Islamophobia in the United States

1187:. Employees claim religious discrimination when it involves any of the following: disparate treatment, religious harassment, failure to reasonably accommodate religious beliefs, and retaliation against an applicant or employee who alleges religious discrimination. Disparate treatment can be defined as someone receiving different treatment regarding recruitment, hiring, promotion, discipline, compensation because of their religion. Religious harassment involves employees who are forced to participate in or abstain from religious practices if they want to stay employed. Accommodation claims involve the employer's failure to reasonably accommodate any change to the work environment that would enable the employee to remain compliant with their religion. Retaliation happens when an employer resorts to punitive action against an employee for seeking out religious accommodations, threatening or filing a claim, assisting in someone else filing for discrimination, or testifying in discrimination proceedings. 1538:

No-Fly List and the Automatic Selectee List predate the 9/11 attacks, they were little used; there were only 16 names on the No-Fly list before 9/11. The combined total of names on both lists rose to more than 20,000 by the end of 2004, and 44,000 on the No-Fly List alone in 2006. Scholars argue that these lists target millions of innocent people with characteristics that appear Middle Eastern, like ethnicity, skin colour, language and clothing. These government policies institutionalize racism against Muslims, especially those who are foreign-born. The foreign-born Muslims seeking air travel to the United States are depicted as potentially violent and religiously extremist. U.S. citizen Muslims who fit the American caricature of a Muslim are also affected by these policies. A 2010 USA Today/Gallup poll revealed the prevalence of similar public sentiment, showing that about 60 percent of the American public favoured ethnic profiling of Arabs regardless of U.S. citizenship.

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Likewise, approximately 40 percent of the articles taken from the same newspapers expressed empathetic attitudes towards Muslims and Arabs alike. These same researchers argue that 9/11 terrorist attacks changed the way news media outlets (print or television) reported on Muslim Americans and Arabs. They cite that because news media outlets selected Muslims and Arabs for interviews and discussions instead of their traditional authoritative sources, these minority groups became more visible to the American public. This increased visibility, in conjunction with news items reporting public figures advocacy for increased understanding between Muslims and non-Muslims, echoed the heterogeneous nature of the religion. Additionally, these pleas and visibility helped dispel the idea that Islam was a violent and hateful religion, temporarily debunking the myth that terrorism is intertwined with the Islamic faith.

1216:. Additionally, she stated that these same employees gave her malicious expressions, slammed her door, and expressed visible discontent and anger with Zayed after she expressed her disapproval with the war in Iraq. Moreover, she also felt isolated when Apple put up red, white and blue ribbons on many employees' doors, but not on hers. Soon after Zayed claimed that she felt marginalized and believed that she was wrongfully excluded from projects and career opportunities that were mostly given to white, non-Arab, colleagues. Finally in 2004, Zayed chose to go on disability leave, stating that it was partly due to the stress she had been experiencing in response to the harsh treatment from her supervisors and coworkers. But while on sick leave, Apple terminated Zayed. After her termination, Zayed decided to sue. 1547: 1622:, anti-Muslim sentiment was common as Muslim candidates ran for office throughout the country. Anti-Muslim rhetoric was almost exclusively produced by Republican candidates and campaigns. According to a 2020 study, bots and a few influential pundits amplified Islamophobic rhetoric during the 2018 elections. While surveyed Muslim candidates reported facing little Islamophobia when face to face with constituents, most did report high levels of Islamophobia during their campaigns. The study concluded that online narratives surrounding Muslim candidates was disproportionately Islamophobic due to the exaggerated influence of a few anti-Muslim accounts on the online attitudes of some 1340:, nearly 8% of American Muslims surveyed reported a suicide attempt in their lifetimes. Suicide attempts reported among American Muslims was higher than among other religious groups surveyed in the study. Researchers have attributed the relatively high suicide attempts among American Muslims to discrimination, Islamophobia, and stigma surrounding mental health in American Muslim communities. Social and religious discrimination in particular was associated with depression, anxiety, and paranoia. Despite growing research into mental health among the American Muslim community, little research has been conducted to fully explore the links between Islamophobia and suicide. 1563: 1522:

monitor terrorist organizations. Even though the Justice Department claimed that the system is highly sensitive in its targets, it also stated that the system will track "all nationals of Iran, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, and Syria," even though none of the terrorists involved in the 9/11 attacks were from these countries. In spite of the money dedicated to the new homeland security paradigm after 9/11, some have argued that these stricter immigration policies and expanded executive powers have not helped apprehend terrorists. Of over 83,000 men who were registered, only about 13,000 of them were deemed dangerous enough to enter deportation proceedings, and President Bush's

1232:, a Muslim man from Jordan had been educated as a physician abroad, but was only hired as a nursing assistant at a county mental health facility, to which the county originally stated that it was due to licensing issues. In addition to this, the plaintiff also experienced discriminatory comments by an LPN alluding to their suspicion that the plaintiff was a terrorist. The plaintiff also claimed that a fellow coworker said that "we have to send in our Phantoms and bomb their Mecca". These comments, in conjunction with discriminatory licensing practices, led to the plaintiff suing on behalf of claims of failure to promote, discrimination, and hostile environment. 1775:

in the head after they were initially wounded. Hicks was sentenced to three consecutive life terms without parole. Chapel Hill Police chief Chris Blue, after initially calling the murders a "parking dispute" later acknowledged, “The man who committed these murders undoubtedly did so with a hateful heart, and the murders represented the taking of three promising lives by someone who clearly chose not to see the humanity and the goodness in them.” The Chapel Hill case also illustrates the difficultly in hate crimes data. At the time "...under North Carolina law, hate crime statutes only apply to misdemeanour charges, making it inapplicable to Hicks's felony case."

1901:, which asserted that an elite, wealthy group of conservative foundations and donors were the engine behind the continuation of Islamophobia in law, private spheres, and general public sentiment. In this same report, they analysed seven specific organizations that contributed almost $ 42.6 million in funding towards various organizations and think tanks that promoted Islamophobia. Much of this money goes to what the report called "misinformation experts": people who spread the message that Islam is an inherently sinister and hostile religion that seeks to convert or destroy all non-Muslims, especially those residing in the United States. 1514:, the New York City Police Department has been spying on Muslim-American communities since 2002. In this same report, the ACLU asserts that the NYPD has singled out Islamic associations, mosques, and businesses while not subjecting non-Islamic groups to this type of surveillance or scrutiny. Enabled by the Patriot Act, the NYPD essentially mapped out the communities, introduced spies into the community to identify or collect evidence, and tracked individuals who Americanized their names. The legalization of dismantlement of civil liberties for a group deemed inherently suspect has caused a cultural rift in the United States. 1087:, which faced a years long campaign opposing its construction and expansion. While a local Muslim community maintained space in an office park to pray since 1997, when plans for a 52,000-sq. ft. facility became public there was immediate backlash. Subsequently, the site was "vandalized multiple times" including an arson attack and targeted by a bomb threat. In a legal dispute that ended in 2014 when the U.S. Supreme Court declining to hear the case, lawyers attempting to stop the mosque from opening asserted that Islam is not a religion and thus not protected by the First Amendment. The new building opened in 2012. 1876:, was robbed, beaten, and called a "terrorist" in September 2007 in what authorities call a bias crime. Assemi was kicked, sliced with a boxcutter, and one of her hands was smashed with a hammer. The perpetrators, who forcibly removed $ 2,000 from the salon and scrawled anti-Muslim slurs on the mirrors, also told Assemi to "get out of town" and they also stated that her kind was not "welcome" in the area. The attack followed two weeks of phone calls in which she was called a "terrorist" and told to "get out of town," according to statements which were made by her friends and family members. 1599:, telling her to "go back to her country" and posting tweets insinuating that she is an extremist. Trump has also praised anti-Muslim figures and politicians from around the world and once claimed that Muslim migrants were raising the crime level in Europe and that they have "strongly and violently changed" the cultures of European countries. A 2018 analysis found that Islamophobic propaganda in the United States and Europe have become focal in far-right groups and that Trump helped mainstream anti-Muslim views within some sectors of the United States by amplifying said propaganda. 1220:

was hired as a part-time Muslim chaplain at the Albion Correctional Facility in 2013 and resigned last year due to workplace conditions. While she was working there, she was denied a change to her work schedule that would've allowed her to attend the Jumah prayers by coming to work early. She was also refused to remove her shoes before entering the Muslim prayer area and denied access to prayer rugs. While the former chaplain was being faced with harassment, she went to counselling services and was placed on anti-depressant medication to help her cope with stress.

1094:, originally known as Cordoba House and branded by opponents as the Ground Zero Mosque. Park 51 was a proposed Islamic prayer space in lower Manhattan, two blocks from the site of the World Trade Center. It became a national controversy during the 2010 mid-term election, with some public figures defending the project as religious freedom and other insisting its proximity to the site of the 9/11 World Trade Center attack was a provocation. At the time, the New York Times reported, "Polling shows that a majority of Americans oppose building it near ground zero." 1241:

because she didn't fit the Abercrombie look, which would violate the company's "Look Policy". This policy functions as an internal dress code that explicitly prohibits head coverings. However, this is not the first time that Abercrombie has run into issues with their strict "Look Policy". In 2005, the company paid $ 40 million in a class- action suit involving African Americans, Asian Americans, Latinos and women because Abercrombie "refused to recruit, hire, promote, and retain minorities because they didn't fit Abercrombie's 'All- American look'".

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policies negatively affecting Muslims. This included calling for a "a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States" and supporting the idea of closing down mosques. During his campaign and into his presidency, Trump expressed interest in creating a national database of all American Muslims and creating a surveillance program aimed at spying on Muslims. In a 2016 interview, Trump stated that "Islam hates us" and has repeatedly stated that there is a "Muslim problem" in the United states and around the world.

22: 1265: 1990:. David Gaubatz, the author of the book, served on David Yerushalmi's Society of Americans for National Existence, which advocated for a 20-year jail sentence for those who practiced Sharia law. The Center for American Progress asserts that Myrick relies on Gaubatz's book for information regarding the Islamic faith. In 2011, she chaired the House Intelligence Subcommittee on Terrorism, Human Intelligence, Analysis and Counterintelligence. 1434:

in airports. At the San Francisco International airport, a 12-year-old U.S. Squash Team player was forced to remove her hijab while boarding the plane. The San Francisco Bay Area office said that the federal and state laws were violated when an Air Canada gate agent forced Fatima Abdelrahman to remove her hijab. Abdelrahman was refused when she requested a private area and the presence of a female agent, so she can remove her hijab.

1646:. In recent surveys, a majority of Republicans have associated Islam with violence, with majorities (72%) claiming Islam encourages violence more than other religions. Similarly, a 2017 Pew Research Centre report showed that 68% of Republicans said Islam was not part of mainstream American society while 65% said Islam and democracy aren't compatible. Additionally, 56% of Republicans also said there is a great or fair deal amount of 1915:. According to ACT's website, the organization views itself as the gatekeeper of national security for American borders, with over 750,000 members and 12,000 volunteer activists. They state that their activities are geared towards educating citizens and elected officials to impact public policy and guard America against terrorism. Additionally, CAIR asserts that ACT has ties with white national supremacy groups such as 1965: 53: 1533:(TSA) in 2001. Airport screening, once performed by private security firms chosen by the airlines, was now assigned to TSA. The TSA was empowered to conduct random canine-assisted searches, implement more checkpoints, and place air marshals on thousands of international flights. The TSA holds the No-Fly List and the Automatic Selectee list, two controversial 1588:

reason for the ban was claimed for national security reasons, the impact of the ban negatively affected regular Muslims who were citizens, teachers, foreign students, nationals and others who had connections abroad in the affected nations. The ban also exacerbated the demonization of Muslims and surveillance of the community by law enforcement.

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the data that ProPublica verified noted that the organization saw spike both "during election years and after news coverage of major terrorist attacks." It is not known with certainty if the spikes were related to a greater number of incidents, or that more people were taking the time to report the incidents.

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that occurred on November 5, 2009. Major Nidal Malik Hasan, who was identified as American born but held a Muslim background, shot and killed thirteen soldiers and wounded thirty more. Some of the interviewees commented on how the news reporting of this event emphasized Hasan's Muslim background. The

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at Krome allegedly dismissed pleas from Muslim detainees for help, saying, "It is what it is." Civil rights groups said many had suffered illness, like stomach pains, vomiting, and diarrhea, as a result. Previously in 2019, a Pakistani-born man with a valid US work permit was reportedly given nothing

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As the FBI reports, "Hate crimes against Muslims rose 1617% from 2000 to 2001". Also, the Pew Research Centre reports that despite the passage of time and despite the growing size of the Muslim population of the United States, "discrimination against this community has not waned". The congressional

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in Tennessee was reportedly shot at and construction equipment was also set on fire while lawsuits which challenged Islam's status as a religion were being filed. Islamophobic hate crimes impact people who are perceived as Muslim by attackers. For example, on September 15, 2001 the first victim of a

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is an example of a high profile Islamophobic hate crime. Craig Stephen Hicks murdered three Muslim college students in North Carolina. Hicks pled guilty to shooting Deah Barakat, as well as sisters Yusor Mohammad Abu-Salha and Razan Mohammad Abu-Salha. He also confessed to shooting both of the women

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with the Fort Hood shooting in which a non-Muslim individual, Seung-Hui Cho, killed thirty-two people, but following news reports did not make a point to emphasize his religious or cultural ties. Similarly, in various print media outlets, headlines alluded to the idea that the Fort Hood Shooting had

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was passed, greatly expanding several government agencies' abilities to acquire information via searches, electronic surveillance, and wiretapping. This same act also introduced searches that did not require the government to notify the private owner of a residence that they had been searched for up

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Since the terrorist attacks that occurred on 9/11, American airports have considered it their duty to act as the "front line of defense". Polls conducted in the United States also show that more than half of Americans support the policy of more extensive security checks for Arab and Muslim Americans

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Islamophobia is a significant issue in the United States with significant impacts on the public health of Muslims. According to a 2016 study, anti-Muslim rhetoric in the media and politics contributes to the marginalization and stigmatization of Muslim communities, which in turn can lead to negative

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level, with Christians getting more than seven times as many callbacks than Muslims in Republican states. Democratic states, once again, showed "no significant callback biases." The study added that "employers in older counties are significantly less likely to call back the Muslim candidate compared

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There were 221 publicly reported hate incidents targeting mosques during the April 2013-June 2017 period, according to a ProPublica review. ProPublica notes, "Most of the incidents are threats to worshipper's lives or acts of vandalism." A Council on American-Islamic Relations staffer who collected

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was funded to 33 groups whose primary purpose was "to promote prejudice against, or hatred of, Islam and Muslims" in the United States between 2008 and 2013, with a total of 74 groups contributing to Islamophobia in the United States during that period. This has been referred to as the "Islamophobia

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foundations, misinformation experts, validators, grass root organizations, religious rights groups and their allies in the media and in politics" who work together to misrepresent Islam and Muslims in the United States. As a result of this network, Islam is now one of the most stigmatized religions,

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that American Muslims were facing due to the increase in reports involving physical violence and assaults on Arabs and Muslims. Despite the notable prejudice towards Arabs and Muslims after the terrorist attack, outlets like the New York Times printed opinion pieces discouraging the indiscriminate

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watch lists. The No-Fly List contains names of individuals who have been labelled as a threat to aviation across the United States. Listed individuals are not allowed on commercial flights that will fly over or are destined to land in the United States or are managed by a U.S. airline. Although the

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administration passed sweeping, unprecedented legislation in response to the American public's demand for action. After three days, Congress passed the law called the Authorization for the Use of Military force, giving President Bush the power to use the military in any way that seemed "appropriate

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revealed that Muslim women were more likely to encounter Islamophobia, with nearly 77% of Muslim women reporting experiencing Islamophobia. The majority of the respondents (almost 75%) also believed that Muslim women were at higher risk of facing Islamophobia. As the Pew Research Center reported in

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Americans Muslims face disproportionate issues in regards to their religious activities and liberties. Muslim Americans' religious liberties have been increasingly excluded and even ignored in discussions surrounding religious freedoms. Once considered a fringe belief, numerous anti-Muslim entities

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hate group. Smearcasting, an organization which is dedicated to accurate reporting, accused Spencer of demonizing Muslims by claiming that he only focuses on the violent verses and texts which are contained within the Islamic scriptures in order to deem them representative of the faith as a whole.

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analysis found that since 2015, local and state Republican officials in virtually every state have engaged in anti-Muslim rhetoric, attacking Islam, or proposing laws targeting or disproportionately affecting Muslims. The mainstreaming of Islamophobia among Republicans is at least partially due to

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health outcomes such as depression, anxiety, and reduced access to healthcare services. To address these issues, the author of the study recommended a multi-faceted approach that includes raising awareness, challenging stereotypes, and promoting cultural sensitivity among healthcare professionals.

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In regards to religious accommodation, a Muslim woman named Halla Banafa filed a discrimination claim after she didn't receive a job stocking merchandise at an Abercrombie Kids store in Milpitas, California because she wore the hijab. According to EEOC, the manager decided against hiring the woman

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A former Muslim chaplain faced many years of anti-Muslim harassment because she was a Muslim and wore a hijab. When she worked at the New York state prison, her supervisor wanted her to leave her job. The supervisor told the former chaplain that it's hard to respect women who cover their hair. She

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and conservative Christians. Claiming that Islam is not a religion but a dangerous political ideology, these figures than contend that Islam does not qualify to be protected. These arguments and other ones like it have been used to justify anti-Muslim rhetoric among politicians or commentators and

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having a favorable opinion of Islam, according to a 2021 Associated Press/Norc Center for Public Affairs Research poll. Similarly, Muslims are one of the most negatively viewed religious groups in the United States, with atheists being the only other group seen in a comparable negative light. This

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According to Hatem Bazian, a lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley, and leader of the college's Islamophobia Research and Documentation Project, the result of asking questions related to the insecurity of Muslims was that "almost 80% said they feel at least somewhat worried about the

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Generally, a hate crime involves two elements that distinguish it from other illegal acts. Namely, the crime must be a criminal offense that is backed by a biased motivation. This biased motivation is usually revealed when an individual commits an attack against another individual because of some

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took credit for the failed attempt. In the same report over the incident, Kabir noted that the Times report used this incident to further legitimize the wars in the Middle East, emphasizing the need to take out potential terrorists. Kabir echoed Reem Bakker's sentiments, an interviewee in Kabir's

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As time passed the immediate months post-9/11, the news media outlets reflected a notable shift away from positive, supportive, and empathetic sentiments towards Muslim Americans and Arabs. The next six months and the years after the attacks showed that, in addition to Westernized media, American

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Other researchers like Brigitte Nacos and Oscar Torres- Reyna coded media dispositions on Islam and Muslims before and after 9/11. Their studies concluded that before 9/11, about 25 percent of the pertinent articles taken from four different newspapers connoted positive sentiment towards Muslims.

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enacted by the Trump administration that limited refugees from entering the United States from several counties with significant or majority Muslim populations was seen as being rooted in Islamophobia by several researchers. The ban also favoured non-Muslim refugees over Muslim ones. Although the

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A gathering of approximately 200 people took place at the Diana E. Murphy United States Courthouse in downtown Minneapolis to express their dissent towards the US Supreme Court's ruling in support of the travel ban on individuals from Muslim countries, which was authorized by Republican President

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According to Media Tenor International, between 2007 and 2013, media outlets like NBC, Fox News, and CBS characterized Islam and the Muslim identity as one linked with violence and extremism. Other studies conducted by LexisNexis Academic and CNN found that media outlets devoted more coverage to

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explain that this social phenomenon is not new; rather, it has increased its presence in American social and political discourse over the last ten to fifteen years. They cite the fact that several organizations donate large amounts of money to create the "Islamophobia megaphone". CAP defines the

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is often considered to be the most or first openly Islamophobic administration in recent American political history by several scholars. During Donald Trump's candidacy, he and his campaign made numerous Islamophobic remarks which continued during his presidency along with passing or suggesting

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in 2002. This policy targeted immigrants from 26 countries (25 of which are known as Muslim countries) and had them fingerprinted and registered upon entering the country. People in the Justice Department who support this policy explain that it is based on intelligence data already collected to

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Although the First Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees freedom of religion, the modern social and political climate surrounding the use of the hijab has caused "various restrictions on hijab, the headscarf worn by Muslim women" according to a study by Aliah Abdo. Instances of

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on the grounds of harassment, retaliation, defamation, and infliction of emotional distress based on religion, national origin, and gender. Zayed had been employed as an at-will engineer since 1994, and stated that she had experienced dramatic changes in her work environment after the terrorist

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Some publishers have noted the presence of Islamophobia during immigration proceedings. Nonetheless, such forms of xenophobia have been said to primarily affect the male members of the Muslim population. There have also been claims stating that such forms of xenophobia have enveloped the Arab

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The existing discourse that positions Islam and Western values against each other also underpins how the Americans perceive Muslim women in society. Scholars assert that media, Islamophobic organizations, and politicians have played a tremendous role in depicting Muslim women as consistently

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stated that the West is taught about the East through a Westernized lens and he also stated that most of the East's history is written in Europe by European historians, instead of specialized scholars of Eastern history. When it is applied, Orientalism serves as a vehicle in which demeaning

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can be difficult for some religiously observant Muslim girls and women. Maria Omar, director of media relations for the Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America (IFANCA), has advised Muslim women to entirely avoid these complexes. Some girls and women decide to wear something which is

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held congressional hearings titled "Extent of Radicalization in the American Muslim Community and that Community's Response". Despite the fact that most terrorist plots in the United States since 9/11 have been initiated by non-Muslims, King has been cited as stating that 80-85 percent of

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Although empirical research on Muslim women's health in the United States is limited, sample studies provide insight into the experiences and health behaviours of American Muslim women. Recent studies on depression and experiences of stigma measured through heightened vigilance, risk for

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in the United States are controlled by Islamic fundamentalists. King attributed this statistic to Steven Emerson, from the Investigative Project on Terrorism, also known for viewing Islam as an inherently violent religion that is hostile to non-Muslims. Other political players like

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endangered and subjugated by the alleged patriarchal nature of Islam. In support of this presumption, many scholars conclude that women's status in Islam has a complex history, one that implies instances of male privilege and the relegation of women to a second class citizenry.

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A Muslim school in the Northeastern U.S. state of Rhode Island was vandalised with graffiti which read "Now this is a Hate crime", indicating that the perpetrators were aware of the graffiti's hateful nature. The incident was described by some media outlets as "Islamophobic".

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growing anti-Muslim rhetoric and beliefs becoming more readily expressed and at times even supported by influential Republican politicians. As a consequence, hostility towards Muslims and Islam from some Republicans have gotten little to no pushback from fellow conservatives.

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In the political sphere, religious lawmakers (typically Republicans) that advocate for religious freedoms frequently omit the religious liberties of American Muslims and some even call for restrictions or discriminatory practices towards Muslim religious activities. The

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In the case Ibraheem v. Wackenhut Services, the black male Muslim claimed religious retaliation when he was fired after submitting an EEOC charge of discrimination and filing for a lawsuit involving claims about hostile work environments and religious discrimination.

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The government has disproportionately engaged in surveillance and infiltration of Muslim religious spaces and programs. These issues have led some Muslims to distrust those around them and their motives. A notable example of governmental surveillance include the

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study found that, nationally, Muslims had "13% fewer callbacks" than Christians after submitting identical job applications to the same establishments. The study also concluded that discrepancies between callbacks for Muslims and Christians were larger "in

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due to stereotypes and generalizations ascribed to them. Due to this, Islamophobia is both a product of and a contributor to the United States' racial ideology, which is founded on socially constructed categories of profiled features, or how people seem.

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reported that religion-based discrimination against Muslims had increased by nearly 250%. Moreover, the number of discrimination claims made by Muslims over a four-year period, from 2001 to 2005, nearly doubled when compared with another 4-year period.

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were repeatedly served pork or pork-based products against their religious beliefs, according to claims made by civil rights lawyers and immigrant advocates. The Muslim detainees at the Krome detention facility in Miami were forced to eat pork because

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In totality, several opinion surveys reflected the impact of the shift in media coverage towards Muslim Americans and Arabs. The surveys showed that the American public viewed American Muslims more favourably than they did prior to the 9/11 attacks.

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efforts by local communities to block the construction or expansion of Muslim religious spaces. According to religious scholar Asma Uddin, the mentality of disqualifying Islam as a religion can be used to justify anti-Muslim violence and prejudice.

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By 2014, Islamophobic hate crimes remained five times higher than before the 9/11 attacks. In 2015, this spiked to levels not seen since 2001. There is evidence which proves that the 2015 spike was linked to the then candidate and later President

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Scholars and academicians like Dr. Carl Kenan and William Kenan at UNC-Chapel Hill have stated that Spencer's beliefs regarding Islam have no foundation in any reputable academic work nor do they have any foundation in the religion itself.

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voters," with Christians getting almost four times as many return calls in these constituencies. On the other hand, there was no discernible hiring discrimination against Muslims in Democratic counties. Biases were larger on the

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to 90 days. Some scholars argue that the passage of laws like the Patriot Act was the government's way of capitalizing on a fearful American public by legalizing racially targeted policies. A poll conducted shortly after the

1289:. First and foremost, those who adhere to a feminist interpretation of the Qu'ran say that the conception of veiling is not monolithic in nature. Rather, what constitutes veiling varies across regions. Some choose to wear a 1443:

community in the U.S., often resulting in deportations, revocations of visa, and dispiriting interrogations at American airports. This purportedly occurs because Muslim women are seen as less of a threat than Muslim men.

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enacted by the Trump administration that limited refugees from several Muslim-majority countries from entering the US, a 2015 poll showed that most Republicans supported the ban while the majority of the public did not.

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In the immediate months following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, an expected surge of media attention was devoted to American Muslims and Arabs. Frequent news stories and discussions involved the issue of

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testimony which was delivered by the Southern Poverty Law Centre in 2011 illustrated that "Mosques were burned or destroyed and death threats and harassment followed many Muslims in the weeks following the attacks".

5795: 3109: 1297:, which is usually worn around a woman's head, is also prevalent among various regions. Furthermore, just as the definition of what constitutes veiling varies, so do the attitudes of those who choose to veil. 2549: 2039:

The study of Islamophobia involves historians, scholars and educators who are writing about institutional violence against American Muslims and the incitement of violence against foreign Muslims. In his book

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Cluck, Andrea Elizabeth. "Islamophobia in the post-9/11 United States: causes, manifestations, and solutions." Master's thesis, Truman State University, 2012. August 2012. Accessed October 10, 2017.

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Boccabella, John. "Profiling the Anti- Terrorism Act: Dangerous and Discriminatory in the Fight Against Terrorism." Appeal: Review of Current Law and Law Reform 9: 1-15. Accessed September 26, 2017.

2019:, he blames writers like Harris for using their particularly anti-Islamic brand of rational non-belief to justify American foreign policies over the last decade." Two educators at universities in 1379:. Since 2016, Noor Alexandria Abukaram has played three high school sports while wearing a hijab. However, she was told that she needed special permission to run in the race with a head covering. 6458: 5193: 3785: 1106:

of Muslims are being threatened. However, one-third of respondents perceived the claims of religious freedoms by Muslims to be a threat to others, higher than the other religions in the survey.

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Ghumman, Sonia; Ryan, Ann Marie; Barclay, Lizabeth A.; Markel, Karen S. (December 1, 2013). "Religious Discrimination in the Workplace: A Review and Examination of Current and Future Trends".

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biased perception of Islam and Muslims manifests itself into the discrimination of racially perceived Muslims in the law and media, and is conceptually reinforced by the Islamophobia network.

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media outlets became increasingly critical of Muslim Americans. Some attribute this notable shift to the silencing of voices that once advocated for Muslim Americans as peaceful individuals.

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poll, more than one-third of Republicans believed that Muslims face no discrimination while a third that did believe Muslims face discrimination stated that the discrimination is justified.

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included many anti-Muslim politicians, activists, and religious figures that held the view that Islam is a dangerous political ideology that doesn't deserve religious liberty protections.

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and many others. These figures have claimed that Islam is a dangerous ideology, that fear of Muslims is rational or that Islam and the Quran promotes terrorism, among other claims. The

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Malos, Stan (December 1, 2010). "Post-9/11 Backlash in the Workplace: Employer Liability for Discrimination against Arab- and Muslim- Americans Based on Religion or National Origin".

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non-communicable diseases (e.g. cardiovascular disease, diabetes, etc.), and contraception utilization provide a scientific foundation for future research studies with Muslim women.

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during World War II. A 2004 poll by Pew Research Center found that almost half of Americans were willing to exchange certain civil liberties for the cause of national security.

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Carthen, Tony Matthew, "Ethnic Names, Resumes, and Occupational stereotypes: Will D'Money Get the Job?" (2014). Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects. Paper 359.

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Recent surveys have shown that significant amounts of respondents are comfortable with some restrictions on Islamic practices like the governmental surveillance of Muslims.

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Budhwani, Henna; Hearld, Kristine R. (May 2017). "Muslim Women's Experiences with Stigma, Abuse, and Depression: Results of a Sample Study Conducted in the United States".

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2011, the number of Muslims in America is about 1 million, and "43% of them wear headscarves all the time, about 48% — or half a million women — don't cover their hair".

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In regards to religious harassment, studies show that, in general, these type of suits are increasing. In the case of Zayed v. Apple Computers, an Arab Muslim woman sued

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In March 2019, A man set fire to a mosque in Escondido, causing minor damage to the building. Police discovered graffiti on the mosque's driveway which referenced the

1518: 3113: 1930:, listing it as part of the "U.S.-based Islamophobia network’s inner core". The CSPI is run by a former physics professor named Bill French. French now calls himself 6748: 4023: 2216: 602: 1510:

The enforcement of the Patriot Act had far-reaching repercussions. It was widely believed to target Muslims, Middle Eastern and Arab-looking men. According to the

5398: 4188: 3343: 7035: 6874: 5130: 2206: 1428: 1356: 781: 716: 441: 217: 73: 1546: 1359:, the report found that Muslim or Muslim-perceived defendants were given longer and harsher sentences compared to non-Muslim defendants for comparable crimes. 5736: 1642:. Prejudice towards Islam and Muslims have increasingly become more partisan, with Republicans holding far more negative views towards Muslims and Islam than 1503:, echoes this line of argument when it found that about one-third of Americans thought it was acceptable to detain Arab Americans in camps reminiscent of the 1293:

which refers to various materials that are used to cover a woman's face. Others choose to wear long conservative skirts and dresses that cover most skin. The

6581: 2091: 1744:, "researchers found strong statistical correlations between the number of Islam-related tweets made by Trump in a single week and the number of anti-Muslim 1716:

ties to terrorist acts or other terrorist organizations. Another incident that occurred in Times Square on May 2, 2010, provoked more anti-Muslim sentiment.

7025: 6576: 6444: 2176: 2076: 1764: 1734: 7122: 1986:, a congresswoman from North Carolina, rely on the network of the experts who view Islam as inherently violent. Myrick wrote a foreword to a book titled 391: 4803: 1904: 1595:

via Twitter. Despite facing backlash, a spokesperson for the Trump administration defended the retweet. Trump has also attacked Muslim politicians like

1059: 944: 7015: 6816: 6806: 6801: 6596: 6498: 3455:

Read, Jen'Nan Ghazal; Bartkowski, John P. (2000). "To Veil or Not to Veil? A Case Study of Identity Negotiation among Muslim Women in Austin, Texas".

527: 277: 3089:

Choudhury, C.A. (2008). "Terrorists and Muslims: the construction, performance, and regulation of Muslim identities in the post 9/11 United States".

2051:

representations of the East are used in order to assert the cultural and political superiority of the West over the inferior culture of the Muslims.

2031:' theory to explain the current political contestation, and that this forms part of a trend toward "Islamophobia in the study of Muslim societies". 1831:

In September 2016, a man set a mosque on fire in Ft. Pierce, Florida out of fear of "another Manhattan World Trade Centre attack or Boston Bombing."

1828:

The Quba Islamic Institute in Houston, Texas, was set alight at 5am on February 13, 2015. Some media reports described it as an Islamophobic attack.

1212:

attacks on September 11, 2001. Zayed claimed that fellow employees began inquiring as to whether or not her religion encouraged Muslims to engage in

597: 7091: 6960: 6869: 5707: 5573: 3252: 2196: 2191: 2096: 1972:

The Center for American Progress's report also cites the importance of political players in contributing to the spread of Islamophobia. Congressman

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Jacoby, Wade; Yavuz, Hakan (April 2008). "Modernization, Identity and Integration: An Introduction to the Special Issue on Islam in Europe".

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that advocate for the denial of religious freedoms for Muslims have witnessed growing public and political influence, especially among the

5826: 1562: 6091:

Atheists Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens and Sam Harris face Islamophobia backlash, Jerome Taylor, The Independent, April 12, 2013.

3431:"The Legal Status of Hijab in the United States: A Look at the Sociopolitical Influences on the Legal Right to Wear the Muslim Headscarf" 1248:

charged Pax Assist with discrimination after refusing requests by Muslims employees to change the times of their breaks to coincide with

6997: 6889: 6710: 6609: 6528: 6503: 6488: 5014: 814: 667: 467: 428: 120: 6056: 7051: 6523: 6467: 6421: 6142: 5895: 5256: 3402: 1799: 1634:

While Islamophobia is commonplace in American politics and exists throughout the political spectrum, it is most commonly exhibited by

1344: 1301: 804: 272: 4832: 7086: 6927: 6763: 6667: 6642: 6604: 6553: 6548: 6336: 5374: 4164: 3700: 3368: 3319: 2086: 2071: 1131: 1055: 735: 632: 483: 237: 4892: 4732: 2795: 433: 4986: 3786:"American Muslims are at high risk of suicide -- 20 years post-9/11, the links between Islamophobia and suicide remain unexplored" 3194: 7081: 6884: 6796: 5625: 5101: 2824: 1643: 1639: 1526:

commissioner James Ziglar stated that no one in the registry was ever charged and convicted of crimes associated with terrorism.

1504: 1166: 5688: 6955: 6914: 6859: 6381: 5990: 5848: 2676: 1115: 833: 572: 503: 242: 3522: 411: 7076: 6977: 6894: 6619: 6568: 6543: 5721: 3754: 1779: 1511: 1347:

showed that almost all Muslim respondents (nearly 94%) said that Islamophobia affects their mental and emotional well-being.

1084: 331: 305: 6012: 3960: 2423: 2369: 4762: 4459: 2759: 7061: 6922: 6753: 6695: 6687: 6677: 6586: 6513: 5042: 2186: 1953: 1850: 843: 446: 356: 6179:

Garner, Steve and Saher Selod, "The Racialization of Muslims: Empirical Studies of Islamophobia", Critical Sociology 41.1

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Ali, Yaser (August 2012). "Shariah and Citizenship- How Islamophobia Is Creating a Second- Class Citizenry in America".

3899: 1957: 1894: 1784: 1619: 1037: 893: 795: 682: 642: 607: 351: 321: 103: 6783: 6634: 6411: 4497:

Jadallah, Dina (Fall 2010). "State Power and the Constitution of the Individual: Racial Profiling of Arab Americans".

2201: 2181: 1935: 1245: 974: 768: 423: 267: 3990: 5747: 2582: 1706:

Author and researcher Nahid Afrose Kabir examined similar reporting on violent events. One event he studied was the

1252:. The company responded by saying "we don't care about Ramadan. We'll give you a break on our time, not your time." 6947: 6851: 6735: 6416: 5877: 4234: 3790: 3430: 2166: 2028: 1767:. Hates crimes often go unreported, resulting in government reports that underrepresent the extent of the problem. 1157: 1140: 1001: 672: 552: 386: 336: 1481: 1282:

restrictions on Muslim women wearing the hijab extends to jobs, schools, social or public places, and at courts.

6768: 6401: 6361: 6291: 6267: 6067: 3575:

Budhwani, Henna; Borgstede, Seth; Palomares, Aarin L.; Johnson, Roman B.; Hearld, Kristine R. (October 8, 2018).

2734: 1771: 1721: 1382:

Most gyms, fitness clubs, and other workout facilities in the United States are mixed-sex, so the performance of

862: 838: 702: 637: 316: 222: 172: 132: 98: 88: 5505: 5449: 6758: 6311: 2141: 2136: 2061: 1184: 562: 125: 326: 5293: 4564:"Trump and Muslims: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Islamophobic Rhetoric in Donald Trump's Selected Tweets" 6508: 6376: 6351: 6341: 6326: 6301: 6296: 2523: 2005:

for making Islamophobic statements. Commenting on Greenwald's response to Harris, Jerome Taylor, writing in

1941: 1707: 964: 721: 677: 532: 498: 341: 257: 212: 207: 182: 177: 5069: 1571:

The Trump administration also contained multiple figures that made and spread anti-Muslim remarks, notably

6406: 6391: 6386: 6366: 6346: 6331: 6316: 6078: 4958: 4282:

Pitt, Cassady (2011). "U.S. Patriot Act and Racial Profiling: Are There Consequences of Discrimination?".

3019: 2101: 1712: 1162: 1118:

monitored and spied on Muslims. The program lasted from 2001 to 2011, until it was exposed by the media.

757: 662: 401: 361: 262: 252: 247: 227: 202: 192: 147: 137: 21: 5320:"Analysis | Yes, the media do underreport some terrorist attacks. Just not the ones most people think of" 4562:

Khan, Mohsin Hassan; Qazalbash, Farwa; Adnan, Hamedi Mohd; Yaqin, Lalu Nurul; Khuhro, Rashid Ali (2021).

1687:

attribution of blame to one or more groups by the way of curtailing civil liberties and social freedoms.

6396: 6371: 6356: 6321: 4314: 3813:"Equal Treatment? Measuring the Legal and Media Responses to Ideologically Motivated Violence in the US" 3499: 3280:"Court Upholds Religious Discrimination, Retaliation, and Hostile Work Environment Claims By Muslim Man" 2889: 2829: 2151: 2121: 2116: 1669: 1584: 1372: 994: 939: 745: 371: 366: 232: 197: 36: 5937: 4787: 4239:"The Racialization of Islam in the United States: Islamophobia, Hate Crimes, and "Flying while Brown"" 3253:"City charges Queens wheelchair service company discriminated against Muslim employees during Ramadan" 1653:

Many Republicans downplay or deny the existence of discrimination against Muslim Americans. In a 2015

6260: 6039: 3961:"All Muslims are Like That: How Islamophobia is Diminishing Americans' Right to Receive Information." 2374: 2024: 2002: 1931: 1819: 1500: 1191: 904: 775: 692: 617: 537: 5416: 3869: 3024: 1517:

As a supplement to the Patriot Act, the U.S. government instituted immigration policies such as the

6879: 6483: 4433: 3257: 2857: 2146: 1998: 1635: 1424: 848: 657: 622: 488: 472: 68: 3900:"Flying while Brown: Federal Civil Rights Remedies to Post -9/11 Racial Profiling of South Asians" 6715: 6233: 6159: 6122: 6069:

Sam Harris, the New Atheists, and anti-Muslim animus, Glen Greenwald, The Guardian, April 3, 2013

5715: 5555: 5392: 4939: 4593: 4506: 4479: 4402: 4394: 4356: 4339:

Hassan, Salah D. (Fall 2002). "Arabs, Race, and the Post- September 11 National Security State".

4291: 4211: 4182: 4088: 3991:"Muslim ICE detainees forced to choose between expired meals or eating pork, say advocate groups" 3472: 3337: 3045: 2981: 2453: 2042: 1822: 1042: 959: 954: 876: 612: 587: 582: 567: 418: 376: 5600:"North Carolina Police Apologize for Calling Triple Murder of Muslim Students a Parking Dispute" 4377:

Hing, Bill Ong (Spring 2006). "Misusing Immigration Policies in the name of Homeland Security".

3063: 2354:

Wajahat, Ali; Clifton, Eli; Duss, Matthew; Fang, Lee; Keyes, Scott; Shakir, Faiz (August 2011).

1938:

in 2011 described him as one of a core group of ten anti-Islam hardliners in the United States.

1842:,” were written on the walls of the restaurant and directed at the restaurant's owners, who are 1703:

terrorist attacks involving Muslims, especially Muslims who were not born in the United States.

6198: 5818: 3844: 1264: 6245: 6241: 6215: 6080:

Scientific racism, militarism, and the new atheists, Murtaza Hussain, Aljazeera, April 2, 2013

5660: 5547: 5424: 5380: 5370: 5327: 5262: 5252: 5201: 5138: 4702: 4631: 4585: 4531: 4270: 4170: 4160: 4118: 3735: 3717: 3673: 3655: 3614: 3596: 3557: 3408: 3398: 3364: 3325: 3315: 3037: 2973: 2869: 2651: 2617: 2557: 2307: 2275: 2248: 2161: 2131: 2126: 1612: 740: 627: 592: 557: 508: 152: 93: 5249:

Fueling our fears : stereotyping, media coverage, and public opinion of Muslim Americans

4110: 1720:

made a bombing attempt that failed. The Times subsequent reporting indicated that Pakistan's

1102:

According to 2020 AP/NORC Poll, slightly more than half of Americans (52%) believed that the

7071: 6225: 6151: 6114: 5539: 4929: 4833:"How Anti-Muslim Propaganda Travels From Europe To North America To Trump's Twitter Account" 4623: 4575: 4471: 4386: 4348: 4250: 3725: 3709: 3663: 3645: 3604: 3588: 3549: 3464: 3029: 2965: 2643: 2609: 2156: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1873: 1862: 1815: 1183:

Protection against religious discrimination in the workplace is found in the context of the

1021: 914: 789: 687: 542: 462: 5773:"US: Houston Muslim school burned down in what investigators say is likely an arson attack" 1753: 6904: 6652: 5074: 4697: 2007: 1920: 1683: 1580: 1485:

President George W. Bush signs the Patriot Act a few days after the 9/11 terrorist attacks

1337: 1285:

One of these issues includes the rising controversy and questioning of the meaning behind

1111: 969: 919: 647: 493: 396: 4627: 3226: 1494:

or necessary towards unspecified states and non-state actors." Six weeks after 9/11, the

406: 3577:"Behaviors and Risks for Cardiovascular Disease Among Muslim Women in the United States" 52: 6672: 6538: 6493: 3730: 3695: 3668: 3633: 3609: 3576: 2399:"Muslims are a growing presence in U.S., but still face negative views from the public" 2106: 1717: 1490: 1213: 819: 726: 5652: 5015:"Islamophobia: A Bipartisan Xenophobia in American Politics | Religion & Politics" 3934: 3755:"American Muslims Are 2 Times More Likely To Have Attempted Suicide Than Other Groups" 2444: 7111: 6436: 6237: 6163: 6126: 6102: 5559: 4991: 4943: 4597: 4406: 3476: 2985: 2066: 1973: 1869: 1661: 1592: 1576: 1068: 1029: 827: 547: 83: 3049: 2885:"For religious American Muslims, hostility from the right and disdain from the left" 1964: 6058:

Unholy war: Atheists and the politics of Muslim-baiting, First Press, April 3, 2013

5279:

2011. A New Era for Arab-Western Relations – Media analysis. New York: Media Tenor.

4963: 4866: 4808: 4804:"Theresa May condemns Trump's retweets of UK far-right leader's anti-Muslim videos" 2708: 2472: 2428: 2012: 1994: 1927: 1741: 1572: 1555: 1398: 1025: 762: 115: 110: 44: 4693:"'I think Islam hates us': A timeline of Trump's comments about Islam and Muslims" 4115:

The rise of global Islamophobia in the War on Terror: Coloniality, race, and Islam

4525: 3358: 2301: 2271:

Forever Suspect: Racialized Surveillance of Muslim Americans in the War on Terror

2269: 2242: 6899: 6743: 6700: 6662: 5086: 4024:"Muslim ICE Detainees Reportedly Fed Pork, Told By Chaplain: 'It Is What It Is'" 2853:"Conservative Christians: Think Twice Before Claiming 'Islam Is Not a Religion'" 2796:"A Push to Deny Muslims Religious Freedom Gains Steam | Religion & Politics" 2047: 2016: 1988:

Muslim Mafia: Inside the Secret Underworld That's Conspiring to Islamize America

1945: 1495: 882: 870: 730: 577: 142: 4202:

Platt, Tony; O'Leary, Cecilia (2003). "Race, Security & Social Movements".

3468: 2704:"The fallout from 9/11 showed American Muslims the limits of religious liberty" 1415:

allows Muslim women to swim without displaying any significant amount of skin.

7066: 6987: 6982: 6155: 4580: 4563: 3650: 3033: 2969: 2457: 1983: 1834:

In January 2017, Burglary and attempted arson were committed at a restaurant.

1745: 1596: 1208: 1171: 899: 6118: 5735:

Stahnke, Tad; LeGendre, Paul; Grekov, Innokenty; McClintock, Michael (2008).

5708:"US anti-Muslim incidents rose about 70% in first half of 2024 amid Gaza war" 5664: 5551: 5543: 5428: 5384: 5331: 5205: 5142: 4920:

Pintak, Lawrence; Albright, Jonathan; Bowe, Brian J.; Pasha, Shaheen (2019).

4706: 4589: 4174: 3721: 3713: 3659: 3600: 3329: 3041: 2977: 2655: 2621: 2561: 7056: 5574:"Man sentenced to three life terms without parole for killing three Muslims" 5266: 4934: 4921: 3495:"Muslim women more likely than men to experience Islamophobia, survey finds" 3412: 3360:

American Muslim Women, Religious Authority, and Activism: More than a Prayer

3169:"Former Muslim chaplain alleges workplace discrimination at New York prison" 2473:"Here Are the Hate Incidents Against Mosques and Islamic Centers Since 2013" 1839: 1534: 1047: 979: 909: 5531: 3739: 3677: 3618: 3561: 6252: 5849:"California mosque fire: police investigate possible arson and hate crime" 5530:

Pezzella, Frank S.; Fetzer, Matthew D.; Keller, Tyler (January 28, 2019).

4862:"Anti-Muslim rhetoric 'widespread' among candidates in Trump era – report" 4390: 3592: 3553: 2424:"Funding fear of Muslims: $ 206m went to promoting 'hatred', report finds" 1591:

In November 2017, Trump shared anti-Muslim posts from the far-right group

6229: 4663:"FACTSHEET: DONALD TRUMP AS PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE & PRESIDENT-ELECT" 4050:"ICE is forcing Muslim detainees to eat pork, immigrant advocates allege" 3199: 1798:

In the first half of 2024, anti-Muslim incidents rose about 70% amid the

1464: 1383: 1290: 5965: 5450:"The Super Survey: Two Decades of Americans' Views on Islam and Muslims" 5194:"Republicans embrace Trump's ban on Muslims while most others reject it" 4786:

Aziz, Sahar, Beydoun, Khalid, Mogahed, Dalia, Sridaran, Lakshmi (2022).

4510: 4398: 4295: 4215: 4157:

Scapegoating Islam : intolerance, security, and the American Muslim

4092: 3973: 3632:

Budhwani, Henna; Anderson, Jami; Hearld, Kristine R. (January 5, 2018).

1725:

study, that the failed attempt further ostracized the Muslim community.

7005: 5819:"Burglary, vandalism of Woodland restaurant investigated as hate crime" 4483: 4360: 4255: 4238: 3759: 3395:

Dynamic Islam : liberal Muslim perspectives in a transnational age

1926:

CAIR also lists the "Center for the Study of Political Islam"(CSPI} as

1788: 1756: 1623: 1455: 1411: 887: 5070:"Negative biases toward U.S. Muslims, Islam have become more partisan" 4987:"Donald Trump's Islamophobic rhetoric resonates with many Republicans" 5991:"ISLAMOPHOBIC ORGANIZATIONS: Center for the Study of Political Islam" 5131:"Marco Rubio downplays Muslim discrimination. So do many Republicans" 2446:

The Islamophobia Industry: How the Right Manufactures Fear of Muslims

1978: 1865: 1835: 1814:

In February 2008, The Islamic Centre in Columbia was firebombed with

1760: 1550:

Visual of the Muslim ban President Trump put in place led to protest.

1406: 1343:

A 2020 survey conducted by the Othering & Belonging Institute at

1300:

A 2020 survey conducted by the Othering & Belonging Institute at

1091: 6188:

Said, Edward. "Orientalism". Vintage Books, New York (1978): pp. 17.

5318:

Kearns, Erin M.; Betus, Allison; Lemieux, Anthony (March 13, 2017).

4475: 4352: 1611:, a rise of anti-Muslim sentiment and the propagation of right-wing 1463:

meals that ICE served had been consistently rotten and expired. The

6216:"An Experiment in Hiring Discrimination Via Online Social Networks" 5792:"Suspect charged in Fort Pierce mosque arson sentenced to 30 years" 4460:"No Longer Invisible: Arab and Muslim Exclusion After September 11" 2550:"Murfreesboro mosque fight laid to rest after Supreme Court ruling" 2498:"Plan for Mosque in Tennessee Town Draws Criticism from Residents" 1963: 1843: 1561: 1545: 1480: 1460: 1451: 1392: 1376: 1294: 1263: 1249: 4893:"Political Islamophobia may look different online than in person" 3845:"Muslim Student Athlete Disqualified From Race for Wearing Hijab" 1944:

is listed as a misinformation expert. He contributes content to '

6199:"Post/past-'Orientalism' Orientalism and Its Dis/re-orientation" 4922:"#Islamophobia: Stoking Fear and Prejudice in the 2018 Midterms" 2677:"Examining Americans' views on Religious Freedom and its limits" 2020: 1949: 1368: 1286: 26: 6440: 6256: 4527:

American Islamophobia: Understanding the Roots and Rise of Fear

2524:"Man charged with bomb threat against Tennessee Islamic center" 1853:

shooter, leading them to consider the fire a terrorist attack.

5689:"20 years after 9/11, Islamophobia continues to haunt Muslims" 3935:"Civil rights group: Airline forced girl, 12, to remove hijab" 3812: 3134:

Zayed v. (2006). Apple computers. F.Supp.2d, WL 889571 (2006).

2760:"'Mosque Crawlers,' 'Rakers' Monitoring U.S. Muslims for NYPD" 2370:"Two decades after 9/11, Muslim Americans still fighting bias" 1968:

Billboard advocates for Anti- Sharia laws in the United States

5896:"Rhode Island Muslim School Vandalized With Hateful Graffiti" 4616:"Immigration and Islamophobia: Breitbart and the Trump Party" 4111:"The Mainstreaming of Islamophobia in United States Politics" 5626:"Police Apologize To Chapel Hill Shooting Victims' Families" 5168:"Republican Officials Have Been Bashing Muslims. We Counted" 3974:"Islamophobia and the" privileging" of Arab American women." 2684:

The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research

1899:

Fear, Inc.: The Roots of the Islamophobic Network in America

5480:"Anti-Muslim assaults reach 9/11-era levels, FBI data show" 4733:"Factsheet: DONALD TRUMP AS PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES" 4271:

https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/cluck_andrea_e_201208_ma.pdf

3227:"Abercrombie & Fitch Sued For Religious Discrimination" 2825:"Conservatives Call For 'Religious Freedom,' But For Whom?" 2356:

Fear, Inc. The Roots of the Islamophobia Network in America

6214:

Acquisti, Alessandro; Fong, Christina M. (April 2, 2012).

3634:"Muslim Women's use of contraception in the United States" 3314:. Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck, 1935-, Smith, Jane I. New York. 2023:

have claimed that these American atheist activists invoke

5294:"No terrorist can ever change what my mosque means to me" 1529:

The U.S. government also devoted resources to create the

5047:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

3110:"Nontraditonal workplace harassment lawsuits increasing" 2244:

The Racial Muslim: When Racism Quashes Religious Freedom

1367:

In October 2019, a 16 year old Muslim girl athlete from

3195:"Supreme Court rules against Abercrombie in hijab case" 2608:

Blumenthal, Ralph; Mowjood, Sharaf (December 8, 2009).

5100:

Hartig, Hannah; Doherty, Carroll (September 2, 2021).

1993:

Some commentators have criticized individual American

1748:

that took place in the days and weeks that followed."

1615:

articles demonizing Muslims and Islam was prominent.

1489:

After the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, the

1409:

season". An outfit which is colloquially known as the

1041:

megaphone analogy as "a tight network of anti-Muslim,

5043:"How the U.S. general public views Muslims and Islam" 4614:

Benkler, Yochai; Faris, Robert; Roberts, Hal (2018),

3696:"Islamophobia and Public Health in the United States" 3523:"Lifting The Veil: Muslim Women Explain Their Choice" 3064:"Workplace Discrimination Against Muslims | On Labor" 2735:"NYPD And CIA Had Secret "Mosque Crawlers" Operation" 2212:

Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims in the United States

1192:

terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001

5251:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 5247:

Nacos, Brigitte Lebens; Torres-Reyna, Oscar (2007).

1763:, damage to property, work place discrimination and 1446:

In 2020, it was reported that Muslim detainees at a

7044: 6996: 6946: 6913: 6850: 6782: 6734: 6686: 6633: 6595: 6567: 6474: 5790:Hyman, Alyssa; Keegan, Charlie (February 6, 2017). 5737:"Violence Against Muslims: 2008 Hate Crime Survey" 5367:Young American Muslims : dynamics of identity 2583:"Murfreesboro mosque response not typical in Tenn" 2082:Anti-Middle Eastern sentiment in the United States 4315:"Factsheet: The NYPD Muslim Surveillance Program" 1755:—that is protected by law. Hate crimes vary from 1194:, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or 5417:"The Times Square Suspect's Pakistan Connection" 5106:Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy 5102:"Two Decades Later, the Enduring Legacy of 9/11" 2358:. Washington D.C.: Center for American Progress. 1519:National Security Entry-Exit Registration System 5166:Allam, Hannah; Ansari, Talal (April 10, 2018). 3310:Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck; Smith, Jane I. (2014). 2644:"Debate Heats Up About Mosque Near Ground Zero" 2217:United States foreign policy in the Middle East 5746:. New York City, United States. Archived from 5653:"Incidents at Mosque in Tennessee Spread Fear" 5532:"The Dark Figure of Hate Crime Underreporting" 5415:Abouzeid, Rania; Waraich, Omar (May 4, 2010). 1468:but pork sandwiches for six consecutive days. 7118:Religious discrimination in the United States 6452: 6268: 5457:The Bridge Initiative (Georgetown University) 3817:Institute for Social Policy and Understanding 2610:"Muslim Prayers and Renewal Near Ground Zero" 2207:Religious discrimination in the United States 1838:and derogatory comments, including the word “ 1711:same interviewees in this study compared the 1429:Airport racial profiling in the United States 1357:Institute for Social Policy and Understanding 1002: 8: 3012:Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 2934: 2922: 2910: 2092:History of antisemitism in the United States 16:Prejudice towards Islam or Muslims in the US 5683: 5681: 3870:"Paris pool bans Muslim woman in 'burqini'" 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 2177:Persecution of Muslims in the United States 2102:Anti-Turkish sentiment in the United States 2077:Anti-Iranian sentiment in the United States 1846:. Police called the incident a hate crime. 1735:Islamophobic incidents in the United States 6459: 6445: 6437: 6275: 6261: 6253: 5872: 5870: 5397:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4767:Bridge Initiative of Georgetown University 4737:Bridge Initiative of Georgetown University 4667:Bridge Initiative of Georgetown University 4187:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3929: 3927: 3925: 3784:Noor-Oshiro, Amelia (September 10, 2021). 3342:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1907:and the Center for American Progress list 1752:immutable personal characteristic—such as 1009: 995: 31: 6040:"Steven Emerson: Combating Radical Islam" 4933: 4579: 4254: 3729: 3667: 3649: 3608: 3397:. New York: University Press of America. 3023: 7128:History of religion in the United States 3493:Molina, Alejandra (September 29, 2021). 3424: 3422: 2197:History of religion in the United States 2192:Freedom of religion in the United States 2097:History of the Jews in the United States 20: 5960: 5958: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5287: 5285: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 2228: 1618:Since 2016 and particularly during the 1336:According to a 2021 study published by 43: 7021:Family responsibilities discrimination 5798:from the original on February 26, 2017 5713: 5410: 5408: 5390: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5242: 5161: 5159: 5124: 5122: 5037: 5035: 4915: 4913: 4886: 4884: 4860:Siddiqui, Sabrina (October 22, 2018). 4855: 4853: 4798: 4796: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4609: 4607: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4427: 4425: 4180: 4104: 4102: 3984: 3982: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3779: 3777: 3689: 3687: 3488: 3486: 3450: 3448: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3335: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3142: 3140: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2818: 2816: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2728: 2726: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2397:Mohamed, Besheer (September 1, 2021). 1531:Transportation Security Administration 1524:Immigration and Naturalization Service 1083:One high profile example features the 1067:industry" by scholars Nathan Lean and 5478:Kishi, Katayoun (November 21, 2016). 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5013:Iftikhar, Arsalan (October 8, 2019). 4622:, New York: Oxford University Press, 4372: 4370: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4074: 4072: 4070: 3893: 3891: 3435:Hastings Race and Poverty Law Journal 3363:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 3312:The Oxford handbook of American Islam 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2112:Arab immigration to the United States 1114:, where informants dispatched by the 1060:Council on American–Islamic Relations 950:Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism 7: 5192:Clement, Scott (December 14, 2015). 5068:Kight, Stef W. (September 8, 2021). 4957:Beinart, Peter (February 13, 2015). 4434:"Unlikely Terrorists On No Fly List" 2702:Dallas, Kelsey (September 5, 2021). 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2172:Hispanic and Latino American Muslims 1806:safety of their family in the U.S." 1668:In regards to public opinion on the 6038:Michael, George (January 1, 2010). 5506:"Do Trump Tweets Spur Hate Crimes?" 3091:Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion 1911:as an anti-Islam hate group run by 6468:Social issues in the United States 6143:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 5829:from the original on March 2, 2017 4985:Lopez, German (December 7, 2015). 4628:10.1093/oso/9780190923624.003.0004 4530:. University of California Press. 3976:NWSA Journal 18.3 (2006): 155-161. 2958:Journal of Business and Psychology 2823:Gjelten, Tom (December 11, 2015). 2733:Staff, newsone (August 24, 2011). 2642:Barbaro, Michael (July 31, 2010). 2303:Islamophobia and Racism in America 2247:. University of California Press. 1638:, which include conservatives and 1090:A second high profile example was 14: 7123:Islamophobia in the United States 5817:Locke, Cathy (January 24, 2017). 5706:Singh, Kanishka (July 29, 2024). 5651:Brown, Robbie (August 31, 2010). 5129:Bump, Philip (February 7, 2016). 4831:Daro, Ishmael N. (July 9, 2018). 3753:Faheid, Dalia (August 10, 2021). 3701:American Journal of Public Health 3251:Kochman, Ben (January 26, 2017). 3193:LeVine, Marianne (June 1, 2015). 2851:Bauman, Chad (October 26, 2018). 2471:Younes, Lylla (August 17, 2017). 2087:Antisemitism in the United States 2072:Anti-Arabism in the United States 1355:In a 2018 study conducted by the 1056:University of California Berkeley 7031:Institutionalized discrimination 6201:, Comparative American Studies 2 6101:Emilsen, William (August 2012). 4959:"The GOP's Islamophobia Problem" 4891:Bohn, Katie (January 29, 2020). 4458:Cainkar, Louise (October 2002). 4432:Kroft, Steve (October 5, 2006). 3989:Geneva Sands (August 24, 2020). 3843:Stack, Liam (October 24, 2019). 1648:extremism among American Muslims 1505:internment of Japanese Americans 51: 5292:Nur, Nushrat (March 16, 2019). 4926:Social Science Research Council 4117:. Manchester University Press. 3963:Hofstra L. Rev. 41 (2012): 467. 3167:Khan, Aysha (August 14, 2019). 2883:Hamid, Shadi (August 5, 2019). 1952:which is heavily funded by the 834:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 504:Palestinian genocide allegation 6224:. Carnegie Mellon University. 6013:"THE ANTI-MUSLIM INNER CIRCLE" 4319:American Civil Liberties Union 2548:Smietana, Bob (June 3, 2014). 1780:Islamic Center of Murfreesboro 1085:Islamic Center of Murfreesboro 516:Massacres, torture, expulsion: 1: 6019:. Southern Poverty Law Center 5936:. Winter 2010. Archived from 5898:. NBC News. February 16, 2015 5536:American Behavioral Scientist 4763:"The Muslim and African Bans" 4159:. Santa Barbara, California. 3898:Chandrasekhar, Charu (2003). 2794:Khan, Aysha (July 16, 2019). 2187:Religion in the United States 1956:Initiative and the extremist 1954:David Horowitz Freedom Center 1889:Individuals and organizations 1851:Christchurch mosque shootings 573:Cave of the Patriarchs (1994) 5365:Afrose Kabir, Nahid (2013). 4284:Michigan Sociological Review 2522:Gast, Phil (June 21, 2012). 2274:. Rutgers University Press. 2015:, who has also been a vocal 1958:Stop Islamization of America 1895:Center for American Progress 1636:right-wing political figures 1448:federal immigration facility 1230:Al-Aqrabawi v. Pierce County 1175:to the Christian candidate" 1038:Center for American Progress 796:Muslim Massacre (video game) 717:Almondbury bullying incident 6625:Water supply and sanitation 6103:"The New Atheism and Islam" 4524:Beydoun, Khaled A. (2018). 4155:Thomas, Jeffrey L. (2015). 2452:. Pluto Press. p. 66. 2202:Religion of black Americans 2182:Racism in the United States 1936:Southern Poverty Law Center 1823:Christian Identity religion 1246:government of New York City 1125:Denial of religious freedom 975:Southern Poverty Law Center 7144: 5720:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 3904:Asian American Law Journal 3469:10.1177/089124300014003003 2167:Islam in the United States 1897:published a report titled 1732: 1609:2016 presidential election 1491:President George W. Bush's 1422: 1375:because she was wearing a 1158:Carnegie Mellon University 1116:New York Police Department 6968:Films about social issues 6288: 6156:10.1080/13602000802080486 4581:10.1177/21582440211004172 4379:The New Centennial Review 3651:10.1186/s12978-017-0439-6 3542:Journal of Women's Health 3357:Hammer, Julianne (2010). 3034:10.1007/s10672-009-9132-4 2970:10.1007/s10869-013-9290-0 1868:owner of a nail salon in 1783:9/11 backlash murder was 1772:2015 Chapel Hill shooting 1036:Advocacy groups like the 839:Xinjiang internment camps 653:Northern Sri Lanka (1990) 598:İşkodra and Niş (1877–78) 7036:Religious discrimination 6119:10.1177/0014524612448737 5544:10.1177/0002764218823844 3714:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303374 2935:Acquisti & Fong 2012 2923:Acquisti & Fong 2012 2911:Acquisti & Fong 2012 2142:Middle Eastern Americans 2137:Make America Great Again 2062:African-American Muslims 1655:ABC News/Washington Post 1371:was disqualified from a 1268:A group of Muslim Women. 1185:Civil Rights Act of 1964 1165:with a high fraction of 1046:with only 42 percent of 673:Sabra and Shatila (1982) 6582:Higher education bubble 6283:Islamophobia by country 6169:(subscription required) 5927:"Same Hate, New Target" 5878:"Muslim Biz Gal Beaten" 5019:Religionandpolitics.org 4935:10.35650/md.2006.a.2019 4109:Green, Todd H. (2022). 3694:Samari, Goleen (2016). 2241:Aziz, Sahar F. (2021). 1323:Impact on Public Health 1236:Religious accommodation 965:Muslim American Society 722:Bendigo mosque protests 683:Sétif and Guelma (1945) 499:Pacification of Algeria 138:Muslim immigration bans 25:Anti-Muslim protest in 7026:Housing discrimination 6832:Racial achievement gap 6577:Educational inequality 6307:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4574:(1): 215824402110041. 4499:Arab Studies Quarterly 3393:Armajani, Jon (2004). 3108:Deschenaux, J (2011). 2029:clash of civilizations 1969: 1765:housing discrimination 1713:Virginia Tech shooting 1620:2018 midterm elections 1568: 1554:The administration of 1551: 1501:9/11 terrorist attacks 1486: 1313: 1269: 758:Haridwar hate speeches 29: 6044:Middle East Quarterly 5884:. September 16, 2007. 4391:10.1353/ncr.2006.0018 4081:California Law Review 3959:Figueroa, Tiffani B. 3593:10.1089/heq.2018.0050 3554:10.1089/jwh.2016.5886 3500:Religion News Service 3173:Religion News Service 2830:All Things Considered 2800:Religion and Politics 2443:Lean, Nathan (2012). 2268:Selod, Saher (2018). 2152:South Asian Americans 2122:Executive Order 13780 2117:Executive Order 13769 2017:critic of New Atheism 1967: 1787:, an adherent of the 1565: 1549: 1484: 1401:known as the "sports 1351:In the justice system 1314:Muslim women's health 1267: 1256:Religious retaliation 940:Amnesty International 894:Politically Incorrect 746:Flying imams incident 24: 7016:Caste discrimination 6817:Mass racial violence 6807:Interminority racism 6802:Environmental racism 6230:10.2139/ssrn.2031979 6107:The Expository Times 5779:. February 14, 2015. 5538:: 0002764218823844. 4790:. Boston University. 3941:. September 20, 2019 3874:Agence France-Presse 3429:Abdo, Aliah (2008). 2375:The Associated Press 2011:, has stated, "Like 2003:Christopher Hitchens 1820:right-wing extremist 1818:by adherents of the 1542:Trump administration 1203:Religious harassment 1141:Trump administration 1075:At places of worship 776:Innocence of Muslims 548:Big Excursion (1989) 80:Conspiracy theories 6880:Prison overcrowding 6870:Illegal immigration 6559:Widening income gap 6484:Abusive supervision 6011:Steinback, Robert. 5510:Scientific American 5484:Pew Research Center 5198:The Washington Post 5135:The Washington Post 4812:. November 29, 2017 4237:(August 26, 2017). 3638:Reproductive Health 3258:New York Daily News 3070:. February 15, 2017 2858:Religion Dispatches 2766:. February 28, 2012 2403:Pew Research Center 2378:. September 7, 2021 2300:Love, Erik (2017). 2147:Pakistani Americans 1425:Flying while Muslim 1224:Disparate treatment 849:Trojan Horse affair 801:Quran desecrations 528:Albanians (1912–13) 311:Attacks on mosques: 7011:Age discrimination 6716:Child prostitution 6534:Standard of living 6221:Management Science 5823:The Sacramento Bee 5744:Human Rights First 5657:The New York Times 4620:Network Propaganda 4464:Middle East Report 4341:Middle East Report 4256:10.3390/rel8090165 3849:The New York Times 3457:Gender and Society 2648:The New York Times 2614:The New York Times 1970: 1861:Zohreh Assemi, an 1785:Balbir Singh Sodhi 1708:Fort Hood shooting 1569: 1552: 1487: 1373:cross country race 1270: 1104:religious freedoms 960:Islamophobia Watch 955:Human Rights Watch 877:FrontPage Magazine 618:Kulen Vakuf (1941) 588:Guangzhou (878–79) 553:Bossemptélé (2014) 523:Abu Ghraib (2000s) 480:Chechen and Ingush 278:Conservative Party 188:Bosnia–Herzegovina 30: 7105: 7104: 6973:Freedom of speech 6865:Human trafficking 6797:African Americans 6789:racial inequality 6721:Child trafficking 6648:Domestic violence 6615:Natural disasters 6499:Farmers' suicides 6434: 6433: 5943:on April 12, 2019 4637:978-0-19-092362-4 4537:978-0-520-29779-1 4124:978-1-5261-6174-1 4022:Voytko, Lisette. 3876:. August 12, 2009 3708:(11): 1920–1925. 2870:Rewire News Group 2589:. August 18, 2021 2313:978-1-4798-3807-3 2281:978-0-8135-8834-6 2254:978-0-520-38228-2 2162:Turkish Americans 2132:Kurdish Americans 2127:Iranian Americans 2025:Samuel Huntington 1816:Molotov cocktails 1098:Religious freedom 1019: 1018: 844:Swiss minaret ban 623:Kafr Qasim (1956) 578:Granada (1482–92) 442:California (2001) 166:Status by country 153:Quran desecration 94:Great Replacement 69:Airport profiling 7135: 7097:Police brutality 7072:Political apathy 6837:Racial profiling 6822:Native Americans 6461: 6454: 6447: 6438: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6254: 6249: 6202: 6195: 6189: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6098: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6076: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5962: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5942: 5931: 5923: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5874: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5855:. 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May 20, 2017. 4689: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4659: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4611: 4602: 4601: 4583: 4559: 4542: 4541: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4429: 4420: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4374: 4365: 4364: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4311: 4300: 4299: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4235:Considine, Craig 4231: 4220: 4219: 4210:(1 (91)): 5–21. 4199: 4193: 4192: 4186: 4178: 4152: 4129: 4128: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4087:(4): 1027–1068. 4076: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4054:Business Insider 4048:Davis, Charles. 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4019: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3986: 3977: 3970: 3964: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3931: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3895: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3840: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3791:The Conversation 3781: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3733: 3691: 3682: 3681: 3671: 3653: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3612: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3490: 3481: 3480: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3390: 3375: 3374: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3333: 3307: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3223: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3164: 3147: 3144: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3116:on June 12, 2018 3112:. 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June 13, 2019 5624: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5606:. June 13, 2019 5598: 5597: 5593: 5583: 5581: 5580:. June 13, 2019 5572: 5571: 5567: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5514: 5512: 5504:Grewal, Daisy. 5503: 5502: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5462: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5414: 5413: 5406: 5389: 5377: 5364: 5363: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5324:Washington Post 5317: 5316: 5312: 5302: 5300: 5291: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5259: 5246: 5245: 5220: 5210: 5208: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5128: 5127: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5080: 5078: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5049:. July 26, 2017 5041: 5040: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5012: 5011: 5007: 4997: 4995: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4969: 4967: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4919: 4918: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4890: 4889: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4859: 4858: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4802: 4801: 4794: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4761: 4760: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4731: 4730: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4698:Washington Post 4691: 4690: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4661: 4660: 4651: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4613: 4612: 4605: 4561: 4560: 4545: 4538: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4476:10.2307/1559419 4457: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4438:www.cbsnews.com 4431: 4430: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4376: 4375: 4368: 4353:10.2307/1559418 4338: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4321: 4313: 4312: 4303: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4233: 4232: 4223: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4179: 4167: 4154: 4153: 4132: 4125: 4108: 4107: 4100: 4078: 4077: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3980: 3971: 3967: 3958: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3897: 3896: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3783: 3782: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3693: 3692: 3685: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3492: 3491: 3484: 3454: 3453: 3446: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3405: 3392: 3391: 3378: 3371: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3334: 3322: 3309: 3308: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3286:. June 12, 2014 3278: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3225: 3224: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3166: 3165: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3025:10.1.1.567.6532 3009: 3008: 2993: 2955: 2954: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2863: 2861: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2822: 2821: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2793: 2792: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2732: 2731: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2701: 2700: 2691: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2554:Washington Post 2547: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2449: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2353: 2352: 2321: 2314: 2299: 2298: 2289: 2282: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2240: 2239: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2057: 2037: 2008:The Independent 1921:Identity Europa 1909:ACT for America 1891: 1882: 1859: 1812: 1737: 1731: 1684:civil liberties 1679: 1632: 1605: 1581:Sebastion Gorka 1544: 1479: 1474: 1440: 1431: 1423:Main articles: 1421: 1365: 1353: 1338:JAMA Psychiatry 1334: 1325: 1316: 1311: 1275: 1258: 1238: 1226: 1205: 1181: 1154: 1149: 1132:political right 1127: 1112:Mosque crawlers 1100: 1077: 1063: 1062:estimated that 1015: 986: 985: 984: 970:Muslims Condemn 934: 926: 925: 924: 920:Gates of Vienna 865: 855: 854: 853: 783:Jyllands-Posten 707: 698:Spain (1500–26) 678:Šahovići (1924) 638:Moriscos (1609) 603:Japan (1937–45) 593:Harmanli (1878) 558:Bukovica (1943) 538:Ayyadieh (1191) 513: 453: 308: 298: 297: 296: 167: 159: 158: 157: 63: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7141: 7139: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7110: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7002: 7000: 6998:Discrimination 6994: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6952: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6919: 6917: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6890:Race and crime 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6856: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6749:Women's health 6746: 6740: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6711:Child marriage 6708: 6703: 6698: 6692: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6673:Nuclear family 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6639: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6610:Climate change 6607: 6601: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6573: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6539:Street vendors 6536: 6531: 6529:Slum Clearance 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6494:Cost of living 6491: 6489:Communications 6486: 6480: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6441: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6424: 6422:United Kingdom 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6190: 6181: 6172: 6132: 6093: 6082: 6071: 6060: 6049: 6030: 6003: 5982: 5954: 5909: 5887: 5866: 5840: 5809: 5782: 5764: 5753:on May 8, 2016 5727: 5698: 5677: 5643: 5617: 5591: 5565: 5522: 5496: 5470: 5441: 5404: 5375: 5344: 5310: 5281: 5272: 5258:978-0742539839 5257: 5218: 5184: 5155: 5118: 5092: 5060: 5031: 5005: 4977: 4949: 4909: 4880: 4849: 4823: 4792: 4779: 4749: 4719: 4679: 4649: 4636: 4603: 4543: 4536: 4516: 4505:(4): 218–237. 4489: 4470:(224): 22–29. 4450: 4421: 4412: 4385:(1): 195–224. 4366: 4347:(224): 16–21. 4331: 4301: 4274: 4262: 4221: 4204:Social Justice 4194: 4165: 4130: 4123: 4098: 4066: 4040: 4007: 3978: 3965: 3952: 3921: 3887: 3861: 3830: 3804: 3773: 3745: 3683: 3624: 3587:(1): 264–271. 3567: 3548:(5): 435–441. 3532: 3513: 3482: 3463:(3): 395–417. 3444: 3418: 3404:978-0761829676 3403: 3376: 3369: 3349: 3320: 3297: 3271: 3243: 3213: 3185: 3148: 3136: 3127: 3100: 3081: 3055: 3018:(4): 297–310. 2991: 2964:(4): 439–454. 2939: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2875: 2843: 2812: 2777: 2751: 2722: 2689: 2668: 2634: 2600: 2574: 2540: 2514: 2489: 2463: 2458:j.ctt183p6tt.7 2435: 2415: 2389: 2361: 2319: 2312: 2287: 2280: 2260: 2253: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2107:Arab Americans 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2036: 2033: 1942:Robert Spencer 1934:. In 2011 the 1890: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1858: 1855: 1811: 1808: 1730: 1727: 1718:Faisal Shahzad 1678: 1675: 1631: 1628: 1604: 1601: 1543: 1540: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1439: 1436: 1420: 1417: 1364: 1361: 1352: 1349: 1333: 1330: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1274: 1271: 1257: 1254: 1237: 1234: 1225: 1222: 1204: 1201: 1180: 1177: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1126: 1123: 1099: 1096: 1076: 1073: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1006: 999: 991: 988: 987: 983: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 936: 935: 932: 931: 928: 927: 923: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 890: 885: 880: 873: 867: 866: 861: 860: 857: 856: 852: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 824: 823: 822: 817: 812: 807: 799: 792: 787: 779: 772: 765: 760: 755: 754: 753: 743: 741:Erklärung 2018 738: 733: 727:Bulli Bai case 724: 719: 713: 706: 705: 700: 695: 690: 688:Shadian (1975) 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 643:Myanmar (2015) 640: 635: 630: 628:Lasithi (1897) 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 583:Gujarat (2002) 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 543:Baghdad (1258) 540: 535: 530: 525: 519: 512: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 484:Crimean Tatars 477: 476: 475: 470: 459: 452: 451: 450: 449: 444: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 415: 414: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 313: 309: 304: 303: 300: 299: 295: 294: 293: 292: 282: 281: 280: 273:United Kingdom 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 169: 168: 165: 164: 161: 160: 156: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 129: 128: 123: 118: 108: 107: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 78: 77: 76: 65: 64: 61: 60: 57: 56: 48: 47: 41: 40: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7140: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6785: 6781: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6462: 6457: 6455: 6450: 6448: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6428: 6427:United States 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6278: 6273: 6271: 6266: 6264: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6194: 6191: 6185: 6182: 6176: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6136: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6034: 6031: 6018: 6014: 6007: 6004: 5992: 5986: 5983: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5883: 5882:New York Post 5879: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5841: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5810: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5783: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5709: 5702: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5644: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5526: 5523: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5497: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5471: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5442: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5376:9780748669936 5372: 5369:. Edinburgh. 5368: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5314: 5311: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5185: 5173: 5172:BuzzFeed News 5169: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5093: 5088: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5064: 5061: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5020: 5016: 5009: 5006: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4978: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4953: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4838: 4837:BuzzFeed News 4834: 4827: 4824: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4639: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4520: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4451: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4332: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4195: 4190: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4166:9781440830990 4162: 4158: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4041: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4008: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3914:September 26, 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3749: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3581:Health Equity 3578: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3521:Khlid, Asma. 3517: 3514: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3370:9780292742727 3366: 3362: 3361: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3321:9780199862634 3317: 3313: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3285: 3284:pospislaw.com 3281: 3275: 3272: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3247: 3244: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3186: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3082: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2937:, p. 22. 2936: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2876: 2871: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2847: 2844: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2635: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2601: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2541: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2515: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2447: 2439: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2390: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2309: 2306:. NYU Press. 2305: 2304: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2067:American Jews 2065: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1893:In 2011, the 1888: 1886: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1870:Locust Valley 1867: 1864: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1666: 1663: 1662:BuzzFeed News 1658: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1593:Britain First 1589: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577:Michael Flynn 1574: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1548: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1483: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1437: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1332:Mental health 1331: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1272: 1266: 1262: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1244:In 2017, the 1242: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1210: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1151: 1147:In employment 1146: 1144: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1105: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1069:John Esposito 1064:$ 206 million 1061: 1057: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1031: 1030:racialization 1027: 1023: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1000: 998: 993: 992: 990: 989: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 937: 930: 929: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 895: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 878: 874: 872: 869: 868: 864: 859: 858: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 829: 828:Serbia Strong 825: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 802: 800: 798: 797: 793: 791: 788: 786: 784: 780: 778: 777: 773: 771: 770: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 752: 749: 748: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 712: 711: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 693:Sohmor (1984) 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 658:Norway (2011) 656: 654: 651: 649: 648:Nellie (1983) 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 563:Beirut (1975) 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 520: 518: 517: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 481: 478: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 464: 461: 460: 458: 457: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 437: 435: 432: 430: 429:Sweden (2014) 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 413: 410: 409: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 314: 312: 307: 302: 301: 291: 288: 287: 286: 285:United States 283: 279: 276: 275: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 163: 162: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 113: 112: 109: 105: 102: 100: 99:Halal-related 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 84:Counter-jihad 82: 81: 79: 75: 74:United States 72: 71: 70: 67: 66: 59: 58: 54: 50: 49: 46: 42: 38: 34: 33: 28: 23: 19: 7087:Human rights 7045:Other issues 6928:Malnutrition 6812:Islamophobia 6811: 6764:Prostitution 6744:Acid attacks 6668:Martial rape 6643:Cohabitation 6605:Conservation 6554:Unemployment 6549:Urbanization 6509:Land reforms 6426: 6219: 6197:Rath, Sura, 6193: 6184: 6175: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6110: 6106: 6096: 6085: 6074: 6063: 6052: 6043: 6033: 6023:February 12, 6021:. 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