonies, such as the
1523:
writes that "The primary requirement for the prophet, like the king in 17:15, is that he or she must be a member of Israel, thoroughly situated in the traditions and claims of God's covenant." The
Gospels of
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mentioned in the Qur'an were followers of the Psalms, similar to how Jews would follow the Torah and the
Christians the Gospels. Muhammad also described how David had mastered the Psalms, as narrated by
595:
2187:
Schaffer, Ryan. The Bible through a Qur'ānic Filter: Scripture
Falsification (Tahrif) in 8th- and 9th-Century Muslim Disputational Literature. United States, Ohio State University, 2016: Pg.247
1341:
narrated from
Muhammad that the Children of Israel had abandoned the Original Torah and wrote a separate book and followed it. Similar views were held by many early Islamic scholars such as
1363:
Martin Accad published a four-part paper marshalling a non-comprehensive list of 648 Gospel quotations across 23 works, and others have pointed out the more engaged use of the Bible in
1413:
Today, Muslims may take references to individuals manipulating scripture, such as in Q 2:79, as indications of the textual corruption of texts like the Torah. By contrast, the exegete
2103:
1532:
both present Jesus as being the "prophet like Moses" from
Deuteronomy 18 and Acts 3:15–23 states that Jesus is the one Moses was talking about in Deuteronomy 18:18.
1515:
Christians interpret
Deuteronomy 18:18 as referring to a future member of the community of Israel who re-enacts the function of Moses, serving as a mediator for the
1593:
86:
2002:"Sahih al-Bukhari 344 - Rubbing hands and feet with dust (Tayammum) - كتاب التيمم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"
573:
1267:(which Tatian himself referred to as "the Gospel"), were produced; as such, unitary representations of the canonical Gospels would not have been unusual in
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151:
48:
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940:
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642:
1512:, have interpreted several verses in the Quran as implying that Muhammad was alluded to in Deuteronomy 18:18, including Quran 46:10 and 73:15.
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1040:, including the Torah and Gospel, both to illuminate and to add exegetical depth to the reading of the Qur'an. Notable Muslim commentators (
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446:
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1580:, and once in 1 John 2:1 as referring directly to Jesus Christ. The Advocate, called the "Spirit of truth", is considered to be the
589:
454:
235:
217:
115:
62:
1044:) of the Bible and Qur'an who weaved biblical texts together with Qur'anic ones include Abu al-Hakam Abd al-Salam bin al-Isbili of
1605:
962:
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346:
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is described as capable of communicating with animals and Jinn. Some companions of Muhammad such as Abu Aliya believed that the
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2493:. Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the ancient to the modern world. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. p. 202.
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905:
775:
537:
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Johns, Anthony (2020). "Prophets and Personalities of the Qur'an". In Shah, Mustafa Akram Ali; Haleem, Muhammad Abdel (eds.).
1037:
614:
155:
97:
54:
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says that in the Zabur there is a quote "the land is inherited by my righteous servants". This resembles the 29th verse of
184:
2373:"The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An exegetical inventorial table (part III)"
1635:
741:
2412:"The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An exegetical inventorial table (part IV)"
2334:"The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An exegetical inventorial table (part II)"
1223:
The Book of Psalms currently in the Bible is believed to have had contributions from multiple authors including Solomon,
2673:
Books and Written Culture of the Islamic World: Studies Presented to Claude Gilliot on the Occasion of his 75th Birthday
2295:"The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An exegetical inventorial table (part I)"
1691:
1554:
2638:
The Bible in folklore worldwide: a handbook of biblical reception in Jewish, European Christian, and Islamic folklores
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Accad, Martin (2003). "Corruption and/or misinterpretation of the Bible: the story of the Islâmic usage of "taḥrîf"".
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780:
166:
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1301:. It contained laws, commandments, and stories of earlier prophets. The Quran explains that the Gospel revealed to
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268:
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1601:
805:
626:
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428:
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One Islamic interpretation holds that "Gospel" references in the Quran are to the original divine revelation
2757:
Gülen, Fethullah. The messenger of God Muhammad: An analysis of the Prophet's life. Tughra Books, 2000, 11.
1338:
1224:
830:
815:
765:
600:
400:
388:
369:
144:
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Barton, John, and John Muddiman, eds. The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press, 2007, 866, 963.
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Ninth century Islamic commentators who invoked significant sections of the Bible in their writings include
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Zepp, Ira G. A Muslim Primer: Beginner's Guide to Islam. Vol. 1. University of Arkansas Press, 2000, 50–51
1740:
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1496:
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889:
881:
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795:
632:
605:
333:
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Barton, John, and John Muddiman, eds. The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press, 2007, 987–990
2697:
2519:
Qur'an Commentary and the Biblical Turn: A History of Muslim Exegetical Engagement with the Biblical Text
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Qur'an Commentary and the Biblical Turn: A History of Muslim Exegetical Engagement with the Biblical Text
1910:
1687:
1505:
820:
810:
709:
191:
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Deuteronomy 18:18 has often been considered a prophecy of the coming of Muhammad by Muslim scholars.
760:
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661:
568:
495:
2834:
2791:
2553:"On the Qurʾanic Accusation of Scriptural Falsification (taḥrīf) and Christian Anti-Jewish Polemic"
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2333:
1499:, a medieval Jewish mathematician who converted to Islam, pointed to Deuteronomy 18:18 in his book
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17:
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and Al Qasim bin Ibrahim. There are a number of verses in the Quran which allude to a historical
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Views differ about how medieval Islamic authorities understood the doctrine of the corruption (
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Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl ibn Ibrāhīm al-Juʿfī al-Bukhārī. Sahih Al Bukhari Hadith:
2083:
2055:
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1891:
1812:
1525:
1449:
1322:
727:
666:
433:
1036:) refers to "interpreting the Qur'an with/through the Bible". This approach adopts canonical
2640:. Handbooks of the Bible and Its reception. Berlin Boston (Mass.): De Gruyter. p. 311.
2423:
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979:, believed by Muslims to have been given by God to the prophets and messengers amongst the
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1314:
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2244:. Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. pp. 113–114, 129.
1383:(d. 1834) believed that the first verse of the Torah was the Islamic phrase known as the
2491:
The Bible in Arabic: the Scriptures of the "People of the Book" in the language of Islam
1869:
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referred to the Torah in his words as "the Torah that they (the Jews) possess today".
2960:
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2158:. He quotes from Abū al-Qāsim Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad, aṭ-Ṭabarānī's book: Muj'am Al Kabir
1623:
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2453:. Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. pp. 128–129.
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1421:
1306:
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338:
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is a compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, namely the books of
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2142:
1610:
Some of the people revered or mentioned in both the Quran and the Bible include:
2427:
2349:
1380:
1293:, customarily translated as "Torah", refers to the divine scripture revealed to
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1190:
133:
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Muhammad and his followers in context: the religious map of late antique Arabia
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The Paraclete, or "Advocate," or "Comforter," is mentioned five times in the
2054:. Islamic history and civilization. Leiden Boston: Brill. pp. 246–247.
1541:
1414:
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believed that the Gospels assert God has a thousand names, and authors like
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1342:
2592:
Muslim writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: from Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm
2388:
2310:
2270:
Muslim writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: from Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm
2594:. Islamic philosophy, theology, and science. Leiden: Brill. p. 231.
2272:. Islamic philosophy, theology, and science. Leiden: Brill. p. 249.
2117:
1177:
1166:
1159:
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510:
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2912:
Prophets in the Quran: an introduction to the Quran and muslim exegesis
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1707:
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1659:
1384:
1185:
1139:
722:
522:
308:
2939:. Curzon studies in the Qurʾān (1. publ ed.). Richmond: Curzon.
2914:. Comparative Islamic studies (1. publ ed.). London: Continuum.
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2145:. United States, HarperCollins, 2015: Pg. 674-675 ISBN 9780062227621
1808:
Interpreting the Qurʾān with the Bible (Tafsīr al-Qurʾān bi-l-Kitāb)
1387:("In the Name of God, the Most Merciful, the Most Compassionate").
2215:
2212:
2209:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2029:. Princeton (N.J.): Princeton university press. pp. 103–107.
1890:. Princeton (N.J.): Princeton university press. pp. 364–367.
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confirmed the Torah which came before it. The Torah found in the
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1715:
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1655:
1627:
1615:
2935:
Tottoli, Roberto; Robertson, Michael; Tottoli, Roberto (2002).
2221:
2200:. United States, HarperCollins, 2015: Pg.113 ISBN 9780062227621
1977:
1852:
1651:
127:
69:
28:
2746:
English Translation of the Holy Quran: With Explanatory Notes
1858:
2852:"Notes on the Bible by Albert Barnes: John: John Chapter 14"
1953:
1337:
of the Quran also detail how companions of Muhammad such as
2671:
McAuliffe, Jane Dammen. "Connecting Moses and Muhammad" in
1172:
According to the Qur'an, The Psalms was revealed to David.
1249:
The term customarily translated as "Gospel" in the Quran,
2228:
2224:
1060:; instead the Quran has particular terms to refer to the
953:
The Quran states that several prior writings constitute
2118:"Torah | Definition, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica"
1126:
The Quran mentions the Psalms with the use of the term
93:
2451:
Intertwined worlds: medieval Islam and Bible criticism
2242:
Intertwined worlds: medieval Islam and Bible criticism
1561:
Many Muslim scholars have argued that the Greek words
2937:
Biblical prophets in the Qurʾān and Muslim literature
2889:. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford: Oxford university press.
1103:
1087:
1071:
1023:
158:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1349:of the Torah over time by the Children of Israel.
2910:Wheeler, Brannon M.; Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002).
2198:The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary
2156:(Jamaat of Islamic Books Library) Volume 6 Pg 193
2143:The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary
1876:. Vol. XI (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 372–373.
1162:ሰብር) means "to write" or "to sign" and the noun
2534:Near East School of Theology Theological Review
1545:
1478:
1199:
2078:Shah, Mustafa, Abdel Haleem, Muhammad (2020).
2027:Key terms of the Qur'an: a critical dictionary
1888:Key terms of the Qur'an: a critical dictionary
1594:List of people in both the Bible and the Quran
1452:(d. 860) who included a large portion of the
1424:, as opposed to the canonical Gospels in the
934:
83:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2102:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1872:(1999). "mazmour". In Bearman, P. J. (ed.).
1097:
1081:
1065:
969:, in the same way the Quran was revealed to
1800:
1798:
1169:ዘብር) means "writing" or "signed document".
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2723:(in Arabic). Syria: Dar Al Qalam, 1989, 77
2688:(in Arabic). Syria: Dar Al Qalam, 1989, 75
1048:and Ibrahim bin Umar bin Hasan al-Biqa'i.
941:
927:
561:
247:
236:Learn how and when to remove this message
218:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2557:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2082:. Oxford University press. p. 146.
1347:textual corruption and misinterpretation
2887:The Oxford Handbook of Qur'anic Studies
2080:The Oxford Handbook of Qur'anic Studies
1774:
650:
259:
2095:
2512:
2510:
2263:
2261:
2073:
2071:
1056:The term "Bible" is not found in the
7:
2416:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations
2377:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations
2338:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations
2299:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations
1379:(d. 1122), Al-Khazin (d. 1340), and
156:adding citations to reliable sources
1150:may have also originally come from
1098:
1082:
1066:
1033:
18:Islamic view of the Christian Bible
2489:Griffith, Sidney Harrison (2013).
87:include all significant viewpoints
25:
1930:. Oxford University Press. 2003.
44:This article has multiple issues.
2748:, Revised 2010 edition, 627, 732
1832:Jane Dammen McAuliffe. "Bible".
1805:McCoy, R. Michael (2021-09-08).
1606:Prophets and messengers in Islam
1519:between God and the Israelites.
910:
267:
132:
74:
33:
2773:. Abingdon Press, 2001, 192–197
2636:Ziolkowski, Eric Jozef (2017).
2551:Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2010).
1598:Biblical and Quranic narratives
906:Outline of Bible-related topics
143:needs additional citations for
52:or discuss these issues on the
2449:Latsarus-Yafeh, Ḥaṿah (2014).
2240:Latsarus-Yafeh, Ḥaṿah (2014).
1928:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
615:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
1:
2744:Muhammad Ali and Zahid Aziz,
2521:. De Gruyter. pp. 19–43.
2478:. De Gruyter. pp. 13–16.
2196:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, et al.
2141:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, et al.
742:Historical-grammatical method
1569:
1563:
1555:New Revised Standard Version
1444:889) and his translation of
1441:
1038:Arabic versions of the Bible
2987:Islam-related controversies
2982:Islamic belief and doctrine
2967:Bible-related controversies
2616:The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia
2428:10.1080/0959641032000127605
2350:10.1080/0959641032000085585
1836:. Vol. 1. p. 228.
1834:Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an
1104:
1088:
1072:
1025:tafsir al-Qur'an bi-l-Kitab
1024:
1022:The Islamic methodology of
167:"Islamic view of the Bible"
3003:
2618:Taylor & Francis 2006
1783:"The Bible - Google Books"
1591:
1539:
1467:
1278:
1238:
1115:
989:(used in reference to the
737:Allegorical interpretation
2719:al-Maghribi, Al-Samawal;
2684:al-Maghribi, Al-Samawal;
2050:Lindstedt, Ilkka (2023).
1588:Biblical figures in Islam
1602:Biblical people in Islam
1458:Refutation of Christians
627:Novum Testamentum Graece
429:Composition of the Torah
2721:Confutation of the Jews
2686:Confutation of the Jews
2590:Adang, Camilla (1996).
2268:Adang, Camilla (1996).
2025:Sinai, Nicolai (2023).
1886:Sinai, Nicolai (2023).
1501:Confutation of the Jews
1391:Doctrine of corruption/
1353:Before the 19th century
963:prophets and messengers
2972:Christianity and Islam
2410:Accad, Martin (2003).
2389:10.1080/09596410305270
2371:Accad, Martin (2003).
2332:Accad, Martin (2003).
2311:10.1080/09596410305261
2293:Accad, Martin (2003).
1741:Christianity and Islam
1636:the disciples of Jesus
1559:
1497:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
1493:
1470:Muhammad and the Bible
1464:Muhammad and the Bible
1221:
890:Criticism of the Bible
633:Documentary hypothesis
2769:Brueggemann, Walter.
2517:Ross, Samuel (2024).
2474:Ross, Samuel (2024).
1942:biblical Psalm 37:29.
1874:Encyclopedia of Islam
643:NT textual categories
2661:Deuteronomy 18:17–18
1978:"Surah An-Naml - 17"
1490:Deuteronomy 18:17–18
1297:as guidance for the
1142:equivalent mazmūrā (
1034:تفسير القرآن بالكتاب
973:. These include the
590:Internal consistency
496:Samaritan Pentateuch
152:improve this article
424:New Testament canon
419:Old Testament canon
347:Chapters and verses
94:improve the article
2675:(Brill 2014): 335.
2122:www.britannica.com
1736:Biblical criticism
1567:('comforter') and
1521:Walter Brueggemann
1299:Children of Israel
1289:In the Quran, the
1146:ܡܙܡܘܪܐ). The word
981:Children of Israel
967:Children of Israel
895:Biblical authority
776:Capital punishment
652:Biblical criticism
621:Rahlfs' Septuagint
325:New Testament (NT)
320:Old Testament (OT)
2977:Islam and Judaism
2946:978-0-7007-1394-3
2921:978-0-8264-4956-6
2896:978-0-19-969864-6
2698:Deuteronomy 2:4–6
2647:978-3-11-028671-7
2624:978-0-415-32639-1
2601:978-90-04-10034-3
2500:978-0-691-15082-6
2460:978-0-691-07398-9
2279:978-90-04-10034-3
2251:978-0-691-07398-9
2061:978-90-04-68712-7
2036:978-0-691-24131-9
1954:"Surah Saba - 10"
1936:978-0-19-512558-0
1897:978-0-691-24131-9
1818:978-90-04-46682-1
1708:Pharaohs of Egypt
1475:Deuteronomy 18:18
1450:Al-Qasim al-Rassi
1154:, where the verb
1138:מִזְמוֹר) or its
951:
950:
766:Conspiracy theory
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694:
434:Mosaic authorship
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1241:Gospel in Islam
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1911:"Psalms 37:29"
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1578:Gospel of John
1550:
1540:Main article:
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1432:Interpretation
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1408:taḥrīf al-naṣṣ
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1281:Torah in Islam
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1269:late antiquity
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2839:John 16:13–17
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2009:. Retrieved
2005:
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1985:. Retrieved
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1961:. Retrieved
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1914:
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1859:Qur'an 35:25
1853:Qur'an 17:55
1850:Qur'an 4:163
1847:Qur'an 3:184
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517:Vetus Latina
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471:Translations
411:Hebrew canon
339:Antilegomena
334:Deuterocanon
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150:Please help
145:verification
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43:
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2771:Deuteronomy
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2222:Qur'an 4:46
2219:Qur'an 3:78
2216:Qur'an 2:59
2213:Qur'an 2:79
2210:Qur'an 2:75
1757:The Messiah
1746:Isra'iliyat
1582:Holy Spirit
1381:Al-Shawkani
1331:Deuteronomy
1260:Diatessaron
1203:Abu Huraira
1191:Abu Huraira
1003:); and the
747:Inspiration
585:Historicity
543:by language
475:manuscripts
2961:Categories
2861:20 January
2827:John 14:26
2128:2024-06-22
2011:2024-06-23
2006:sunnah.com
1987:2024-06-23
1963:2024-06-23
1788:2022-09-24
1769:References
1570:periklutos
1564:paraklytos
1377:Al-Baghawi
1358:Popularity
1339:Ibn Mas'ud
1231:and more.
1083:الزَّبُورُ
1046:Al-Andalus
1042:mufassirun
955:holy books
752:Literalism
662:Historical
569:Archeology
506:Septuagint
401:Authorship
389:Authorship
178:newspapers
49:improve it
2569:0003-0279
2436:0959-6410
2397:0959-6410
2358:0959-6410
2319:0959-6410
2098:cite book
1982:Quran.com
1958:Quran.com
1926:"Psalm".
1811:. Brill.
1724:Zachariah
1542:Paraclete
1536:Paraclete
1480:And the L
1448:1–3, and
1415:Al-Tabari
1365:Al-Biruni
1343:Ibn Abbas
1323:Leviticus
1201:Narrated
957:given by
877:Inerrancy
687:Canonical
682:Redaction
574:Artifacts
355:Apocrypha
284:and books
208:July 2007
55:talk page
2626:page 298
2577:23044514
1730:See also
1551:—
1517:covenant
1488:—
1335:exegesis
1217:4:55:628
1208:—
1178:Psalm 37
971:Muhammad
826:Violence
811:Serpents
801:Prophecy
796:Muhammad
511:Peshitta
501:Targumim
253:a series
251:Part of
85:may not
1720:Solomon
1668:Ishmael
1660:Goliath
1620:Abraham
1526:Matthew
1456:in his
1446:Genesis
1385:Basmala
1327:Numbers
1315:Genesis
1186:Sabians
1182:Solomon
1144:Syriac:
1140:Aramaic
1136:Hebrew:
961:to the
866:Quranic
861:Islamic
856:Gnostic
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1291:Tawrāh
1265:Tatian
1245:Gospel
1235:Gospel
1167:Ge'ez:
1160:Ge'ez:
1152:Sabaic
1132:Arabic
1122:Psalms
1112:Psalms
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1078:Psalms
1073:Tawrah
1030:Arabic
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976:Tawrat
791:Incest
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718:Pesher
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360:Jewish
294:Tanakh
282:Canons
255:on the
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