John D. Rockefeller

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perceived immunity from all competition, by the 1880s Standard Oil had passed its peak of power over the world oil market. Rockefeller finally gave up his dream of controlling all the world's oil refining; he admitted later, "We realized that public sentiment would be against us if we actually refined all the oil." Over time, foreign competition and new finds abroad eroded his dominance. In the early 1880s, Rockefeller created one of his most important innovations. Rather than try to influence the price of crude oil directly, Standard Oil had been exercising indirect control by altering oil storage charges to suit market conditions. Rockefeller then ordered the issuance of certificates against oil stored in its pipelines. These certificates became traded by speculators, thus creating the first oil-futures market which effectively set spot market prices from then on. The

1047:" affair. Rockefeller called her "Miss Tarbarrel" in private but held back in public saying only, "not a word about that misguided woman." He began a publicity campaign to put his company and himself in a better light. Though he had long maintained a policy of active silence with the press, he decided to make himself more accessible and responded with conciliatory comments such as "capital and labor are both wild forces which require intelligent legislation to hold them in restriction." He wrote and published his memoirs beginning in 1908. Critics found his writing to be sanitized and disingenuous and thought that statements such as "the underlying, essential element of success in business are to follow the established laws of high-class dealing" seemed to be at odds with his true business methods. 536:

of Rockefeller's duties involved negotiating with barge canal owners, ship captains, and freight agents. In these negotiations, he learned that posted transportation rates that were believed to be fixed could be altered depending on conditions and timing of freight and through the use of rebates to preferred shippers. Rockefeller was also given the duties of collecting debts when Hewitt instructed him to do so. Instead of using his father's method of presence to collect debts, Rockefeller relied on a persistent pestering approach. Rockefeller received $ 16 a month for his three-month apprenticeship. During his first year, he received $ 31 a month, which was increased to $ 50 a month. His final year provided him $ 58 a month.

1836: 865:, ending up with about 90% of the US market. In the kerosene industry, the company replaced the old distribution system with its own vertical system. It supplied kerosene by tank cars that brought the fuel to local markets, and tank wagons then delivered to retail customers, thus bypassing the existing network of wholesale jobbers. Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public (the price of kerosene dropped by nearly 80% over the life of the company), Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. Standard's most potent weapons against competitors were underselling, differential pricing, and secret transportation rebates. 1170:, Rockefeller's financial adviser, brought John D. Rockefeller in to help finance the loan. Analysis of the company's operations by John D. Rockefeller Jr. showed a need for substantially more funds which were provided in exchange for acquisition of CF&I's subsidiaries such as the Colorado and Wyoming Railway Company, the Crystal River Railroad Company, and possibly the Rocky Mountain Coal and Iron Company. Control was passed from the Iowa Group to Gould and Rockefeller interests in 1903 with Gould in control and Rockefeller and Gates representing a minority interests. Osgood left the company in 1904 and devoted his efforts to operating competing coal and coke operations. 524: 1991: 1405: 555:, under Clark, Gardner & Company, and they raised $ 4,000 ($ 135,644 in 2023 dollars) in capital. Clark initiated the idea of the partnership and offered $ 2,000 towards the goal. Rockefeller had only $ 800 saved up at the time and so borrowed $ 1,000 from his father, "Big Bill" Rockefeller, at 10 percent interest. Rockefeller went steadily ahead in business from there, making money each year of his career. In their first and second years of business, Clark, Gardner & Rockefeller netted $ 4,400 (on nearly half a million dollars in business) and $ 17,000 worth of profit, respectively, and their profits soared with the outbreak of the 899:" was a corporation of corporations, and the entity's size and wealth drew much attention. Nine trustees, including Rockefeller, ran the 41 companies in the trust. The public and the press were immediately suspicious of this new legal entity, and other businesses seized upon the idea and emulated it, further inflaming public sentiment. Standard Oil had gained an aura of invincibility, always prevailing against competitors, critics, and political enemies. It had become the richest, biggest, most feared business in the world, seemingly immune to the boom and bust of the business cycle, consistently making profits year after year. 846: 1690: 1955:

been applied to any other American industry. The oil fortunes of 1894 were not larger than steel fortunes, banking fortunes, and railroad fortunes made in similar periods. But it is the assertion that the Standard magnates gained their wealth by appropriating "the property of others" that most challenges our attention. We have abundant evidence that Rockefeller's consistent policy was to offer fair terms to competitors and to buy them out, for cash, stock, or both, at fair appraisals; we have the statement of one impartial historian that Rockefeller was decidedly "more humane toward competitors" than

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concerning their powers, contracts and obligations; said Committee to take testimony in the city of New York, and such other places as they may deem necessary, and to report to the Legislature, either at the present or the next session, by bill or otherwise, what, if any, legislation is necessary to protect and extend the commercial and industrial interests of the State. Composed of Messrs. HEPBURN, HUSTED, DUGUID, LOW, GRADY, NOYES, WADSWORTH, TERRY and BAKER, met at the Capitol in the City of Albany on Wednesday March 26th, 1879, at 3 o'clock P.M., and was called to order by the Chairman.

1043:. She documented the company's espionage, price wars, heavy-handed marketing tactics, and courtroom evasions. Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell stated she was surprised at its magnitude. "I never had an animus against their size and wealth, never objected to their corporate form. I was willing that they should combine and grow as big and wealthy as they could, but only by legitimate means. But they had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me." Tarbell's father had been driven out of the oil business during the " 1290: 793:. It added its own pipelines, tank cars, and home delivery network. It kept oil prices low to stave off competitors, made its products affordable to the average household, and, to increase market penetration, sometimes sold below cost. It developed over 300 oil-based products from tar to paint to petroleum jelly to chewing gum. By the end of the 1870s, Standard was refining over 90% of the oil in the U.S. Rockefeller had already become a millionaire ($ 1 million is equivalent to $ 32 million in 2023 dollars). 1188:, was against coal mine operators in Huerfano and Las Animas counties of southern Colorado, where the majority of CF&I's coal and coke production was located. The strike was fought vigorously by the coal mine operators association and its steering committee, which included Welborn, president of CF&I, a spokesman for the coal operators. Rockefeller's operative, Lamont Montgomery Bowers, remained in the background. Few miners belonged to the union or participated in the strike call, but the majority honored it. 598:'s dictum, "gain all you can, save all you can, and give all you can." During the Civil War, military consumption of oil drove the price up from $ .35 a barrel in 1862 to as high as $ 13.75. This created an oil-drilling glut, with thousands of speculators attempting to make their fortunes. Most failed, but those who struck oil did not even need to be efficient. They would blow holes in the ground and gather up the oil as they could, often leading to creeks and rivers flowing with wasted oil in the place of water. 997: 781:, became secretary of Standard Oil. For many of his competitors, Rockefeller had merely to show them his books so they could see what they were up against and then make them a decent offer. If they refused his offer, he told them he would run them into bankruptcy and then cheaply buy up their assets at auction. However, he did not intend to eliminate competition entirely. In fact, his partner Pratt said of that accusation "Competitors we must have ... If we absorb them, it surely will bring up another." 1572: 2016:

accumulate by his own efforts." By the time of his death in 1937, Rockefeller's remaining fortune, largely tied up in permanent family trusts, was estimated at $ 1.4 billion, while the total national GDP was $ 92 billion. According to some methods of wealth calculation, Rockefeller's net worth over the last decades of his life would easily place him as the wealthiest known person in recent history. As a percentage of the United States' GDP, no other American fortune—including those of

1923: 758:, led the opposition to this plan, and railroads soon backed off. Pennsylvania revoked the cartel's charter, and non-preferential rates were restored for the time being. While competitors may have been unhappy, Rockefeller's efforts did bring American consumers cheaper kerosene and other oil by-products. Before 1870, oil light was only for the wealthy, provided by expensive whale oil. During the next decade, kerosene became commonly available to the working and middle classes. 1743: 943: 51: 832:

Pennsylvania indicted Rockefeller in 1879 on charges of monopolizing the oil trade, starting an avalanche of similar court proceedings in other states and making a national issue of Standard Oil's business practices. Rockefeller was under great strain during the 1870s and 1880s when he was carrying out his plan of consolidation and integration and being attacked by the press. He complained that he could not stay asleep most nights. Rockefeller later commented:

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a tax of twenty cents a gallon on refined oil), profits on the refined product were large. The price of the refined oil in 1863 was around $ 13 a barrel, with a profit margin of around $ 5 to $ 8 a barrel. The capital expenditures for a refinery at that time were small – around $ 1,000 to $ 1,500 and requiring only a few men to operate. In this environment of a wasteful boom, the partners switched from foodstuffs to oil, building an

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father's advice to "trade dishes for platters" and always get the better part of any deal. Bill once bragged, "I cheat my boys every chance I get. I want to make 'em sharp." However, his mother was more influential in John's upbringing and beyond, while he distanced himself further and further from his father as his life progressed. He later stated, "From the beginning, I was trained to work, to save, and to give."

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and "Devil Bill." Unshackled by conventional morality, he led a vagabond existence and returned to his family infrequently. Throughout his life, Bill was notorious for conducting schemes. In between the births of Lucy and John, Bill and his mistress and housekeeper Nancy Brown had a daughter named Clorinda, who died young. Between John and William Jr.'s births, Bill and Nancy had another daughter, named Cornelia.

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raising investment pools, and buying rivals out. In less than four months in 1872, in what was later known as "The Cleveland Conquest" or "The Cleveland Massacre", Standard Oil absorbed 22 of its 26 Cleveland competitors. Eventually, even his former antagonists, Pratt and Rogers, saw the futility of continuing to compete against Standard Oil; in 1874, they made a secret agreement with Rockefeller to be acquired.

1051: 4998: 6408: 1859: 1489: 6396: 6420: 6384: 427:: they had four daughters and a son together. He was a faithful congregant of the Erie Street Baptist Mission Church, taught Sunday school, and served as a trustee, clerk, and occasional janitor. Religion was a guiding force throughout his life, and he believed it to be the source of his success. Rockefeller was also considered a supporter of capitalism based on a perspective of 5595: 985:, and their competition became a major subject of the newspapers and cartoonists. He went on a massive buying spree acquiring leases for crude oil production in Ohio, Indiana, and West Virginia, as the original Pennsylvania oil fields began to play out. Amid the frenetic expansion, Rockefeller began to think of retirement. The daily management of the trust was turned over to 440: 510:, where he studied bookkeeping. Rockefeller was a well-behaved, serious, and studious boy despite his father's absences and frequent family moves. His contemporaries described him as reserved, earnest, religious, methodical, and discreet. He was an excellent debater and expressed himself precisely. He also had a deep love of music and dreamed of it as a possible career. 1204:

Ludlow. On April 20, 1914, a general fire-fight occurred between strikers and troops, which was antagonized by the troops and mine guards. The camp was burned, resulting in 15 women and children, who hid in tents at the camp, being burned to death. Costs to both mine operators and the union were high. This incident brought unwanted national attention to Colorado.

1525: 813: 6346: 1227:, and asked what action he would have taken as Director, John D. Rockefeller Jr. stated, "I would have taken no action. I would have deplored the necessity which compelled the officers of the company to resort to such measures to supplement the State forces to maintain law and order." He admitted that he had made no attempt to bring the militiamen to justice. 1517:. Rockefeller attended Baptist churches every Sunday; when traveling he would often attend services at African-American Baptist congregations, leaving a substantial donation. As Rockefeller's wealth grew, so did his giving, primarily to educational and public health causes, but also for basic science and the arts. He was advised primarily by 968: 6432: 575:. He gave money to the Union cause, as did many rich Northerners who avoided combat. "I wanted to go in the army and do my part," Rockefeller said. "But it was simply out of the question. There was no one to take my place. We were in a new business, and if I had not stayed it must have stopped—and with so many dependent on it." 625:

paving, naphtha shipped to gas plants. Likewise, Rockefeller's refineries hired their own plumbers, cutting the cost of pipe-laying in half. Barrels that cost $ 2.50 each ended up only $ 0.96 when Rockefeller bought the wood and had them built for himself. In February 1865, in what was later described by oil industry historian

6372: 828:, Standard's chief hauler. Rockefeller envisioned pipelines as an alternative transport system for oil and began a campaign to build and acquire them. The railroad, seeing Standard's incursion into the transportation and pipeline fields, struck back and formed a subsidiary to buy and build oil refineries and pipelines. 4859: 1540:, arguing that: "To help an inefficient, ill-located, unnecessary school is a waste ... it is highly probable that enough money has been squandered on unwise educational projects to have built up a national system of higher education adequate to our needs, if the money had been properly directed to that end." 1625:, founded in 1903, was established to promote education at all levels everywhere in the country. In keeping with the historic missions of the Baptists, it was especially active in supporting black schools in the South. Rockefeller also provided financial support to such established eastern institutions as 891:, Standard Oil was "the most cruel, impudent, pitiless, and grasping monopoly that ever fastened upon a country". To critics, Rockefeller replied, "In a business so large as ours ... some things are likely to be done which we cannot approve. We correct them as soon as they come to our knowledge." 388:. His fortune was used chiefly to create the modern systematic approach of targeted philanthropy through the creation of foundations that supported medicine, education, and scientific research. His foundations pioneered developments in medical research and were instrumental in the near-eradication of 1543:

Rockefeller and his advisers invented the conditional grant, which required the recipient to "root the institution in the affections of as many people as possible who, as contributors, become personally concerned, and thereafter may be counted on to give to the institution their watchful interest and

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exchanged Standard's iron interests for U.S. Steel stock and gave Rockefeller and his son membership on the company's board of directors. In full retirement at age 63, Rockefeller earned over $ 58 million (~$ 1.65 billion in 2023) in investments in 1902. One of the most effective attacks on

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of 1890, originally used to control unions, but later central to the breakup of the Standard Oil trust. Ohio was especially vigorous in applying its state antitrust laws, and finally forced a separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892, the first step in the dissolution of

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On January 10, 1870, Rockefeller abolished the partnership of Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler, forming Standard Oil of Ohio. Continuing to apply his work ethic and efficiency, Rockefeller quickly expanded the company to be the most profitable refiner in Ohio. Likewise, it became one of the largest

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While other refineries would keep the 60% of oil product that became kerosene, but dump the other 40% in rivers and massive sludge piles, Rockefeller used the gasoline to fuel the refinery, and sold the rest as lubricating oil, petroleum jelly and paraffin wax, and other by-products. Tar was used for

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working for a small produce commission firm in Cleveland called Hewitt & Tuttle. He worked long hours and delighted, as he later recalled, in "all the methods and systems of the office." He was particularly adept at calculating transportation costs, which served him well later in his career. Much

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and a period of religious persecution. By the time their descendants immigrated to North America, their name had taken German form. William Sr. worked first as a lumberman and then a traveling salesman. He claimed to be a "botanic physician" who sold elixirs, and was described by locals as "Big Bill"

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in Atlanta, Georgia, named after Laura's family. The Spelman Family, Rockefeller's in-laws, along with John Rockefeller were ardent abolitionists before the Civil War and were dedicated to supporting the Underground Railroad. John Rockefeller was impressed by the vision of the school and removed the

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e sometimes gave tens of thousands of dollars to Christian groups, while, at the same time, he was trying to borrow over a million dollars to expand his business. His philosophy of giving was founded upon biblical principles. He truly believed in the biblical principle found in Luke 6:38, "Give, and

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churches—especially Baptist ones—and urged believers to follow such ideals as hard work, prayer, and good deeds to build "the Kingdom of God on Earth." Early in his life, he regularly went with his siblings and mother Eliza to the local Baptist church—the Erie Street Baptist Church (later the Euclid

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Rockefeller, who had rarely sold shares, held over 25% of Standard's stock at the time of the breakup. He and all of the other stockholders received proportionate shares in each of the 34 companies. In the aftermath, Rockefeller's control over the oil industry was somewhat reduced, but over the next

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Undeterred, though vilified for the first time by the press, Rockefeller continued with his self-reinforcing cycle of buying the least efficient competing refiners, improving the efficiency of his operations, pressing for discounts on oil shipments, undercutting his competition, making secret deals,

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A market existed for the refined oil in the form of kerosene. Coal had previously been used to extract kerosene, but its tedious extraction process and high price prevented broad use. Even with the high costs of freight transportation and a government levy during the Civil War (the government levied

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Eliza was thrifty by nature and by necessity, and she taught her son that "willful waste makes woeful want". John did his share of the regular household chores and earned extra money raising turkeys, selling potatoes and candy, and eventually lending small sums of money to neighbors. He followed his

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His mother was deeply religious and disciplined, and had a major influence on him in religious matters. During church service, his mother would urge him to contribute his few pennies to the congregation. Rockefeller associated the church with charity. A Baptist preacher once encouraged him to "make

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At that time, many legislatures had made it difficult to incorporate in one state and operate in another. As a result, Rockefeller and his associates owned dozens of separate corporations, each of which operated in just one state; the management of the whole enterprise was rather unwieldy. In 1882,

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Standard countered, held back its shipments, and, with the help of other railroads, started a price war that dramatically reduced freight payments and caused labor unrest. Rockefeller prevailed and the railroad sold its oil interests to Standard. In the aftermath of that battle, the Commonwealth of

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as a "critical" action, Rockefeller bought out the Clark brothers for $ 72,500 (equivalent to $ 1 million in 2023 dollars) at auction and established the firm of Rockefeller & Andrews. Rockefeller said, "It was the day that determined my career." He was well-positioned to take advantage of

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The rise of the Standard Oil men to great wealth was not from poverty. It was not meteor-like, but accomplished over a quarter of a century by courageous venturing in a field so risky that most large capitalists avoided it, by arduous labors, and by more sagacious and farsighted planning than had

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of all of these experiences and the many ways he was viewed by his contemporaries. These contemporaries include his former competitors, many of whom were driven to ruin, but many others of whom sold out at a profit (or a profitable stake in Standard Oil, as Rockefeller often offered his shares as

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in 1918. Rockefeller was seventy-eight years old when he moved into the Casements. He became known in the area for his elaborate Christmas parties, his love of golf, and for handing out dimes to his neighbors or visitors. During a golf game with Harvey Firestone, the tire magnate made such a good

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Eliza was a homemaker and a devout Baptist who struggled to maintain a semblance of stability at home, as Bill was frequently gone for extended periods. She also put up with his philandering and his double life, which included bigamy. He permanently abandoned his family around 1855 and lived with

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Rockefeller's charitable giving began with his first job as a clerk at age 16, when he gave six percent of his earnings to charity, as recorded in his personal ledger. By the time he was twenty, his charity exceeded ten percent of his income. Much of his giving was church-related. His church was

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Resolved, That a special Committee of five persons be appointed, with power to send for persons and papers, and to employ a stenographer, whose duty it shall be to investigate the abuses alleged to exist in the management of the railroads chartered by this State, and to inquire into and report

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obituary, "it was estimated after Mr. Rockefeller retired from business that he had accumulated close to $ 1,500,000,000 out of the earnings of the Standard Oil trust and out of his other investments. This was probably the greatest amount of wealth that any private citizen had ever been able to

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Under the protection of the National Guard, some miners returned to work and some strikebreakers, imported from the eastern coalfields, joined them as Guard troops protected their movements. In February 1914, a substantial portion of the troops were withdrawn, but a large contingent remained at

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In 1884, Rockefeller provided major funding for Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary in Atlanta for African-American women. His wife, Laura Spelman Rockefeller, was dedicated to civil rights and equality for women. John and Laura donated money and supported the Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary whose

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Due to reduced demand for coal, resulting from an economic downturn, many of CF&I's coal mines never reopened and many men were thrown out of work. The union was forced to discontinue strike benefits in February 1915. There was destitution in the coalfields. With the help of funds from the

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on June 6, 1932, that neither Rockefeller nor his parents or his father's father and mother's mother drank alcohol. In the same letter, Rockefeller writes that he has "always stood for whatever measure seemed at the time to give promise of promoting temperance." He believed that measure to be

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The company's vast American empire included 20,000 domestic wells, 4,000 miles of pipeline, 5,000 tank cars, and over 100,000 employees. Its share of world oil refining topped out above 90% but slowly dropped to about 80% for the rest of the century. Despite the formation of the trust and its

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He instinctively realized that orderliness would only proceed from centralized control of large aggregations of plant and capital, with the one aim of an orderly flow of products from the producer to the consumer. That orderly, economic, efficient flow is what we now, many years later, call

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offering special deals to bulk customers like Standard Oil, outside the main oil centers. The cartel offered preferential treatment as a high-volume shipper, which included not just steep discounts/rebates of up to 50% for their product but rebates for the shipment of competing products.

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jumped into the fray providing financing. Additional fields were discovered in Burma and Java. Even more critical, the invention of the light bulb gradually began to erode the dominance of kerosene for illumination. Standard Oil adapted by developing a European presence, expanding into

377:. Consequently, Rockefeller became the country's first billionaire, with a fortune worth nearly 2% of the national economy. His personal wealth was estimated in 1913 at $ 900 million, which was almost 3% of the US gross domestic product (GDP) of $ 39.1 billion that year. 1738:

Rockefeller's fourth main philanthropy, the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Foundation, was created in 1918. Through this, he supported work in the social studies; this was later absorbed into the Rockefeller Foundation. In total Rockefeller donated about $ 530 million.

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Part of this scheme was the announcement of sharply increased freight charges. This touched off a firestorm of protest from independent oil well owners, including boycotts and vandalism, which led to the discovery of Standard Oil's part in the deal. A major New York refiner,

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Hostile critics often portrayed Rockefeller as a villain with a suite of bad traits—ruthless, unscrupulous and greedy—and as a bully who connived his cruel path to dominance. Economic historian Robert Whaples warns against ignoring the secrets of his business success:

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payment for a business), and quite a few of whom became very wealthy as managers as well as owners in Standard Oil. They include politicians and writers, some of whom served Rockefeller's interests, and some of whom built their careers by fighting Rockefeller and the "

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investigations into "alleged abuses" committed by the railroads uncovered the fact that Standard Oil was receiving substantial freight rebates on all of the oil it was transporting by railroad—and was crushing Standard's competitors thereby. By 1880, according to the

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elentless cost cutting and efficiency improvements, boldness in betting on the long-term prospects of the industry while others were willing to take quick profits, and impressive abilities to spot and reward talent, delegate tasks, and manage a growing

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When the Civil War was nearing a close and with the prospect of those war-time profits ending, Clark & Rockefeller looked toward the refining of crude oil. While his brother Frank fought in the Civil War, Rockefeller tended his business and hired

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and gasoline grew in importance, and he became the richest person in the country, controlling 90% of all oil in the United States at his peak in 1900. Oil was used in lamps, and as a fuel for ships and automobiles. Standard Oil was the greatest

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conducted extensive hearings, singling out John D. Rockefeller Jr. and the Rockefellers' relationship with Bowers for special attention. Bowers was relieved of duty and Wellborn restored to control in 1915, then industrial relations improved.

1774:, Federal and State." But by 1932, Rockefeller felt disillusioned by prohibition because of its failure to discourage drinking and alcoholism. He supported the incorporation of repealing the 18th amendment into the Republican party platform. 1594:, turning a small Baptist college into a world-class institution by 1900. He would describe the University of Chicago as "the best investment I ever made." He also gave a grant to the American Baptist Missionaries foreign mission board, the 2961: 1448:

as much money as he could, and then give away as much as he could". Later in his life, Rockefeller recalled: "It was at this moment, that the financial plan of my life was formed". Money making was considered by him a "God-given gift".

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The Rockefeller wealth, distributed as it was through a system of foundations and trusts, continued to fund family philanthropic, commercial, and, eventually, political aspirations throughout the 20th century. John Jr.'s youngest son

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Standard Oil moved its headquarters to New York City at 26 Broadway, and Rockefeller became a central figure in the city's business community. He bought a residence in 1884 on 54th Street near the mansions of other magnates such as

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Instead of wanting to eliminate them, Rockefeller saw himself as the industry's savior, "an angel of mercy" absorbing the weak and making the industry as a whole stronger, more efficient, and more competitive. Standard was growing

1820:. Nationwide newspapers sent Van De Grift to spend a week with Rockefeller candidly asking humble questions, taking strolls together, asking about golf, church, and day-to-day life, while staying across the street from him at the 1711:

in 1913 to continue and expand the scope of the work of the Sanitary Commission, which was closed in 1915. He gave $ 182 million to the foundation, which focused on public health, medical training, and the arts. It endowed

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was established. By 1868, with Rockefeller continuing practices of borrowing and reinvesting profits, controlling costs, and using refineries' waste, the company owned two Cleveland refineries and a marketing subsidiary in

2009:, including significant interests in banking, shipping, mining, railroads, and other industries. His personal wealth was 900 million in 1913 worth 23.5 billion dollars adjusted for inflation in 2020. According to his 1062:

Rockefeller and his son continued to consolidate their oil interests as best they could until New Jersey, in 1909, changed its incorporation laws to effectively allow a re-creation of the trust in the form of a single

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in 1965, after expanding its mission to include graduate education. It claims a connection to 23 Nobel laureates. He founded the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission in 1909, an organization that eventually eradicated the

1308:(1839–1915), daughter of Harvey Buell Spelman and Lucy Henry. They had four daughters and one son together. He said later, "Her judgment was always better than mine. Without her keen advice, I would be a poor man." 1212:, relief programs were organized by the Colorado Committee on Unemployment and Relief. A state agency created by Governor Carlson, offered work to unemployed miners building roads and doing other useful projects. 3371:"Proceedings of the Special Committee on Railroads, Appointed under a resolution of the Assembly to investigate alleged abuses in the Management of Railroads chartered by the State of New York (Vol. I, 1879)" 1824:. She later recounts how readers were only interested in his pocketbook and not about his thoughts on golf or religion. The Casements would be Rockefeller's winter home during the latter part of his life. 350:, Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and, through corporate and technological innovations, was instrumental in both widely disseminating and drastically reducing the production cost of oil. 1981:

What makes him problematic—and why he continues to inspire ambivalent reactions—is that his good side was every bit as good as his bad side was bad. Seldom has history produced such a contradictory figure.

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Rockefeller became well known in his later life for the practice of giving dimes to adults and nickels to children wherever he went. He even gave dimes as a playful gesture to wealthy men, such as tire

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orphanage. As he grew rich, his donations became more generous, especially to his church in Cleveland. Believed to be obsolescent, the church was demolished in 1925, and replaced with a new building.

3193: 3191: 3189: 1192:(called "scabs") were threatened and sometimes attacked. Both sides purchased substantial arms and ammunition. Striking miners were forced to abandon their homes in company towns and lived in 1582:

was founded by the American Baptist missionaries through the benevolence as a legacy university of John D. Rockefeller in 1905. It is the first Baptist and second American university in Asia.

4790: 6592: 1762: 2399: 1797:, two years after it opened. Flagler expanded it to accommodate 600 guests and the hotel soon became one in a series of Gilded Age hotels catering to passengers aboard Flagler's 6617: 6293: 4473:

Birn, Anne-Emanuelle; Solorzano, Armando (1999). "Public health policy paradoxes: science and politics in the Rockefeller Foundation's hookworm campaign in Mexico in the 1920s".

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where most of the oil originated). By 1869 there was triple the kerosene refining capacity than needed to supply the market, and the capacity remained in excess for many years.

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His wealth continued to grow significantly (in line with U.S. economic growth) as the demand for gasoline soared, eventually reaching about $ 900 million on the eve of the

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it will be given to you. A good measure, pressed down, shaken together and running over, will be poured into your lap. For with the measure you use, it will be measured to you."

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Rockefeller is largely remembered simply for the raw size of his wealth. In 1902, an audit showed Rockefeller was worth about $ 200 million—compared to the total national

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A devout Northern Baptist, Rockefeller would read the Bible daily, attend prayer meetings twice a week and led his own Bible study with his wife. Burton Folsom Jr. has noted:

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which was tasked with enforcing equal rates for all railroad freight, but by then Standard depended more on pipeline transport. More threatening to Standard's power was the

1079:. By then the trust still had a 70% market share of the refined oil market but only 14% of the U.S. crude oil supply. The court ruled that the trust originated in illegal 1150:

10 years the breakup proved immensely profitable for him. The companies' combined net worth rose fivefold and Rockefeller's personal wealth jumped to $ 900 million.

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Against long-circulating speculations that his family has French roots, genealogists proved the German origin of Rockefeller and traced them to the early 17th century.

930:

had established his own refining enterprise in the abundant and cheaper Russian oil fields, including the region's first pipeline and the world's first oil tanker. The

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As a youth, Rockefeller reportedly said that his two great ambitions were to make $ 100,000 (equivalent to $ 3.27 million in 2023 dollars) and to live 100 years.

423:

and supported many church-based institutions. He adhered to total abstinence from alcohol and tobacco throughout his life. For advice, he relied closely on his wife,

2578:. "A prudent, straitlaced Baptist of Scotch-Irish descent, deeply attached to his daughter, John Davison must have sensed the world of trouble that awaited Eliza..." 6285: 6258: 1713: 358: 926:

Although 85% of world crude production was still coming from Pennsylvania in the 1880s, oil from wells drilled in Russia and Asia began to reach the world market.

6627: 2677: 1735:. This campaign used a combination of politics and science, along with collaboration between healthcare workers and government officials to accomplish its goals. 6632: 6602: 6562: 6557: 6467: 6462: 3725: 610:", then Cleveland's burgeoning industrial area. The refinery was directly owned by Andrews, Clark & Company, which was composed of Clark & Rockefeller, 955:. Despite personal threats and constant pleas for charity, Rockefeller took the new elevated train to his downtown office daily. In 1887, Congress created the 1553:

debt from the school. The oldest existing building on Spelman's campus, Rockefeller Hall, is named after him. Rockefeller also gave considerable donations to

638:-fueled economy. He borrowed heavily, reinvested profits, adapted rapidly to changing markets, and fielded observers to track the quickly expanding industry. 5622: 1549: 1015:

Upon his ascent to the presidency, Theodore Roosevelt initiated dozens of suits under the Sherman Antitrust Act and coaxed reforms out of Congress. In 1901,

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Sold by his heirs in 1939, it was purchased by the city in 1974 and now serves as a cultural center and is the community's best-known historical structure.

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

330:. In his retirement, he focused his energy and wealth on philanthropy, especially regarding education, medicine, higher education, and modernizing the 6622: 2703: 3141: 2373: 6657: 1595: 318:, Ohio. He became an assistant bookkeeper at age 16 and went into several business partnerships beginning at age 20, concentrating his business on 6612: 6532: 6522: 1030: 120: 2093:

magazine lists the richest Americans by percentage of GDP, not by the changing value of the dollar. Rockefeller is credited with a Wealth/GDP of

3167: 6652: 6647: 6597: 6547: 6034: 4377:

Private wealth & public life: foundation philanthropy and the reshaping of American soclial policy from the Progressive Era to the New Deal

523: 506:, the first high school in Cleveland and the first free public high school west of the Alleghenies. Then he took a ten-week business course at 6662: 6567: 5545: 5487: 5438: 5419: 5210: 5073: 5051: 4794: 4343: 4315: 4290: 4064: 2927: 2597: 2556: 1502: 503: 6552: 6253: 5459: 4617: 2056: 1404: 895:

Rockefeller's lawyers created an innovative form of corporation to centralize their holdings, giving birth to the Standard Oil Trust. The "

374: 307: 31: 2897: 1835: 1801:. One of Flagler's guests at the Ormond Hotel was his former business partner John D. Rockefeller, who first stayed at the hotel in 1914. 384:, his estate in Westchester County, New York, defining the structure of modern philanthropy, along with other key industrialists such as 2254: 1990: 1358: 931: 6492: 5008: 1216: 1072: 1068: 646:

In 1866, William Rockefeller Jr., John's brother, built another refinery in Cleveland and brought John into the partnership. In 1867,

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and by 1902, his mustache disappeared. His hair never grew back, but other health complaints subsided as he lightened his workload.

659:; it was the largest oil refinery in the world. Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler was the predecessor of the Standard Oil Company. 439: 4160: 1689: 845: 773:

Pratt and Rogers became Rockefeller's partners. Rogers, in particular, became one of Rockefeller's key men in the formation of the

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

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Rockefeller liked the Ormond Beach area so much that after four seasons at the hotel, he bought an estate in Ormond Beach called

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practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became

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Rockefeller had a long and controversial career in the oil industry followed by a long career in philanthropy. His image is an

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Rockefeller would support Baptist missionary activity, fund universities, and deeply engage in religious activities at his

939:

production in the U.S., and then producing gasoline for automobiles, which until then had been considered a waste product.

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Scheiffarth, Engelbert (1969), "Der New Yorker Gouverneur Nelson A. Rockefeller und die Rockefeller im Neuwieder Raum",

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shippers of oil and kerosene in the country. The railroads competed fiercely for traffic and, in an attempt to create a

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Forgotten people, forgotten diseases: the neglected tropical diseases and their impact on global health and development

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wags his pen at John D. Rockefeller, who is sitting in the witness stand, during the Standard Oil case on July 6, 1907.

6642: 6502: 5904: 5852: 5753: 5730: 5726: 5699: 5608: 2258: 1725: 1469: 1437: 1327: 920: 491: 258: 1296:

in Westchester County, New York, where Rockefeller spent his retirement. It has been home to four generations of the

1023:, having bought Andrew Carnegie's steel assets, offered to buy Standard's iron interests as well. A deal brokered by 4719: 4534: 3100: 3098: 6362: 6129: 5965: 5839: 5835: 1798: 877: 993:, north of New York City, turning more time to leisure activities including the new sports of bicycling and golf. 857:

Although it always had hundreds of competitors, Standard Oil gradually gained dominance of oil refining and sales

5946: 5937: 5761: 5757: 5694: 5654: 1959:; we have the conclusion of another that his wealth was "the least tainted of all the great fortunes of his day." 1393: 1370: 1321: 1305: 1044: 747: 722: 495: 424: 253: 216: 6027: 4082:

Laughlin, Rosemary. 2001. "John D. Rockefeller: Oil Baron and Philanthropist." Biography Reference Center, EBSCO

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In the 1890s, Rockefeller expanded into iron ore and ore transportation, forcing a collision with steel magnate

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mission was in line with their faith based beliefs. Today known as Spelman College, the school is an all women

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The casualties suffered at Ludlow mobilized public opinion against the Rockefellers and the coal industry. The

952: 702: 614: 1657:. In 1901, he founded the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City. It changed its name to 6349: 4741: 3370: 1793:, one of the co-founders of Standard Oil along with Rockefeller, bought the Ormond Hotel in 1890, located in 1067:. Rockefeller retained his nominal title as president until 1911 and he kept his stock. At last in 1911, the 6412: 6119: 6063: 5796: 5770: 5721: 5708: 5703: 5689: 5659: 5641: 1622: 1374: 1333: 1055: 1003:

cartoon: "The Infant Hercules and the Standard Oil serpents", May 23, 1906, issue; depicting U.S. president

802:' I do not know whether Mr. Rockefeller ever used the word 'integration'. I only know he conceived the idea. 590:. As he said, "God gave me money", and he did not apologize for it. He felt at ease and righteous following 459: 455: 279: 263: 197: 996: 431:, and he was quoted often as saying, "The growth of a large business is merely a survival of the fittest." 6159: 5969: 5843: 3145: 2748: 2490: 2377: 1999: 1935: 1903: 1817: 1766: 1708: 1658: 1571: 1518: 1510: 1428: 1289: 1209: 1167: 862: 786: 647: 467: 412: 353:

Rockefeller's company and business practices came under criticism, particularly in the writings of author

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Rockefeller denied any responsibility and minimized the seriousness of the event. When testifying on the

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Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Canada: American philanthropy and the arts and the arts and letters in Canada

1875: 1794: 1591: 1587: 1185: 1076: 960: 881: 825: 778: 408: 185: 97: 5567: 4422:

Rockefeller philanthropy and modern biomedicine: international initiatives from World War I to Cold War

1922: 6457: 6452: 6217: 6094: 5868: 5810: 5801: 5792: 5522: 5511: 5362:"Toward a 'Universal Heritage': Education and the Development of Rockefeller Philanthropy, 1884–1913" 4865: 3171: 1812:

In 1923, Rockefeller was interviewed by early 20th century American woman writer and a member of the

1417: 1378: 1366: 1362: 1263: 986: 799: 790: 323: 306:(July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937) was an American business magnate and philanthropist. He was one of the 179: 2334: 2152: 1809:

shot that Rockefeller decided he deserved a dime and handed one to his somewhat embarrassed guest.

6582: 6572: 6177: 6109: 6078: 5960: 5918: 3900: 1927: 1844: 1634: 1537: 1100: 396:

in the United States. He and Carnegie gave form and impetus through their charities to the work of

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Antitrust and the Oil Monopoly: The Standard Oil Cases, 1890–1911 (Contributions in Legal Studies)

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had become too expensive for the masses, and a cheaper, general-purpose lighting fuel was needed.

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The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence, in part for these

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All the fortune that I have made has not served to compensate me for the anxiety of that period.

50: 4929:

United States Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics – historical inflation calculator

2880: 2860: 1476:, and other Christian denominations. He paid toward the freedom of two slaves and donated to a 6099: 6001: 5848: 5806: 5787: 5664: 5571: 5541: 5483: 5477: 5455: 5434: 5415: 5381: 5255: 5206: 5130: 5095: 5069: 5047: 4869: 4567: 4490: 4453: 4425: 4385: 4339: 4311: 4286: 4258: 4230: 4140: 4097: 4060: 4008: 3977: 3873: 3234: 2923: 2711: 2593: 2552: 2262: 1646: 1642: 1424: 1342: 1008: 946:

Fear of monopolies ("trusts") is shown in this critique of Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company.

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and one of the richest people in modern history. Rockefeller was born into a large family in

6376: 6144: 5923: 5783: 5580: 5373: 5110:"Dear Father"/"Dear Son": Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. 4844:

Breaking Rockefeller: The Incredible Story of the Ambitious Rivals Who Toppled an Oil Empire

4482: 4371: 2876: 2856: 1867: 1755: 1752: 1731:

In the 1920s, the Rockefeller Foundation funded a hookworm eradication campaign through the

1638: 1565: 1024: 896: 706: 548: 428: 343: 311: 2640: 1670:. His General Education Board made a dramatic impact by funding the recommendations of the 902: 737: 5894: 5356:

Public Diary of John D. Rockefeller, now found in the Cleveland Western Historical Society

4908: 4445: 2789: 2460: 1956: 1782: 1654: 1461: 1408:

The Euclid Avenue Baptist Church and its pastor, the Rev. Dr. Charles Aubrey Eaton in 1904

1382: 1224: 1179: 1064: 982: 973: 850: 821: 755: 583: 397: 385: 6104: 6012: 5501: 5088: 4381: 4375: 4004: 3998: 2229: 1436:

Avenue Baptist Church)—an independent Baptist church that eventually associated with the

458:

and Eliza Davison. Rockefeller had an elder sister named Lucy and four younger siblings:

4168: 2285: 2181: 1130: 678: 6154: 5410:

Scamehorn, H. Lee (1992a). "Chapter 1: The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1892–1903".

2011: 1672: 1667: 1650: 1477: 1473: 1465: 1350: 1189: 1159: 1088: 887: 733:

Rockefeller in 1875. By then, he shaved off his sideburns, leaving his iconic mustache.

729: 617:, and M. B. Clark's two brothers. The commercial oil business was then in its infancy. 572: 362: 347: 5311: 4486: 1560: 765: 531:

In September 1855, when Rockefeller was sixteen, he got his first job as an assistant

6446: 6436: 6400: 6114: 6073: 5765: 5393: 5361: 4767: 1871: 1805: 1790: 1694: 1607: 751: 656: 626: 4681: 4450:

The legitimacy of philanthropic foundations: United States and European perspectives

2461:

Weekly Centralian Link (June 15, 2018) – CPU holds Faculty and Staff Conference 2018

2319: 1050: 567:, Gardner withdrew from the business, and the firm became Clark & Rockefeller. 6169: 6043: 5955: 5307: 5298: 4278: 4132: 3412: 2575: 2071: 1947: 1858: 1821: 1678: 1488: 1346: 927: 710: 668: 603: 579: 466:

and Frances. His father was of English and German descent, while his mother was of

393: 365:. It was broken up into 34 separate entities, which included companies that became 319: 4997: 4512: 1184:

The strike, called in September 1913 by the United Mine Workers over the issue of

547:

In 1859, Rockefeller went into the produce commission business with two partners,

5449: 5200: 17: 6424: 5497: 5061: 4940:"Financier's Fortune in Oil Amassed in Industrial Era of 'Rugged Individualism'" 4331: 2006: 1974: 1721: 1615: 1579: 1421: 1036: 936: 595: 354: 327: 5377: 2475: 1196:

erected by the union, such as the tent city at Ludlow, a railway stop north of

1166:, a principal stockholder of the Denver and Rio Grande, for a loan. Gould, via 563:

called for massive amounts of food and supplies. During the second year of the

474:, the Roquefeuille family, who fled to Germany from France during the reign of 5429:

Scamehorn, H. Lee (1992c). "Chapter 3: The Coal Miners' Strike of 1913–1914".

5112:

New York: Fordham University Press, with the Rockefeller Archive Center, 1994.

4195: 2233: 2021: 2017: 1432: 1274: 1251: 1112: 1016: 911: 630:

postwar prosperity and the great expansion westward fostered by the growth of

560: 532: 401: 366: 5385: 4571: 4000:

The life of a virus: tobacco mosaïc virus as an experimental model, 1930–1965

2715: 1653:. On Gates' advice, Rockefeller became one of the first great benefactors of 135: 122: 6395: 5294: 5080: 1847:

and digestive troubles; during a stressful period in the 1890s he developed

1770:

prohibition, as he and his father donated $ 350,000 to "all branches of the

1255: 1193: 1040: 873: 698: 631: 618: 607: 591: 475: 471: 315: 4494: 1852: 923:

opened in Manhattan in late 1882 to facilitate the trading of oil futures.

6383: 1524: 812: 5589: 4711: 2678:"Business profile: From turkeys to oil... the rise of John D Rockefeller" 1848: 1663: 1586:

Rockefeller gave $ 80 million (~$ 2.41 billion in 2023) to the

1506: 1142: 1124: 1080: 869: 498:, in 1851, where he attended Owego Academy. In 1853, his family moved to 389: 380:

Rockefeller spent much of the last 40 years of his life in retirement at

338: 5193:

History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey: Pioneering in Big Business)

4137:

A Sense of history: the best writing from the pages of American heritage

3039:, pp. 84–85, "Chapter 5: John D. Rockefeller and the Oil Industry". 6316: 5176:

The Rockefeller Conscience: An American Family in Public and in Private

5167:

The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family

3817: 2948:, John. K. Winkler, The Vanguard Press, New York, June, 1929, pp. 50–56 2441: 2439: 2061: 1630: 1603: 1259: 611: 400:, who in his essay "Medical Education in America" emphatically endowed 4637:""Brooklyn Citizen" Writer Spends a Week On Vacation With Rockefeller" 4167:(brief biography), Central Philippine University, 2004, archived from 906:

The big corporations such as Standard Oil made large contributions to

5600: 5340: 5324:

Study in Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist and Philanthropist

3085: 3083: 3081: 1914: 1765:, which banned alcohol in the United States. He wrote in a letter to 1293: 1084: 990: 718: 381: 5221:

The Circuit Riders: Rockefeller Money and the Rise of Modern Science

2027:

Rockefeller, aged 86, wrote the following words to sum up his life:

1870:

on May 23, 1937, less than two months shy of his 98th birthday, at "

967: 6431: 5585: 4964: 1468:, he would donate large sums of money to churches belonging to the 1345:

was a leading New York banker, serving for over 20 years as CEO of

6209: 6201: 6185: 5403:

The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Made

1989: 1921: 1857: 1834: 1781: 1741: 1688: 1570: 1559: 1523: 1487: 1403: 1288: 1129: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1092: 1049: 995: 966: 941: 901: 844: 811: 764: 736: 728: 677: 522: 438: 6193: 4194:, Central Philippine University, October 1, 2005, archived from 1626: 1611: 1501:, which formed from American Baptists in the North with ties to 1104: 6016: 5604: 5562: 5352:. New York: Sleepy Hollow Press and Rockefeller Archive Center. 4764:"John D Rockefeller:Infinitely Ruthless, Profoundly Charitable" 701:

was one of the five main refining centers in the U.S. (besides

4991: 4861:

The Age of Responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the New DNA of Business

3955: 3953: 3795: 1851:, the loss of some or all body hair. By 1901 he began wearing 1720:

in China into a notable institution. The foundation helped in

635: 361:

that Standard Oil must be dismantled for violation of federal

5479:

The Rockefeller Women: Dynasty of Piety, Privacy, and Service

1273:

The name Rockenfeller refers to the now-abandoned village of

1119:, now part of ExxonMobil; and Standard of Ohio, which became 4115: 4113: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3233:

Udo Hielscher: Historische amerikanische Aktien, pp. 68–74,

3142:"People & Events: John D. Rockefeller Senior, 1839–1937" 404:

as the basis for the US medical system of the 20th century.

4448:; Dogan, Mettei; Heydmann, Steven; Toepler, Stefan (2006). 4094:

Challenged by coeducation: women's colleges since the 1960s

4078: 4076: 2592:. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. p. 12. 1096: 5313:

John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise

5278:

John D. Rockefeller: Robber Baron or Industrial Statesman?

3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 4846: 3974:

Money to burn: great American foundations and their money

3447: 3445: 2749:"The Philanthropists: John D. Rockefeller – Tim Challies" 1676:

of 1910. The study, an excerpt of which was published in

5516:

The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination

4537:, philanthropyroundtable.org; accessed October 21, 2016. 4229:. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 27, 31, 62. 3107:, "Chapter 5: John D. Rockefeller and the Oil Industry". 2920:

Rich is a Religion: Breaking the Timeless Code to Wealth

1396:

served as lieutenant governor of Arkansas for a decade.

1392:

after serving as governor of West Virginia, and another

971:

Rockefeller as an industrial emperor, 1901 cartoon from

5293:

The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller,

5016: 4618:"Eagle Writer Spends Week With Rockefeller On Vacation" 3636: 3634: 3609: 3607: 3462: 3460: 2984: 2982: 1258:) immigrated in 1723 from Altwied (today a district of 326:

in 1870. He ran it until 1897 and remained its largest

5129:(reprint ed.). New York: Transaction Publishers. 4622:

The Berkshire County Eagle (Pittsfield, Massachusetts)

2471: 2469: 1266:) with three children to North America. He settled in 314:

who moved several times before eventually settling in

6360: 6294:

Standard Oil Co. v. United States (Standard Stations)

5286:

A Rockefeller Family Portrait: From John D. to Nelson

2790:"John D. Rockefeller | Biography, Facts, & Death" 1420:, a New York state region that became the site of an 1028:

Rockefeller and his firm was the 1904 publication of

741:

Share of the Standard Oil Company, issued May 1, 1878

5431:

Mill and Mine: The CF&I in the Twentieth Century

5412:

Mill and Mine: The CF&I in the Twentieth Century

3905:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

1862:

Rockefeller's grave in Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland

816:

Standard Oil Refinery No. 1 in Cleveland, Ohio, 1897

6304: 6277: 6246: 6229: 6128: 6087: 6051: 5994: 5978: 5877: 5861: 5819: 5739: 5673: 5638: 2286:"John D. Rockefeller: The Richest Man in the World" 2182:"John D. Rockefeller: The Richest Man in the World" 1892: 1684:

Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching

1666:disease, which had long plagued rural areas of the 1318:

Alice Rockefeller (July 14, 1869 – August 20, 1870)

450:Rockefeller was the second of six children born in 346:in the United States. Through use of the company's 291: 272: 238: 210: 171: 154: 105: 86: 60: 41: 5537:The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power 5205:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 5087: 470:descent. One source says that some ancestors were 5862:children of John Rockefeller Prentice (1902–1972) 5235:Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family 5174:———; Johnson, Peter J. (1992). 4791:"The Richest Man In History: Rockefeller is Born" 3766:"Militia slaughters strikers at Ludlow, Colorado" 1714:Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health 1357:was Republican governor of New York and the 41st 5433:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 38–55. 5332:Pocantico: Fifty Years on the Rockefeller Domain 5270:History of Standard Oil Company: Resurgent Years 4248: 4246: 2956: 2954: 1217:United States Commission on Industrial Relations 807:A Standard Oil of Ohio successor of Rockefeller. 30:For other people named John D. Rockefeller, see 6286:Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States 5360:Rose, Kenneth W.; Stapleton, Darwin H. (1992). 5202:Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860–1915 5185:John D: The Founding Father of the Rockefellers 4509:"Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Foundation" 3872:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 2006. 2941: 2939: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2029: 1979: 1952: 1453: 1141:. By then, his moustache had fallen off due to 795: 5527:American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Energy 4380:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 3048: 2762:Coffey, Ellen Greenman; Shuker, Nancy (1989), 1950:, answering Rockefeller's enemies, concluded: 1843:In his 50s Rockefeller suffered from moderate 1693:Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in 1521:after 1891, and, after 1897, also by his son. 1127:and Chevron have remained separate companies. 1011:and the snake-like body of John D. Rockefeller 6593:Members of the American Philosophical Society 6028: 5616: 5344:. New York: Abbeville Publishing Group, 1998. 4742:"John D. Rockefeller Sr. and family timeline" 4616:Van De Grift, Josephine (February 21, 1923). 2488:Martin, Albro (1999), "John D. Rockefeller", 2205:"Who will be the world's first trillionaire?" 8: 6618:People of the American Industrial Revolution 5326:. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 5165:Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). 4560:"Text of Rockefeller's Letter to Dr. Butler" 4096:. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 235. 2551:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 201. 2402:. Rockefeller Archive Center. Archived from 2376:. Rockefeller Archive Center. Archived from 2292:. President & Fellows of Harvard College 373:, and others—some of which remain among the 6488:American businesspeople in the oil industry 5161:. Western Reserve Historical Society, 1972. 4039: 4027: 4003:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 3538: 2032:I was early taught to work as well as play, 1909:Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. 1716:, the first of its kind. It also built the 6035: 6021: 6013: 5678:children of William Avery Rockefeller Jr. 5623: 5609: 5601: 5334:. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pierce, 1964. 5094:. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. 5066:Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr 4283:Encyclopedia of American Education: A to E 4255:Encyclopedia of African-American education 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 3752: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3676: 2529:Schultz, Duane P.; Schultz, Sydney Ellen, 2516: 2428:Gritz, Jennie Rothenberg (June 23, 2011). 543:Business partnership and Civil War service 49: 38: 5820:children of William Goodsell Rockefeller 4654:Van De Grift, Josephine (July 31, 1925). 4641:The Brooklyn Citizen (Brooklyn, New York) 4635:Van De Grift, Josephine (March 4, 1923). 4253:Jones-Wilson, Faustine Childress (1996). 2549:World Energy Crisis: A Reference Handbook 2124: 2122: 2120: 2034:My life has been one long, happy holiday; 1761:Rockefeller supported the passage of the 1728:of Canada to study industrial relations. 1381:became a conservationist. Great-grandson 1174:Strike of 1913–14 and the Ludlow Massacre 6543:Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland 5888:children of Godfrey Stillman Rockefeller 5882:children of Laurance Spelman Rockefeller 5878:children of John Davison Rockefeller III 5746:children of John Davison Rockefeller Jr. 5268:Knowlton, Evelyn H. and George S. Gibb. 5223:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1989. 5159:John D. Rockefeller: The Cleveland Years 5152:Standard Oil Company (Companies and men) 5086:Collier, Peter; Horowitz, David (1976). 4424:. Indiana University Press. p. 11. 4139:. American Heritage Press. p. 457. 4050: 4048: 2964:, Sr., Vintage, New York, pp. 69, 75, 83 2423: 2421: 1596:American Baptist Foreign Mission Society 1550:Historically Black College or University 6518:American people of Scotch-Irish descent 6367: 5979:children of John Davison Rockefeller IV 5824:children of Ethel Geraldine Rockefeller 5503:The History of the Standard Oil Company 5127:The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation 4895: 4603: 4546: 4452:. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 68. 4119: 3959: 3834: 3664: 3574: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3451: 3357: 3345: 3309: 3209: 3072: 3024: 2898:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 2813: 2776: 2702:Manchester, William (October 6, 1974). 2652: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2571: 2504: 2360: 2116: 2083: 1786:The Casements, in Ormond Beach, Florida 1103:; Standard of New Jersey, which became 1099:; Standard of California, which became 1031:The History of the Standard Oil Company 490:When he was a boy, his family moved to 231: 1864; died 1915) 5880:children of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller 5506:. 2 vols. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith. 5451:John D. Rockefeller: Anointed With Oil 5350:Random Reminiscences of Men and Events 5154:. New York: Ayer Co. Publishing, 1976. 4830: 4660:The Akron Beacon Journal (Akron, Ohio) 3976:. Transaction Publishers. p. 27. 3944: 3818:"Rockefeller Says He Tries To Be Fair" 3652: 3640: 3625: 3613: 3598: 3586: 3562: 3550: 3526: 3514: 3466: 3436: 3399: 3333: 3321: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3221: 3197: 3128: 3116: 3104: 3089: 3036: 3012: 2988: 2962:Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller 2922:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 135. 2735: 2664: 1889: 1505:to establish schools and colleges for 375:largest companies by revenue worldwide 6628:Philanthropists from New York (state) 5577:Works by or about John D. Rockefeller 5303:. New York: Owl Books, reprint, 2006. 5252:Dynastic America and Those Who Own It 5243:Dynastic America and Those Who Own It 5090:The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty 4656:"Demi-Tasse & Mrs. Grundy column" 4591: 4358: 3060: 3000: 2973: 2896:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 2837: 2825: 2542: 2540: 2430:"The Man Who Invented Medical School" 2312:"US Gross Domestic Product 1913–1939" 1315:(August 23, 1866 – November 14, 1906) 1250:(baptized September 27, 1682, in the 1115:; Standard of New York, which became 989:and Rockefeller bought a new estate, 721:to control freight rates, formed the 689:, shortly after founding Standard Oil 27:American business magnate (1839–1937) 7: 6633:Progressive Era in the United States 6603:People from Mount Pleasant, New York 6563:Central Philippine University people 6558:Businesspeople from New York (state) 6468:20th-century American businesspeople 6463:19th-century American businesspeople 6345: 5995:children of Rodman Clark Rockefeller 5195:. New York: Ayer Co., reprint, 1987. 5178:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 5169:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 4816:"Old Home Visited By Rockefellers". 4712:"History of the House and The Guild" 4285:. Infobase Publishing. p. 949. 3901:"Rockefeller, John Davison IV (Jay)" 2446:A walk through the beautiful Central 2176: 2174: 2072:Rockefeller's Mesabi Range Interests 2057:Duluth, Missabe and Northern Railway 1564:University of Chicago view from the 1158:In 1902, facing cash flow problems, 1091:; Standard of Indiana, which became 419:in the Philippines. He was a devout 32:John D. Rockefeller (disambiguation) 5822:children of Percy Avery Rockefeller 5191:Hidy, Ralph W. and Muriel E. Hidy. 4766:. HistoryAccess.com. Archived from 4722:from the original on March 11, 2022 3869:Dictionary of American Family Names 2764:John D. Rockefeller, empire builder 1440:(1907–1950; now part of the modern 1359:Vice President of the United States 1330:(August 31, 1872 – August 25, 1932) 769:Standard Oil Trust Certificate 1896 407:Rockefeller was the founder of the 6578:Founders of the petroleum industry 6538:Bryant and Stratton College alumni 6508:American people of English descent 5540:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 5301:Invented the American Supereconomy 4842:Robert Whaples, "Review of Doran, 4420:Schneider, William Howard (1922). 4310:. Images Publishing. p. 334. 3377:. New York State Legislature. 1879 1926:John D. Rockefeller's painting by 1614:, in 1905 in the heavily Catholic 1371:Abigail Aldrich "Abby" Rockefeller 1073:Standard Oil Company of New Jersey 1069:Supreme Court of the United States 849:Portrait of John D Rockefeller by 652:Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler 650:became a partner, and the firm of 415:, and funded the establishment of 25: 6608:People from Ormond Beach, Florida 6513:American people of German descent 5147:. New York: The Free Press, 1977. 4692:from the original on May 28, 2022 2766:, Silver Burdett, pp. 18, 30 2040:And God was good to me everyday. 1385:served from 1985 until 2015 as a 1383:John Davison "Jay" Rockefeller IV 1377:became philanthropists. Grandson 1336:(January 29, 1874 – May 11, 1960) 709:, and the region in northwestern 483:second wife, Margaret L. Allen. 6623:People with alopecia universalis 6430: 6418: 6406: 6394: 6382: 6370: 6344: 6335: 6334: 5884:children of Winthrop Rockefeller 5593: 5414:. University of Nebraska Press. 5330:Pyle, Tom, as told to Beth Day. 5288:. New York: Little, Brown, 1958. 4996: 4257:. Greenwood Press. p. 184. 4059:. Greenwood Press. p. 713. 2400:"Hookworm: Exporting a Campaign" 2284:Nicholas, Tom; Fouka, Vasiliki. 2230:"Top 10 Richest Men of All Time" 2052:Allegheny Transportation Company 1898: 1814:Newspaper Enterprise Association 1412:John D. Rockefeller was born in 1324:(April 12, 1871 – June 21, 1962) 908:McKinley's presidential campaign 872:methods, giving momentum to the 308:wealthiest Americans of all time 6658:University and college founders 5237:. New York: Random House, 1993. 4535:John D. Rockefeller Sr. profile 4533:The Philanthropy Hall of Fame, 2641:Chapter one: "The Flimflam Man" 2153:"The Wealthiest Americans Ever" 2038:I dropped the worry on the way— 1306:Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman 820:In 1877, Standard clashed with 504:Cleveland's Central High School 337:Rockefeller's wealth soared as 228: 6613:People from Richford, New York 6533:Baptists from New York (state) 6523:American railway entrepreneurs 6322:Petroleum in the United States 5348:Rockefeller, John D. (1984) . 5116:Folsom, Burton W. Jr. (2003). 4225:Brison, Jeffrey David (2005). 4092:Miller-Bernal, Leslie (2006). 2531:A History of Modern Psychology 2478:. Retrieved September 5, 2019. 2335:"Giving It Away, Then and Now" 2036:Full of work and full of play— 1994:Rockefeller playing golf, 1932 1907:interview with Ron Chernow on 1464:, church. While traveling the 1313:Elizabeth "Bessie" Rockefeller 957:Interstate Commerce Commission 1: 6653:Rockefeller University people 6648:Rockefeller Foundation people 6598:People from Moravia, New York 6548:Businesspeople from Cleveland 5886:children of David Rockefeller 5660:William Avery Rockefeller Jr. 5642:William Avery Rockefeller Sr. 5563:John D. Rockefeller Biography 5339:The Rockefeller Family Home: 5318:Favorable scholarly biography 5199:Hofstadter, Richard (1992) . 5183:Hawke, David Freeman (1980), 5118:The Myth of the Robber Barons 4487:10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00160-4 4475:Social Science & Medicine 2333:Daniel Gross (July 2, 2006). 2316:Stuck on Stupid: U.S. Economy 1733:International Health Division 1698: 1682:, had been undertaken by the 1600:Central Philippine University 1576:Central Philippine University 1442:American Baptist Churches USA 1304:In 1864, Rockefeller married 1135: 861:in the United States through 683: 642:Beginning in the oil business 417:Central Philippine University 194:Central Philippine University 6663:University of Chicago people 6568:Deaths from arteriosclerosis 5970:Godfrey Anderson Rockefeller 5831:Godfrey Stillman Rockefeller 5793:Laurance Spelman Rockefeller 5771:John Davison Rockefeller III 5744:children of Alta Rockefeller 5717:William Goodsell Rockefeller 5709:John Davison Rockefeller Jr. 5586:Works by John D. Rockefeller 5568:Works by John D. Rockefeller 5125:Fosdick, Raymond B. (1989). 4643:. Newspapers.com. p. 5. 4624:. Newspapers.com. p. 8. 3170:. ExxonMobil. Archived from 3092:, pp. 183–185, 197–198. 2890:American Antiquarian Society 2870:American Antiquarian Society 1724:war relief, and it employed 1718:Peking Union Medical College 1557:and other Baptist colleges. 1536:Rockefeller believed in the 1431:. It drew masses to various 1379:Laurance Spelman Rockefeller 1375:John Davison Rockefeller III 1363:Winthrop Aldrich Rockefeller 1334:John Davison Rockefeller Jr. 462:, Mary, and fraternal twins 443:Rockefeller's birthplace in 304:John Davison Rockefeller Sr. 6553:Businesspeople from Florida 5956:Margaret Dulany Rockefeller 5951:Abigail Aldrich Rockefeller 5895:John Davison Rockefeller IV 5853:Marcellus Hartley Dodge Jr. 5840:Isabel Stillman Rockefeller 5762:Abigail Aldrich Rockefeller 5754:Margaret Rockefeller Strong 5731:Marcellus Hartley Dodge Sr. 5727:Ethel Geraldine Rockefeller 5592:(public domain audiobooks) 5454:. Oxford University Press. 5081:Online via Internet Archive 4405:Freeman, A.W. (July 1922). 2946:John D., A Portrait in Oils 2463:. Retrieved August 5, 2019. 2448:. Retrieved August 5, 2019. 2259:Public Broadcasting Service 2002:of $ 24 billion then. 1726:William Lyon Mackenzie King 1499:Northern Baptist Convention 1470:Southern Baptist Convention 1438:Northern Baptist Convention 921:National Petroleum Exchange 586:and supported the then-new 508:Folsom's Commercial College 392:in the American South, and 6679: 6202:Standard Oil of New Jersey 6178:Standard Oil of California 6044:Standard Oil Company, Inc. 5986:Justin Aldrich Rockefeller 5961:Richard Gilder Rockefeller 5836:James Stillman Rockefeller 5780:Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller 5525:; Daum, Arnold R. (1964). 5514:; Daum, Arnold R. (1959). 5378:10.1177/016146819209300315 5337:Roberts, Ann Rockefeller. 5276:Latham, Earl, ed. (1949). 5187:, New York: Harper and Row 5120:. New York: Young America. 5108:Ernst, Joseph W., editor. 5042:Bringhurst, Bruce (1979). 4820:. May 28, 1937. p. 4. 3726:"Lamont Montgomery Bowers" 3049:Williamson & Daum 1959 2704:"The founding grandfather" 1799:Florida East Coast Railway 1497:later affiliated with the 1390:Senator from West Virginia 1355:Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller 1239: 1177: 878:New York State Legislature 666: 456:William A. Rockefeller Sr. 322:. Rockefeller founded the 29: 6493:American company founders 6330: 5947:Winthrop Paul Rockefeller 5933:Marion French Rockefeller 5928:Laura Spelman Rockefeller 5919:Michael Clark Rockefeller 5758:John Rockefeller Prentice 5405:. Hodder & Stoughton. 5401:Sampson, Anthony (1975). 5241:Klein, Henry H. (2003) . 5230:. London: Harcourt, 1962. 5143:Gates, Frederick Taylor. 4511:. Famento. Archived from 4338:. ASM Press. p. 20. 4308:KlingStubbins: palimpsest 4191:Founder's Day Celebration 2547:Newton, David E. (2013). 2184:. Harvard Business School 1897: 1528:Rockefeller with his son 1248:Johann Peter Rockenfeller 1045:South Improvement Company 748:Charles Pratt and Company 723:South Improvement Company 674:Founding and early growth 425:Laura Spelman Rockefeller 178:Founding and leading the 48: 6210:Standard Oil of New York 6194:Standard Oil of Kentucky 6002:Meile Louise Rockefeller 5943:Laurance Rockefeller Jr. 5938:Lucy Aldrich Rockefeller 5914:Steven Clark Rockefeller 5909:Rodman Clark Rockefeller 5900:Hope Aldrich Rockefeller 5676:John Davison Rockefeller 5651:John Davison Rockefeller 3997:Creager, Angela (2002). 2067:List of German Americans 2024:—would even come close. 1707:Rockefeller created the 1492:Rockefeller in June 1911 1268:Germantown, Pennsylvania 953:William Henry Vanderbilt 703:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 582:who voted for President 65:John Davison Rockefeller 6498:American industrialists 6186:Standard Oil of Indiana 6120:Henry Huttleston Rogers 6064:William Rockefeller Jr. 5924:Mark Fitler Rockefeller 5905:Alida Ferry Rockefeller 5788:Margaretta Large Fitler 5775:Blanchette Ferry Hooker 5722:Percy Avery Rockefeller 5704:Harold Fowler McCormick 5690:Charles Augustus Strong 5534:Yergin, Daniel (1991). 5520:(vol. 1); also vol. 2, 5476:Stasz, Clarice (2000). 5366:Teachers College Record 3849:Genealogisches Jahrbuch 2794:Encyclopedia Britannica 2655:, pp. 43, 50, 235. 2588:Flynn, John T. (2007). 2131:"The Richest Americans" 1623:General Education Board 1503:their historic missions 1056:Kenesaw Mountain Landis 876:movement. In 1879, the 824:, the president of the 514:Pre-Standard Oil career 280:William Rockefeller Sr. 198:General Education Board 115:, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. 6478:American abolitionists 6389:Business and economics 5844:Frederic W. Lincoln IV 5713:Abigail Greene Aldrich 5655:Laura Celestia Spelman 5448:Segall, Grant (2001). 5322:Nevins, Allan (1953). 5250:Klein, Henry (2005) . 5245:. New York: Kessinger. 4858:Visser, Wayne (2011). 4306:Beaver, Robyn (2008). 2918:Stevens, Mark (2008). 2491:Encyclopedia Americana 2374:"Eradicating Hookworm" 2043: 1995: 1983: 1977:wrote of Rockefeller: 1971: 1961: 1931: 1863: 1840: 1818:Josephine Van De Grift 1791:Henry Morrison Flagler 1787: 1767:Nicholas Murray Butler 1747: 1746:Rockefeller in old age 1709:Rockefeller Foundation 1704: 1659:Rockefeller University 1583: 1568: 1533: 1519:Frederick Taylor Gates 1493: 1458: 1429:Second Great Awakening 1409: 1301: 1210:Rockefeller Foundation 1168:Frederick Taylor Gates 1154:Colorado Fuel and Iron 1146: 1059: 1012: 978: 947: 915: 863:horizontal integration 854: 838: 817: 810: 770: 742: 734: 690: 648:Henry Morrison Flagler 528: 447: 413:Rockefeller University 332:Southern United States 202:Rockefeller Foundation 190:Rockefeller University 6528:Baptist abolitionists 6483:American billionaires 5742:Elizabeth Rockefeller 5686:Elizabeth Rockefeller 5523:Williamson, Harold F. 5512:Williamson, Harold F. 5284:Manchester, William. 4866:John Wiley & Sons 4770:on September 26, 2016 4057:Class in America: Q-Z 4055:Weir, Robert (2007). 3972:Coon, Horace (1990). 3791:"The Ludlow Massacre" 3413:"John D. Rockefeller" 3144:. PBS. Archived from 1993: 1966: 1925: 1876:Ormond Beach, Florida 1861: 1838: 1795:Ormond Beach, Florida 1785: 1745: 1692: 1592:William Rainey Harper 1588:University of Chicago 1574: 1563: 1527: 1491: 1407: 1365:served as Republican 1292: 1240:Further information: 1160:John Cleveland Osgood 1133: 1077:Sherman Antitrust Act 1053: 1019:, then controlled by 1007:grabbing the head of 999: 970: 961:Sherman Antitrust Act 945: 905: 848: 834: 826:Pennsylvania Railroad 815: 779:Charles Millard Pratt 768: 740: 732: 681: 527:Rockefeller at age 18 526: 442: 409:University of Chicago 357:. The Supreme Court 186:University of Chicago 98:Ormond Beach, Florida 6588:History of Cleveland 6473:American accountants 6218:Standard Oil of Ohio 6095:John Dustin Archbold 5811:Margaret Rockefeller 5802:Winthrop Rockefeller 5784:Mary Todhunter Clark 5665:Franklin Rockefeller 5226:Josephson, Matthew. 5011:for the books listed 4987:General bibliography 4797:on September 1, 2010 3174:on November 12, 2008 3148:on December 16, 2000 2380:on February 23, 2017 1866:Rockefeller died of 1418:Burned-over district 1367:Governor of Arkansas 1264:Rhineland-Palatinate 1186:union representation 1075:in violation of the 987:John Dustin Archbold 800:vertical integration 324:Standard Oil Company 180:Standard Oil Company 6237:Atlantic Refinering 6110:Oliver Hazard Payne 6079:Stephen V. Harkness 6059:John D. Rockefeller 5291:Morris, Charles R. 5145:Chapters in My Life 4944:archive.nytimes.com 4549:, pp. 613–614. 4171:on October 31, 2003 4165:The Centennial Echo 3962:, pp. 50, 235. 2960:Ron Chernow (2004) 2751:. October 13, 2013. 2682:The Daily Telegraph 2643:via New York Times. 2476:Facts about Central 2265:on January 26, 2012 2129:Hargreaves, Steve. 1928:John Singer Sargent 1878:. He was buried in 1839:Rockefeller in 1922 1831:Illnesses and death 1538:Efficiency Movement 1416:, then part of the 1279:district of Neuwied 578:Rockefeller was an 573:substitute soldiers 371:Chevron Corporation 132: / 55:Rockefeller in 1895 43:John D. Rockefeller 6643:Rockefeller family 6503:American investors 5966:Eileen Rockefeller 5632:Rockefeller family 4847:EH.Net (July 2016) 4789:Carmichael, Evan. 4564:The New York Times 4515:on October 6, 2011 3822:The New York Times 3131:, pp. 32, 35. 3063:, pp. 31, 32. 3051:, pp. 82–194. 3003:, pp. 29, 36. 2828:, pp. 23, 24. 2708:The New York Times 2340:The New York Times 2255:"The Rockefellers" 2157:The New York Times 1996: 1932: 1880:Lake View Cemetery 1864: 1841: 1788: 1772:Anti-Saloon League 1748: 1705: 1584: 1569: 1555:Denison University 1534: 1515:American Civil War 1494: 1414:Richford, New York 1410: 1302: 1298:Rockefeller family 1242:Rockefeller family 1147: 1123:, now part of BP. 1060: 1021:J. Pierpont Morgan 1013: 1005:Theodore Roosevelt 979: 948: 916: 855: 818: 775:Standard Oil Trust 771: 743: 735: 695:American Civil War 693:By the end of the 691: 565:American Civil War 557:American Civil War 529: 502:, and he attended 500:Strongsville, Ohio 452:Richford, New York 448: 445:Richford, New York 296:Rockefeller family 113:Lake View Cemetery 79:Richford, New York 6358: 6357: 6254:Bowling Green, KY 6247:Historic stations 6100:Jabez A. Bostwick 6010: 6009: 5849:Avery Rockefeller 5807:David Rockefeller 5700:Edith Rockefeller 5572:Project Gutenberg 5547:978-1-4391-1012-6 5489:978-1-58348-856-0 5440:978-0-8032-4214-2 5421:978-0-8032-4214-2 5228:The Robber Barons 5212:978-0-8070-5503-8 5150:Giddens, Paul H. 5075:978-0-679-43808-3 5053:978-0-313-20642-9 5038: 5037: 4911:. Measuring Worth 4372:Sealander, Judith 4345:978-1-55581-440-3 4317:978-1-86470-295-8 4292:978-0-8160-6887-6 4122:, pp. 5, 88. 4066:978-0-313-34245-5 3837:, pp. 3, 10. 3589:, pp. 79–80. 3529:, pp. 62–63. 3288:, pp. 48–49. 3075:, pp. 73–74. 3027:, pp. 54–55. 3015:, pp. 24–28. 2929:978-0-470-25287-1 2738:, pp. 15–16. 2599:978-1-61016-411-5 2558:978-1-61069-147-5 2406:on March 20, 2017 2078:Explanatory notes 1920: 1919: 1343:David Rockefeller 1328:Edith Rockefeller 1009:Nelson W. Aldrich 932:Paris Rothschilds 882:Hepburn Committee 553:George W. Gardner 492:Moravia, New York 301: 300: 136:41.511°N 81.591°W 18:J. D. Rockefeller 16:(Redirected from 6670: 6435: 6434: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6413:New York (state) 6411: 6410: 6409: 6399: 6398: 6387: 6386: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6366: 6348: 6347: 6338: 6337: 6170:The Ohio Oil Co. 6145:Buckeye Partners 6037: 6030: 6023: 6014: 5695:Alta Rockefeller 5625: 5618: 5611: 5602: 5597: 5596: 5581:Internet Archive 5551: 5530: 5519: 5507: 5493: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5461:978-0-19512147-6 5444: 5425: 5406: 5397: 5353: 5327: 5317: 5281: 5265: 5246: 5216: 5188: 5179: 5170: 5157:Goulder, Grace. 5140: 5121: 5105: 5093: 5079: 5068:. Random House. 5057: 5033: 5030: 5024: 5000: 4992: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4969: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4936: 4930: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4855: 4849: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4818:The Plain Dealer 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4793:. 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June 7, 1932. 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4481:(9): 1197–1213. 4470: 4464: 4463: 4446:Prewitt, Kenneth 4442: 4436: 4435: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4222: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4198:on July 22, 2011 4186: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4108: 4107: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4052: 4043: 4040:Rockefeller 1984 4037: 4031: 4028:Rockefeller 1984 4025: 4019: 4018: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3539:Rockefeller 1984 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3455: 3449: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3384: 3382: 3375:Internet Archive 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3093: 3087: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2958: 2949: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2893: 2887: 2873: 2867: 2852: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2585: 2579: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2544: 2535: 2534: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2464: 2458: 2449: 2443: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2322:on June 2, 2021. 2318:. Archived from 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2261:. Archived from 2251: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2203:Housel, Morgan. 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2178: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2126: 2104: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2088: 1902: 1901: 1890: 1868:arteriosclerosis 1756:Harvey Firestone 1703: 1700: 1598:in establishing 1566:Midway Plaisance 1369:. Grandchildren 1322:Alta Rockefeller 1164:George Jay Gould 1140: 1137: 1025:Henry Clay Frick 808: 688: 685: 588:Republican Party 549:Maurice B. Clark 464:Franklin (Frank) 454:, to con artist 429:social Darwinism 421:Northern Baptist 312:Upstate New York 232: 230: 147: 146: 144: 143: 142: 137: 133: 130: 129: 128: 125: 93: 74: 72: 53: 39: 21: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6429: 6419: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6393: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6361: 6359: 6354: 6326: 6300: 6273: 6242: 6225: 6131: 6124: 6083: 6047: 6041: 6011: 6006: 5990: 5974: 5968: 5949: 5945: 5926: 5907: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5873: 5857: 5851: 5838: 5823: 5821: 5815: 5760: 5756: 5745: 5743: 5735: 5715: 5677: 5669: 5634: 5629: 5594: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5533: 5521: 5510: 5498:Tarbell, Ida M. 5496: 5490: 5475: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5447: 5441: 5428: 5422: 5409: 5400: 5359: 5347: 5321: 5306: 5275: 5262: 5249: 5240: 5233:Kert, Bernice. 5219:Jonas, Gerald. 5213: 5198: 5182: 5173: 5164: 5137: 5124: 5115: 5102: 5085: 5076: 5060: 5054: 5041: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5014: 5001: 4989: 4984: 4983: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4800: 4798: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4252: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4224: 4223: 4210: 4201: 4199: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4174: 4172: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4111: 4104: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4054: 4053: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4015: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3866:"Rockefeller". 3865: 3864: 3860: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3824:. May 21, 1915. 3816: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3753:Scamehorn 1992c 3751: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3713:Scamehorn 1992a 3711: 3707: 3701:Scamehorn 1992a 3699: 3695: 3689:Scamehorn 1992a 3687: 3683: 3677:Scamehorn 1992a 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3458: 3450: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3380: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2959: 2952: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2895: 2885: 2877:McCusker, J. J. 2875: 2865: 2857:McCusker, J. J. 2855: 2853: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2546: 2545: 2538: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2517:Hofstadter 1992 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2452: 2444: 2437: 2432:. The Atlantic. 2427: 2426: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2180: 2179: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2159:. July 15, 2007 2151: 2150: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2007:First World War 1988: 1911:, June 21, 1998 1899: 1893:External videos 1888: 1874:", his home in 1833: 1780: 1701: 1655:medical science 1486: 1462:Cleveland, Ohio 1402: 1400:Religious views 1347:Chase Manhattan 1287: 1244: 1238: 1233: 1225:Ludlow Massacre 1182: 1180:Ludlow Massacre 1176: 1156: 1138: 1111:), now part of 1065:holding company 991:Pocantico Hills 983:Andrew Carnegie 859:as market share 851:Eastman Johnson 843: 822:Thomas A. Scott 809: 806: 777:. Pratt's son, 756:Henry H. Rogers 686: 676: 671: 665: 644: 584:Abraham Lincoln 545: 521: 519:As a bookkeeper 516: 496:Owego, New York 437: 398:Abraham Flexner 386:Andrew Carnegie 287: 268: 234: 226: 222: 219: 206: 167: 150: 141:41.511; -81.591 140: 138: 134: 131: 126: 123: 121: 119: 118: 101: 95: 91: 82: 76: 70: 68: 67: 66: 56: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6676: 6674: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6439: 6427: 6415: 6403: 6391: 6379: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6342: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6290: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6269:Plant City, FL 6266: 6264:Plainfield, Il 6261: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6215: 6207: 6199: 6191: 6183: 6175: 6167: 6162: 6160:Union Tank Car 6157: 6155:ConocoPhillips 6152: 6147: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6069:Samuel Andrews 6066: 6061: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6017: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5846: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5804: 5799: 5790: 5777: 5768: 5750: 5748: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5724: 5719: 5706: 5697: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5583: 5574: 5565: 5558: 5557:External links 5555: 5553: 5552: 5546: 5531: 5508: 5494: 5488: 5473: 5460: 5445: 5439: 5426: 5420: 5407: 5398: 5372:(3): 536–555. 5357: 5354: 5345: 5335: 5328: 5319: 5304: 5289: 5282: 5273: 5266: 5260: 5247: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5211: 5196: 5189: 5180: 5171: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5135: 5122: 5113: 5106: 5100: 5083: 5074: 5058: 5052: 5036: 5035: 5004: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4956: 4931: 4922: 4900: 4888: 4874: 4850: 4835: 4833:, p. 104. 4823: 4808: 4781: 4755: 4733: 4703: 4673: 4646: 4627: 4608: 4606:, p. 610. 4596: 4594:, p. 209. 4584: 4551: 4539: 4526: 4500: 4465: 4458: 4437: 4430: 4412: 4397: 4390: 4363: 4361:, p. 143. 4351: 4344: 4323: 4316: 4298: 4291: 4270: 4263: 4242: 4235: 4208: 4181: 4161:"WO Valentine" 4152: 4145: 4124: 4109: 4102: 4084: 4072: 4065: 4044: 4042:, p. 183. 4032: 4020: 4013: 3989: 3982: 3964: 3949: 3937: 3918: 3892: 3878: 3858: 3839: 3827: 3809: 3782: 3757: 3738: 3717: 3705: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3667:, p. 333. 3657: 3655:, p. 112. 3645: 3630: 3618: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3577:, p. 287. 3567: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3505:, p. 246. 3495: 3493:, p. 242. 3483: 3481:, p. 259. 3471: 3456: 3454:, p. 249. 3441: 3429: 3404: 3392: 3362: 3360:, p. 258. 3350: 3348:, p. 253. 3338: 3326: 3314: 3312:, p. 171. 3302: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3226: 3214: 3212:, p. 132. 3202: 3185: 3159: 3133: 3121: 3109: 3094: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2978: 2966: 2950: 2935: 2928: 2910: 2894:1800–present: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2781: 2769: 2754: 2740: 2728: 2694: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2629: 2617: 2605: 2598: 2580: 2564: 2557: 2536: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2494:, vol. 23 2480: 2465: 2450: 2435: 2417: 2391: 2365: 2353: 2325: 2303: 2276: 2246: 2221: 2195: 2170: 2144: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2047: 2044: 2030: 2012:New York Times 1987: 1984: 1918: 1917: 1895: 1894: 1887: 1884: 1882:in Cleveland. 1832: 1829: 1779: 1776: 1763:18th Amendment 1673:Flexner Report 1668:American South 1621:Rockefeller's 1610:university in 1544:cooperation". 1485: 1482: 1478:Roman Catholic 1474:Black churches 1401: 1398: 1353:). Second son 1351:JPMorgan Chase 1338: 1337: 1331: 1325: 1319: 1316: 1286: 1283: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1190:Strikebreakers 1178:Main article: 1175: 1172: 1155: 1152: 1095:, now part of 1089:ConocoPhillips 1087:, now part of 888:New York World 842: 839: 804: 675: 672: 667:Main article: 664: 661: 643: 640: 615:Samuel Andrews 544: 541: 520: 517: 515: 512: 436: 433: 363:antitrust laws 348:monopoly power 344:business trust 299: 298: 293: 289: 288: 286: 285: 282: 276: 274: 270: 269: 267: 266: 261: 256: 251: 248: 242: 240: 236: 235: 224: 220: 215: 214: 212: 208: 207: 205: 204: 182: 175: 173: 172:Known for 169: 168: 166: 165: 164:philanthropist 162: 158: 156: 152: 151: 149: 148: 116: 109: 107: 103: 102: 96: 94:(aged 97) 88: 84: 83: 77: 64: 62: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6675: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 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6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6074:Henry Flagler 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6031: 6026: 6024: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5876: 5870: 5869:Abra Prentice 5867: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5818: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5672: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5619: 5614: 5612: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5591: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5569: 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4965:"Rockefeller" 4960: 4957: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4915:September 11, 4910: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4889: 4877: 4875:9781119973386 4871: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4824: 4819: 4812: 4809: 4801:September 11, 4796: 4792: 4785: 4782: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4721: 4717: 4716:The Casements 4713: 4707: 4704: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4585: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4459:0-87154-696-5 4455: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4433: 4431:0-253-34151-5 4427: 4423: 4416: 4413: 4409:. p. 20. 4408: 4401: 4398: 4393: 4391:0-8018-5460-1 4387: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4352: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4279:Unger, Harlow 4274: 4271: 4266: 4264:0-313-28931-X 4260: 4256: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4236:0-7735-2868-7 4232: 4228: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4185: 4182: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4148: 4146:0-8281-1175-8 4142: 4138: 4134: 4133:Dobell, Byron 4128: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4103:0-8265-1542-8 4099: 4095: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4033: 4030:, p. 69. 4029: 4024: 4021: 4016: 4014:0-226-12025-2 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3993: 3990: 3985: 3983:0-88738-334-3 3979: 3975: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3947:, p. 24. 3946: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3881: 3879:9780195081374 3875: 3871: 3870: 3862: 3859: 3854: 3851:(in German), 3850: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3715:, p. 20. 3714: 3709: 3706: 3703:, p. 19. 3702: 3697: 3694: 3691:, p. 18. 3690: 3685: 3682: 3679:, p. 17. 3678: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3646: 3643:, p. 93. 3642: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3628:, p. 91. 3627: 3622: 3619: 3616:, p. 89. 3615: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3601:, p. 84. 3600: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3565:, p. 77. 3564: 3559: 3556: 3553:, p. 69. 3552: 3547: 3544: 3541:, p. 48. 3540: 3535: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3517:, p. 68. 3516: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3472: 3469:, p. 67. 3468: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3439:, p. 61. 3438: 3433: 3430: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3402:, p. 60. 3401: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3339: 3336:, p. 58. 3335: 3330: 3327: 3324:, p. 57. 3323: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3303: 3300:, p. 52. 3299: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3276:, p. 46. 3275: 3270: 3267: 3264:, p. 44. 3263: 3258: 3255: 3252:, p. 43. 3251: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3224:, p. 42. 3223: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3173: 3169: 3168:"Our History" 3163: 3160: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3122: 3119:, p. 32. 3118: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2994: 2991:, p. 25. 2990: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2976:, p. 26. 2975: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2911: 2899: 2891: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2840:, p. 22. 2839: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2819: 2816:, p. 46. 2815: 2810: 2807: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2779:, p. 40. 2778: 2773: 2770: 2765: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2695: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2667:, p. 14. 2666: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2618: 2615:, p. 11. 2614: 2609: 2606: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2565: 2560: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533:, p. 128 2532: 2525: 2522: 2519:, p. 45. 2518: 2513: 2510: 2507:, p. 52. 2506: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2492: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2354: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2329: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2277: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2210: 2206: 2199: 2196: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2132: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1992: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1951: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1941:robber barons 1937: 1929: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1891: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872:The Casements 1869: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1837: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1807: 1806:The Casements 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1696: 1695:New York City 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1551: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1490: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1427:known as the 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1406: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1361:. Fourth son 1360: 1356: 1352: 1349:(now part of 1348: 1344: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1243: 1235: 1231:Personal life 1230: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1153: 1151: 1144: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001:Puck magazine 998: 994: 992: 988: 984: 976: 975: 969: 965: 962: 958: 954: 944: 940: 938: 933: 929: 924: 922: 913: 910:, managed by 909: 904: 900: 898: 892: 890: 889: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 864: 860: 852: 847: 840: 837: 833: 829: 827: 823: 814: 803: 801: 794: 792: 788: 782: 780: 776: 767: 763: 759: 757: 753: 752:Charles Pratt 749: 739: 731: 727: 724: 720: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 680: 673: 670: 662: 660: 658: 653: 649: 641: 639: 637: 633: 628: 627:Daniel Yergin 622: 620: 616: 613: 609: 605: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 576: 574: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 542: 540: 537: 534: 525: 518: 513: 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 488: 484: 480: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 446: 441: 434: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 359:ruled in 1911 356: 351: 349: 345: 340: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 297: 294: 290: 284:Eliza Davison 283: 281: 278: 277: 275: 271: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 241: 237: 218: 217:Laura Spelman 213: 209: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 184:Founding the 183: 181: 177: 176: 174: 170: 163: 160: 159: 157: 153: 145: 117: 114: 111: 110: 108: 104: 99: 89: 85: 80: 63: 59: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6638:Standard Oil 6292: 6284: 6230:Acquisitions 6220: 6212: 6204: 6196: 6188: 6180: 6172: 6105:Daniel O'Day 6058: 5741: 5740:children of 5675: 5674:children of 5650: 5640: 5639:children of 5536: 5526: 5515: 5502: 5478: 5467:December 19, 5465:. Retrieved 5450: 5430: 5411: 5402: 5369: 5365: 5349: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5312: 5299:J. P. Morgan 5292: 5285: 5277: 5269: 5251: 5242: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5201: 5192: 5184: 5175: 5166: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5126: 5117: 5109: 5089: 5065: 5062:Chernow, Ron 5043: 5026: 5021:citation bot 5015:Please help 5006: 4972:. Retrieved 4959: 4947:. Retrieved 4943: 4934: 4925: 4913:. Retrieved 4903: 4896:Chernow 1998 4891: 4879:. Retrieved 4860: 4853: 4843: 4838: 4826: 4817: 4811: 4799:. Retrieved 4795:the original 4784: 4772:. Retrieved 4768:the original 4758: 4746:. Retrieved 4736: 4724:. Retrieved 4715: 4706: 4694:. Retrieved 4686:Ormond Beach 4685: 4676: 4666:September 9, 4664:. Retrieved 4662:. p. 12 4659: 4649: 4640: 4630: 4621: 4611: 4604:Chernow 1998 4599: 4587: 4575:. Retrieved 4563: 4554: 4547:Chernow 1998 4542: 4529: 4517:. Retrieved 4513:the original 4503: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4449: 4440: 4421: 4415: 4407:The Rotarian 4406: 4400: 4376: 4366: 4354: 4335: 4332:Hotez, Peter 4326: 4307: 4301: 4282: 4273: 4254: 4226: 4200:, retrieved 4196:the original 4190: 4184: 4173:, retrieved 4169:the original 4164: 4155: 4136: 4127: 4120:Fosdick 1989 4093: 4087: 4056: 4035: 4023: 3999: 3992: 3973: 3967: 3960:Chernow 1998 3940: 3933:Rockefellers 3932: 3911:February 15, 3909:. Retrieved 3904: 3895: 3883:. Retrieved 3868: 3861: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3835:Chernow 1998 3830: 3812: 3800:. Retrieved 3794: 3785: 3773:. Retrieved 3769: 3760: 3729:. Retrieved 3720: 3708: 3696: 3684: 3672: 3665:Chernow 1998 3660: 3648: 3621: 3594: 3582: 3575:Chernow 1998 3570: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3503:Chernow 1998 3498: 3491:Chernow 1998 3486: 3479:Chernow 1998 3474: 3452:Chernow 1998 3432: 3420:. Retrieved 3416: 3407: 3395: 3386: 3381:February 11, 3379:. Retrieved 3374: 3365: 3358:Chernow 1998 3353: 3346:Chernow 1998 3341: 3329: 3317: 3310:Chernow 1998 3305: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3245: 3229: 3217: 3210:Chernow 1998 3205: 3176:. Retrieved 3172:the original 3162: 3150:. Retrieved 3146:the original 3136: 3124: 3112: 3073:Chernow 1998 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3025:Chernow 1998 3020: 3008: 2996: 2969: 2919: 2913: 2903:February 29, 2901:. Retrieved 2881: 2861: 2833: 2821: 2814:Chernow 1998 2809: 2797:. Retrieved 2793: 2784: 2777:Chernow 1998 2772: 2763: 2757: 2743: 2731: 2719:. Retrieved 2707: 2697: 2685:. Retrieved 2681: 2672: 2660: 2653:Chernow 1998 2648: 2637:Chernow 1998 2632: 2627:, p. 6. 2625:Chernow 1998 2620: 2613:Chernow 1998 2608: 2589: 2583: 2572:Chernow 1998 2567: 2548: 2530: 2524: 2512: 2505:Chernow 1998 2500: 2489: 2483: 2408:. Retrieved 2404:the original 2394: 2382:. Retrieved 2378:the original 2368: 2361:Fosdick 1989 2356: 2344:. Retrieved 2338: 2328: 2320:the original 2315: 2306: 2294:. Retrieved 2289: 2279: 2267:. 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Retrieved 2090: 2086: 2031: 2026: 2010: 2004: 1997: 1980: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1953: 1948:Allan Nevins 1945: 1933: 1908: 1904: 1865: 1842: 1826: 1822:Ormond Hotel 1811: 1803: 1789: 1778:Florida home 1760: 1749: 1737: 1730: 1706: 1679:The Atlantic 1677: 1671: 1620: 1602:, the first 1585: 1546: 1542: 1535: 1495: 1484:Philanthropy 1459: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1411: 1339: 1303: 1272: 1247: 1245: 1222: 1214: 1206: 1202: 1183: 1157: 1148: 1134:Rockefeller 1107:(and later, 1061: 1039:, a leading 1029: 1014: 1000: 980: 972: 949: 928:Robert Nobel 925: 917: 893: 886: 870:monopolistic 867: 858: 856: 835: 830: 819: 796: 787:horizontally 783: 774: 772: 760: 750:, headed by 744: 715: 711:Pennsylvania 692: 682:Rockefeller 669:Standard Oil 663:Standard Oil 645: 623: 606:in 1863 in " 604:oil refinery 600: 580:abolitionist 577: 569: 546: 538: 530: 489: 485: 481: 449: 406: 394:yellow fever 379: 352: 336: 320:oil refining 303: 302: 106:Burial place 92:(1937-05-23) 90:May 23, 1937 75:July 8, 1839 36: 6458:1937 deaths 6453:1839 births 6150:Chesebrough 6046:(1870–1911) 5797:Mary French 5046:. Praeger. 5019:or run the 4949:February 7, 4831:Latham 1949 4202:January 16, 4175:January 26, 3945:Segall 2001 3935:documentary 3802:November 9, 3775:November 9, 3770:History.com 3653:Segall 2001 3641:Segall 2001 3626:Segall 2001 3614:Segall 2001 3599:Segall 2001 3587:Segall 2001 3563:Segall 2001 3551:Segall 2001 3527:Segall 2001 3515:Segall 2001 3467:Segall 2001 3437:Segall 2001 3417:history.com 3400:Segall 2001 3334:Segall 2001 3322:Segall 2001 3298:Segall 2001 3286:Segall 2001 3274:Segall 2001 3262:Segall 2001 3250:Segall 2001 3222:Segall 2001 3200:, p. . 3198:Yergin 1991 3129:Segall 2001 3117:Segall 2001 3105:Folsom 2003 3090:Nevins 1940 3037:Folsom 2003 3013:Segall 2001 2989:Segall 2001 2874:1700–1799: 2854:1634–1699: 2736:Segall 2001 2665:Segall 2001 2363:, p. . 1975:Ron Chernow 1973:Biographer 1946:Biographer 1722:World War I 1702: 1912 1616:Philippines 1606:and second 1580:Iloilo City 1422:evangelical 1194:tent cities 1139: 1914 1037:Ida Tarbell 964:the trust. 937:natural gas 687: 1872 596:John Wesley 468:Ulster Scot 460:William Jr. 355:Ida Tarbell 328:shareholder 161:Businessman 155:Occupations 139: / 6583:Gilded Age 6573:ExxonMobil 6447:Categories 6173:(Marathon) 6165:Vacuum Oil 6088:Executives 5766:Jean Mauzé 5254:. Cosimo. 4592:Stasz 2000 4359:Klein 2005 3885:August 30, 3422:August 24, 3239:3921722063 3061:Hawke 1980 3001:Hawke 1980 2974:Hawke 1980 2838:Hawke 1980 2826:Hawke 1980 2799:August 24, 2590:God's Gold 2574:, p. 2234:AskMen.com 2022:Sam Walton 2018:Bill Gates 1845:depression 1513:after the 1472:, various 1433:Protestant 1387:Democratic 1275:Rockenfeld 1254:church of 1252:Protestant 1162:turned to 1113:ExxonMobil 1017:U.S. Steel 912:Mark Hanna 791:vertically 561:Union Army 533:bookkeeper 435:Early life 402:empiricism 367:ExxonMobil 127:81°35′28″W 124:41°30′40″N 71:1839-07-08 6377:Biography 6259:Odell, Il 6181:(Chevron) 6132:companies 6130:Successor 5786:(m. 2nd) 5782:(m. 1st) 5500:(1963) . 5394:151797425 5386:0161-4681 5295:Jay Gould 4682:"History" 4572:0362-4331 4519:April 21, 2716:0362-4331 2296:April 22, 2209:USA Today 2137:March 25, 2111:Citations 1905:Booknotes 1647:Wellesley 1643:Bryn Mawr 1511:the South 1256:Rengsdorf 1041:muckraker 874:antitrust 699:Cleveland 632:railroads 619:Whale oil 608:The Flats 594:preacher 592:Methodist 559:when the 494:, and to 476:Louis XIV 472:Huguenots 316:Cleveland 292:Relatives 246:Elizabeth 6340:Category 6278:Lawsuits 6140:Atlantic 6052:Founders 5590:LibriVox 5310:(1940). 5064:(1998). 5029:May 2021 4909:"US GDP" 4881:July 19, 4774:June 19, 4748:June 19, 4720:Archived 4690:Archived 4577:June 29, 4495:10501641 4374:(1997). 4334:(2008). 4281:(2007). 4135:(1985). 3731:March 3, 3178:June 10, 3152:June 10, 2879:(1992). 2859:(1997). 2410:March 8, 2384:March 8, 2346:March 8, 2214:June 17, 2188:June 17, 2163:July 17, 2046:See also 1957:Carnegie 1849:alopecia 1664:hookworm 1635:Columbia 1608:American 1530:John Jr. 1507:freedmen 1394:Winthrop 1285:Marriage 1198:Trinidad 1143:alopecia 1125:Pennzoil 1081:monopoly 977:magazine 841:Monopoly 805:— 707:New York 657:New York 390:hookworm 339:kerosene 264:John Jr. 239:Children 6363:Portals 6350:Commons 6317:Big Oil 6305:Related 6221:(Sohio) 6213:(Mobil) 6205:(Exxon) 6189:(Amoco) 5579:at the 4970:. 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