66:
44:
288:, used in locomotion (crocodiles possess a heart valve with cog-like projections, but they have no cog-like function.) The existence of the gears in planthoppers had been known for decades, but zoologist Gregory Sutton and his co-authors only recently characterized their functional significance by doing high-speed photography of
304:
curves at the base of each tooth, which reduces wear and the risk of shearing. The gears aren't connected all the time. One is located on each of the juvenile insect's hind legs, and when it prepares to jump, the two sets of teeth lock together. As a result, the legs move in almost perfect unison for
313:
has posited that the advantage of losing the gears after the last molt is that, if the gears were to be broken on an adult insect, this would be irreparable. The legs of an adult planthopper are synchronized by a different mechanism, a series of protrusions that extend from both hind legs, and push
308:
The gears are found only in the nymph forms, and are found in all planthoppers, but they are lost during the final molt to the adult stage. The juveniles repeatedly molt and grow new gears before adulthood. Entomologist
1024:
292:
at
Cambridge University. The gears keep the hind legs in synchronization, allowing the bugs to jump accurately in a straight line, at an acceleration of nearly 400
1050:
244:
do not transform velocity or torque, and they do not convey much of the power; they only synchronize the jumping motion of the hind legs, preventing
998:
296:
in two milliseconds. Each leg has a 400-micrometer strip of tapered teeth, pitch radius 200 micrometers, with 10 to 12 fully interlocking spur-type
764:
797:
650:
693:
284:
Planthoppers (of which there are over 12,000 known species) are the first animals found to possess a biological form of a mechanical
1109:
305:
a straight jump, giving the insect more connected power as the gears rotate together to their stopping point and then unlock.
260:
includes small insects generally flightless with a stocky, brown body and forewings with strong pronounced ribs. They feed on
1037:
317:
Before the planthopper nymph's hind leg mesh gears were discovered, it was assumed that only humans made and used gears.
1114:
920:
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788:
Axelsson, Michael; Franklin, Craig E.; Löfman, Carl O.; Nilsson, Stefan; Grigg, Gordon C. (1996),
571:
421:
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236:
60:
52:
1081:
1063:
1029:
933:
814:
736:
701:
1068:
790:"Dynamic anatomical study of cardiac shunting in crocodiles using high-resolution angioscopy"
1104:
806:
726:
718:
240:
is the first type of planthopper to have the mechanism formally described. The mesh sector
769:
310:
212:
127:
714:
985:
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43:
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905:
200:
147:
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17:
959:
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694:"Interacting gears synchronize propulsive leg movements in a jumping insect"
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265:
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107:
87:
867:
964:
223:(popularly known as the "bug" or "true bugs" order) they live on
651:"This Insect Has The Only Mechanical Gears Ever Found in Nature"
297:
285:
241:
231:
227:
sap that they extract with their piercing, sucking mouth parts.
871:
951:
831:
Sander, K. (1957). "Bau und
Funktion des Sprungapparates von
765:"Gears evolved in nature long before humans 'invented' them"
230:
Planthoppers are the only animals known to possess a
880:
692:Burrows, Malcolm; Sutton, Gregory (2013-09-13),
264:. Species of this genus are present in most of
325:This genus include the following 29 species:
8:
868:
759:
757:
42:
31:
732:1983/69cf1502-217a-4dca-a0d3-f8b247794e92
730:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
631:, found in the hip joints of some weevils
641:
7:
991:612d7d9f-7546-4104-abdf-1ba769627067
798:The Journal of Experimental Biology
835:WALKER (Homoptera - Fulgoridae)".
25:
219:. Like most members of the order
649:Stromberg, Joseph (2013-09-12),
64:
1:
773:, 2013-09-13, archived from
314:the other leg into action.
1131:
61:Scientific classification
59:
50:
41:
34:
203:belonging to the family
723:10.1126/science.1240284
1110:Auchenorrhyncha genera
837:Zool. Jb. Jena (Anat.)
629:Biological screw joint
472:Issus fieberi Melichar
1077:Paleobiology Database
811:10.1242/jeb.199.2.359
986:Fauna Europaea (new)
656:Smithsonian Magazine
482:Issus fissala Fieber
1115:Hemiptera of Europe
715:2013Sci...341.1254B
709:(6151): 1254–1256,
462:Issus distinguendus
833:Pyrilla perpusilla
542:Issus muscaeformis
452:Issus coleoptratus
290:Issus coleoptratus
237:Issus coleoptratus
53:Issus coleoptratus
27:Genus of true bugs
1092:
1091:
1064:Open Tree of Life
874:Taxon identifiers
617:
607:
597:
587:
577:
567:
557:
547:
537:
527:
517:
507:
497:
487:
477:
467:
457:
456:(Fabricius, 1781)
447:
437:
427:
417:
407:
402:Issus canariensis
397:
392:Issus canalaurisi
387:
377:
367:
357:
352:Issus bimaculatus
347:
337:
300:teeth, including
192:
191:
188:
16:(Redirected from
1122:
1085:
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1072:
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1043:NHMSYS0020705652
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805:(Pt 2): 359–65,
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666:
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532:Issus maderensis
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69:
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21:
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1075:
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945:
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792:
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770:theguardian.com
763:
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755:
696:
691:
690:
669:
661:
659:
648:
647:
643:
638:
625:
620:
612:Issus truncatus
592:Issus pospisili
562:Issus paladitus
546:(Schrank, 1781)
502:Issus gratehigo
492:Issus gracalama
436:(Olivier, 1791)
372:Issus cagracala
323:
321:List of species
311:Malcolm Burrows
282:
254:
234:mechanism, and
213:Auchenorrhyncha
182:
128:Auchenorrhyncha
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1128:
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1118:
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973:Fauna Europaea
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956:
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858:Fauna Europaea
853:
852:External links
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640:
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637:
634:
633:
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606:Lindberg, 1954
598:
588:
582:Issus pallipes
578:
568:
558:
548:
538:
536:Lindberg, 1956
528:
518:
508:
498:
488:
478:
468:
466:Lindberg, 1954
458:
448:
442:Issus climacus
438:
432:Issus cinereus
428:
418:
408:
406:Melichar, 1906
398:
388:
378:
368:
358:
356:Melichar, 1906
348:
346:Melichar, 1906
342:Issus bellardi
338:
327:
322:
319:
281:
280:Gear mechanism
278:
253:
250:
246:yaw (rotation)
207:of infraorder
199:is a genus of
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839:(in German).
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777:on 2014-10-08
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596:Dlabola, 1958
594:
593:
589:
584:
583:
579:
574:
573:
569:
564:
563:
559:
554:
553:
552:Issus padipus
549:
544:
543:
539:
534:
533:
529:
524:
523:
519:
514:
513:
512:Issus hipidus
509:
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483:
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259:
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239:
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233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
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210:
209:Fulgoromorpha
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202:
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197:
186:
181:
180:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
144:Superfamily:
143:
142:
139:
138:Fulgoromorpha
136:
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129:
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119:
116:
113:
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103:
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79:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
58:
55:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
18:Issus (genus)
881:
840:
836:
832:
826:
802:
796:
783:
775:the original
768:
706:
700:
660:, retrieved
654:
644:
616:Fieber, 1876
610:
600:
590:
580:
576:Remane, 1985
572:Issus palama
570:
566:Remane, 1985
560:
556:Remane, 1985
550:
540:
530:
526:Ahrens, 1818
520:
516:Remane, 1985
510:
506:Remane, 1985
500:
496:Remane, 1985
490:
480:
470:
460:
450:
446:Fieber, 1876
440:
430:
422:Issus capapi
420:
412:Issus capala
410:
400:
396:Sergel, 1986
390:
386:Remane, 1985
382:Issus cahipi
380:
376:Remane, 1985
370:
366:Remane, 1985
362:Issus cagola
360:
350:
340:
336:Brullé, 1832
332:Issus analis
330:
324:
316:
307:
289:
283:
274:North Africa
257:
255:
235:
229:
211:of suborder
201:planthoppers
195:
194:
193:
178:
177:
134:Infraorder:
51:
35:
29:
1012:iNaturalist
906:Wikispecies
602:Issus rarus
586:Lucas, 1853
522:Issus lauri
416:Remane 1985
252:Description
164:Subfamily:
148:Fulgoroidea
1099:Categories
843:: 383–388.
662:2020-11-18
636:References
426:Remane1985
256:The genus
124:Suborder:
98:Arthropoda
897:Q10538025
272:, and in
270:Near East
268:, in the
221:Hemiptera
217:Hemiptera
215:of order
185:Fabricius
118:Hemiptera
84:Kingdom:
78:Eukaryota
891:Wikidata
749:24640726
741:24031019
623:See also
302:filleted
154:Family:
94:Phylum:
88:Animalia
74:Domain:
1105:Issinae
1069:3464139
1056:1897833
1030:1278028
1004:2016998
819:9317958
711:Bibcode
702:Science
205:Issidae
174:Genus:
168:Issinae
158:Issidae
114:Order:
108:Insecta
104:Class:
1082:306163
1017:141762
978:152106
965:1ISSUG
926:759716
863:Biolib
817:
747:
739:
266:Europe
262:phloem
225:phloem
187:, 1803
1025:IRMNG
952:28757
912:Issus
882:Issus
793:(PDF)
745:S2CID
697:(PDF)
258:Issus
242:gears
196:Issus
179:Issus
36:Issus
1051:NCBI
999:GBIF
960:EPPO
939:55QQ
921:BOLD
815:PMID
737:PMID
486:1876
476:1906
298:gear
286:gear
232:gear
1038:NBN
947:EoL
934:CoL
807:doi
803:199
727:hdl
719:doi
707:341
1101::
1079::
1066::
1053::
1040::
1027::
1014::
1001::
988::
975::
962::
949::
936::
923::
908::
893::
841:75
813:,
801:,
795:,
767:,
756:^
743:,
735:,
725:,
717:,
705:,
699:,
670:^
653:,
276:.
248:.
809::
729::
721::
713::
294:g
20:)
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