466:, 1683 somewhere in the Atlantic. They shot the captain and decapitated seven or eight crew members. The ship had come under the leadership of the prisoner Hans Borman, "an ungodly person", and Dyppel was thrown overboard with his newborn daughter and wife. His wife survived the ordeal and married a plantation owner on St. Thomas. Additionally, Krarup mentions that the widowed Margrethe Pedersdatter had been forced to "submit to the most degrading treatment of a virtuous woman".
312:. Additionally, a system of alarms were set up in the case of hostile ships. A settler who spotted a ship was to fire his gun and alert his neighbor, who would in turn alert the next. Any rule broken resulted in a fine of 10 to 1000 pounds of tobacco, depending on the offense. Taylor notes that none may leave the island without the governor's permission under penalty of 500 to 1000 pounds of tobacco, and that Dyppel was a strict disciplinarian in these matters.
339:
411:
aforementioned Carl
Baggert. Soon, however, Dyppel and Esmit clashed. Esmit had freed a settler Pieter Jansen who had been imprisoned under Dyppel. Dyppel called upon the new administration to review his term, for which he got a public declaration of appreciation. Rumors flourished that some signatures on the declaration had been forced, and Dyppel asked the settlers in front of Esmit if this was so, to which they all replied no.
238:, a motivational treatise concerning piety and introspection. Krarup mentions that he cannot have been entirely destitute, as the publishing of such a book would likely be a substantial expense with little monetary reward. The same year, Dyppel married Birgitte Pedersdatter. The marriage took place in Dyppel's home, which at the time was only considered for the higher classes.
394:
the fort. The task of defending St. Thomas proved taxing on Dyppel, and according to Krarup, Dyppel later said he sought refuge in "strong drinks". In 1679, Dyppel and a Pieter Jansen had a physical altercation outside the
Reformed Church, and Dyppel put him in prison and kept him there without due process.
277:
At the time when Danish West India
Company claimed St. Thomas, it had been abandoned by the previous English settlers, although some Dutch were there upon Dyppel's arrival. A British warship arrived shortly and made demands on behalf of the British crown, but they were rejected, and England rescinded
410:
About the transfer of the colony from Dyppel to Esmit, Krarup notes the accomplishments of Dyppel with great appreciation. Esmit even writes home to the company, speaking highly of the state of the island, expressing confusion at the displeasure with Dyppel on the part of plantationers such as the
393:
On
February 2, 1678, St. Thomas was attacked by the French, and albeit they were repelled, they abducted a number of slaves. Dyppel started improving the fortifications, a project which was finished on May 2, 1680. All hands on the island were involved in this, and during this time, they lodged in
418:
After returning to
Denmark where he landed in Helsingør on February 24, 1681, Dyppel wrote a letter to the company saying that he would stay there a week to go to the altar at the church, not having done so in 9 years. He wrote that Esmit was not of "a good Danish mindset" and that he himself was
414:
Esmit, however, proclaimed himself the protector of Jansen, and warned Dyppel that he would not be allowed self-defence, even if Jansen physically attacked him. Likewise, they disagreed on the qualities of the fort built under Dyppel, as well as the interpretation of the bible. Dyppel left the
377:
The high mortality rate and comfortless lives of hard work on the island soon made it nigh impossible to get volunteers for the colony, and the company started using convicted prisoners, lured with the promise of freedom, to a high degree. Dyppel proved a harsh governor for such elements, and
732:
390:("Bones, Dried-up, No Gut, Sour Eye"). Likewise, Krarup mentions that Indian slaves were removed from the colony, as they were "worse escapees than the negros", to avoid inspiring the latter. One such Indian, Jan Indian, had his foot cut off to "curb his eagerness ".
430:
It was proclaimed that the colony would give free passage to St. Thomas if prospective settlers would pay their own upkeep, and that any interested parties should announce themselves to Dyppel. However, none showed. Instead, all life-serving prisoners from the
422:
Dyppel arrived at the Danish West India
Company on March 9. It soon became apparent that Esmit's appointment was a mistake. In 1682 it was decided that Dyppel would return to St. Thomas to reclaim the title as governor. He married the niece of Copenhagen mayor
397:
Dyppel's first wife died in 1679 and he became increasingly disillusioned, according to letters to the company, even counting the day he took up work with them as the worst day of his life. Dyppel called upon the company to find a replacement and they elected
346:
Among Dyppel's initial tasks included organizing the clearing of forests, building roads and plantations. The building of a fort was underway, however with minor setbacks, as on
January 6, 1674 Dyppel ordered that Carl Baggert move his house, as
385:
Slave trade was a significant part of the new colony's economy. Krarup relates the story of a
Portuguese ship running aground in the vicinity, and how the slaves were salvaged. Due to their emaciated condition, they were given such names as
419:"not affectionate of the German". He knows about the charges, but rebuts them firmly, which according to Krarup has a significant effect in their juxtaposition with the pious sinner that shines through the first part of the letter.
354:
Due to the Danes not being used to the climate (Krarup mentions that the Danes had trouble with "the poisonous fumes" of the tropical forest, as well as the foreign food, whereas the Dutch were better acclimatized), as well as the
469:
After some time in
Copenhagen, Dyppel's son, Iver Jørgensen Dyppel, settled on St. Thomas where he married Anna van Ockeren (daughter of Dutch plantation owner Simon van Ockeren), who upon becoming a widow married future Governor
215:) founded a trading company. During the next five years, Dyppel prospered and secured a small fortune. Upon a return trip to Europe in 1665, the British captured Dyppel's ship (according to Krarup, because he was unaware of the
451:) left Helsingør for St. Thomas on November 10. Dyppel writes home December 15, mentioning among other things that his wife has born a daughter on November 30, but nothing more is heard from the ship until it runs aground in
293:
I, Jørgen
Iversen, His Majesty the King of Denmark and Norway, and the West India Company's Governor of the Island of St. Thomas, find it right and proper to proclaim this ordinance for the honor of God, and the good of the
904:"woris Compagnie er iblant det gemene Folck saa ilde udraabt, at de meener, naar de kommer at tienne udj Westindien, de ere da werre derand end at tienne udj Barbaried." (Copibog S. 328), Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 29
349:"it is not advantageous to the Fort, but at some time or other might be prejudicial that Baggert build his house so much higher than the Fort, insomuch that everyone who comes to him can completely overlook it."
415:
island on September 20, 1680. One of the letters that travelled on the same ship was from Esmit to the company, charging Dyppel with falseness and self-enrichment, and that the colony had been misheld.
281:
The estates of the present settlers were confirmed in deeds issued by Dyppel in 1678. Such estates were taxed for a capon or a turkey, which were used for a banquet each year. Future governors
274:
Sources disagree on the exact date of his officially taking the gubernatorial position, as Bricka & Krarup has the date as May 26, 1672, where Westergaard has May 25 and Taylor has May 23.
325:, still jealous of other nations possessing islands in their vicinity, to annoy by every means in their power. They often descended by night upon the island, and stole negroes and cattle."
474:. Iver and Anna had one daughter, Birgitte Iversdatter, who was sickly and had no children with her husband, surgeon Constantin Christian Cornetzsky. Thus ended Dyppel's bloodline.
271:
for 3 months, during which time Dyppel had quite a task with controlling the crew which consisted partly of indentured servants and partly of convicted felons conscripted for duty.
267:
had departed on October 20, 1671 and did not arrive until May 23 the following year. This delay was caused by a leak incurred in November 1671, and subsequent docking in
253:
Due to his experiences in the West Indies, he was recommended to be the first governor by company director Peter Petersen Lerche, and took the position on April 29.
378:
physical punishment was common. Krarup has a dim view of the predominantly Dutch and convicted settlers, but skips over Dyppel's countrymen (Danes, Norwegians, and
1145:
495:
1180:
1165:
372:"our company is among the common people of such ill repute, that they feel that serving in West India is a worse task than serving barbarians."
261:, under the Dutchman Arent Henriksen, was sent in advance to test the waters, but returned after waiting in vain for Dyppel. Dyppel's vessel
1175:
370:
At this time, the reputation of the Danish West India Company had reached a low among the Danish populace. The directors wrote that,
141:
1160:
1170:
1118:
His father's estate had been maintained by his stepmother's new husband Engelbrecht Christiansen (Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 45
608:"'Against the Law of God, of nature and the secular world': conceptions of sovereignty in early colonial St. Thomas, 1672-1680"
402:
as successor on September 6, 1679, and Dyppel officially resigned as governor on July 4, 1680. Esmit was welcomed with warmly.
676:
Ehrencron-Müller, Forfatterlexikon, 343. Krarup mentions that the mother's name is used in a dedication in Dyppel's 1670 book
924:
234:, but never sent it due to the rising tension between Denmark and England. While in Denmark, Dyppel published the 1670 book
148:, from 1672 to 1680. His rule was marked by the work to construct a functioning colony and the difficulties of such a task.
257:
565:
in Personalhistorisk Tidsskrift, række 2, bind 6 (Otto B. Wroblewski, Hoffenbergske Etablissement, Copenhagen, 1891)
374:
Soon, Dyppel offered the company to add a year to his original 3-year contract, which was accepted with gratitude.
246:
530:(editor), Dansk biografisk Lexikon, first edition, 19 volumes, 1887–1905, Vol. VIII. Online edition available:
223:
263:
34:
424:
360:
249:
was organized in December 1670 and formally chartered on March 11, 1671. Dyppel bought a share for 1000
231:
1155:
1150:
212:
193:
635:
305:
189:
145:
363:
wars, this proved a complex undertaking. Dyppel obtained some help from the British settlers of
920:
627:
463:
338:
915:
619:
477:
Dyppel's legacy according to Biografisk Lexikon is that of an honest man and a hard worker.
356:
250:
227:
174:
427:, Margrethe Christensdatter. They met as Dyppel's son had found employ in Jensen's house.
332:
304:
His first orders included mandatory church attendance for all settlers (and piousness for
216:
539:
A list of the names of inhabitants - The Danish Westindian Islands (The Virgin Islands)
318:
166:
1139:
639:
505:
399:
282:
200:
57:
471:
286:
623:
367:, mainly in the form of sugar cane captured from Tortola's former Dutch settlers.
162:
85:
549:
607:
322:
204:
563:
Jørgen Iversen (Dyppel), Vestindisk Compagnies første Gouverneur paa St. Thomas
458:
In the subsequent investigation, it comes forth that the prisoners of the ship
999:
578:
Jørgen Iversen (Dyppet), Vestindisk Gompagnies første Gouverneur paa St. Thoma
432:
631:
226:
in the hopes of recovering the lost goods, which amounted to a value of 3000
452:
328:
178:
577:
379:
170:
137:
895:
Westergaard, Danish West Indies, 23 & Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 29
534:(pages 332 & 333. Numbered as 334 & 335 in the online edition).
364:
351:
Baggert would later prove to be a factor in some of Dyppel's problems.
208:
182:
89:
541:
from the sources in the Royal Danish State Archive (Copenhagen, 1945)
459:
309:
268:
337:
308:), the stocking of arms (swords and guns), and a curfew for black
315:
The system of alarms was, according to Knox, instated due to the
882:
880:
556:
Forfatterlexikon omfattende Danmark, Norge og Island indtil 1814
435:, as well as 20 women convicted of prostitution were selected.
531:
188:
After Dyppel's education, he went to the West Indies as an
775:
Bricka, Biografisk, 332 and Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 28
522:
The Danish West Indies under Company Rule (1671 - 1754)
916:
A History of the Virgin Islands of the United States
105:
95:
72:
67:
51:
32:
21:
177:and Else Pedersdatter. The name Dyppel comes from
199:In the West Indies, Dyppel became a clerk with a
299:Jørgen Iversen Dyppel, Orders of August 8, 1672
291:
222:Dyppel went to Denmark, and had audiences with
8:
1066:
1064:
289:are named as land owners in the 1678 deeds.
1126:
1124:
1105:
1103:
1054:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1028:
1026:
985:
983:
981:
935:
933:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
717:
715:
705:
703:
701:
691:
689:
687:
685:
479:
18:
753:
751:
733:The Danish West Indies under Company Rule
572:(William Dawson & Sons, London, 1888)
124:(February 25, 1638 – 1683), also called
589:
388:"Benrad, Indtørret, Uden Bug, Sur Øje "
327:Another concern was French and English
548:(Charles Schribner, New York, 1852).
7:
570:Leaflets from the Danish West Indies
47:May 26, 1672 – July 4, 1680
1146:Governors of the Danish West Indies
1011:Westergaard, Danish West Indies, 25
784:Westergaard, Danish West Indies, 22
111:2nd wife: Margrethe Christensdatter
606:Christensen, Rasmus (2021-03-10).
546:A Historical Account of St. Thomas
496:Governor of the Danish West Indies
16:Governor of the Danish West Indies
14:
278:its claim on September 23, 1672.
1088:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 41-42
957:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 31-32
745:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 26-27
558:(Aschehoug, Copenhagen, 1925–39)
140:of the renewed establishment of
1181:1670s in the Danish West Indies
998:Pieter Jansen had arrived from
865:Called Carel Baggaert in Krarup
612:Scandinavian Journal of History
192:. Krarup presumes he went with
109:1st wife: Birgitte Pedersdatter
1:
1166:Danish people murdered abroad
1130:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 45
1109:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 44
1097:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 43
1079:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 41
1058:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 40
1032:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 38
989:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 37
966:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 32
948:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 31
939:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 30
886:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 29
802:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 28
766:krarup, Personalhistorisk, 27
721:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 26
709:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 25
695:Krarup, Personalhistorisk, 24
624:10.1080/03468755.2021.1896575
537:Hugo Ryberg, Rigmor de Vicq,
203:trader on Saint Christopher (
1046:Krarup, Personalhistorie, 39
975:Krarup, Personalhistorie, 36
211:merchants (most importantly
532:https://runeberg.org/dbl/8/
524:(MacMillan, New York, 1917)
169:as the son of a baker from
1197:
1176:17th-century Danish people
554:Holger Ehrencron-Müller,
502:
493:
487:
482:
247:Danish West India Company
230:. He drafted a letter to
115:
63:
40:
28:
678:Fire Sparetimers Fructer
550:Online edition available
236:Fire Sparetimers Fructer
224:Frederick III of Denmark
1070:Bricka, Biografisk, 333
730:Westergaard, Waldemar.
667:Bricka, Biografisk, 332
596:Ryberg/Vicq, Names, 134
136:in Knox, was the first
1171:People who died at sea
568:Charles Edwin Taylor,
520:Waldemar Westergaard,
343:
342:The fort on St. Thomas
302:
35:The Danish West Indies
1161:People from Helsingør
919:. Canoe Press, 1974.
847:Taylor, Leaflets, 3-4
341:
232:Charles II of England
207:). In 1660, he and 3
122:Jørgen Iversen Dyppel
23:Jørgen Iversen Dyppel
874:Taylor, Leaflets, 4
793:Taylor, Leaflets, 3
425:Bartholomæus Jensen
258:Den forgyldte Krone
161:Dyppel was born in
820:Knox, Account, 247
575:Krarup, Frederik:
483:Political offices
344:
190:indentured servant
146:Danish West Indies
1020:Knox, Account, 54
856:Knox, Account, 51
838:Knox, Account, 49
829:Knox, Account, 48
811:Knox, Account, 52
757:Knox, Account, 47
561:Frederik Krarup,
512:
511:
503:Succeeded by
196:'s ship in 1654.
119:
118:
83:February 25, 1638
1188:
1131:
1128:
1119:
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1110:
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1018:
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1009:
1003:
1002:the year before.
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987:
976:
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964:
958:
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949:
946:
940:
937:
928:
913:Dookhan, Isaac.
911:
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603:
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500:1672–1680
488:Preceded by
480:
300:
82:
80:
68:Personal details
54:
45:
33:1st Governor of
19:
1196:
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499:
491:
447:(The Merman or
443:The royal ship
441:
408:
301:
298:
244:
217:Anglo-Dutch War
159:
154:
132:, or sometimes
110:
100:
84:
78:
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52:
46:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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618:(4): 476–492.
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559:
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544:John P. Knox,
542:
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525:
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492:
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464:New Year's Eve
440:
437:
407:
404:
306:white servants
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243:
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167:Denmark-Norway
158:
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150:
126:George Iversen
117:
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101:Atlantic ocean
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506:Nicolai Esmit
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486:
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438:
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433:Holmen prison
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405:
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400:Nicolai Esmit
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175:Sønderjylland
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58:Nicolai Esmit
56:
50:
44:
39:
36:
31:
27:
20:
1114:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1016:
1007:
994:
971:
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242:Governorship
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181:in Southern
160:
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53:Succeeded by
42:
1156:1683 deaths
1151:1638 births
380:Holsteiners
361:Anglo-Dutch
205:Saint Kitts
1140:Categories
925:9768125055
585:References
455:, Sweden.
406:Later life
329:buccaneers
323:Porto Rico
157:Early life
142:St. Thomas
79:1638-02-25
640:233675558
632:0346-8755
453:Marstrand
445:Havmanden
319:Spaniards
209:Zeelandic
163:Helsingør
152:Biography
106:Spouse(s)
86:Helsingør
43:In office
460:mutinied
449:Neptunus
297:—
294:country.
171:Holstein
138:governor
130:Ifversen
1000:Curaçao
462:around
365:Tortola
333:Tortuga
283:Nicolai
201:British
183:Jutland
144:in the
90:Denmark
923:
638:
630:
310:slaves
269:Bergen
179:Dybbøl
134:Doppel
636:S2CID
439:Death
321:, at
264:Færøe
921:ISBN
628:ISSN
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359:and
285:and
251:rdl.
99:1683
96:Died
73:Born
620:doi
382:).
331:at
228:rdl
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1142::
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