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united. Beard oversimplified the controversies relating to federal economic policy, for neither section unanimously supported or opposed measures such as the protective tariff, appropriations for internal improvements, or the creation of a national banking system.... During the 1850s, federal economic policy gave no substantial cause for southern disaffection, for policy was largely determined by pro-Southern
Congresses and administrations. Finally, the characteristic posture of the conservative northeastern business community was far from anti-Southern. Most merchants, bankers, and manufacturers were outspoken in their hostility to antislavery agitation and eager for sectional compromise in order to maintain their profitable business connections with the South. The conclusion seems inescapable that if economic differences, real though they were, had been all that troubled relations between North and South, there would be no substantial basis for the idea of an irrepressible conflict.
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no longer be disguised, that the peculiar domestick institution of the
Southern States and the consequent direction which that and her soil have given to her industry, has placed them in regard to taxation and appropriations in opposite relation to the majority of the Union, against the danger of which, if there be no protective power in the reserved rights of the states they must in the end be forced to rebel, or, submit to have their paramount interests sacrificed, their domestic institutions subordinated by Colonization and other schemes, and themselves and children reduced to wretchedness." Ellis, Richard E.,
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perspective, to defend the nation after it was attacked at Fort Sumter. Lincoln's war goals evolved as the war progressed. Lincoln mentioned the need for national unity in his March 1861 inaugural address after seven states had already declared their secession. At first
Lincoln stressed preserving the Union as a war goal to unite the War Democrats, border states, and Republicans. In 1862, he added emancipation, finding it a military necessity for preserving the Union. In his second inaugural address, Lincoln said that slavery "was, somehow, the cause of the war". In his 1863
86:
149:. Republicans also saw support for a Homestead Act, a higher tariff and a transcontinental railroad as a flank attack on the slave power. There were enough Southern senators to keep the tariff low after 1846. Even when the tariff was higher three decades before the war, only South Carolina revolted, and the issue was nullification, not secession. The tariff was much lower by 1861. When the Confederacy was formed it set a very high 15% tariff on all imports, including imports from the United States.
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73:, which was South Carolina's attempt to nullify a tariff and lasted from 1828 to 1832. The tariff was low after 1846, and the tariff issue faded into the background by 1860 when secession began. States' rights was the justification for nullification and later secession. The most controversial right claimed by Southern states was the alleged right of Southerners to extend slavery into territories acquired by the United States.
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344:. At the outset of the war, though there was pressure to do so, not even the abolition of slavery was stated as a goal. While the existence of slavery in slave states could be tolerated, it was the issue of its expansion into the new Western territories that made the conflict irrepressible. Slavery was at the root of economic, moral, and political differences that led to states' rights claims and secession.
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324:, defined equality in terms of the equal rights of states and opposed the declaration that all men are created equal. The Constitution does include states' rights elements in that each state has the same number of senators, and certain rights are reserved to the states or to the people. Southerners such as Davis interpreted these rights as a shield against a numerical majority of Northerners.
119:— who abandoned Beardism after 1950 — sums up the scholarly consensus: "Most historians...now see no compelling reason why the divergent economies of the North and South should have led to disunion and civil war; rather, they find stronger practical reasons why the sections, whose economies neatly complemented one another, should have found it advantageous to remain united."
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war, a red vertical bar was added to the right edge of the flag to show that the South would never surrender, although this flag was quickly followed by
Appomattox and Confederate defeat. The Confederacy had other flags as well, including the Bonnie Blue Flag. The Confederate Battle Flag was originally the flag of the Army of Northern Virginia, and was square.
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well above that in the South, it was only a matter of time before the North, not the South, controlled the federal government. Until 1860 most presidents were either
Southern or pro-South. The North's growing population would mean the election of pro-North presidents, and the addition of free-soil states would end Southern parity with the North in the Senate.
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numerous studies by economic historians the past several decades reveal that economic conflict was not an inherent condition of North-South relations during the antebellum era and did not cause the Civil War." When numerous groups tried at the last minute in 1860–61 to find a compromise to avert war, they did not turn to economic policies.
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was rejected by the medical establishment until after the war, and a large number of soldier deaths were caused by this. Army surgeons used the same saw to amputate limbs of different soldiers without cleaning or sterilizing, and, although some anesthesia existed, it was rarely used, and many injured
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When arguing for the equality of states, Jefferson Davis said, "Who has been in advance of him in the fiery charge on the rights of the States, and in assuming to the
Federal Government the power to crush and to coerce them? Even to-day he has repeated his doctrines. He tells us this is a Government
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As early as 1830, in the midst of the
Nullification Crisis, Calhoun identified the right to own slaves as the chief southern minority right being threatened. As Calhoun said: "I consider the tariff act as the occasion, rather than the real cause of the present unhappy state of things. The truth can
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Questions such as whether the Union was older than the states or the other way around fueled the debate over states' rights. Whether the federal government was supposed to have substantial powers or whether it was merely a voluntary federation of sovereign states added to the controversy. According
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was the Stars and Bars, which looked similar to the Union Stars and
Stripes and caused confusion on battle fields. The Stars and Bars was replaced with the Stainless Banner, which was mostly white, and was sometimes mistaken for a white flag of surrender when the wind was down. Near the end of the
296:
Behind the "states' rights" arguments is the fact that the South was losing influence in the country as a whole. The North was more prosperous; its industrial economy produced more, and permitted faster population growth, than did the South's plantation economy. With population growth in the North
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at first, but came to oppose them in the 1820s as sectional tensions between North and South grew along with the increasingly sectional nature of slavery. Calhoun was a plantation owner who claimed that slavery was a positive good. Also, Calhoun said that slavery was the cause of the
Nullification
76:
Under
Lincoln's leadership, the war was fought to preserve the Union. However, as the war evolved in response to political and military issues, Lincoln decided in 1862 that slavery had to end in order for the Union to be restored. He was faced with the questions of how to free the slaves and, once
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Southerners were acting as a "conscious minority" and hoped that a strict constructionist interpretation of the Constitution would limit federal power over the states and that a defense of states' rights against federal encroachments or even nullification or secession would save the South. As the
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Most historians...now see no compelling reason why the divergent economies of the North and South should have led to disunion and civil war; rather, they find stronger practical reasons why the sections, whose economies neatly complemented one another, should have found it advantageous to remain
241:
To the old Union they had said that the Federal power had no authority to interfere with slavery issues in a state. To their new nation they would declare that the state had no power to interfere with a federal protection of slavery. Of all the many testimonials to the fact that slavery, and not
110:
in the 1920s made a highly influential argument to the effect that these differences caused the war (rather than slavery or constitutional debates). He saw the industrial Northeast forming a coalition with the agrarian Midwest against the Plantation South. Critics pointed out that his image of a
955:
When arguing against equality of individuals, Davis said, "We recognize the fact of the inferiority stamped upon that race of men by the Creator, and from the cradle to the grave, our Government, as a civil institution, marks that inferiority". Jefferson Davis' reply in the Senate to William H.
347:
Slavery greatly increased the likelihood of secession, which in turn made war probable, irrespective of the North's stated war aims, which at first addressed strategic military concerns as opposed to ultimate political and constitutional ones. Hostilities began as an attempt, from the Northern
96:
was the major cause of the American Civil War, with the South seceding to form a new country to protect slavery, and the North refusing to allow that. Historians generally agree that other economic conflicts were not a major cause of the war. Economic historian Lee A. Craig reports, "In fact,
111:
unified Northeast was incorrect because the region was highly diverse with many different competing economic interests. In 1860–61, most business interests in the Northeast opposed war. After 1950, only a few mainstream historians accepted the Beard interpretation, though it was accepted by
263:
to demand federal jurisdiction over slaves who escaped into the North. Anti-slavery forces took opposite stances on these issues. The Fugitive Slave Clause in the Constitution was the result of compromises between North and South when the Constitution was written. It was implemented by the
161:
has argued that a free-labor ideology dominated thinking in the North, which emphasized economic opportunity. By contrast, Southerners described free labor as "greasy mechanics, filthy operators, small-fisted farmers, and moonstruck theorists". They strongly opposed the proposed
259:, the federal government's powers were limited to those specified in the Constitution, and since the federal government could not take away any state's rights, it had no power to prevent slaves from being carried into new territories. States' rights advocates also cited the
127:
The Southerners in Congress set the federal tariffs on imported goods, especially the low tariff rates in 1857; this led to resentment by Northern industrialists. Controversy over whether slavery was at the root of the tariff issue dates back at least as far as the
397:) thought that the war would be short at first. Nineteenth-century Americans didn't believe in peacetime armies, and the process of building armies was time-consuming. War profiteers sold badly made equipment and rancid food at high prices when the war began.
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of South Carolina said, "The anti-slavery party contend that slavery is wrong in itself, and the Government is a consolidated national democracy. We of the South contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States."
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which we will learn is not merely a Government of the States, but a Government of each individual of the people of the United States". Jefferson Davis's reply in the Senate to William H. Seward, Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol, February 29, 1860, From
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for blacks. Decades later, Georgia flaggers claimed that the Confederate Battle Flag design was a symbol of Southern heritage, although others saw it as a symbol of the Klan and slavery. The flag was redesigned by governor
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had warned that giving too much power to the federal government, especially on such an open-ended issue as internal improvement, could ultimately provide it with the power to emancipate slaves against their owners'
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The South, Midwest, and Northeast had quite different worldviews. They traded with each other, and each became more prosperous by staying in the Union, a point many businessmen made in 1860–61. However,
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Jefferson Davis stated that a "disparaging discrimination" and a fight for "liberty" against "the tyranny of an unbridled majority" gave the Confederate states a right to secede. In 1860, Congressman
222:" when the war began, and then said, after the South was defeated, that the war was not about slavery but states' rights. According to Stampp, Stephens became one of the most ardent defenders of the
182:
to supervise and protect the legal and economic status of the freed slaves. It operated across the former slave states 1865-1872. Proposals were made to seize Confederate property and give land ("
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was banned in the South and publicized by Northern Republicans. Helper, a native of North Carolina, argued in his book that slavery was bad for the economic prospects of poor white Southerners.
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and redesigned again with the Stars and Bars replacing the Confederate Battle Flag on the Georgia state flag. South Carolina had a Confederate Battle Flag first above and then next to the
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731:(1965), p. 257. Ellis further notes that "Calhoun and the nullifiers were not the first southerners to link slavery with states' rights. At various points in their careers,
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450:) to get away with murder and required the execution of soldiers who fell asleep at their posts or for desertion. Lincoln pardoned many of the latter group of soldiers.
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132:. During the debate at Alton, Lincoln said that slavery was the root cause of the Nullification crisis over a tariff, while his challenger Stephen Douglas disagreed.
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during an argument and later pulled up a bridge to keep emancipated slaves from following Sherman's army. Trapped ex-slaves were then killed by Confederate General
503:, which stirred controversy that local newspapers referred to as the "flag flap"; it was removed after extensive local debate and a 2/3 vote of both houses of the
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that would give out free farms in the West, fearing the small farmers would oppose plantation slavery. Indeed, opposition to homestead laws was far more common in
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This article is about the Civil War as it has been seen after it ended. For the issues of the Civil War as seen during the war and during the lead-up to it, see
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Woods, Michael E. "What twenty-first-century historians have said about the causes of disunion: A Civil war sesquicentennial review of the recent literature."
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was a free trade extremist who opposed the tariff. However, Rhett was also a slavery extremist who wanted the Constitution of the Confederacy to legalize the
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When the Civil War began, the Union did not state that its goals were civil rights and voting rights for African Americans, though the more radical of the
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needed the written permission of their husbands to send the money to Union hospitals. Any money a married woman had legally belonged to her husband.
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Modern Confederate flag controversies include the Confederate Battle Flag design that was added to the Georgia state flag as a protest against
309:'s theory of states' rights, "Governments, observed Calhoun, were formed to protect minorities, for majorities could take care of themselves".
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regarded the territories as the "common property" of sovereign states and said that Congress was acting merely as the states' agent.
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Jefferson Davis' Second Inaugural Address, Virginia Capitol, Richmond, February 22, 1862 Transcribed from Dunbar Rowland, ed.,
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Towers, Frank. "Partisans, New History, and Modernization: The Historiography of the Civil War's Causes, 1861–2011."
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412:), Bloody Bill Anderson, the Younger Brothers, and Jesse and Frank James killed pro-Union civilians in Missouri and
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435:. The South had even greater problems with desertion, especially during the last two years of the war.
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624:(1969); for one dissenter see Marc Signal. "The Beards Were Right: Parties in the North, 1840–1860".
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Foner, Eric et al. "Talking Civil War History: A Conversation with Eric Foner and James McPherson,"
207:, each section used states' rights arguments when convenient and shifted positions when convenient.
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Lawrence Keitt, Congressman from South Carolina, in a speech to the House on January 25, 1860:
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and pass laws that would require every free black in the South to choose a master or mistress.
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states rights, really lay at the heart of their movement, this was the most eloquent of all.
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Eldridge, Brandon M. (2021) "The Ever-Evolving Historiography of the American Civil War,"
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Crisis. While most leaders of Southern secession in 1860 mentioned slavery as the cause,
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James McPherson, "Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism: A New Look at an Old Question,"
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also mentioned inconsistencies in Southern states' rights arguments. He explained the
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The Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States' Rights, and the Nullification Crisis
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Grow, Matthew. "The shadow of the civil war: A historiography of civil war memory."
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Southern courts refused to convict the owners of illegal slave ships such as the
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The question of how important the tariff was in causing the war stems from the
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soldiers had to drink liquor or bite leather or a bullet during amputations.
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The North had its share of problems with desertion, bounty jumpers, and the
340:, ending slavery, was proposed in 1863. They became major issues during the
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he added preserving democracy to emancipation and the Union as a war goal.
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felt they had to come. They emerged as political goals during the war: the
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Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Crisis in South Carolina 1816–1836
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The vagaries of 19th-century law allowed some (including Union soldiers
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Civil War memories: Contesting the past in the United States since 1865
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to remove the Confederate Battle Flag from the Mississippi state flag.
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Origins of the American Civil War#Historiographical debates on causes
805:
Richard Hofstadter, "The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War",
287:
255:" debate cut across the issues. Southerners argued that under the
218:
as an example of a Southern leader who said that slavery was the "
193:
84:
702:"John C. Calhoun and Slavery as a 'Positive Good': What He Said"
389:
Many people on both sides of the war (with exceptions including
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3802:
List of films and television shows about the American Civil War
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2300:
1523:
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1186:
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Blair, William A. "Finding the Ending of America’s Civil War."
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they were free, what their legal and economic status would be.
1179:(1996), 750 pages of historiography; see part IV on Causation.
1061:, The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay 1776–1854, p. 22.
956:
Seward, Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol, February 29, 1860, from
642:
The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil War
1177:
The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research
618:
The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research
596:
The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research
416:. There were also attacks on Southern civilians by pro-Union
64:
President Abraham Lincoln's views and goals regarding slavery
1049:
Allan Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln, vol. 2, pp. 33-37.
755:
Look Away!: A History of the Confederate States of America
896:
Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny 1847–1852
620:(1996), 145 151 505 512 554 557 684; Richard Hofstadter,
460:) was especially notorious. He shot fellow Union soldier
1012:
Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865
216:
A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States
237:
protection of slavery at the national level as follows:
1142:
Neely Jr, Mark E. "Lincoln, slavery, and the nation."
276:. The Southern politician and states' rights advocate
39:
examines how the past has been viewed or interpreted.
1106:
Rethinking the Civil War Era: Directions for Research
821:
LaWanda Cox, "The promise of land for the freedmen."
622:
The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Harrington
526:
Bibliography of the American Civil War#Historiography
4437:
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
576:
Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War
246:
4716:
4680:
4574:
4528:
4492:
4422:
4374:
4336:
4296:
4255:
4172:
4003:
3994:
3913:
3794:
3679:
3621:
3566:
3475:
3364:
3277:
3256:
3214:
3186:
3177:
3030:
2782:
2747:
2654:
2523:
2516:
2456:
2320:
2313:
2238:
1985:
1978:
1809:
1665:
1624:
1592:
1559:
1552:
1416:
1334:
1235:
4397:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
690:Lincoln-Douglas debate at Alton, October 15, 1858
482:There were many flag controversies. The original
3488:Confederate States presidential election of 1861
1040:, The Emergence of Lincoln, vol. 1, pp. 434-437.
1028:, New York: Harper & Row, 1977, pp. 386-388.
781:Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing, 1852–1857
468:'s army, and others drowned trying to flee into
1127:A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction
962:Congressional Globe, 36th Congress, 1st Session
944:Congressional Globe, 36th Congress, 1st Session
456:(not to be confused with Confederate President
239:
3312:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
3864:
1198:
942:, Volume 6, pp. 277-84. Transcribed from the
551:Historiography of the United States#Civil War
247:States' rights and slavery in the territories
198:Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy
186:") to freedmen, but Congress never approved.
8:
990:(Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 110–113
521:American Civil War#Memory and historiography
210:Stampp mentioned Confederate Vice President
960:, vol. 6, pp. 277-84. Transcribed from the
571:Slavery in the United States#Historiography
4371:
4252:
4000:
3871:
3857:
3849:
3361:
3344:
3183:
2744:
2733:
2520:
2317:
2310:
2297:
1982:
1556:
1549:
1520:
1232:
1221:
1205:
1191:
1183:
4500:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
531:Civil War Institute at Gettysburg College
283:
4780:Historiography of the American Civil War
1401:Treatment of slaves in the United States
1117:Australasian Journal of American Studies
863:William C. Davis, Look Away, pages 97–98
3144:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
1316:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
911:, Volume 5, pp. 198–203. Summarized in
727:(1987), p. 193; Freehling, William W.,
587:
541:Commemoration of the American Civil War
3129:Modern display of the Confederate flag
988:America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink
1326:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
1108:(University Press of Kentucky, 2018)
170:rhetoric than opposition to tariffs.
7:
823:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
153:Free labor vs. pro-slavery arguments
4442:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
3483:Committee on the Conduct of the War
3159:United Daughters of the Confederacy
1137:American Nineteenth Century History
4785:Politics of the American Civil War
3553:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
2892:impeachment managers investigation
1271:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1001:Lectures on the American Civil War
909:Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist
700:Wilson, Clyde N. (June 26, 2014).
305:described the Southern politician
284:States' rights and minority rights
25:
2978:Reconstruction military districts
1426:Abolitionism in the United States
1381:Plantations in the American South
1296:Origins of the American Civil War
366:The Impending Crisis of the South
41:Historiographic issues about the
31:Origins of the American Civil War
4753:
4752:
4594:Palestinian expulsion and flight
3832:
3823:
3822:
2961:Enforcement Act of February 1871
2934:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867
178:The Union government set up the
18:Issues of the American Civil War
4457:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
4392:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
4199:Causes of the Armenian genocide
3746:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
3608:When Johnny Comes Marching Home
3169:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
1026:The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861
130:Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858
4729:Gunpowder and gun transmission
4603:Zionism as settler colonialism
2849:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
872:McPherson, Battle Cry, page 57
807:The American Historical Review
507:. Mississippi residents voted
268:and later strengthened by the
220:cornerstone of the Confederacy
1:
3264:Ladies' Memorial Associations
2966:Enforcement Act of April 1871
2862:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
1154:Journal of the Civil War Era
958:The Papers of Jefferson Davis
940:The Papers of Jefferson Davis
913:The Papers of Jefferson Davis
561:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
475:Women who raised money for a
101:Regional economic differences
3397:Confederate revolving cannon
3139:Sons of Confederate Veterans
3010:South Carolina riots of 1876
2988:Indian Council at Fort Smith
2939:South Carolina riots of 1876
2904:Knights of the White Camelia
1396:Slavery in the United States
189:
174:Economic status of ex-slaves
52:origins or causes of the war
4361:German resistance to Nazism
4217:Persian famine of 1917–1919
3751:New York City riots of 1863
3576:Battle Hymn of the Republic
3327:United Confederate Veterans
3164:Children of the Confederacy
3154:United Confederate Veterans
3149:Southern Historical Society
1781:Price's Missouri Expedition
1251:Timeline leading to the War
1164:Journal of American History
1144:Journal of American History
883:The Causes of the Civil War
852:The Causes of the Civil War
839:The Causes of the Civil War
320:The South's chosen leader,
4801:
4366:Nazi foreign policy debate
3719:Confederate Secret Service
3307:Grand Army of the Republic
3199:Grand Army of the Republic
3017:Southern Claims Commission
1119:(2011) 30#2 pp. 1–32
1076:American Historical Review
638:Kenneth M. Stampp (1981).
505:South Carolina Legislature
446:and Southern secessionist
400:Confederate guerrillas or
266:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
235:Confederate Constitution's
28:
4747:
4514:Second Sino-Japanese War
3889:
3818:
3707:Confederate States dollar
3518:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
3513:Emancipation Proclamation
3407:Medal of Honor recipients
3360:
3343:
3295:Confederate Memorial Hall
3097:Confederate Memorial Hall
3070:Confederate History Month
3050:Civil War Discovery Trail
2951:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
2757:Reconstruction Amendments
2743:
2732:
2309:
2296:
1548:
1519:
1366:Emancipation Proclamation
1231:
1220:
1078:120.5 (2015): 1753-1766.
704:. The Abbeville Institute
628:47, no. 1. (2001): 30-56.
546:Confederate History Month
433:New York City draft riots
115:economists. As historian
4432:Auschwitz bombing debate
4118:Indian Rebellion of 1857
3969:Late Bronze Age collapse
3903:List of military museums
3781:U.S. Sanitary Commission
3692:Battlefield preservation
3598:Marching Through Georgia
3523:Hampton Roads Conference
3498:Confiscation Act of 1862
3493:Confiscation Act of 1861
3269:U.S. national cemeteries
3075:Confederate Memorial Day
3060:Civil War Trails Program
2929:New Orleans riot of 1866
594:Craig in Woodworth, ed.
272:, which was part of the
4382:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
4241:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3702:Confederate war finance
3322:Southern Cross of Honor
3290:1938 Gettysburg reunion
3285:1913 Gettysburg reunion
2983:Reconstruction Treaties
2956:Enforcement Act of 1870
2839:Freedman's Savings Bank
1456:Lane Debates on Slavery
1281:Lincoln–Douglas debates
809:44#1 (1938), pp. 50-55
328:Clarification of causes
4505:"Battle for Australia"
4387:Soviet offensive plans
4356:Broad vs. narrow front
4195:Late Ottoman genocides
3761:Richmond riots of 1863
3687:Baltimore riot of 1861
3467:U.S. Military Railroad
3387:Confederate Home Guard
3119:Historiographic issues
3085:Historical reenactment
1584:Revenue Cutter Service
1451:William Lloyd Garrison
1360:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1166:99.2 (2012): 415-439.
1146:96.2 (2009): 456-458.
825:45.3 (1958): 413-440.
293:
244:
199:
184:Forty acres and a mule
90:
4734:Torsion mangonel myth
4666:Sri Lankan Civil War
3726:Great Revival of 1863
3603:Maryland, My Maryland
3392:Confederate railroads
3055:Civil War Roundtables
2924:Meridian riot of 1871
2919:Memphis riots of 1866
1476:George Luther Stearns
1461:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
1354:Crittenden Compromise
1156:1.2 (2011): 237-264.
975:Battle Cry of Freedom
973:McPherson, James M.,
796:50#4 (2004), page 421
768:Battle Cry of Freedom
607:Donald 2001 pp 134-38
462:William "Bull" Nelson
291:
261:Fugitive Slave Clause
197:
190:States' rights issues
138:internal improvements
88:
4351:"Blitzkrieg" concept
4222:Powder keg of Europe
4097:Franco-Prussian War
3613:Daar kom die Alibama
3528:National Union Party
3204:memorials to Lincoln
3124:Lost Cause mythology
2829:Eufaula riot of 1874
2817:Confederate refugees
2030:District of Columbia
1657:Union naval blockade
1503:Underground Railroad
1291:Nullification crisis
1173:Woodworth, Steven E.
1059:William W. Freehling
1003:, pp. 2–16 and 76–77
536:Civil War Roundtable
384:Atlantic slave trade
71:Nullification Crisis
4687:Russo-Georgian War
4660:Sovereignty dispute
4639:Iranian Revolution
4469:"Polish death camp"
4446:In relation to the
4155:Myth of English aid
4146:War of the Pacific
3923:Albigensian Crusade
3771:Supreme Court cases
3538:Radical Republicans
3317:Old soldiers' homes
3301:Confederate Veteran
3227:artworks in Capitol
2946:Reconstruction acts
2807:Colfax riot of 1873
1771:Richmond-Petersburg
1376:Fugitive slave laws
1306:Popular sovereignty
1286:Missouri Compromise
1276:Kansas-Nebraska Act
1139:4.2 (2003): 77-103.
999:James Ford Rhodes,
986:Kenneth M. Stampp,
926:Congressional Globe
881:Kenneth M. Stampp,
850:Kenneth M. Stampp,
837:Kenneth M. Stampp,
674:The Imperiled Union
672:Kenneth M. Stampp.
361:Hinton Rowan Helper
147:African Slave Trade
4702:Syrian revolution
4614:Malayan Emergency
4589:1948 Palestine war
4322:Spanish Civil War
4272:War guilt question
4081:American Civil War
4061:Invasion of Russia
4037:New Russian School
3592:A Lincoln Portrait
3533:Politicians killed
3457:U.S. Balloon Corps
3452:Union corps badges
3232:memorials to Davis
3102:Disenfranchisement
2973:Reconstruction era
2854:Timber Culture Act
2812:Compromise of 1877
1776:Franklin–Nashville
1446:Frederick Douglass
1349:Cornerstone Speech
1266:Compromise of 1850
1214:American Civil War
1087:(JHU Press, 2017)
915:, Volume 8, p. 55.
811:full text in JSTOR
753:William C. Davis,
454:Jefferson C. Davis
444:Jefferson C. Davis
395:William T. Sherman
350:Gettysburg Address
342:Reconstruction era
294:
292:Frederick Douglass
274:Compromise of 1850
270:Fugitive Slave Act
212:Alexander Stephens
200:
91:
43:American Civil War
4767:
4766:
4570:
4569:
4448:Armenian genocide
4311:Polish–Soviet War
4306:Burning of Smyrna
4292:
4291:
4282:Reichstag inquiry
4205:Patriotic consent
4076:
4075:
4051:War in the Vendée
4015:French Revolution
3997:century conflicts
3986:Peloponnesian War
3947:Eighty Years' War
3846:
3845:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3644:Italian Americans
3629:African Americans
3586:John Brown's Body
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3252:
3251:
3090:Robert E. Lee Day
2834:Freedmen's Bureau
2797:Brooks–Baxter War
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2512:
2511:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
1701:Northern Virginia
1647:Trans-Mississippi
1620:
1619:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1407:Uncle Tom's Cabin
1344:African Americans
1129:Blackwell, 2005)
794:Civil War History
766:James McPherson,
657:978-0-19-502681-8
626:Civil War History
410:Quantrill Raiders
406:William Quantrill
314:Laurence M. Keitt
205:Kenneth M. Stampp
180:Freedmen's Bureau
16:(Redirected from
4792:
4756:
4755:
4739:War and genocide
4563:
4549:Résistancialisme
4536:Battle of France
4518:Nanjing Massacre
4372:
4253:
4249:
4213:
4163:
4045:
4028:
4001:
3928:Catharism debate
3914:pre-18th century
3896:Military history
3873:
3866:
3859:
3850:
3836:
3826:
3825:
3649:Native Americans
3634:German Americans
3427:Partisan rangers
3422:Official Records
3362:
3345:
3237:memorials to Lee
3184:
2745:
2734:
2521:
2318:
2311:
2298:
2271:Washington, D.C.
2065:Indian Territory
2025:Dakota Territory
1983:
1900:Chancellorsville
1691:Jackson's Valley
1681:Blockade runners
1557:
1550:
1521:
1481:Thaddeus Stevens
1471:Lysander Spooner
1431:Susan B. Anthony
1233:
1222:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1184:
1125:Ford, Lacy, ed.
1104:Escott, Paul D.
1083:Cook, Robert J.
1062:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1004:
997:
991:
984:
978:
971:
965:
953:
947:
935:
929:
922:
916:
905:
899:
892:
886:
879:
873:
870:
864:
861:
855:
848:
842:
835:
829:
819:
813:
803:
797:
790:
784:
777:
771:
764:
758:
751:
745:
720:
714:
713:
711:
709:
697:
691:
688:
682:
681:
668:
662:
661:
645:
635:
629:
614:
608:
605:
599:
592:
484:Confederate flag
414:Lawrence, Kansas
231:William C. Davis
108:Charles A. Beard
21:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4762:
4743:
4724:Conflict thesis
4712:
4676:
4566:
4557:
4524:
4488:
4418:
4370:
4332:
4298:Interwar period
4288:
4258:
4251:
4243:
4227:Schlieffen Plan
4207:
4168:
4157:
4072:
4039:
4022:
4007:
3996:
3990:
3974:Dorian invasion
3959:Fall of Babylon
3915:
3909:
3908:
3885:
3877:
3847:
3842:
3806:
3790:
3675:
3639:Irish Americans
3617:
3562:
3471:
3462:U.S. Home Guard
3402:Field artillery
3356:
3355:
3331:
3273:
3248:
3210:
3179:
3173:
3065:Civil War Trust
3032:
3026:
2914:Ethnic violence
2899:Kirk–Holden war
2778:
2739:
2716:
2650:
2508:
2452:
2305:
2280:
2234:
1987:
1974:
1805:
1786:Sherman's March
1766:Bermuda Hundred
1661:
1616:
1588:
1544:
1543:
1507:
1466:J. Sella Martin
1436:James G. Birney
1412:
1330:
1256:Bleeding Kansas
1244:
1227:
1216:
1211:
1096:Graduate Review
1071:
1069:Further reading
1066:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1022:David M. Potter
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
998:
994:
985:
981:
972:
968:
954:
950:
936:
932:
923:
919:
906:
902:
893:
889:
880:
876:
871:
867:
862:
858:
849:
845:
836:
832:
820:
816:
804:
800:
791:
787:
778:
774:
765:
761:
752:
748:
741:Nathaniel Macon
721:
717:
707:
705:
699:
698:
694:
689:
685:
676:. p. 198.
671:
669:
665:
658:
637:
636:
632:
616:Woolworth, ed.
615:
611:
606:
602:
593:
589:
584:
517:
458:Jefferson Davis
358:
330:
322:Jefferson Davis
307:John C. Calhoun
286:
278:John C. Calhoun
257:Tenth Amendment
249:
192:
176:
155:
134:John C. Calhoun
125:
103:
89:Abraham Lincoln
83:
81:Economic issues
48:name of the war
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4798:
4796:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4772:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4696:Responsibility
4693:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4652:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4608:New Historians
4605:
4600:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4474:Responsibility
4471:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4454:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4250:
4238:
4232:Spirit of 1914
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4202:
4192:
4189:Fischer thesis
4178:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4152:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4132:
4130:Paraguayan War
4127:
4126:
4125:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4056:Napoleonic era
4053:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4034:
4029:
4020:Pre-revolution
4011:
4009:
4005:Coalition Wars
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3883:historiography
3878:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3830:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3786:Women soldiers
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3741:Naming the war
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3377:Campaign Medal
3374:
3368:
3366:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:Related topics
3349:
3348:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3190:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3080:Decoration Day
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3036:
3034:
3033:Reconstruction
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2887:second inquiry
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2844:Homestead Acts
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Alabama Claims
2788:
2786:
2784:Reconstruction
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2772:15th Amendment
2769:
2767:14th Amendment
2764:
2762:13th Amendment
2753:
2751:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2393:J. E. Johnston
2390:
2388:A. S. Johnston
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2328:R. H. Anderson
2324:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2190:South Carolina
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2165:North Carolina
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1890:Fredericksburg
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1830:Wilson's Creek
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1642:Lower Seaboard
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1498:Harriet Tubman
1495:
1494:
1493:
1486:Charles Sumner
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1321:States' rights
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1140:
1133:
1123:
1113:
1102:
1098:1#1 pp. 55-61
1092:
1081:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1042:
1030:
1014:
1005:
992:
979:
966:
964:, pp. 916–918.
948:
930:
917:
900:
887:
874:
865:
856:
843:
830:
814:
798:
785:
779:Allan Nevins,
772:
759:
746:
715:
692:
683:
663:
656:
630:
609:
600:
598:(1996), p. 505
586:
585:
583:
580:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
516:
513:
470:Ebenezer Creek
466:Joseph Wheeler
448:William Yancey
440:Daniel Sickles
357:
356:Related issues
354:
338:13th Amendment
329:
326:
285:
282:
253:States' rights
248:
245:
229:The historian
191:
188:
175:
172:
164:Homestead Acts
154:
151:
124:
121:
117:Kenneth Stampp
102:
99:
82:
79:
60:states' rights
37:Historiography
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4797:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4759:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:Post-Cold War
4679:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4655:Falklands War
4653:
4651:
4650:Iran–Iraq War
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4598:Ongoing Nakba
4595:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4561:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:Western Front
4527:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4510:Bengal famine
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4424:The Holocaust
4421:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:Eastern Front
4373:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4247:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4106:Paris Commune
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:Turning point
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4043:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3995:18th and 19th
3993:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3940:Islamic views
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3912:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3862:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Photographers
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:Gender issues
3729:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3558:War Democrats
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Union Leagues
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3447:Turning point
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Naval battles
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:and memorials
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3040:Commemoration
3038:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:first inquiry
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Carpetbaggers
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2731:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:West Virginia
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:New Hampshire
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:Massachusetts
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
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1652:Pacific Coast
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1386:Positive good
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1301:Panic of 1857
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783:, pp. 267–269
782:
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737:John Randolph
734:
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556:Lincoln Prize
554:
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519:
518:
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501:state capitol
498:
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477:Sanitary Fair
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398:
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391:Robert E. Lee
387:
385:
381:
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375:
370:
368:
367:
363:'s 1857 book
362:
355:
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345:
343:
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334:abolitionists
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45:
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38:
32:
27:
19:
4629:Six-Day War
4625:Algerian War
4596: /
4555:Vichy France
4547:
4540:
4450: /
4338:World War II
4234: /
4080:
3901:
3894:
3697:Bibliography
3680:Other topics
3622:By ethnicity
3590:
3543:Trent Affair
3442:Signal Corps
3299:
3118:
3022:White League
2909:Ku Klux Klan
2822:Confederados
2749:Constitution
2621:D. D. Porter
2474:Breckinridge
2185:Rhode Island
2180:Pennsylvania
1935:Spotsylvania
1895:Stones River
1875:2nd Bull Run
1825:1st Bull Run
1711:Stones River
1612:Marine Corps
1579:Marine Corps
1418:Abolitionism
1405:
1358:
1176:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1136:
1126:
1116:
1105:
1095:
1084:
1075:
1054:
1045:
1038:Allan Nevins
1033:
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793:
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762:
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749:
728:
724:
718:
706:. Retrieved
695:
686:
677:
673:
666:
641:
633:
625:
621:
617:
612:
603:
595:
590:
492:civil rights
489:
481:
474:
452:
437:
430:
422:
402:bushwhackers
399:
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377:
373:
371:
364:
359:
346:
331:
319:
311:
303:Allan Nevins
299:
295:
250:
240:
228:
215:
209:
201:
177:
168:secessionist
156:
143:Robert Rhett
126:
104:
92:
75:
68:
46:include the
40:
35:
26:
4558: [
4493:Pacific War
4277:Article 231
4267:Reparations
4244: [
4208: [
4185:Color books
4174:World War I
4158: [
4135:War of 1812
4040: [
4023: [
4008:(1792–1815)
3979:Sea Peoples
3964:Gallic Wars
3503:Copperheads
3215:Confederate
3107:Black Codes
2433:E. K. Smith
2314:Confederate
2261:New Orleans
2256:Chattanooga
2120:Mississippi
2020:Connecticut
1988:territories
1979:Involvement
1940:Cold Harbor
1930:Fort Pillow
1920:Chattanooga
1915:Chickamauga
1865:Seven Pines
1855:New Orleans
1820:Fort Sumter
1761:Valley 1864
1594:Confederacy
1391:Slave Power
1371:Fire-Eaters
854:, pp. 63–65
733:John Taylor
425:germ theory
113:libertarian
4774:Categories
4691:Background
4542:Guilty Men
4484:Uniqueness
4407:Background
4402:Winter War
4326:Background
4259:Versailles
4113:Great Game
3736:Juneteenth
3257:Cemeteries
3134:Red Shirts
3045:Centennial
2995:Red Shirts
2403:Longstreet
2333:Beauregard
2276:Winchester
2251:Charleston
2220:Washington
2155:New Mexico
2150:New Jersey
2010:California
1986:States and
1970:Five Forks
1955:Mobile Bay
1925:Wilderness
1905:Gettysburg
1885:Perryville
1870:Seven Days
1801:Appomattox
1726:Gettysburg
1686:New Mexico
1553:Combatants
1528:Combatants
1441:John Brown
670:Also from
646:. p.
497:Roy Barnes
418:Jayhawkers
301:historian
224:Lost Cause
159:Eric Foner
157:Historian
4462:Pius Wars
4257:Treaty of
3916:conflicts
3714:Espionage
3508:Diplomacy
3476:Political
3432:POW camps
3178:Monuments
3005:Scalawags
3000:Redeemers
2738:Aftermath
2687:Pinkerton
2626:Rosecrans
2591:McClellan
2494:Memminger
2230:Wisconsin
2195:Tennessee
2115:Minnesota
2090:Louisiana
1965:Nashville
1910:Vicksburg
1840:Pea Ridge
1791:Carolinas
1746:Red River
1741:Knoxville
1721:Tullahoma
1716:Vicksburg
1696:Peninsula
1668:campaigns
1534:Campaigns
1311:Secession
4758:Category
4576:Cold War
4479:Slovakia
4066:Waterloo
3935:Crusades
3880:Military
3828:Category
3669:Seminole
3659:Cherokee
3412:Medicine
3365:Military
3278:Veterans
3112:Jim Crow
2877:timeline
2672:Ericsson
2655:Civilian
2636:Sheridan
2596:McDowell
2556:Farragut
2541:Burnside
2531:Anderson
2524:Military
2504:Stephens
2464:Benjamin
2457:Civilian
2343:Buchanan
2321:Military
2266:Richmond
2215:Virginia
2160:New York
2135:Nebraska
2125:Missouri
2110:Michigan
2100:Maryland
2085:Kentucky
2060:Illinois
2035:Delaware
2015:Colorado
2000:Arkansas
1960:Franklin
1880:Antietam
1751:Overland
1706:Maryland
1625:Theaters
1531:Theaters
1121:in JSTOR
898:, p. 155
894:Nevins,
770:, p. 225
744:wishes."
515:See also
404:such as
379:Wanderer
376:and the
4717:Related
4670:Origins
4633:Origins
4584:Origins
4140:Origins
4086:Origins
3952:Origins
3795:Related
3664:Choctaw
3654:Catawba
3437:Rations
3382:Cavalry
3244:Removal
2872:efforts
2856:of 1873
2702:Stevens
2697:Stanton
2682:Lincoln
2641:Sherman
2576:Halleck
2566:Frémont
2551:Du Pont
2489:Mallory
2448:Wheeler
2383:Jackson
2363:Forrest
2303:Leaders
2246:Atlanta
2210:Vermont
2130:Montana
2070:Indiana
2045:Georgia
2040:Florida
2005:Arizona
1995:Alabama
1945:Atlanta
1860:Corinth
1812:battles
1756:Atlanta
1736:Bristoe
1637:Western
1632:Eastern
1537:Battles
1336:Slavery
1240:Origins
1226:Origins
977:, p. 41
885:, p. 14
841:, p. 59
757:, p. 67
708:June 6,
509:in 2020
123:Tariffs
94:Slavery
62:), and
56:slavery
4706:Causes
4643:Causes
4618:Causes
4412:Spirit
4346:Causes
4316:Causes
4181:Causes
4150:Causes
4123:Causes
4101:Causes
4032:Causes
3838:Portal
3776:Tokens
2712:Welles
2692:Seward
2677:Hamlin
2646:Thomas
2581:Hooker
2546:Butler
2499:Seddon
2484:Hunter
2469:Bocock
2443:Taylor
2438:Stuart
2428:Semmes
2408:Morgan
2368:Gorgas
2348:Cooper
2239:Cities
2175:Oregon
2140:Nevada
2080:Kansas
2050:Hawaii
1950:Crater
1850:Shiloh
1810:Major
1796:Mobile
1666:Major
1540:States
1491:Caning
1168:online
1158:online
1148:online
1131:online
1110:online
1100:online
1089:online
827:online
739:, and
654:
50:, the
4562:]
4452:Nakba
4248:]
4212:]
4162:]
4044:]
4027:]
3581:Dixie
3568:Music
3187:Union
3031:Post-
2867:trial
2667:Chase
2662:Adams
2631:Scott
2606:Meigs
2601:Meade
2571:Grant
2561:Foote
2536:Buell
2517:Union
2479:Davis
2423:Price
2413:Mosby
2358:Ewell
2353:Early
2338:Bragg
2200:Texas
2095:Maine
2055:Idaho
1561:Union
582:Notes
408:(see
251:The "
4236:1917
3766:Salt
3372:Arms
3222:List
3194:List
2707:Wade
2616:Pope
2586:Hunt
2418:Polk
2378:Hood
2373:Hill
2205:Utah
2170:Ohio
2075:Iowa
1607:Navy
1602:Army
1574:Navy
1569:Army
1175:ed.
710:2016
652:ISBN
442:and
423:The
393:and
374:Echo
2611:Ord
2398:Lee
648:198
58:or
4776::
4560:fr
4246:ru
4210:fr
4187:/
4160:es
4042:ru
4025:fr
1024:,
735:,
650:.
472:.
420:.
226:.
214:'
66:.
4201:)
4197:(
4191:)
4183:(
3872:e
3865:t
3858:v
1206:e
1199:t
1192:v
1112:.
1091:.
928:.
712:.
660:.
54:(
33:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
