407:. The landings would be shortly before dawn, mid-way between low and high tide, with the tide coming in. This would improve the visibility of obstacles on the beach, while minimising the amount of time the men would be exposed in the open. Eisenhower had tentatively selected 5 June as the date for the assault. However, on 4 June, conditions were unsuitable for a landing: high winds and heavy seas made it impossible to launch landing craft, and low clouds would prevent aircraft from finding their targets.
411:
20 June. Postponement of the invasion would have required recalling men and ships already in position to cross the
Channel, and would have increased the chance that the invasion plans would be detected. After much discussion with the other senior commanders, Eisenhower decided that the invasion should go ahead on the 6th. A major storm battered the Normandy coast from 19 to 22 June, which would have made the beach landings impossible.
384:
44:
410:
Stagg met
Eisenhower on the evening of 4 June. He and his meteorological team predicted that the weather would improve enough for the invasion to proceed on 6 June. The next available dates with the required tidal conditions (but without the desirable full moon) would be two weeks later, from 18 to
402:
in June 1944 allowed for the tides, the time of day, and the phase of the moon – these conditions would be satisfactory on only a few days in each month. A full moon was desirable, as it would provide illumination for aircraft pilots and have the
1464:
637:
1454:
493:
Stagg died in 1975 and was buried in
Dalkeith Cemetery. On 6 June 2019, 75 years to the day since D-Day, he had a plaque unveiled to him in his hometown of Dalkeith. Achieved through
1449:
1444:
1340:
1469:
1424:
1057:
667:
1429:
1439:
733:"Papers in terrestrial magnetism, with special reference to the magnetic and non-photographic auroral data brought back from Fort Rae, North-West Canada"
565:
334:
200:
153:
1474:
207:
1459:
1293:
846:
1272:
1250:
1231:
1212:
1101:
1070:
680:
463:
193:
149:
904:
889:
357:
111:
1484:
1479:
1378:
1124:
424:
meteorological centre in Paris was predicting two weeks of stormy weather, many
Wehrmacht commanders left their posts to attend
297:(OTC), to serve with the George Heriot's School contingent of the junior division of the OTC (the equivalent of what is now the
1434:
157:
1169:
487:
1076:
686:
1335:
294:
471:
415:
282:
270:
387:
317:
in 1939. In the winter of 1932/33 he led the
British Polar Expedition of Arctic Canada. In 1936, he received a
520:
515:
330:
274:
375:. The detail of the D-Day forecasts is in the accounts published by participants, including Stagg himself.
510:
740:
467:
456:
326:
1362:"Remarks by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist to the American Meteorological Society, 23 October 2001"
1300:
787:
314:
1419:
1414:
570:
298:
251:
231:
227:
84:
1361:
861:
1320:
1289:
575:
425:
1017:
813:
767:
1163:
1042:
1022:
818:
772:
716:
349:
1037:
897:
Weathering the Storm: Sverre
Petterssen, the D-Day Forecast, and the Rise of Modern Meteorology
1268:
1246:
1227:
1208:
1151:
1066:
900:
885:
676:
399:
318:
290:
259:
711:
540:
443:
For his invaluable services over the D-Day period, Stagg was appointed an
Officer of the US
223:
139:
753:
530:
479:
444:
436:
returned to
Germany for his wife's birthday and to meet with Hitler to try to obtain more
219:
552:
In 1940, Stagg married
Elizabeth Nancy Kidner. They had two sons: Scotland rugby player
1260:
1201:
483:
322:
99:
1386:
1408:
1196:
475:
391:
353:
215:
185:
129:
505:
494:
433:
360:; this leant him the necessary authority in a military milieu unused to outsiders.
338:
278:
247:
67:
250:, Scotland, to Alexander C. Stagg and his wife, Helen (Ellen). He was educated at
1059:
Biographical Index of Former
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
669:
Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
611:
553:
535:
498:
243:
168:
63:
525:
414:
Allied control of the Atlantic gave Allied meteorologists an advantage in the
368:
364:
352:. On 6 November 1943, he was granted an emergency commission with the rank of
310:
212:
1155:
420:
286:
263:
43:
860:. International Commission on History of Meteorology (ICHM). Archived from
1345:
17:
732:
432:, and men in many units were given leave. German Commander Field Marshal
255:
383:
1321:"70th anniversary of the D-Day landings and the role of the Met Office"
437:
429:
88:
847:"Sverre Petterssen, the Bergen School, and the Forecasts for D-Day"
262:, he completed his schooling at Broughton Junior Student Centre in
1125:"Stage hit celebrates the weatherman who prevented D-Day disaster"
382:
372:
345:
321:(DSc) degree from the University of Edinburgh for a collection of
404:
1373:(Rehnquist served as a USAAF weather observer in World War II.)
1465:
Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
1336:"Analysing and forecasting the weather of early June 1944"
928:
926:
337:(OBE) for his work as a senior technical officer with the
1379:"Weather forecast helped commander make D-Day decision"
1146:
Maxwell, Dominic (5 April 2018). "Theatre: Pressure".
636:
Team, National Records of Scotland Web (31 May 2013).
344:
Stagg was appointed the Chief Meteorological Officer,
258:
until the age of 15. As Dalkeith High did not provide
556:(born 1941); and Alexander Martin Stagg (born 1944).
363:Stagg worked with three forecasting teams from the
175:
164:
145:
135:
125:
117:
105:
95:
74:
50:
34:
1341:European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
1200:
455:Stagg later worked as director of services at the
1383:Chapel Hill News, North Carolina State University
277:. He then became a teacher and worked as science
179:Director of Services at the Meteorological Office
1455:Presidents of the Royal Meteorological Society
776:(Supplement). 11 May 1937. pp. 3090–3091.
1102:"Plaque unveiled to D-Day hero from Dalkeith"
1065:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
822:(Supplement). 10 December 1943. p. 5443.
675:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
8:
1267:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions.
788:"James Martin Stagg (British meteorologist)"
593:
591:
289:. On 7 April 1923, he was commissioned as a
211:(30 June 1900 – 23 June 1975) was a British
1450:Officers of the Order of the British Empire
1026:(Supplement). 9 October 1945. p. 4958.
992:
899:, American Meteorological Society (2001),
612:"The RAF weathermen who helped save D-Day"
566:Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord
486:. In 1959 he was elected President of the
335:Officer of the Order of the British Empire
154:Officer of the Order of the British Empire
42:
31:
1445:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
980:
932:
917:
662:
660:
658:
309:In 1924 Stagg became an assistant in the
1046:(Supplement). 1 January 1954. p. 4.
1470:People educated at Dalkeith High School
1207:. London: Viking (Penguin). p. 1.
587:
313:and he was appointed superintendent of
1161:
1150:. No. 72501. Times2. p. 11.
1004:
968:
956:
944:
832:
749:
738:
497:, the plaque was unveiled by his son,
1425:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1222:Ford, Ken; Zaloga, Steven J. (2009).
7:
1430:Military personnel from East Lothian
470:. He was elected as a Fellow of the
1440:Companions of the Order of the Bath
1294:"D-Day: The role of the Met Office"
464:Companion of the Order of the Bath
242:Stagg was born on 30 June 1900 in
150:Companion of the Order of the Bath
25:
1123:Thorpe, Vanessa (22 April 2018).
358:Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve
269:In 1921, Stagg graduated with an
112:Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve
1377:Slater, Herschel (1 June 2004).
1475:20th-century British scientists
610:Buttle, Cameron (5 June 2019).
1460:Royal Air Force group captains
1402:Pressure by David Haig (2014)
1203:D-day: the Battle for Normandy
638:"National Records of Scotland"
226:who notably persuaded General
158:Officer of the Legion of Merit
1:
1344:. 7 July 2004. Archived from
720:. 6 April 1923. p. 2567.
418:for storm prediction. As the
311:British Meteorological Office
1226:. Oxford; New York: Osprey.
1224:Overlord: The D-Day Landings
642:National Records of Scotland
488:Royal Meteorological Society
474:in 1951. His proposers were
341:'s Meteorological Office.
271:undergraduate Master of Arts
1501:
1241:Whitmarsh, Andrew (2009).
845:Fleming, James R. (2004).
598:Aberdeen Press and Journal
472:Royal Society of Edinburgh
416:North Atlantic weather war
230:to change the date of the
1245:. Stroud: History Press.
232:Allied invasion of Europe
41:
1168:: CS1 maint: location (
388:Surface weather analysis
295:Officers' Training Corps
1485:People from Musselburgh
1480:Scottish meteorologists
1265:The Struggle For Europe
792:Encyclopædia Britannica
521:Ike: Countdown to D-Day
516:Christopher James Baker
504:Stagg was portrayed by
331:1937 Coronation Honours
275:University of Edinburgh
234:from 5 to 6 June 1944.
1435:British meteorologists
993:Ford & Zaloga 2009
854:History of Meteorology
748:Cite journal requires
395:
283:George Heriot's School
1189:Forecast for Overlord
1187:Stagg, James (1971).
882:Forecast for Overlord
731:Stagg, J. M. (1936).
528:in his own 2014 play
518:in the 2004 TV movie
468:1954 New Year Honours
457:Meteorological Office
386:
327:terrestrial magnetism
305:Meteorological career
118:Years of service
27:British meteorologist
1243:D-Day in Photographs
1191:. London: Ian Allan.
895:Petterssen, Sverre,
884:, Ian Allan (1971),
571:Military meteorology
462:Stagg was appointed
299:Combined Cadet Force
252:Dalkeith High School
228:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1290:Imperial War Museum
971:, pp. 224–226.
576:Donald Norton Yates
333:, he was appointed
273:(MA Hons) from the
1043:The London Gazette
1023:The London Gazette
819:The London Gazette
773:The London Gazette
717:The London Gazette
396:
350:Operation Overlord
189:James Martin Stagg
1348:on 4 October 2006
1274:978-1-85326-677-5
1252:978-0-7524-5095-7
1233:978-1-84603-424-4
1214:978-0-670-02119-2
1007:, pp. 42–43.
508:in the 1962 film
447:in October 1945.
400:Normandy landings
319:Doctor of Science
291:second lieutenant
260:further education
183:
182:
16:(Redirected from
1492:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1389:on 13 March 2007
1385:. Archived from
1372:
1370:
1368:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1299:. Archived from
1298:
1278:
1256:
1237:
1218:
1206:
1192:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1159:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1075:. Archived from
1064:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
921:
915:
909:
876:
874:
872:
866:
851:
842:
836:
830:
824:
823:
810:
804:
803:
801:
799:
784:
778:
777:
764:
758:
757:
751:
746:
744:
736:
728:
722:
721:
708:
702:
701:
699:
697:
691:
685:. Archived from
674:
664:
653:
652:
650:
648:
633:
627:
626:
624:
622:
607:
601:
595:
398:Planners of the
224:Second World War
218:attached to the
210:
205:
198:
140:Second World War
107:
81:
60:
58:
46:
32:
21:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1390:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1309:
1307:
1306:on 17 June 2014
1303:
1296:
1288:
1285:
1283:Further reading
1275:
1261:Wilmot, Chester
1259:
1253:
1240:
1234:
1221:
1215:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1160:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1082:on 4 March 2016
1079:
1073:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
979:
975:
967:
963:
955:
951:
943:
939:
931:
924:
916:
912:
870:
868:
867:on 3 March 2016
864:
849:
844:
843:
839:
831:
827:
812:
811:
807:
797:
795:
786:
785:
781:
766:
765:
761:
747:
737:
730:
729:
725:
710:
709:
705:
695:
693:
692:on 4 March 2016
689:
683:
672:
666:
665:
656:
646:
644:
635:
634:
630:
620:
618:
609:
608:
604:
596:
589:
584:
562:
550:
511:The Longest Day
480:C. T. R. Wilson
478:, James Paton,
453:
445:Legion of Merit
381:
315:Kew Observatory
307:
240:
220:Royal Air Force
203:
196:
192:
176:Other work
160:(United States)
156:
152:
83:
79:
62:
56:
54:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1374:
1358:
1332:
1316:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1257:
1251:
1238:
1232:
1219:
1213:
1197:Beevor, Antony
1193:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1138:
1127:. The Observer
1115:
1104:. 13 June 2019
1093:
1072:0-902-198-84-X
1071:
1049:
1029:
1009:
997:
995:, p. 131.
985:
981:Whitmarsh 2009
973:
961:
959:, p. 224.
949:
937:
933:Whitmarsh 2009
922:
918:Whitmarsh 2009
910:
908:
907:
893:
880:Stagg, J. M.,
837:
825:
805:
779:
759:
750:|journal=
723:
703:
682:0-902-198-84-X
681:
654:
628:
602:
600:, 25 June 1975
586:
585:
583:
580:
579:
578:
573:
568:
561:
558:
549:
546:
484:Robert Schlapp
452:
449:
394:on 5 June 1944
392:weather fronts
380:
377:
306:
303:
239:
236:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
166:
162:
161:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
109:
103:
102:
100:United Kingdom
97:
93:
92:
82:(aged 74)
76:
72:
71:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1497:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
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1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1403:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1363:
1359:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1322:
1317:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1001:
998:
994:
989:
986:
983:, p. 34.
982:
977:
974:
970:
965:
962:
958:
953:
950:
947:, p. 21.
946:
941:
938:
935:, p. 33.
934:
929:
927:
923:
920:, p. 31.
919:
914:
911:
906:
905:1-878220-33-0
902:
898:
894:
891:
890:0-7110-0251-7
887:
883:
879:
878:
863:
859:
855:
848:
841:
838:
834:
829:
826:
821:
820:
815:
809:
806:
793:
789:
783:
780:
775:
774:
769:
763:
760:
755:
742:
734:
727:
724:
719:
718:
713:
707:
704:
688:
684:
678:
671:
670:
663:
661:
659:
655:
643:
639:
632:
629:
617:
613:
606:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
581:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
559:
557:
555:
547:
545:
543:
542:
537:
533:
532:
527:
523:
522:
517:
513:
512:
507:
502:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:Edmund Dymond
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
450:
448:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
417:
412:
408:
406:
405:highest tides
401:
393:
389:
385:
379:D-Day weather
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
354:group captain
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
304:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
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276:
272:
267:
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261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
237:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:meteorologist
214:
209:
202:
195:
190:
187:
186:Group Captain
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
131:
130:Group Captain
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:
110:
104:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
77:
73:
69:
65:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1401:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:the original
1382:
1365:. Retrieved
1350:. Retrieved
1346:the original
1339:
1324:. Retrieved
1319:Met Office.
1308:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1264:
1242:
1223:
1202:
1188:
1181:Bibliography
1147:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1077:the original
1058:
1052:
1041:
1032:
1021:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
952:
940:
913:
896:
881:
869:. Retrieved
862:the original
857:
853:
840:
835:, p. 1.
828:
817:
808:
798:22 September
796:. Retrieved
791:
782:
771:
762:
741:cite journal
726:
715:
706:
694:. Retrieved
687:the original
668:
645:. Retrieved
641:
631:
619:. Retrieved
616:BBC Scotland
615:
605:
597:
551:
539:
529:
519:
509:
506:Patrick Barr
503:
495:crowdfunding
492:
466:(CB) in the
461:
459:until 1960.
454:
442:
434:Erwin Rommel
419:
413:
409:
397:
390:map showing
362:
343:
339:Air Ministry
308:
268:
248:East Lothian
241:
188:
184:
136:Battles/wars
80:(1975-06-23)
78:23 June 1975
68:East Lothian
61:30 June 1900
29:
1420:1975 deaths
1415:1900 births
1038:"No. 40053"
1018:"No. 37300"
1005:Beevor 2009
969:Wilmot 1997
957:Wilmot 1997
945:Beevor 2009
833:Beevor 2009
814:"No. 36285"
768:"No. 34396"
712:"No. 32812"
647:2 September
554:Peter Stagg
536:Steven Cree
499:Peter Stagg
244:Musselburgh
222:during the
169:Peter Stagg
64:Musselburgh
36:James Stagg
1409:Categories
1326:10 October
1131:2 February
1108:19 October
538:in 2017's
526:David Haig
451:Later life
369:Met Office
365:Royal Navy
238:Early life
213:Met Office
96:Allegiance
70:, Scotland
57:1900-06-30
18:J.M. Stagg
1263:(1997) .
1164:cite news
1156:0140-0460
1148:The Times
1086:18 August
696:18 August
582:Citations
541:Churchill
426:war games
421:Luftwaffe
329:. In the
287:Edinburgh
264:Edinburgh
165:Relations
121:1943–1945
91:, England
1393:3 August
1367:3 August
1352:3 August
1310:20 April
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1199:(2009).
877:citing
871:7 August
560:See also
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548:Family
534:, and
430:Rennes
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146:Awards
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1297:(PDF)
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1328:2015
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1269:ISBN
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1209:ISBN
1170:link
1152:ISSN
1133:2023
1110:2019
1088:2018
1067:ISBN
901:ISBN
886:ISBN
873:2006
800:2013
754:help
698:2018
677:ISBN
649:2024
623:2019
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348:for
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