618:
689:
713:. Spofford agreed after some deliberation, and began working in late September. Stephenson departed Washington the same day Spofford began work, not returning for two months. Spofford held warm feelings towards him, writing that he was a "thorough good fellow—liberal—high-minded—active—but with no special knowledge of books". Spofford and fellow assistant librarian Edward B. Stelle signed many of the library documents during the period. Library of Congress historian Lucy Salamanca described Stephenson's appointment of Spofford as "his single greatest contribution to the development of the library".
1799:
816:
44:
542:, and this may have influenced him to pursue the position. Many testimonials in favor of appointing Stephenson to the position were sent to Lincoln, beginning within a few weeks after the election. Various figures, including local physicians and a Kentucky Republican convention delegate, wrote to Lincoln, emphasizing Stephenson's service to the Republican Party and the Lincoln campaign. In March 1861, Senator
516:
432:. Other members of the Stephenson family were elected to a variety of local civic positions. John Stephenson attended school at the Lancaster Academy, which his father had co-incorporated in 1828. Stephenson was active in theater at the academy, performing in a variety of plays. He initially pursued further education at
826:
Little information is known about
Stephenson's later life. He stated that he was employed "in various capacities as a clerk not in service of the United States" between 1865 and 1880, although the exact location or locations of his residence during this time is unknown. At some point, he served as a
325:
in 1849. Stephenson moved to Terre Haute, Indiana, in the early 1850s, where he became active in the temperance movement and the nascent
Republican Party. He campaigned for Abraham Lincoln in the 1859 Senate race in Illinois and the 1860 presidential election, and pursued an appointment of Librarian
629:
In the months after assuming office, Stephenson became irritated with the state of the library, viewing it as having fallen into disrepair and neglect under his predecessor. He threw out what he deemed as low-quality books and initiated a mass change of staff, firing all assistants except Meehan's
643:
if
Stephenson had resigned. Stephenson defended his actions against the Joint Committee, stating in the annual report that the firing of the previous staff was " his conviction, induced by several months of trial and observation, as well as by the facts as to the condition of the Library already
849:, and noting his services during the Civil War and his "unwavering devotion to the Republican Party since its first organization". He was appointed to the Record and Pension Division of the Office in September 1880, and served until March 30, 1881, where he was discharged without a given cause.
791:, was also a candidate for the position. Stephenson announced his resignation from his post as Librarian of Congress on December 22, 1864, with Spofford officially succeeding him on December 31. William Dawson Johnston, writing in 1904, attributed Stephenson's resignation to his engagement in "
566:
I have just left Mr. Lincoln. I found him alone this evening and had a good old fashioned talk as I frequently have and always, when he has leisure Mr. Lincoln is very kind to me and has given me not only what I have asked for myself but so far nearly anything I have asked for my friends and
638:
H. Wharton Meehan. This alarmed the members of the Joint
Committee. Pearce believed Stephenson had gone beyond his authority, especially in the disposal of books, but noted that the Joint Committee was largely powerless to stop him. Lincoln was confused by the change of staff, and asked
494:, writing in support of his candidacy in March 1860. At the convention, he worked to influence the Kentucky delegation into supporting Lincoln. He actively campaigned for Lincoln in both Indiana and Illinois, writing that he had spent several weeks campaigning for him in
599:
attributed his age and period of service as the primary factor for his replacement, writing that Meehan had become "a very ancient fossil". Pearce urged the president not to replace Meehan, gaining support from the other two senators of the
721:
Due to the ongoing civil war, Stephenson began to spend extended periods in military service soon after his appointment as
Librarian of Congress. Spofford noted that he "devoted a large portion of his time" to care for ill soldiers of the
802:
described him as the last representative of an era of highly political appointees to the
Library of Congress, describing his appointment of Spofford as his "chief claim to fame" due to the latter's reforms to the library. Historian
671:
also advocated against the ovens, citing the damage to the
Library of Congress, but the resolution failed in the House. They were not removed until October 1862, following a letter to Lincoln from Stephenson and commissioner
659:, installed to feed troops stationed nearby. Smoke and soot from the ovens drifted up into the Library of Congress, staining books and tables. The bakeries also disabled the library's heating systems during operation, as a
595:'s lack of clear support for the Union following the secession of the Southern states significantly impacted his political influence. Although publicly apolitical, Meehan himself faced rumors of Southern sympathies.
608:
to send him a commission for
Stephenson on May 23, with Stephenson accepting the following day, becoming the fifth librarian of Congress. Meehan calmly accepted his dismissal, and left his duties at the end of May.
546:
wrote to
Lincoln in support, stating that Stephenson was a "gentleman of fine education" and that his appointment would "give great pleasure to the Republicans of his neighborhood". At least one other candidate,
558:, at some point before May 1861 and wrote a letter to Lincoln asking to be appointed, urging haste so as to become acquainted with the library before the opening of the next session of Congress. Dole, Lincoln's
782:
For unclear reasons, Stephenson had indicated an intention to resign in late 1864. Spofford began a lengthy letter-writing campaign, soliciting endorsements from every congressional representative and senator.
377:. He resigned as librarian for unclear reasons in December 1864, and was succeeded by Spofford. He served in various positions as a legal clerk during the 1870s, and was appointed as a medical examiner at the
341:
Believing that the library had fallen into neglect under Meehan's administration, Stephenson began a mass change of staff soon after taking office, firing all but one assistant. He hired journalist
860:, and by mid-October was too ill to continue work. Captain Grant invited Stephenson to stay at his home to recover, where he died on November 11, 1883. A medical examiner attributed his death to
601:
335:
807:
described
Stephenson's tenure as "difficult to appraise", but noted the library taking a diminished role during the Civil War, whether from Stephenson's absences or merely the war itself.
709:, a war journalist who had begun to browse the Library of Congress when not writing. Stephenson's brother, Reuben, had long been a close friend of Spofford, both being members of the
730:. Stephenson never enlisted or was formally commissioned into formal military, but served in a number of medical roles during the war. He reported that he briefly served as acting
1865:
1635:
1840:
788:
472:
1855:
798:
Stephenson's short tenure as librarian was mainly occupied by his military service, with little direct contribution to the library and its policies. Librarian
1860:
330:. After a lengthy pressure campaign from prominent Republicans, Lincoln appointed Stephenson as Librarian of Congress, replacing long-term incumbent
531:
841:, as well as in two 1877 court cases revolving around a furniture ownership dispute. In April 1880, Captain Albert Grant wrote to Secretary of War
433:
573:] but he has worked hard for us & is poor and can hand down books to M. C. as well & as gracefully as any one and besides he is a
1628:
828:
487:
345:, a friend of his brother, as assistant librarian in August 1861. Although never formally commissioned, Stephenson began serving in the
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437:
318:
1870:
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539:
464:
170:
1850:
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451:
lists Stephenson as a physician in Lancaster, but it is unclear if he ever practiced medicine in the town. He likely moved to
723:
559:
354:
567:
promised me to appoint Dr. Stevenson Congressional Librarian tomorrow. You know that the Dr. is not heavy mettal [
846:
667:
rallied Senate members in favor of the removal of the bakeries, upset with smoke drifting into the Senate chambers. Rep.
625:
with its dome under construction, early 1860s. The Library of Congress would occupy a portion of the building until 1897.
1845:
688:
548:
1798:
710:
455:, in 1851, where he "practiced physic & surgery for ten years". While in Terre Haute, he became involved with the
538:
using connections within the Republican Party. His brother, Reuben Henry Stephenson, worked as the librarian of the
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727:
370:
276:
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832:
448:
314:
184:
705:
Around the beginning of August 1861, Stephenson "intimated an offer" for the position of assistant librarian to
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310:
180:
132:
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692:
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342:
248:
104:
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of Congress immediately following Lincoln's election, possibly due to his brother's work as a librarian in
869:
861:
837:
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495:
382:
160:
361:
in the Indiana militia, where he achieved the rank of colonel. In 1863, he served as the aide-de-camp of
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59:
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374:
281:
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853:
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In either November 1881 or July 1883, Stephenson entered employment as a medical examiner in the
656:
476:
460:
441:
378:
322:
271:
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in Washington in the early 1880s. He died after several months of illness and was buried in the
774:. Meredith wrote to Lincoln shortly after Gettysburg, recommending a promotion for Stephenson.
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331:
92:
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80:
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for the baking operation had been built into the flue of the Library's furnace. Senator
305:(March 1, 1828 – November 11, 1883) was an American physician and soldier who served as
1718:
784:
735:
734:
of the 19th Indiana in 1861. On January 10, 1862, Stephenson was commissioned into the
640:
226:
1819:
1534:
1461:
799:
731:
543:
405:
350:
349:
soon after his appointment as Librarian of Congress. He briefly served as an acting
1784:
1773:
1438:
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1382:
751:
739:
664:
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574:
429:
409:
366:
358:
258:
1512:
404:), the fourth of eight children. Reuben Stephenson was a merchant who operated a
856:
in Washington, D.C. In August 1883, he approached a physician due to persistent
795:
created by the War", but no firm evidence has emerged corroborating the claim.
792:
425:
43:
399:
346:
327:
230:
17:
1526:
421:
1475:
1415:"Ainsworth Rand Spofford: The Valiant and Persistent Librarian of Congress"
770:. He received a citation for his service at Gettysburg from Major General
515:
1613:
857:
591:, had held the position since 1829. Meehan's longtime ally and associate
479:, where he was described as an "efficient speaker" by Indiana politician
1558:
1538:
1500:
1484:
1430:
1414:
1402:
1374:
845:, forwarding Stephenson's request to be appointed as a clerk within the
1605:
1581:
1387:"The Main Building of the Library of Congress: A Chronology, 1871–1965"
1386:
1358:
743:
491:
417:
413:
726:
in late September 1861, placed into a temporary hospital inside the
1597:
562:, described meeting with Lincoln to urge Stephenson's appointment:
814:
687:
616:
514:
660:
1617:
569:
534:, Stephenson began to pursue a political appointment as the
1160:
1158:
868:
organized his funeral, and he was buried at the Washington
831:. He is recorded as a resident of Washington, D.C., in the
486:
Stephenson was one of Lincoln's earliest advocates for the
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1256:
1254:
1569:
Fortress of Freedom: The Story of the Library of Congress
313:, to a prominent merchant family, he attended college at
1514:
The Story Up to Now: The Library of Congress, 1800–1946
1463:
History of the Library of Congress: Volume I, 1800-1864
1229:
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recited, of their incapacity for their several posts."
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1212:
953:
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577:
man and I am for him. You know I never forget friends.
1582:"Librarian-in-Arms: The Career of John G. Stephenson"
1359:"John Gould Stephenson: Largely Known and Much Liked"
968:
966:
393:
On March 1, 1828, John Gould Stephenson was born in
1485:"John Silva Meehan: A Gentleman of Amiable Manners"
264:
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244:
236:
220:
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176:
166:
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139:
119:
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86:
76:
57:
34:
582:William P. Dole, letter to Dr. Davis, May 14, 1861
647:Stephenson was infuriated by the presence of the
604:. Despite this, Lincoln asked Secretary of State
1391:The Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress
27:American librarian and 5th Librarian of Congress
564:
1629:
8:
1489:Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress
1419:Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress
1363:Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress
746:. In 1863, he served as the aide-de-camp of
602:Congressional Joint Committee on the Library
540:Young Men's Mercantile Library of Cincinnati
1866:People of Indiana in the American Civil War
1636:
1622:
1614:
42:
31:
1164:
1053:
1041:
1029:
829:District of Columbia Legislative Assembly
789:librarian of the House of Representatives
72:May 24, 1861 – December 31, 1864
1260:
408:in Lancaster, additionally serving as a
1293:
885:
530:Shortly after Lincoln's victory in the
1328:
1305:
1233:
1203:
1176:
1149:
1137:
1089:
1017:
996:
984:
957:
928:
904:
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397:, to Reuben and Mary King Stephenson (
1841:Burials at the Congressional Cemetery
463:chapter, as well as with the nascent
398:
7:
1856:People from Lancaster, New Hampshire
1281:
1245:
1218:
1188:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1077:
1065:
972:
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459:, becoming a patriarch of the local
488:1860 Republican National Convention
369:, and saw action at the battles of
25:
1541:Librarians of Congress, 1802–1974
1460:Johnston, William Dawson (1904).
1861:People from Terre Haute, Indiana
1797:
1468:U. S. Government Printing Office
1442:"John G. Stephenson (1828–1883)"
1340:
1547:The Journal of Library History
819:Stephenson's tombstone at the
742:, later achieving the rank of
724:19th Indiana Infantry Regiment
560:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
357:in 1861, before serving as an
336:Joint Committee on the Library
1:
847:Office of the Surgeon General
696:
467:. He campaigned on behalf of
473:1859 Senate race in Illinois
334:despite opposition from the
738:, the state militia, as an
711:Literary Club of Cincinnati
309:from 1861 to 1864. Born in
1887:
1574:J. B. Lippincott & Co.
1357:Carter, Constance (1976).
1806:
1795:
1651:
1580:Wood, Richard G. (1949).
587:The incumbent librarian,
438:Castleton Medical College
319:Castleton Medical College
315:Dartmouth Medical College
296:
292:
207:
185:Castleton Medical College
110:
65:
53:
41:
1566:Salamanca, Lucy (1942).
1483:McDonough, John (1976).
551:, ran for the position.
440:, where he received his
434:Dartmouth Medical School
395:Lancaster, New Hampshire
321:, where he received his
311:Lancaster, New Hampshire
181:Dartmouth Medical School
133:Lancaster, New Hampshire
1871:Physicians from Indiana
1746:Lawrence Quincy Mumford
1701:Ainsworth Rand Spofford
835:, in a 1871 edition of
707:Ainsworth Rand Spofford
693:Ainsworth Rand Spofford
684:Appointment of Spofford
597:Ainsworth Rand Spofford
436:before transferring to
343:Ainsworth Rand Spofford
105:Ainsworth Rand Spofford
48:Stephenson, early 1860s
1851:Librarians of Congress
1836:American abolitionists
1645:Librarians of Congress
870:Congressional Cemetery
823:
821:Congressional Cemetery
778:Resignation and legacy
702:
626:
585:
554:Stephenson arrived in
527:
500:Edgar County, Illinois
444:on November 23, 1849.
383:Congressional Cemetery
161:Congressional Cemetery
1692:John Gould Stephenson
987:, pp. 78–79, 90.
818:
691:
623:United States Capitol
620:
536:librarian of Congress
532:presidential election
524:Librarian of Congress
518:
506:Librarian of Congress
389:Early life and career
355:19th Indiana Infantry
307:Librarian of Congress
303:John Gould Stephenson
237:Years of service
60:Librarian of Congress
36:John Gould Stephenson
1032:, pp. 3, 22–23.
811:Later life and death
655:basement during the
549:Hezekiah Lord Hosmer
453:Terre Haute, Indiana
1846:Indiana Republicans
1764:James H. Billington
1519:Library of Congress
1446:Library of Congress
1248:, pp. 105–106.
1080:, pp. 266–267.
943:, pp. 263–264.
760:Fitzhugh's Crossing
758:, seeing action at
756:Army of the Potomac
750:, commander of the
651:'s bakeries in the
457:temperance movement
365:, commander of the
1755:Daniel J. Boorstin
1728:Archibald MacLeish
1710:John Russell Young
1116:, pp. 99–102.
864:. Veterans of the
854:Bureau of Pensions
824:
703:
627:
528:
461:Sons of Temperance
442:Doctor of Medicine
379:Bureau of Pensions
272:American Civil War
1813:
1812:
1808:Acting librarian*
1683:John Silva Meehan
1674:George Watterston
1586:Library Quarterly
1543:: A Review Essay"
1535:Metcalf, Keyes D.
1331:, pp. 88–89.
1308:, pp. 74–75.
1152:, pp. 83–84.
1140:, pp. 82–83.
1104:, pp. 95–99.
1044:, pp. 22–23.
999:, pp. 78–79.
907:, pp. 77–78.
606:William H. Seward
589:John Silva Meehan
526:from 1829 to 1861
520:John Silva Meehan
332:John Silva Meehan
300:
299:
143:November 11, 1883
93:John Silva Meehan
16:(Redirected from
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1572:. Philadelphia:
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1509:Mearns, David C.
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866:First Army Corps
843:Alexander Ramsey
838:Boyd's Directory
764:Chancellorsville
748:Solomon Meredith
717:Military service
701:
698:
677:
669:Charles R. Train
637:
583:
556:Washington, D.C.
465:Republican Party
403:
371:Chancellorsville
363:Solomon Meredith
277:Chancellorsville
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150:Washington, D.C.
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115:Personal details
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805:David C. Mearns
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772:Abner Doubleday
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635:
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584:
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508:
481:William P. Dole
477:Stephen Douglas
469:Abraham Lincoln
391:
288:
208:Military career
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167:Political party
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125:
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99:
87:
81:Abraham Lincoln
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66:
49:
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1790:(2016–present)
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1770:
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1719:Herbert Putnam
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1598:10.1086/617572
1592:(4): 263–269.
1577:
1563:
1531:
1517:. Washington:
1505:
1480:
1466:. Washington:
1457:
1435:
1407:
1397:(4): 267–270.
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1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1333:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1284:, p. 269.
1265:
1263:, p. 383.
1250:
1238:
1223:
1221:, p. 268.
1208:
1193:
1191:, p. 266.
1181:
1169:
1167:, p. 197.
1165:Salamanca 1942
1154:
1142:
1130:
1128:, p. 103.
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1068:, p. 270.
1058:
1054:McDonough 1976
1046:
1042:McDonough 1976
1034:
1030:McDonough 1976
1022:
1001:
989:
977:
975:, p. 264.
962:
945:
933:
921:
919:, p. 263.
909:
897:
884:
882:
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812:
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785:Charles Lanman
779:
776:
736:Indiana Legion
718:
715:
685:
682:
649:War Department
641:Caleb B. Smith
614:
611:
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512:
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414:county coroner
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227:Indiana Legion
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147:(aged 55)
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96:
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18:J.G. Stevenson
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1439:Cole, John Y.
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1425:(2): 92–115.
1424:
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1411:Cole, John Y.
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1261:Johnston 1904
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1247:
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1236:, p. 88.
1235:
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1206:, p. 86.
1205:
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1092:, p. 83.
1091:
1086:
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1079:
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1055:
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1019:
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960:, p. 80.
959:
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930:
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895:, p. 77.
894:
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862:heart disease
859:
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827:clerk to the
822:
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800:Keyes Metcalf
796:
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790:
787:, the former
786:
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728:Patent Office
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216:United States
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130:March 1, 1828
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45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1785:Carla Hayden
1774:David S. Mao
1691:
1589:
1585:
1568:
1553:(1): 43–55.
1550:
1546:
1540:
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1492:
1488:
1462:
1449:. Retrieved
1422:
1418:
1394:
1390:
1369:(2): 76–91.
1366:
1362:
1350:Bibliography
1336:
1301:
1294:Metcalf 1979
1289:
1241:
1184:
1172:
1145:
1133:
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1109:
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1073:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
992:
980:
936:
924:
912:
900:
888:
851:
836:
825:
797:
793:speculations
781:
752:Iron Brigade
740:aide-de-camp
720:
704:
700: 1870s
665:Solomon Foot
646:
628:
593:James Pearce
586:
568:
565:
553:
529:
496:Clark County
485:
446:
430:high sheriff
392:
367:Iron Brigade
359:aide-de-camp
340:
302:
301:
259:Iron Brigade
145:(1883-11-11)
100:Succeeded by
67:
29:
1831:1883 deaths
1826:1828 births
1769:(1987–2015)
1760:(1975–1987)
1751:(1954–1974)
1742:(1945–1953)
1733:(1939–1944)
1724:(1899–1939)
1715:(1897–1899)
1706:(1864–1897)
1697:(1861–1864)
1688:(1829–1861)
1679:(1815–1829)
1670:(1807–1815)
1661:(1802–1807)
1495:(1): 2–28.
1329:Carter 1976
1306:Mearns 1947
1234:Carter 1976
1204:Carter 1976
1177:Carter 1976
1150:Carter 1976
1138:Carter 1976
1090:Carter 1976
1018:Carter 1976
997:Carter 1976
985:Carter 1976
958:Carter 1976
929:Carter 1976
905:Carter 1976
893:Carter 1976
833:1870 census
632:Law Library
511:Appointment
449:1850 census
426:fire warden
402: Baker
88:Preceded by
1820:Categories
876:References
768:Gettysburg
375:Gettysburg
347:Union Army
328:Cincinnati
282:Gettysburg
213:Allegiance
191:Occupation
171:Republican
126:1828-03-01
1527:947764033
1451:April 24,
1282:Wood 1949
1246:Cole 1976
1219:Wood 1949
1189:Wood 1949
1126:Cole 1976
1114:Cole 1976
1102:Cole 1976
1078:Wood 1949
1066:Cole 1972
973:Wood 1949
941:Wood 1949
917:Wood 1949
881:Citations
678:B. French
657:Civil War
422:constable
416:, deputy
410:selectman
240:1861–1864
197:Physician
177:Education
77:President
68:In office
1559:25540932
1537:(1979).
1511:(1947).
1501:29781661
1431:29781671
1413:(1976).
1403:29781519
1385:(1972).
1375:29781670
858:insomnia
580:—
475:against
265:Conflict
221:Service/
58:5th
1606:4303804
1476:4297664
754:of the
744:colonel
653:Capitol
634:head C.
492:Chicago
471:in the
418:sheriff
353:to the
249:Colonel
200:soldier
1788:
1781:(2015)
1779:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1713:
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1604:
1557:
1525:
1499:
1474:
1429:
1401:
1373:
766:, and
676:
636:
613:Tenure
575:Wabash
428:, and
223:branch
1602:JSTOR
1555:JSTOR
1497:JSTOR
1427:JSTOR
1399:JSTOR
1371:JSTOR
630:son,
1523:OCLC
1472:OCLC
1453:2024
1341:Cole
661:flue
621:The
498:and
447:The
373:and
317:and
255:Unit
245:Rank
231:Army
152:, US
140:Died
135:, US
120:Born
1594:doi
570:sic
490:in
400:née
323:M.D
1822::
1600:.
1590:19
1588:.
1584:.
1551:14
1549:.
1545:.
1521:.
1493:33
1491:.
1487:.
1470:.
1444:.
1423:33
1421:.
1417:.
1395:29
1393:.
1389:.
1367:33
1365:.
1361:.
1313:^
1268:^
1253:^
1226:^
1211:^
1196:^
1157:^
1004:^
965:^
948:^
872:.
762:,
697:c.
695:,
680:.
674:B.
522:,
502:.
483:.
424:,
420:,
412:,
385:.
338:.
229:,
1777:*
1637:e
1630:t
1623:v
1608:.
1596::
1561:.
1539:"
1529:.
1503:.
1478:.
1455:.
1433:.
1405:.
1377:.
1343:.
128:)
124:(
20:)
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