584:
470:
42:
266:
As a child, his parents tried to get him interested in classical music, but he was more practically inclined, preferring to work on motorcycles and cars. (Although as a teenager he did eventually learn to play the violin and trumpet.) In high school he developed an interest in the natural sciences,
2413:
355:
In 1987, Bednorz and Müller were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in
Physics "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials". In the same year Bednorz was appointed an
309:(Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) under supervision of Heini Gränicher and Alex Müller. In 1978, his future wife, Mechthild Wennemer, whom he had met in Münster, followed him to Zürich to start her own PhD.
210:
294:, the head of the physics department, but he also experienced the atmosphere of creativity and freedom cultivated at the IBM lab, which he credits as a strong influence on his way of conducting science.
2418:
2126:
305:. Müller, himself interested in perovskites, urged him to continue his research, and after obtaining his master's degree from Münster in 1977 Bednorz started a PhD at the
2428:
615:
379:
260:
2373:
2263:
403:
297:
After another visit in 1973, he came to Zurich in 1974 for six months to do the experimental part of his diploma work. Here he grew crystals of SrTiO
2423:
2383:
2378:
680:
489:
572:
2119:
286:
at the interface of chemistry and physics. In 1972, his teachers
Wolfgang Hoffmann and Horst Böhm arranged for him to spend the summer at the
2244:
608:
375:
2403:
624:
333:
224:
97:
255:
to elementary-school teacher Anton and piano teacher
Elisabeth Bednorz, as the youngest of four children. His parents were both from
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2112:
278:
to study chemistry. However, he soon felt lost in the large body of students, and opt to switch to the much less popular subject of
2408:
601:
325:
2180:
732:
287:
332:) was 35 K, a full 12 K higher than the previous record. This discovery stimulated a great deal of additional research in
321:
1864:
1788:
815:
421:
415:
290:
as a visiting student. The experience here would shape his further career: not only did he meet his later collaborator
890:
114:
2398:
1507:
1272:
2176:
1675:
2145:
1635:
1583:
1431:
244:
203:
68:
275:
2286:
1703:
1691:
1615:
1487:
1049:
898:
839:
397:
316:. In 1983, Bednorz and Müller began a systematic study of the electrical properties of ceramics formed from
2388:
2368:
2219:
1719:
1687:
1348:
1164:
1057:
756:
628:
428:
317:
248:
232:
121:
72:
336:
on cuprate materials with structures similar to LBCO, soon leading to the discovery of compounds such as
1980:
1796:
1667:
1599:
1511:
1447:
791:
128:
557:
312:
In 1982, after obtaining his PhD, he joined the IBM lab. There, he joined Müller's ongoing research on
497:
2393:
2363:
1896:
1828:
1483:
1244:
1116:
980:
937:
878:
724:
524:
391:
107:
2165:
1932:
1808:
1427:
1304:
1264:
1224:
968:
964:
859:
776:
704:
1964:
1756:
1699:
1643:
1631:
1587:
1531:
1523:
1443:
1423:
540:
2092:
1715:
644:
2233:
2200:
1972:
1920:
1868:
1852:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1760:
1655:
1607:
1603:
1559:
1499:
1475:
1415:
1388:
1256:
1248:
1220:
1033:
929:
720:
313:
291:
220:
183:
2056:
2012:
2008:
1671:
1659:
1575:
1567:
1320:
1312:
1276:
1212:
1204:
1156:
1065:
976:
906:
712:
532:
176:
2252:
2159:
2084:
2076:
2040:
1904:
1884:
1792:
1731:
1623:
1571:
1547:
1463:
1455:
1392:
1364:
1280:
1184:
996:
823:
664:
652:
593:
279:
2414:
Grand
Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1200:
748:
528:
2208:
2189:
2153:
2060:
2052:
2044:
1976:
1960:
1952:
1876:
1860:
1836:
1820:
1727:
1707:
1647:
1411:
1288:
1172:
1148:
1100:
1041:
956:
886:
847:
807:
772:
688:
583:
469:
2357:
2088:
2036:
2028:
2004:
1948:
1944:
1924:
1908:
1880:
1812:
1591:
1439:
1376:
1324:
1260:
1240:
1176:
1136:
1124:
1104:
1073:
696:
656:
544:
2271:
2072:
2068:
2024:
1992:
1988:
1840:
1824:
1519:
1491:
1471:
1360:
1340:
1332:
1160:
1081:
988:
855:
764:
740:
668:
369:
76:
41:
2136:
2020:
1936:
1848:
1804:
1764:
1543:
1539:
1459:
1372:
1344:
1144:
1112:
914:
672:
302:
17:
1996:
1912:
1892:
1735:
1683:
1296:
1232:
1188:
1025:
941:
831:
799:
357:
306:
283:
2104:
1384:
1356:
1192:
268:
216:
578:
464:
161:
1132:
536:
473:, accessed 20 April 2020 including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1987
256:
252:
228:
148:
87:
589:
Perovskite-Type Oxides – The New
Approach to High-Tc Superconductivity
475:
Perovskite-Type Oxides – The New
Approach to High-Tc Superconductivity
155:
337:
271:, which he could learn in a hands-on manner through experiments.
345:
320:, and in 1986 they succeeded in inducing superconductivity in a
2108:
597:
573:
Pioneers in
Electricity and Magnetism – Johannes Georg Bednorz
261:
were forced to move westwards in turbulences of World War II
511:
J. G. Bednorz and K. A. Müller (1986). "Possible high T
2419:
Foreign associates of the
National Academy of Sciences
162:
Isovalent and heterovalent ionic substitution in SrTiO
2262:
2243:
2218:
2199:
2175:
2144:
1745:
1402:
1091:
869:
635:
175:
154:
144:
103:
93:
83:
51:
32:
301:, a ceramic material belonging to the family of
587:including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1987
2120:
609:
515:superconductivity in the Ba−La−Cu−O system".
8:
484:
482:
324:(LaBaCuO, also known as LBCO). The oxide's
2127:
2113:
2105:
616:
602:
594:
582:
575:, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory.
468:
460:
458:
456:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
40:
29:
404:James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials
2429:Fellows of the American Physical Society
388:Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize (1988)
440:
370:Thirteenth Fritz London Memorial Award
494:Pioneers in Electricity and Magnetism
202:
7:
334:high-temperature superconductivity
225:high-temperature superconductivity
98:High-temperature superconductivity
25:
274:In 1968, Bednorz enrolled at the
231:, for which they shared the 1987
2374:People from Steinfurt (district)
385:Robert Wichard Pohl Prize (1987)
215:; born 16 May 1950) is a German
558:The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987
412:Viktor Mortiz Goldschmidt Prize
2424:21st-century German physicists
2384:20th-century German physicists
2379:German experimental physicists
490:"Georg Bednorz (1950–Present)"
288:IBM Zurich Research Laboratory
1:
322:lanthanum barium copper oxide
496:. Magnet Lab. Archived from
422:National Academy of Sciences
27:German physicist (born 1950)
204:[ˈɡeːɔʁkˈbɛdnɔʁt͡s]
115:Fritz London Memorial Prize
2445:
2404:Nobel laureates in Physics
2281:
409:Minnie Rosen Award (1988)
189:
137:
39:
427:Honorable member of the
424:foreign associate (2018)
398:Nobel Prize for Physics
318:transition metal oxides
259:in Central Europe, but
2409:German Nobel laureates
2287:Nobel Prize recipients
2245:Physiology or Medicine
2228:Johannes Georg Bednorz
2192:(Russia/United States)
629:Nobel Prize in Physics
429:Swiss Physical Society
249:North Rhine-Westphalia
233:Nobel Prize in Physics
196:Johannes Georg Bednorz
122:Nobel Prize in Physics
73:North Rhine-Westphalia
34:Johannes Georg Bednorz
2234:Karl Alexander Müller
376:Dannie Heineman Prize
276:University of Münster
200:German pronunciation:
129:EPS Europhysics Prize
392:Marcel Benoist Prize
326:critical temperature
243:Bednorz was born in
108:Marcel Benoist Prize
2166:Charles J. Pedersen
529:1986ZPhyB..64..189B
500:on January 9, 2008.
219:who, together with
581:on Nobelprize.org
537:10.1007/BF01303701
467:on Nobelprize.org
2399:ETH Zurich alumni
2351:
2350:
2264:Economic Sciences
2102:
2101:
380:Göttingen Academy
364:Awards and honors
314:superconductivity
193:
192:
139:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
2436:
2289:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2106:
2095:
2079:
2063:
2047:
2031:
2015:
1999:
1983:
1967:
1955:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1899:
1887:
1871:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1815:
1799:
1783:
1767:
1738:
1722:
1710:
1694:
1678:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1594:
1578:
1562:
1550:
1534:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1494:
1478:
1466:
1450:
1434:
1418:
1395:
1379:
1367:
1351:
1335:
1327:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1267:
1251:
1235:
1227:
1215:
1207:
1195:
1179:
1167:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1119:
1107:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1005:
999:
991:
983:
971:
959:
951:
950:
944:
932:
924:
923:
917:
909:
901:
893:
881:
862:
850:
842:
834:
826:
818:
810:
802:
794:
786:
785:
779:
767:
759:
757:Kamerlingh Onnes
751:
743:
735:
727:
715:
707:
699:
691:
683:
675:
659:
647:
618:
611:
604:
595:
586:
561:
560:. nobelprize.org
555:
549:
548:
508:
502:
501:
486:
477:
472:
462:
416:Otto Klung Prize
282:, a subfield of
214:
213:
212:
206:
201:
181:Heini Gränicher,
177:Doctoral advisor
171:
133:
126:
119:
112:
65:
61:
59:
44:
30:
21:
18:J. Georg Bednorz
2444:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2285:
2277:
2274:(United States)
2258:
2253:Susumu Tonegawa
2239:
2214:
2195:
2171:
2168:(United States)
2160:Jean-Marie Lehn
2156:(United States)
2140:
2133:
2103:
2098:
2082:
2066:
2050:
2034:
2018:
2002:
1986:
1970:
1958:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1902:
1890:
1874:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1818:
1802:
1786:
1770:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1725:
1713:
1697:
1688:Cohen-Tannoudji
1681:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1597:
1581:
1565:
1553:
1537:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1497:
1481:
1469:
1453:
1437:
1421:
1409:
1398:
1382:
1370:
1354:
1338:
1330:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1270:
1254:
1238:
1230:
1218:
1210:
1198:
1182:
1170:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1003:
1002:
994:
986:
974:
962:
954:
948:
947:
935:
927:
921:
920:
912:
904:
896:
884:
876:
865:
853:
845:
837:
829:
821:
813:
805:
797:
789:
783:
782:
770:
762:
754:
746:
738:
730:
718:
710:
702:
694:
686:
678:
662:
650:
642:
631:
622:
569:
564:
556:
552:
514:
510:
509:
505:
488:
487:
480:
463:
442:
438:
366:
351:
343:
331:
300:
280:crystallography
241:
209:
208:
207:
199:
182:
169:
165:
131:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
79:
66:
63:
57:
55:
47:
46:Bednorz in 2013
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2190:Joseph Brodsky
2186:
2184:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2154:Donald J. Cram
2150:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2080:
2064:
2048:
2032:
2016:
2000:
1984:
1968:
1956:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1900:
1888:
1872:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1816:
1800:
1784:
1768:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1723:
1711:
1695:
1679:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1595:
1579:
1563:
1551:
1535:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1495:
1479:
1467:
1451:
1435:
1424:P. W. Anderson
1419:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1380:
1368:
1352:
1336:
1328:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1268:
1252:
1245:Goeppert Mayer
1236:
1228:
1216:
1208:
1196:
1180:
1168:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1120:
1108:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
992:
984:
972:
969:C. D. Anderson
960:
952:
945:
933:
925:
918:
910:
902:
894:
882:
873:
871:
867:
866:
864:
863:
851:
843:
835:
827:
819:
811:
803:
795:
787:
780:
768:
760:
752:
744:
736:
728:
716:
708:
700:
692:
684:
676:
660:
648:
639:
637:
633:
632:
623:
621:
620:
613:
606:
598:
592:
591:
576:
568:
567:External links
565:
563:
562:
550:
523:(1): 189–193.
512:
503:
478:
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
425:
419:
413:
410:
407:
401:
395:
389:
386:
383:
373:
365:
362:
349:
341:
329:
298:
292:K. Alex Müller
240:
237:
221:K. Alex Müller
191:
190:
187:
186:
184:K. Alex Müller
179:
173:
172:
163:
158:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
135:
134:
105:
101:
100:
95:
94:Known for
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
67:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2441:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:IBM employees
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Living people
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:(Switzerland)
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1676:R. Richardson
1673:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1508:Chandrasekhar
1504:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
998:
993:
990:
985:
982:
981:G. P. Thomson
978:
973:
970:
966:
961:
958:
953:
946:
943:
939:
934:
931:
926:
919:
916:
911:
908:
903:
900:
899:O. Richardson
895:
892:
888:
883:
880:
875:
874:
872:
868:
861:
857:
852:
849:
844:
841:
836:
833:
828:
825:
820:
817:
812:
809:
804:
801:
796:
793:
788:
781:
778:
774:
769:
766:
761:
758:
753:
750:
745:
742:
737:
734:
733:Van der Waals
729:
726:
722:
717:
714:
709:
706:
701:
698:
697:J. J. Thomson
693:
690:
685:
682:
677:
674:
670:
666:
661:
658:
654:
649:
646:
641:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
600:
599:
596:
590:
585:
580:
579:Georg Bednorz
577:
574:
571:
570:
566:
559:
554:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
507:
504:
499:
495:
491:
485:
483:
479:
476:
471:
466:
465:Georg Bednorz
461:
459:
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
447:
445:
441:
435:
430:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
377:
374:
371:
368:
367:
363:
361:
359:
353:
347:
339:
335:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
239:Life and work
238:
236:
234:
230:
226:
223:, discovered
222:
218:
211:
205:
197:
188:
185:
180:
178:
174:
167:
166:
159:
157:
153:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
130:
123:
116:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
64:(age 74)
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
2317:
2272:Robert Solow
2227:
2211:(Costa Rica)
1555:
1532:von Klitzing
1524:Van der Meer
588:
553:
520:
516:
506:
498:the original
493:
474:
354:
311:
296:
273:
267:focusing on
265:
245:Neuenkirchen
242:
195:
194:
160:
138:
77:West Germany
69:Neuenkirchen
2394:IBM Fellows
2364:1950 births
2209:Óscar Arias
2137:Nobel Prize
1576:Steinberger
1492:K. Siegbahn
1484:Bloembergen
1205:Chamberlain
938:Schrödinger
848:M. Siegbahn
777:W. H. Bragg
773:W. L. Bragg
303:perovskites
84:Nationality
62:16 May 1950
2358:Categories
2177:Literature
2093:L'Huillier
2057:Hasselmann
2013:Strickland
1981:Kosterlitz
1905:Perlmutter
1644:Brockhouse
1349:Schrieffer
1221:Hofstadter
1173:C. N. Yang
930:Heisenberg
907:De Broglie
517:Z. Phys. B
436:References
431:since 2011
358:IBM Fellow
344:107K) and
307:ETH Zurich
284:mineralogy
58:1950-05-16
2230:(Germany)
2146:Chemistry
2139:laureates
2077:Zeilinger
1897:Novoselov
1865:Kobayashi
1789:Abrikosov
1636:J. Taylor
1616:de Gennes
1608:R. Taylor
1500:K. Wilson
1448:R. Wilson
1432:Van Vleck
1403:1976–2000
1393:Rainwater
1389:Mottelson
1365:Josephson
1313:Gell-Mann
1277:Schwinger
1265:Prokhorov
1225:Mössbauer
1185:Cherenkov
1177:T. D. Lee
1101:Cockcroft
1092:1951–1975
891:C. Wilson
870:1926–1950
816:Guillaume
705:Michelson
665:Becquerel
636:1901–1925
625:Laureates
545:118314311
269:chemistry
217:physicist
2162:(France)
2085:Agostini
1973:Thouless
1965:McDonald
1953:Nakamura
1921:Wineland
1853:Grünberg
1809:Politzer
1793:Ginzburg
1781:Giacconi
1761:Ketterle
1716:'t Hooft
1700:Laughlin
1692:Phillips
1672:Osheroff
1600:Friedman
1572:Schwartz
1568:Lederman
1488:Schawlow
1464:Weinberg
1273:Tomonaga
1165:Brattain
1157:Shockley
1066:Blackett
1058:Appleton
1050:Bridgman
997:Lawrence
977:Davisson
957:Chadwick
840:Millikan
824:Einstein
713:Lippmann
681:Rayleigh
673:M. Curie
669:P. Curie
229:ceramics
2255:(Japan)
2220:Physics
2073:Clauser
2037:Penrose
2021:Peebles
1977:Haldane
1945:Akasaki
1933:Englert
1925:Haroche
1909:Schmidt
1869:Maskawa
1821:Glauber
1813:Wilczek
1797:Leggett
1777:Koshiba
1757:Cornell
1748:present
1732:Kroemer
1728:Alferov
1720:Veltman
1704:Störmer
1624:Charpak
1604:Kendall
1588:Dehmelt
1556:Bednorz
1456:Glashow
1444:Penzias
1440:Kapitsa
1412:Richter
1385:A. Bohr
1361:Giaever
1341:Bardeen
1305:Alvarez
1289:Kastler
1281:Feynman
1161:Bardeen
1125:Zernike
1117:Purcell
887:Compton
832:N. Bohr
721:Marconi
653:Lorentz
645:Röntgen
627:of the
525:Bibcode
378:of the
257:Silesia
253:Germany
149:Physics
2089:Krausz
2083:2023:
2069:Aspect
2067:2022:
2061:Manabe
2053:Parisi
2051:2021:
2041:Genzel
2035:2020:
2029:Queloz
2019:2019:
2009:Mourou
2005:Ashkin
2003:2018:
1997:Thorne
1993:Barish
1987:2017:
1971:2016:
1961:Kajita
1959:2015:
1943:2014:
1931:2013:
1919:2012:
1903:2011:
1891:2010:
1875:2009:
1859:2008:
1847:2007:
1837:Mather
1835:2006:
1829:Hänsch
1819:2005:
1803:2004:
1787:2003:
1771:2002:
1765:Wieman
1755:2001:
1726:2000:
1714:1999:
1698:1998:
1682:1997:
1668:D. Lee
1666:1996:
1660:Reines
1654:1995:
1642:1994:
1630:1993:
1622:1992:
1614:1991:
1598:1990:
1584:Ramsey
1582:1989:
1566:1988:
1560:Müller
1554:1987:
1548:Rohrer
1544:Binnig
1538:1986:
1530:1985:
1520:Rubbia
1518:1984:
1512:Fowler
1506:1983:
1498:1982:
1482:1981:
1472:Cronin
1470:1980:
1454:1979:
1438:1978:
1422:1977:
1410:1976:
1383:1975:
1377:Hewish
1371:1974:
1355:1973:
1345:Cooper
1339:1972:
1331:1971:
1321:Alfvén
1319:1970:
1311:1969:
1303:1968:
1295:1967:
1287:1966:
1271:1965:
1257:Townes
1255:1964:
1249:Jensen
1241:Wigner
1239:1963:
1233:Landau
1231:1962:
1219:1961:
1213:Glaser
1211:1960:
1199:1959:
1183:1958:
1171:1957:
1155:1956:
1143:1955:
1131:1954:
1123:1953:
1111:1952:
1105:Walton
1099:1951:
1082:Powell
1080:1950:
1074:Yukawa
1072:1949:
1064:1948:
1056:1947:
1048:1946:
1040:1945:
1032:1944:
1024:1943:
995:1939:
987:1938:
975:1937:
963:1936:
955:1935:
936:1933:
928:1932:
913:1930:
905:1929:
897:1928:
885:1927:
879:Perrin
877:1926:
856:Franck
854:1925:
846:1924:
838:1923:
830:1922:
822:1921:
814:1920:
806:1919:
800:Planck
798:1918:
792:Barkla
790:1917:
771:1915:
763:1914:
755:1913:
747:1912:
739:1911:
731:1910:
719:1909:
711:1908:
703:1907:
695:1906:
689:Lenard
687:1905:
679:1904:
663:1903:
657:Zeeman
651:1902:
643:1901:
543:
418:(1987)
406:(1988)
400:(1987)
394:(1986)
382:(1987)
372:(1987)
352:92K).
170:(1982)
168:
156:Thesis
145:Fields
132:(1988)
125:(1987)
118:(1987)
111:(1986)
104:Awards
88:German
2318:1987
2201:Peace
2135:1987
2025:Mayor
1989:Weiss
1949:Amano
1937:Higgs
1913:Riess
1885:Smith
1881:Boyle
1861:Nambu
1841:Smoot
1805:Gross
1773:Davis
1746:2001–
1736:Kilby
1648:Shull
1632:Hulse
1540:Ruska
1476:Fitch
1460:Salam
1357:Esaki
1333:Gabor
1297:Bethe
1261:Basov
1201:Segrè
1189:Frank
1149:Kusch
1137:Bothe
1113:Bloch
1042:Pauli
1026:Stern
989:Fermi
942:Dirac
915:Raman
860:Hertz
808:Stark
749:Dalén
725:Braun
541:S2CID
338:BSCCO
2343:1992
2338:1991
2333:1990
2328:1989
2323:1988
2313:1986
2308:1985
2303:1984
2298:1983
2293:1982
2181:1987
2045:Ghez
1893:Geim
1849:Fert
1825:Hall
1708:Tsui
1656:Perl
1592:Paul
1428:Mott
1416:Ting
1373:Ryle
1325:Néel
1193:Tamm
1145:Lamb
1133:Born
1034:Rabi
1018:1942
1011:1941
1004:1940
965:Hess
949:1934
922:1931
784:1916
765:Laue
741:Wien
346:YBCO
52:Born
1877:Kao
1684:Chu
533:doi
227:in
2360::
2091:/
2087:/
2075:/
2071:/
2059:/
2055:/
2043:/
2039:/
2027:/
2023:/
2011:/
2007:/
1995:/
1991:/
1979:/
1975:/
1963:/
1951:/
1947:/
1935:/
1923:/
1911:/
1907:/
1895:/
1883:/
1879:/
1867:/
1863:/
1851:/
1839:/
1827:/
1823:/
1811:/
1807:/
1795:/
1791:/
1779:/
1775:/
1763:/
1759:/
1734:/
1730:/
1718:/
1706:/
1702:/
1690:/
1686:/
1674:/
1670:/
1658:/
1646:/
1634:/
1606:/
1602:/
1590:/
1586:/
1574:/
1570:/
1558:/
1546:/
1542:/
1522:/
1510:/
1490:/
1486:/
1474:/
1462:/
1458:/
1446:/
1442:/
1430:/
1426:/
1414:/
1391:/
1387:/
1375:/
1363:/
1359:/
1347:/
1343:/
1323:/
1279:/
1275:/
1263:/
1259:/
1247:/
1243:/
1223:/
1203:/
1191:/
1187:/
1175:/
1163:/
1159:/
1147:/
1135:/
1115:/
1103:/
979:/
967:/
940:/
889:/
858:/
775:/
723:/
671:/
667:/
655:/
539:.
531:.
521:64
519:.
492:.
481:^
443:^
360:.
348:(T
340:(T
328:(T
263:.
251:,
247:,
235:.
75:,
71:,
60:)
2183:)
2179:(
2128:e
2121:t
2114:v
617:e
610:t
603:v
547:.
535::
527::
513:c
350:c
342:c
330:c
299:3
198:(
164:3
56:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.