796:"Yaakov Eliav, capo delle operazioni del Lehi in Europa, rivelerà nelle sue memorie che, all'epoca, l'organizzazzione aveva progettato addirittura da disseminare dei bacilli di colera nelle condotte dell'acquedotto di Londra. I germi dovevano essere prelevati dalle colture dei laboratori dell'Instituto Pasteur, grazie alla complicità dei medici e degli impiegati che simpatizzavano per la causa ebraica. Secondo Eliav i preparativi per mettere in esecuzione questo spaventoso piano furono arrestati unicamente dalla decisione britannica di lasciare la Palestina."(Yaakov Eliav, head of Lehi operations in Europe, was later to reveal in his memoirs that, at this time, the organization had worked on nothing less than a plan to disseminate cholera bacteria in London's waterworks. The germs were to be obtained from cultures in the laboratories of the
543:
535:
579:), Chono Steingarten (Polish) and Girsh Guta (Polish), had established an office of Jewish correspondence in via Sicilia 135, near the Allied Intelligenced offices, and this was chosen to become the central office for Irgun operations in Italy. The British Embassy in Italy was considered by the Irgun to be a centre of operations hindering Jewish migration to Palestine, and thus was singled out as a target. Planning for the operation was completed by early October. Before the war
620:
explosion echoed throughout the entire city and was sufficiently powerful to shatter all the windows of the houses and apartments within a distance of one kilometer. The 350-children school of the
Handmaids of the Sacred Heart was "badly damaged." The Embassy's residential section was destroyed by the blast which created a gaping hole in the entranceway.
226:
624:–the British ambassador and main target of the attack–was away on leave though his quarters were heavily damaged. No British personnel were harmed but two Italians, one a soldier who happened to be passing by and the other the Embassy's concierge, suffered severe wounds that left them in a critical condition.
1825:
leaflet bombs were exploded on Friday by Irgun Zvai Leumi (the Jewish terrorist organisation) in Rome, Venice, Bari, Florence and Turin. "The vanguard of the clandestine Jewish army of liberation, with headquarters in Italy, means to destroy the
British forces until the Jewish State is restored," the
636:
The chief of the
Italian police declared the following day that no Italian nationals were involved, that the incident bore the hallmarks of similar operations against the British in Palestine, and that those responsible were Jews from Palestine, dismissing rumours alleging that Italian fascists might
419:
heightened in the United
Kingdom. The Italian government rounded up nine suspects, one of whom was shot and killed by the police during an escape attempt. However, the remaining eight suspects were later released from custody. During the early 1950s, Israel lobbied the British to pressure the Italian
1672:
I am paying retainers to two lawyers to defend and care for all those held in connection with the
Embassy bombing. I write regular cheques for £25 to £30 with which the prisoners are supplied with blankets and food and what cash they need, but I do not touch parcels. I disbelieve the policy story of
650:
on 6 November. The Irgun also threatened more coordinated attacks against
Britain, and justified its actions by charging that Great Britain was engaged in a "war of extermination" against Jews throughout the world. Soon three refugees were quickly arrested on suspicion, and another two detained on 4
550:
By
November 1945 alone, it was calculated that some 15,000 Jewish refugees had managed to enter Italy over the preceding six months since the termination of hostilities; the country's geographical location was favorable for the traffic of refugees to Palestine. In September 1945, already engaged for
562:
Eli Tavin, nicknamed Pesach, was appointed head of operations in the diaspora and set up the first logistical base for the group in Italy. Tavin found strong support there among
Italian antifascist resistance groups, and, recruiting many members of the Betar organization among the refugees, many of
414:
The
British and Italian governments commenced an extensive investigation and concluded that Irgun operatives from Mandatory Palestine organized the attack. The attack was condemned by the leaders of Jewish agencies superintending their refugees. Italy subsequently enacted strict immigration reform
1855:
Jewish terrorists are planning to carry their underground war into the heart of
Britain, according to the diplomatic correspondent of the "Evening News," who says that this was decided on at a secret conference of their "general staff" held in Palestine during the Paris Conference. The time bombs
682:
sentiments increased in the United Kingdom. Though the Jewish leadership of displacement camps condemned the bombing, the attack had an adverse effect on refugees in Italy. Encouraged by Britain, the Italian government enacted several pieces of legislation, reforming their immigration policy. The
677:
The distinguished Italian criminal lawyer Giovanni Persico, who was a friend of Jabotinsky's from their days at university, took on the suspects' defence. In November, the British media began to sensationalize the idea that Jewish terrorism was a threat to Britain itself, creating unsubstantiated
670:, which provided blankets, food and cash, but which denied sending him the rope with which he escaped. He was shot in the stomach after an Italian officer on the scene fired a warning shot and called on him to stop. He died of his wounds later that day. Eventually after reported pressure from the
385:
that occurred on 31 October 1946. Two suitcases containing timed explosives were planted near the Embassy's front entrance; the resulting blast injured two people and damaged the building's residential section beyond repair. The Irgun targeted the Embassy because they considered it an obstacle to
695:
in London, which the Scotland Yard unit investigating Jewish terrorist activities linked to the Embassy bombing, and only desisted from a plan to release a strain of cholera bacteria into London's underground water supply system by news that the British government had decided to leave Palestine.
505:
in August and September, when he designated the Irgun and Lehi as the possibly planning to assassinate prominent English figures outside the Middle East. MI5 considered Mandatory Palestine a priority within the British Empire and had Defence Security Officers (DSO) stationed within the Mandate,
619:
encased in suitcases and rigged to a timer on the steps of the Embassy's front entrance in Via XX Settembre. A driver, working for the embassy, noticed the suitcases and entered the rear of the building to report them. A few moments later, at 02:43, the explosives detonated. The report of the
473:, with both concluding that only campaigns of political violence targeting British personnel and installations could shift the British. The Irgun suspended these operations when the Second World War broke out some months later. News from occupied Europe of the Holocaust led them to undertake
559:, the Irgun high command dispatched a mission to Europe whose aim was to organize the flow of displaced Jewish survivors of the Holocaust to Palestine, recruit soldiers, engage in sabotage against Great Britain and coordinate activities among Zionist organizations sympathetic to the cause.
2195:
Jewish terrorist chief known as "Big Brother" says Reuter's correspondent in Rome. This chief claimed recently that the Irgun Zvai Leumi terrorist organisation planned to assassinate Princess Elizabeth. He added that his organisation would attack the centre of London and Buckingham Palace
715:
urged Britain to pressure Italy not to pursue eight suspected perpetrators of the bombing who resided in Israel. Five of them had been arrested in Rome but had jumped bail and escaped, while three others had never been arrested. On 17 April 1952, the Italian government tried Moshe Deitel
720:
for his leading part in the bombing. Deitel was found guilty and sentenced to 16 months imprisonment. The seven other suspects were also convicted for taking part in the bombing and received eight-month sentences. The sentences, however, were immediately annulled by amnesties.
2165:
Officers of the special branch of Scotland Yard who have been investigating Jewish terrorist activities are satisfied the man who made the bomb is also under arrest New facts brought to light link it with the bomb incident at the British Embassy in Rome on October 31,
643:
with British and American assistance. On the 4 November the Irgun plastered streets in many Italian cities with notices proclaiming it was behind the explosion and released to an American journalist a communiqué claiming responsibility and this was duly reported in
410:
organization, which had recruited militants from among the displaced refugees. Confirming fears of the expansion of Jewish terrorism beyond Mandatory Palestine, the bombing of the Embassy was the first attack against British personnel by the Irgun on European soil.
514:(SIS), to collect intel on Jewish terrorist threats to Britain. Their sources warned that the Irgun and Lehi were targeting British personnel outside Mandatory Palestine. MI5 were obliged to take these threats seriously: on 22 July 1946, the Irgun
464:
in that year, itself a protest against British policy regarding Jewish immigration. Terrorism, the Irgun reasoned, was a winning tactic for it had enabled the Arabs to alter Great Britain's policy on Jewish migration into Palestine. The consequent
800:, thanks to the connivance of doctors and employees who were sympathetic to the Jewish cause. According to Eliav, preparations to execute this frightful plan were stopped only because of the British decision to withdraw from Palestine.) (
632:
The bombing was the first terrorist operation by the Irgun against British personnel in Europe; it resulted in both a setback for illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine, and a major public relations disaster for the Zionist mainstream.
273:
53:
749:"It was stated that two members of the Irgun Zvai Leumi were instructed last March to start a propaganda campaign in Rome and to establish a news exchange office, whereas it was the headquarters of the organisation in Italy." (
1969:
suitcases containing explosives deposited on the doorstep of the main entrance, and two cards fixed to a near by wall. These read: "Attenzione-Miny." "Miny" is the Jewish spelling for mine. An Italian would have written
678:
accounts of other putative terrorist plots and activities. However, the American League for Free Palestine on behalf of Irgun and Irgun itself made the same threats as what the media was reporting. As a consequence,
762:"that the Irgum Svai Leumi was responsible for the bombing of the British Embassy in Rome. It was stated that the building was selected as it was the centre of operations hindering the repatriation of Jews." (
614:
On the night of 31 October 1946, Irgun operatives divided into two squads: one daubed a large swastika on the front wall of the British Consulate, and the other planted two explosives, amounting to 40 kilos of
266:
46:
485:
to enable clandestine Jewish immigration into Palestine, and is said to have singled out the Embassy convinced that it was a center of "anti Jewish intrigue" curbing illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.
611:
a fascist who had set up a secret repository of army munitions and explosives after war's end. Furio Biagini states that the material was taken from deposits located in a center administered by UNRRA.
522:
was being waged in Palestine, with sabotage of communication lines and attacks on British soldiers and mandatory policemen, 99 being killed for the period 1 October through to 18 November. While the
2490:
259:
39:
691:
in Vienna, which at the time was headquarters of the British Army in that area, to name just one. In order not to be outdone by the Irgun, the rival Lehi undertook similar operations against the
651:
November. The Irgun Zvai Leumi sabotage school was discovered in Rome, where pistols, ammunition, hand grenades, and training literature were found. Four other suspects were caught in
564:
2313:
Z. E. W. Epstein, a Polish Jewish professor, who was arrested in connection with the bombing of the British embassy in Rome, and wno was shot while trying to escape, died last night.
526:
decided at this time to suspend its role in sabotage operations, the Irgun and the Lehi extended their operations to Europe to strike at British diplomatic representatives.
403:
244:
687:
requirements. The Irgun bases of operations in Italy were closed down and shifted to other European capitals where operatives continued to strike at British targets: the
2505:
2485:
600:
575:. Already in March 1946, several refugees, Dov Gurwitz(Roumenian), Aba Churman (Polish), assisted by several others – Natan Rzepkowicz (Polish), Tiburzio Deitel (
501:
offered an assessment of the threat of Jewish terrorism in Europe and a warning: "the red light is definitely showing". The alert was confirmed by his successor
342:
122:
1856:
which exploded at the British Embassy in Rome early on Thursday morning, causing the front of the building to collapse, constituted the first blow in this war.
2441:
2284:
The Irgun Zvai Leumi will attack military objectives from England to Palestine. Jewish military resistance will reach into the heart of the British Empire
2370:
Walton, Calder (2008), "British Intelligence and the Mandate of Palestine: Threats to British National Security Immediately After the Second World War",
1702:
The bomb was of the same type as that used in the explosion at the British Embassy in Rome last year and in several other outrages by Jewish terrorists.
2342:
Police found at the headquarters pistols, ammunition, hand grenades, a German treatise on sabotage, and hand-written messages from the Irgun commander.
1673:
a rope having been smuggled to Epstein in an U.N.R.R.A. parcel, but Epstein probably bribed a guard for the rope, using money I sent through a lawyer.
552:
474:
283:
158:
63:
2255:
The school conducted by the Handmaids of the Sacred Heart, opposite to the British Embassy here which was badly damaged in the recent bomb outrage
469:
severely curtailed further Jewish immigration by imposing quotas and ignited a brief military response by the Irgun as well as its later offshoot
461:
2417:
2361:
2133:
2089:
2062:
2030:
2005:
1762:
1735:
1603:
2099:
1771:
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Many were members of Betar. The English authorities requested that those rounded up be handed over, for transfer to British prison camps in
2510:
2237:
2515:
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1981:
1629:
370:
190:
2372:
679:
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were also eager to participate, set up cells through the country, while establishing two schools to train commandos for operations at
416:
507:
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managed to humiliate Great Britain and the recourse to terrorism by the Irgun and Lehi were complementary to the activities of the
696:
According to Italian historian Furio Biagini the entire world cheered at the way such bold feats by members of the Palestinian
604:
655:, and Tavin arrested in December. Among those arrested were Dow Gurwitz, Tiburzio Deitel, Michael Braun and David Viten.
1940:
police discovered that the Palestine terrorist organisation, Irgun Zvai Leumi, had established a sabotage school in Rome
511:
420:
government not to pursue the militants. In 1952, the eight suspects–including ringleader Moishe Deitel–were tried
2081:
1893:
1775:
1717:
1633:
1977:
515:
317:
97:
1989:
1614:"L'Irgun e la resistenza ebraica in Palestina. L'attentato all'ambasciata britannica di Roma (ottobre 1946)"
494:
542:
2500:
2480:
1595:
671:
534:
519:
666:, attempted to flee from his imprisonment on 27 December 1946. He had been receiving assistance from the
1951:
1754:
1684:
730:
470:
337:
117:
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in 1948 indicate that the Italian Communist Party was also suspected of being responsible at the time (
2324:
1578:
352:
307:
132:
87:
2022:
1837:
1807:
1793:
1654:
592:
556:
466:
457:
437:
395:
387:
332:
112:
2389:
2219:
2018:
Britain's Naval and Political Reaction to the Illegal Immigration of Jews to Palestine, 1945-1949
1922:
1867:
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2085:
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2001:
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1748:
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1599:
1589:
797:
347:
127:
2349:
2100:"40 chili di tritolo nel cuore di Roma: così nel 1946 l'Irgun distrusse l'ambasciata inglese"
2016:
394:, was away on leave during the attack. It was quickly determined that foreign militants from
2381:
2177:
1710:
L'ebraismo armato. L'"Irgun Zvai Leumi" e gli attentati antibritannici in Italia (1946-1948)
639:
441:
433:
357:
312:
137:
92:
251:
31:
2402:"British Intelligence and Threats to British National Security After the Second World War"
2044:
692:
580:
322:
102:
2354:
Per ricostruire e ricostruirsi. Astorre Mayer e la rinascita ebraica tra Italia e Israele
17:
2319:
2290:
2261:
2142:
1585:
667:
663:
603:. According to the historian of fascism Giuseppe Parlato, the Irgun had purchased from
502:
478:
2232:
2172:
1946:
1888:
1832:
1802:
1679:
1649:
662:. One of the arrested, Israel (Ze'ev) Epstein, a childhood friend of the Irgun leader
2474:
2393:
2214:
2040:
1917:
1862:
1744:
705:
608:
596:
688:
621:
498:
391:
302:
194:
82:
2409:
398:
were behind the attack and under pressure from Great Britain, the Italian police,
2071:
1994:
La Question de Palestine, tome 2: Une mission sacrée de civilisation (1922-1947)
780:
776:
684:
399:
240:
2406:
The British Way in Cold Warfare: Intelligence, Diplomacy and the Bomb 1945-1975
1911:
the bomb outrage at the British Embassy in Rome was the first blow of this war.
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2385:
482:
297:
77:
2456:
2443:
2054:
1727:
1569:
646:
588:
572:
445:
374:
168:
2113:
Fascisti senza Mussolini: le origini del neofascismo in Italia, 1943-1948
453:
1547:
1545:
683:
government set a registry deadline for 31 March 1947 and imposed strict
2295:
2266:
2147:
701:
659:
568:
523:
449:
1772:"Irgun Leaflet Bombs Explode in Rome, Venice, Threaten British Forces"
607:
the explosives used for the attempt via the offices of its co-founder
1997:
712:
697:
652:
576:
1630:"Eight Irgunists Convicted in Italy for Bombing of British Embassy"
1613:
2337:
2308:
2279:
2250:
2224:
2190:
2160:
1964:
1935:
1906:
1880:
1850:
1820:
1697:
1667:
584:
541:
533:
518:, housing British government offices, in Jerusalem, killing 91. A
407:
382:
229:
2206:
378:
225:
206:
172:
255:
35:
616:
490:
1889:"Jewish Threat to Britain. Extensive Underground War Planned"
1650:"EMBASSY BOMBING. AID FOR PRISONERS. An American's Admission"
637:
have been responsible. An investigation was conducted by the
974:
972:
970:
933:
931:
424:
and received light sentences ranging from 8 to 16 months.
1551:
1335:
1119:
1117:
1863:"Jewish Terrorists Blamed for Attack on British Embassy"
1723:
The Stern Gang: Ideology, Politics and Terror, 1940-1949
1253:
1251:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1013:
1011:
822:
820:
2124:, in Resta, Giorgio; Zeno-Zencovich, Vincenzo (eds.),
1978:"Jewish Displaced Persons in Postwar Italy, 1945-1951"
1750:
Anonymous Soldiers: The Struggle for Israel, 1917-1947
2491:
Attacks on diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom
1413:
1347:
1308:
708:
in effecting the British withdrawal from Palestine.
1833:"Jew Terrorists. War on Britain. "Into the Heart.""
1571:
The Impact of the Jewish Underground on Anglo Jewry
1440:
1239:
557:
British Mandatory authorities and army in Palestine
235:
220:
212:
200:
186:
178:
164:
151:
2207:Federazione italiana delle associazioni partigiane
1591:Terror Out of Zion: Fight for Israeli Independence
1293:
1188:
390:. One of the Irgun's intended targets, ambassador
2077:Il caos italiano: Alle radici del nostro dissesto
481:. The Irgun also played a key role in organizing
432:The British government anticipated the threat of
2143:"Police Say Woman Bomb "Planter" Now in Custody"
1281:
2128:(in Italian), RomaTrE-Press, pp. 147–180,
1918:"Jews Arrested for Bombing Of British Embassy"
538:Remains of the British Embassy in Rome in 1946
2356:(in Italian), Franco Angeli, pp. 75–88,
563:the latter of whom, residing in camps run by
267:
47:
8:
1428:
922:
874:
2122:"Neofascismo italiano e questione razziale"
779:the archives of the Italian police and the
605:the post-war neofascist terrorist group FAR
1680:"Europe-Wide Search for Man Who Made Bomb"
381:was a terrorist action perpetrated by the
274:
260:
252:
148:
54:
40:
32:
1509:
1212:
937:
838:
510:(CID) as well as MI5's sister agency the
462:Arab recourse to insurrectionary violence
27:Terrorist attack by Zionist militia Irgun
2506:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
1791:"Italians and British Envoy in Charge",
1494:
1455:
1176:
1017:
444:. The Irgun had been founded before the
285:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
159:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
65:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
2486:Attacks on diplomatic missions in Italy
2262:"TERRORISM EXTENDS - Defiant Interview"
1536:
1482:
1389:
1374:
1362:
1257:
1227:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1108:
1065:
1041:
1029:
1002:
990:
910:
886:
850:
826:
816:
801:
742:
1524:
1200:
978:
961:
949:
898:
862:
587:movement had obtained permission from
2233:"Rome School Damaged in Bomb Outrage"
2098:Pannullo, Antonio (31 October 2016).
1947:"Jews Behind Rome Plot, Police Think"
1470:
1401:
1269:
1089:
784:
216:Timed explosives encased in suitcases
7:
1803:"Jew Terrorism. War Against Britain"
1712:(in Italian), Biella: Storia Ribelle
1323:
1077:
1053:
668:American League for a Free Palestine
2434:Newsreel at the time of the bombing
2126:Le leggi razziali: Passato/Presente
1982:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
1976:Kokkonen, Susanna (25 April 2008).
763:
750:
406:rounded up numerous members of the
2373:Intelligence and National Security
711:Five years following the bombing,
508:criminal investigation departments
25:
2215:"Responsibility for Bomb Outrage"
2050:Historical Dictionary of Zionism
1755:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
386:illegal Jewish immigration into
224:
2320:"Terrorists had H.Q. in Rome -"
2223:. 5 November 1946b – via
2173:"Princess Elizabeth Threatened"
546:British Embassy in Rome in 2011
460:in 1936, a turn related to the
1552:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 1952
1336:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 1947
674:, the suspects were released.
456:. It became the armed wing of
1:
591:to have militants train at a
2352:, in Paganoni, Marco (ed.),
2205:(in Italian), vol. 50,
152:1946 British Embassy bombing
2511:Terrorist incidents in 1946
2457:41.90900797°N 12.50128161°E
2404:, in Grant, Matthew (ed.),
601:Italian fascist authorities
516:bombed the King David Hotel
512:Secret Intelligence Service
454:havlagah, or self-restraint
448:out of discontent with the
2532:
2516:Zionist political violence
2496:Building bombings in Italy
2120:Parlato, Giuseppe (2015),
2111:Parlato, Giuseppe (2006),
1618:Nuova Storia Contemporanea
599:under the auspices of the
520:low intensity guerilla war
2386:10.1080/02684520802293049
1776:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1634:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
704:and the diplomacy of the
293:
157:Part of spillover of the
156:
73:
18:Israel Epstein (criminal)
2462:41.90900797; 12.50128161
2350:"L'Italia e l'Aliyà Bet"
1708:Gremmo, Roberto (2009),
923:Medoff & Waxman 2013
875:Medoff & Waxman 2013
477:under the leadership of
440:in the aftermath of the
318:King David Hotel bombing
98:King David Hotel bombing
2400:Walton, Calder (2011),
2348:Toscano, Mario (2010),
2115:(in Italian), Il Mulino
1612:Biagini, Furio (2004),
1189:The Southern Cross 1946
475:an insurrection in 1944
2015:Liebreich, F. (2004).
1688:. A.A.P. 19 April 1947
1596:Transaction Publishers
547:
539:
1282:The Border Watch 1947
804:, pp. 90–91, 91)
731:List of Irgun attacks
545:
537:
489:Before he retired as
417:antisemitic sentiment
338:Night of the Beatings
118:Night of the Beatings
2412:, pp. 141–158,
2325:The Newcastle Herald
2023:Taylor & Francis
1598:, pp. 178–181,
1579:University of Oxford
1568:Bagon, Paul (2003),
1310:The Newcastle Herald
551:several years in an
353:The Sergeants affair
328:Rome Embassy bombing
308:Night of the Bridges
133:The Sergeants affair
108:Rome Embassy bombing
88:Night of the Bridges
2453: /
2203:Quaderni della FIAP
1871:. 25 December 1946a
1838:The West Australian
1808:The West Australian
1794:The Daily Telegraph
1658:. 31 December 1946a
1655:The West Australian
1442:The West Australian
1415:The West Australian
1349:The West Australian
1241:The Daily Telegraph
1056:, pp. 178–181.
1032:, pp. 177–178.
981:, pp. 438–439.
964:, pp. 143–144.
913:, pp. 474–475.
506:working with local
467:White Paper of 1939
458:Revisionist Zionism
438:Mandatory Palestine
404:Allied Police Force
396:Mandatory Palestine
388:Mandatory Palestine
369:The bombing of the
333:Night of the Trains
245:Allied Police Force
113:Night of the Trains
2328:. 25 December 1946
2299:. 30 December 1946
2270:. 13 January 1947a
2241:. 29 November 1946
2238:The Southern Cross
2220:The Canberra Times
1926:. 25 December 1946
1923:The Canberra Times
1868:The Canberra Times
1841:. 4 November 1946b
1295:The Canberra Times
1150:, p. 82,n.19.
853:, pp. 78, 88.
548:
540:
503:Sir Percy Sillitoe
436:emanating outside
343:Martial law period
298:The Hunting Season
123:Martial law period
78:The Hunting Season
2419:978-1-4411-0627-8
2363:978-88-568-2783-5
2135:978-88-97524-35-9
2091:978-88-586-9122-9
2064:978-1-135-96649-2
2032:978-1-135-76694-8
2007:978-2-213-70358-9
1955:. 2 November 1946
1897:. 4 November 1946
1811:. 13 January 1947
1797:, 2 November 1946
1778:. 12 January 1947
1764:978-1-101-87466-0
1737:978-1-136-29887-5
1605:978-1-351-48660-6
1539:, pp. 91–92.
1429:The Recorder 1946
1404:, pp. 94–95.
1365:, pp. 88–89.
1272:, pp. 93–94.
1230:, pp. 83–84.
1005:, pp. 81–82.
925:, pp. 91–93.
877:, pp. 91–92.
841:, pp. 56–57.
798:Pasteur Institute
366:
365:
348:Acre Prison break
250:
249:
146:
145:
128:Acre Prison break
16:(Redirected from
2523:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2422:
2396:
2366:
2344:
2335:
2333:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2291:"Terrorist Shot"
2286:
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2198:
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2178:The Border Watch
2168:
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2094:
2067:
2045:Waxman, Chaim I.
2036:
2011:
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640:Polizia di Stato
495:Director General
442:Second World War
434:Jewish terrorism
358:Operation Hametz
313:Operation Agatha
288:
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269:
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239:Italian police,
228:
149:
138:Operation Hametz
93:Operation Agatha
68:
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2209:, Bastogi, 1987
2201:
2184:
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2171:
2154:
2152:
2151:. 13 June 1947b
2141:
2136:
2119:
2110:
2104:Secolo d'Italia
2097:
2092:
2070:
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2039:
2033:
2014:
2008:
1988:
1975:
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1956:
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1636:. 21 April 1952
1628:
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1586:Bell, J. Bowyer
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795:
791:
774:
770:
761:
757:
748:
744:
739:
727:
693:Colonial Office
630:
595:established in
581:Zeev Jabotinsky
532:
430:
371:British Embassy
367:
362:
323:Operation Shark
289:
284:
282:
280:
203:
191:British Embassy
182:31 October 1946
147:
142:
103:Operation Shark
69:
64:
62:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2529:
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2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2473:
2472:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2428:External links
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2397:
2380:(4): 435–462,
2367:
2362:
2345:
2316:
2287:
2258:
2229:
2211:
2199:
2169:
2139:
2134:
2117:
2108:
2102:(in Italian).
2095:
2090:
2080:(in Italian),
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2063:
2041:Medoff, Rafael
2037:
2031:
2012:
2006:
1990:Laurens, Henry
1986:
1973:
1943:
1914:
1885:
1859:
1829:
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1768:
1763:
1745:Hoffman, Bruce
1741:
1736:
1718:Heller, Joseph
1714:
1705:
1676:
1646:
1626:
1620:(in Italian),
1609:
1604:
1582:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1541:
1529:
1527:, p. 168.
1517:
1502:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1448:
1433:
1421:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1367:
1355:
1340:
1328:
1326:, p. 180.
1316:
1301:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1247:
1232:
1220:
1205:
1203:, p. 440.
1193:
1181:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1138:, p. 220.
1128:
1126:, p. 156.
1113:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1068:, p. 178.
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1007:
995:
993:, p. 567.
983:
966:
954:
952:, p. 439.
942:
938:Liebreich 2004
927:
915:
903:
901:, p. 436.
891:
889:, p. 474.
879:
867:
865:, p. 435.
855:
843:
839:Liebreich 2004
831:
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664:Menachem Begin
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2501:Irgun attacks
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2481:1946 in Italy
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2410:A&C Black
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2181:. 7 June 1947
2180:
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2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1996:(in French).
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1925:
1924:
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1826:leaflets read
1822:
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1518:
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1506:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1485:, p. 90.
1484:
1479:
1476:
1473:, p. 98.
1472:
1467:
1464:
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1452:
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1445:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1425:
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1410:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1392:, p. 89.
1391:
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1263:
1260:, p. 84.
1259:
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1233:
1229:
1224:
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1217:
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1197:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:Pannullo 2016
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1162:, p. 81.
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1111:, p. 82.
1110:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1092:, p. 93.
1091:
1086:
1083:
1080:, p. 55.
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1044:, p. 78.
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:Kokkonen 2008
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
996:
992:
987:
984:
980:
975:
973:
971:
967:
963:
958:
955:
951:
946:
943:
940:, p. 57.
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
919:
916:
912:
907:
904:
900:
895:
892:
888:
883:
880:
876:
871:
868:
864:
859:
856:
852:
847:
844:
840:
835:
832:
829:, p. 83.
828:
823:
821:
817:
811:
803:
799:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:According to
772:
769:
765:
759:
756:
752:
746:
743:
736:
732:
729:
728:
724:
722:
719:
714:
709:
707:
706:Jewish Agency
703:
699:
694:
690:
686:
681:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
649:
648:
642:
641:
634:
627:
625:
623:
618:
612:
610:
609:Pino Romualdi
606:
602:
598:
597:Civitavecchia
594:
593:Naval College
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
560:
558:
554:
544:
536:
529:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
500:
497:in May 1946,
496:
492:
487:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
459:
455:
452:'s policy of
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
427:
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412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
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372:
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349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
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314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
292:
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265:
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258:
257:
254:
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:
205:
199:
196:
193:; Ambassador
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
155:
150:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
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101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
72:
67:
57:
52:
50:
45:
43:
38:
37:
34:
30:
19:
2438:
2405:
2377:
2371:
2353:
2341:
2336:– via
2330:. Retrieved
2323:
2312:
2307:– via
2301:. Retrieved
2294:
2283:
2278:– via
2272:. Retrieved
2265:
2254:
2249:– via
2243:. Retrieved
2236:
2218:
2202:
2194:
2189:– via
2183:. Retrieved
2176:
2164:
2159:– via
2153:. Retrieved
2146:
2125:
2112:
2076:
2072:Mieli, Paolo
2049:
2017:
1993:
1968:
1963:– via
1957:. Retrieved
1950:
1939:
1934:– via
1928:. Retrieved
1921:
1910:
1905:– via
1899:. Retrieved
1894:The Recorder
1892:
1879:– via
1873:. Retrieved
1866:
1854:
1849:– via
1843:. Retrieved
1836:
1824:
1819:– via
1813:. Retrieved
1806:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1749:
1722:
1709:
1701:
1696:– via
1690:. Retrieved
1683:
1671:
1666:– via
1660:. Retrieved
1653:
1638:. Retrieved
1621:
1617:
1590:
1570:
1537:Biagini 2004
1532:
1520:
1510:
1505:
1495:
1490:
1483:Biagini 2004
1478:
1466:
1456:
1451:
1441:
1436:
1424:
1414:
1409:
1397:
1390:Biagini 2004
1385:
1375:
1370:
1363:Biagini 2004
1358:
1348:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1309:
1304:
1294:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1258:Biagini 2004
1240:
1235:
1228:Biagini 2004
1223:
1213:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1160:Toscano 2010
1155:
1148:Biagini 2004
1143:
1136:Parlato 2006
1131:
1124:Parlato 2015
1109:Biagini 2004
1085:
1073:
1066:Biagini 2004
1061:
1049:
1042:Biagini 2004
1037:
1030:Biagini 2004
1025:
1003:Biagini 2004
998:
991:Laurens 2002
986:
957:
945:
918:
911:Hoffman 2015
906:
894:
887:Hoffman 2015
882:
870:
858:
851:Biagini 2004
846:
834:
827:Biagini 2004
802:Biagini 2004
792:
771:
766:, p. 2)
758:
753:, p. 1)
745:
717:
710:
689:Sacher Hotel
676:
657:
645:
638:
635:
631:
622:Noel Charles
613:
561:
555:against the
549:
499:David Petrie
488:
431:
421:
413:
392:Noel Charles
368:
327:
303:Birya affair
221:Perpetrators
195:Noel Charles
107:
83:Birya affair
29:
2460: /
1525:Heller 2012
1201:Walton 2008
979:Walton 2008
962:Walton 2011
950:Walton 2008
899:Walton 2008
863:Walton 2008
781:carabinieri
777:Paolo Mieli
718:in absentia
685:travel visa
680:antisemitic
493:'s wartime
422:in absentia
400:Carabinieri
241:Carabinieri
202:Attack type
2475:Categories
2448:12°30′05″E
2445:41°54′32″N
1624:(5): 75–92
1471:Bagon 2003
1402:Bagon 2003
1270:Bagon 2003
1090:Bagon 2003
785:Mieli 2017
553:insurgency
483:Aliyah Bet
428:Background
2394:154775965
2055:Routledge
1952:The Argus
1728:Routledge
1685:The Argus
1511:The Argus
1324:Bell 1976
1214:The Argus
1078:ANPI 1987
1054:Bell 1976
812:Citations
647:The Times
628:Aftermath
589:Mussolini
573:Ladispoli
446:Holocaust
375:Porta Pia
169:Porta Pia
2074:(2017),
2047:(2013),
1992:(2002).
1747:(2015),
1720:(2012),
1588:(1976),
764:CT 1946b
751:CT 1946a
725:See also
402:and the
243:and the
165:Location
2296:The Age
2267:The Age
2196:itself.
2148:The Age
2082:Rizzoli
1970:"mine."
1561:Sources
1496:The Age
1457:The Age
1376:The Age
702:Haganah
660:Eritrea
569:Tricase
530:Bombing
524:Haganah
450:Haganah
236:Inquiry
213:Weapons
207:Bombing
2416:
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2303:26 May
2274:26 May
2245:26 May
2185:26 May
2155:26 May
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1998:Fayard
1959:26 May
1930:26 May
1901:26 May
1875:31 May
1845:26 May
1815:26 May
1782:10 May
1761:
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1692:26 May
1662:26 May
1602:
713:Israel
698:yishuv
653:Genova
187:Target
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2338:Trove
2309:Trove
2280:Trove
2251:Trove
2225:Trove
2191:Trove
2166:1946.
2161:Trove
1965:Trove
1936:Trove
1907:Trove
1881:Trove
1851:Trove
1821:Trove
1698:Trove
1668:Trove
1640:7 May
1575:(PDF)
1498:1947b
1459:1947a
1417:1946b
1351:1946a
737:Notes
585:Betar
577:Fiume
565:UNRRA
408:Betar
383:Irgun
230:Irgun
2414:ISBN
2358:ISBN
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1664:2018
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1600:ISBN
1513:1947
1444:1947
1378:1946
1312:1946
1297:1946
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571:and
471:Lehi
415:and
379:Rome
179:Date
173:Rome
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617:TNT
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