Juan Manuel de Rosas - Knowledge (XXG)

1064: 1475:. He employed a housekeeper and two to four labourers, to whom he paid above-average wages. Despite constant concern over his shortage of funds, Rosas found joy in farm life, once remarking: "I now consider myself happy on this farm, living in modest circumstances as you see, earning a living the hard way by the sweat of my brow". A contemporary described him in final years: "He was then eighty, a man still handsome and imposing; his manners were most refined, and the modest environment did nothing to lessen his air of a great lord, inherited from his family." After a walk on a cold day, Rosas caught pneumonia and died at 07:00 on the morning of 14 March 1877. Following a private mass attended by his family and a few friends, he was buried in the 309: 556: 787: 480: 1418: 720:

friends and clients, and joined the Federalist Party. He remained a strong advocate of his native province of Buenos Aires, with little concern for political ideology. In 1820, Rosas fought alongside the Unitarians because he saw the Federalist invasion as a menace to Buenos Aires. When the Unitarians sought to appease the Federalists by proposing to grant the other provinces a share in the customs revenues flowing through Buenos Aires, Rosas saw this as a threat to his province's interests. In 1827, four provinces led by Federalist caudillos rebelled against the Unitarian government. Rosas was the driving force behind the Federalist takeover of Buenos Aires and the election of

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said in 1930: "Among the enigmatical personages of the 'Age of Dictators' in South America none played a more spectacular role than the Argentine dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas, whose gigantic and ominous figure bestrode the Plata River for more than twenty years. So despotic was his power that Argentine writers have themselves styled this age of their history as 'The Tyranny of Rosas'." In 1961, William Dusenberry said: "Rosas is a negative memory in Argentina. He left behind him the black legend of Argentine history—a legend which Argentines in general wish to forget. There is no monument to him in the entire nation; no park, plaza, or street bears his name."

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service in the army, imprisonment, or execution. The exercise of state terror as a tool of intimidation was restricted to Rosas himself; his subordinates had no control over it. It was used against specific targets, rather than randomly. Terrorism was orchestrated rather than a product of popular zeal, was targeted for effect rather than indiscriminate. Anarchic demonstrations, vigilantism and disorderliness were antithetical to a regime touting a law and order agenda. Foreigners were exempted from abuses, as were people too poor or inconsequential to serve as effective examples. Victims were selected for their usefulness as tools of intimidation.

1179: 1357: 1223:, or simply, Argentina. Rosas's victory over the other Argentine provinces in the early 1840s turned them into satellites of Buenos Aires. He gradually put in place provincial governors who were either allied or too weak to have real independence, which allowed him to exercise dominance over all the provinces. By 1848, Rosas began calling his government the "government of the confederacy" and the "general government", which would have been inconceivable a few years before. The next year, with acquiescence of the provinces, he named himself "Supreme Head of the Confederacy" and became the indisputable ruler of Argentina. 819:

expansion. During his governorship he granted lands in the south to war veterans and to ranchers seeking alternative pasture lands during the drought. Although the south was regarded as a virtual desert at the time, it had great potential and resources for agricultural development, particularly for ranching operations. The government gave Rosas command of an army with orders to subdue the Indian tribes in the coveted territory. Rosas was generous to those Indians who surrendered, rewarding them with animals and goods. Although he personally disliked killing Indians, he relentlessly hunted those who refused to yield. The

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powerful officeholders with administrative and judicial functions who were also charged with tax collection, leading militia and presiding over elections. Through the exclusion of voters and intimidation of the opposition, the justices of the peace delivered any result Rosas favored. Half of the members of the House of Representatives faced reelection each year, and the opposition to Rosas had quickly been eliminated through rigged elections, allowing him to control the legislature. Control over finances had been stripped from the legislature, and its approval of legislation turned into a

1259: 1502: 955:, in which the government sought to dictate every aspect of public and private life. It was mandated that the slogan "Death to the Savage Unitarians" be inscribed at the head of all official documents. Anyone on the state payroll—from military officers, priests, to civil servants and teachers—was obliged to wear a red badge with the inscription "Federation or Death". Every male was required to have a "federal look", i.e., to sport a large moustache and sideburns, leading many to wear false moustaches. The red colour—symbol of both the Federalist Party and of 1001: 772:, saying: "For me the ideal of good government would be paternal autocracy, intelligent, disinterested and indefatigable ... I have always admired the autocratic dictators who have been the first servants of their people. That is my great title: I have always sought to serve the country." He used his power to censor his critics and banish his enemies. He later justified these measures, stating: "When I took over the government I found the government in anarchy, divided into warring factions, reduced to pure chaos, a hell in miniature ..." 1012:. Terror was a tool used to intimidate dissident voices, to shore up support among his own partisans and to exterminate his foes. His targets were denounced, sometimes inaccurately, as having ties to Unitarians. Those victimised included members of his government and party who were suspected of being insufficiently loyal. If actual opponents were not at hand, the regime found other targets that were punished to make an example. A climate of fear was used to create unquestioning conformity to Rosas' dictates. 978:, the only ones who refused to do so, were expelled from the country. The lower social strata in Buenos Aires, which formed the vast majority of its populace, experienced no improvement in the conditions under which they lived. When Rosas slashed expenditures, he cut resources from education, social services, general welfare and public works. None of the lands confiscated from Indians and Unitarians were turned over to rural workers, including gauchos. 5318: 815:

Dorrego, and which had subsequently been dissolved by Lavalle. A liberal Federalist faction, which accepted dictatorship as a temporary necessity, called for the adoption of a constitution. Rosas was unwilling to govern constrained by a constitutional framework and only grudgingly relinquished his dictatorial powers. His term of office ended soon after, on 5 December 1832.

5148: 587:'s social establishment. In the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, owners of large landholdings (including the Rosas family) provided food, equipment and protection for families living in areas under their control. Their private defence forces consisted primarily of labourers who were drafted as soldiers. Most of these 619:(rancher) in his own right, accumulating land while establishing a successful partnership with second cousins from the politically powerful Anchorena clan. His hard work and organisational skills in deploying labour were key to his success, rather than creating new or applying nontraditional approaches to production. 1391:, a caudillo in Entre Ríos who rebelled against Rosas. Once one of Rosas' most trusted lieutenants, Urquiza now claimed to fight for a constitutional government, although his ambition to become head of state was barely disguised. In retaliation, Rosas declared war on Brazil on 18 August 1851, beginning the 885:(Rosism) had become a powerful faction within the Federalist Party, and pressured other factions to accept a return of Rosas, endowed with dictatorial powers, as the only way to restore stability. The House of Representatives yielded, and on 7 March 1835, Rosas was reelected governor and invested with the 462:

of his regime. In 1989, his remains were repatriated by the government in an attempt to promote national unity, seeking to rehabilitate Rosas and pardon military personnel convicted of human rights abuses. Rosas remains a controversial figure in Argentina in the 21st century; he is represented on the 20

1231:. Rosas established a hereditary dictatorship, naming the children from his marriage as his successors, stating that "hey are both worthy children of my beloved Encarnación, and if, God willing, I die, then you will find that they are capable of succeeding me." It is unknown whether Rosas was a closet 1715:

wrote in his journal in 1833: "He is a man of extraordinary character, and has a most predominant influence in the country, which it seems that he will use to its prosperity and advancement." Later, in 1845, he greatly revised his assertion, saying "This prophecy has turned out entirely and miserably

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said that in "appearance Rosas resembles an English gentleman farmer—his manners are courteous without being refined. He is affable and agreeable in conversation, which however nearly always turns on himself, but his tone is pleasant and agreeable enough. His memory is stupendous: and his accuracy in

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defended provincial autonomy. A decade of strife over the issue destroyed the ties between capital and provinces, with new republics being declared throughout the country. Efforts by the Buenos Aires government to quash these independent states were met with determined local resistance. In 1820 Rosas

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An anecdote circulated in which Rosas supposedly related how he left his childhood home with no belongings, determined to start a new life, never to return. The story says that he went so far as to change the spelling of his surname at that point. Rosas denied the version of events contained in this

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failed to be taken seriously. According to Michael Goebel, the revisionists had a "lack of interest in scholarly standards" and were known for "their institutional marginality in the intellectual field". They also never succeeded in changing mainstream views regarding Rosas. William Spence Robertson

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Although his prestige was on the rise, Rosas made no serious attempts to further liberalise his regime. Every year he presented his resignation and the pliant House of Representatives predictably declined, claiming that maintaining him in office was vital for the nation's welfare. Rosas also allowed

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caused more economic harm to France and Britain than to Argentina. The British faced increasing pressure at home once they realised that the access gained to the other ports within the Platine region did not compensate for the loss of trade with Buenos Aires. Britain ended all hostilities and lifted

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was no longer a mere faction within the Federalist ranks; it had become a political movement. As early as 1829, Rosas had confided to an Uruguayan diplomatic envoy: "I tell you I am not a Federalist, and I have never belonged to that party." During his governorship, he still claimed to have favoured

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Rosas's authority and influence spread far beyond the House of Representatives. He exercised tight control over the bureaucracy as well as his cabinet, stating: "Do not imagine that my Ministers are anything but my Secretaries. I put them in their offices to listen and report, and nothing more." His

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formed the power base on which Rosas relied. Lynch said that there "was a great deal of group cohesion and solidarity among the landed class. Rosas was the center of a vast kinship group based on land. He was surrounded by a closely knit economic and political network linking deputies, law officers,

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having acquired prestige for his military service. He was promoted to cavalry colonel and was awarded further landholdings by the government. These additions, together with his successful business and fresh property acquisitions, greatly boosted his wealth. By 1830, he was the 10th largest landowner

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available, but were treated with contempt by the landowners. Rosas got along well with the gauchos in his service, despite his harsh, authoritarian temperament. He was known to dress like them, joke with them, take part in their horse-play, and pay them well, but he never allowed them to forget that

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and battled a major rebellion that lasted for years and spread to five northern Argentine provinces. Rosas persevered and extended his influence in the provinces, exercising effective control over them through direct and indirect means. By 1848, he had extended his power beyond the borders of Buenos

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Uncharacteristically, Rosas remained passive throughout the conflict. The Argentine ruler lost heart once he realized that he had fallen into a trap. Even if he defeated Urquiza, his forces would probably be weakened enough to prevent him from challenging the Brazilian army that was ready to invade

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replaced his wife at his right hand and became the link between Rosas and the outside world. The reason for Rosas's increasing isolation was given by a member of his secretariat: "The dictator is not stupid: he knows the people hate him; he goes in constant fear and always has one eye on the chance

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As Rosas aged and his health declined, the question of who would succeed him became a growing concern among his supporters. His wife Encarnación had died in October 1838 after a long illness. Although devastated by his loss, Rosas exploited her death to raise support for his regime. Not long after,

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While the government in Buenos Aires was distracted with political infighting, ranchers began moving into territories in the south inhabited by indigenous peoples. The resulting conflict with native peoples necessitated a government response. Rosas steadfastly endorsed policies which supported this

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in April 1829. When Rosas entered the city of Buenos Aires in November of that year, he was hailed both as a victorious military leader and as the head of the Federalists. Rosas was considered a handsome man, standing 1.77 meters (5 ft 10 in) tall with blond hair and "piercing blue eyes".

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As was common practice at the time, Rosas was schooled at home until the age of eight, and then enrolled in what was regarded the best private school in Buenos Aires. Though befitting the son of a wealthy landowner, his education was unremarkable. According to historian John Lynch, Rosas' education

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until his death in 1877. Rosas garnered an enduring public perception among Argentines as a brutal tyrant. Since the 1930s, an authoritarian, anti-Semitic, and racist political movement in Argentina called Revisionism tried to improve Rosas's reputation and establish a new dictatorship in the model

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Although a judicial system still existed in Buenos Aires, Rosas removed any independence the courts might have exercised, either by controlling appointments to the judiciary, or by circumventing their authority entirely. He would sit in judgement over cases, issuing sentences which included fines,

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Rosas' early administration was preoccupied with the severe deficits, large public debts and the impact of currency devaluation which his government inherited. A great drought that began in December 1828, which would last until April 1832, greatly impacted the economy. The Unitarians were still at

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decided to repatriate Rosas's remains and take advantage of the occasion to unite the Argentines. Menem believed that if the Argentines could forgive Rosas and his regime, they might do the same regarding the more recent and vividly remembered past. On 30 September 1989, an elaborate and enormous

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formed the Coalition of the North and also rebelled against Buenos Aires. Great Britain intervened on behalf of Rosas, and France lifted the blockade on 29 October 1840. The struggle with his internal enemies was hard-fought. By December 1842, Lavalle had been killed and the rebellious provinces

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vanished overnight. "The landed class, supporters and beneficiaries of Rosas, now had to make their peace—and their profits—with his successors. Survival, not allegiance, was their politics", argued Lynch. Urquiza, a one-time ally and later an enemy, reconciled with Rosas and sent him financial

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for protection and asylum in the event of his defeat. Both his children by Encarnación followed him into exile, although Juan Bautista soon returned with his family to Argentina. His daughter Manuela married the son of an old associate of Rosas, an act which the former dictator never forgave. A

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By the end of his first term, Rosas was generally credited with having staved off political and financial instability, but he faced increased opposition in the House of Representatives. All members of the House were Federalists, as Rosas had restored the legislature that had been in place under

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National unity crumbled under the weight of a continuous round of civil wars, rebellions and coups. The Unitarian–Federalist struggle brought perennial instability while caudillos fought for power and laid waste to the countryside. By 1826, Rosas had built a power base, consisting of relatives,

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in the northern portion of the Viceroyalty, while its southern territories coalesced into the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. Rosas planned to restore, if not all, at least a considerable part of the former borders of the old Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. He never recognized the

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daubed with mud to make its weathertight often without another neighbour nearer than a league away. His wife and children and possibly two or three other herdsmen, usually unmarried, to help him in the management of the cattle, made up his society. Generally he had some cattle of his own, and

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A plebiscite was held to determine whether the citizens of Buenos Aires supported Rosas's reelection and resumption of dictatorial powers. During his governorship from 1829 to 1832, Rosas had reduced the election process to a farce. He had installed loyal associates as justices of the peace,

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territory. He exercised complete control over all aspects of society with the solid backing of the army. Rosas was raised from colonel to brigadier general (the highest army rank) on 18 December 1829. On 12 November 1840 he declined the newly created and higher rank of grand marshal

523:"was supplemented by his own efforts in the years that followed. Rosas was not entirely unread, though the time, the place, and his own bias limited the choice of authors. He appears to have had a sympathetic, if superficial, acquaintance with minor political thinkers of French 1041:

included neighborhood sweeps in which houses would be searched and occupants intimidated. Others who fell into their power were arrested, tortured and killed. Killings were generally by shooting, lance-thrusting or throat-slitting. Many were castrated, or had their beards

699:(in which the city of the same name was located), owning 300,000 cattle and 420,000 acres (170,000 ha) of land. With his newly gained influence, military background, vast landholdings and a private army of gauchos loyal only to him, Rosas became the quintessential 1403:

against Urquiza on 3 February 1852, Rosas fled to Buenos Aires. Once there, he disguised himself and boarded a ship that took him to Britain to live in exile. Embittered, he remarked: "It is not the people who have overthrown me. It is the monkeys, the Brazilians."

1206:), which had been bestowed on him by the House of Representatives. The army was led by officers who had backgrounds and values similar to his. Confident of his power, Rosas made some concessions by returning confiscated properties to their owners, disbanding the 1455:

assistance, hoping for political support in return—although Rosas had scant political capital left. Rosas followed Argentina's developments while in exile, always hoping for an opportunity to return, but he never again insinuated himself into Argentine affairs.

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The new Argentine government confiscated all of Rosas' properties and tried him as a criminal, later sentencing him to death. Rosas was appalled that most of his friends, supporters and allies abandoned him and became either silent or openly critical of him.

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severed all remaining ties with Spain in July 1816, Rosas and his peers accepted independence as an accomplished fact. Independence resulted in a breakup of the territories that had formed the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The province of Buenos Aires

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returned after ten years in exile. He allied with the governor of Corrientes, which revolted once again, and invaded Buenos Aires province at the head of Unitarian troops armed and supplied by the French. Emboldened by Lavalle's actions, the provinces of

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When Rosas was elected governor for the first time in 1829, he held no power outside the province of Buenos Aires. There was no national government or national parliament. The former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata had been succeeded by the

615:, daughter of a wealthy family from Buenos Aires. Soon afterwards, he sought to establish a career for himself, leaving his parents' estate. He produced salted meat and acquired landholdings in the process. As the years passed he became an 904:

Rosas believed that the manipulation of elections were necessary for political stability, because most of the country's population was illiterate. He acquired absolute power over the province with the assent and support of most

807:, the main Unitarian leader, in March 1831 resulted in the end of the Unitarian–Federalist civil war and the collapse of the Unitarian League. Rosas was content, for the moment, to agree to recognize provincial autonomy in the 598:

The landed aristocracy of Spanish descent considered the illiterate, mixed-race gauchos, who comprised the majority of the population, to be ungovernable and untrustworthy. The gauchos were tolerated because there was no other

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and ending torture and political assassinations. The inhabitants of Buenos Aires still dressed and behaved according to the set of rules Rosas had imposed, but the climate of constant and widespread fear greatly diminished.

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tale. Although he was left a portion of his father's estate, he assigned this to his mother. He did not reclaim the inheritance upon his mother's death, and instead split it between her maid, his siblings and charities.

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at the age of 47, he began an affair with his fifteen-year-old maid, María Eugenia Castro, with whom he had five illegitimate children. From his marriage to Encarnación, Rosas had two children: Juan Bautista Pedro and

1638:, postage stamps and monuments, causing mixed reactions among the public. Rosas remains a controversial figure among Argentines, who "have long been fascinated and outraged" by him, as historian John Lynch noted. 658:. Rosas, like many landowners in the countryside, was suspicious of a movement advanced primarily by merchants and bureaucrats in the city of Buenos Aires. Rosas was specially outraged by the execution of Viceroy 1437:, "General Rosas was no common refugee, but one who had shown great distinction and kindness to the British merchants who had traded with his country". Months before his fall, Rosas had arranged with the British 5329: 1687:

described them as "herdsmen, who lived on horseback ... In their great plains, roamed over by enormous herds of cattle, and countless horses in semi-feral state, each Gaucho lived in his own reed-built

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was a political movement that appeared in Argentina in the 1920s and reached its apex in the 1930s. It was the Argentine equivalent of the authoritarian ideologies that arose during the same period, such as

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he was their master rather than their equal. Shaped by the colonial society in which he lived, Rosas was conservative, an advocate of hierarchy and authority, like the other great landowners in the region.

967:. Civilians were also required to wear the colour. A red waistcoat, red badge and red hat band were required for men, while women wore ribbons in that colour and children donned school uniforms based upon 731:, the Unitarian governor of Buenos Aires had Dorrego seized and executed without trial. With Dorrego gone, Rosas filled the vacant Federalist leadership and rebelled against the Unitarians. He allied with 1372:, some miles away from Buenos Aires. There he ruled and lived under heavy protection provided by guards and patrols. He declined to meet with his ministers and relied solely on secretaries. His daughter 1458:

In exile Rosas was not destitute, but he lived modestly amid financial constraints during the remainder of his life. A very few loyal friends sent him money, but it was never enough. He sold one of his

6410: 1307:. To reinforce his claims over Uruguay and Paraguay, and maintain his dominance over the Argentine provinces, Rosas blockaded the port of Montevideo and closed the interior rivers to foreign trade. 1090:

army played a minor role in the conflict, which resulted in the overthrow of Santa Cruz and the dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. On 28 March 1838, France declared a blockade of the

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Argentina. With no other alternative, Rosas remarked: "There is no other way; we have to play for the high stakes and go for everything. Here we are, and from here there is no retreat." After an

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as provincial governor that year. Rosas was awarded with the post of general commander of the rural militias of the province of Buenos Aires on 14 July, which increased his influence and power.

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The full title was "Restorer of the Laws and Institutions of the Province of Buenos Aires". It was given to Rosas by the House of Representatives of Buenos Aires on 18 December 1829. After the

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exiled Argentines to return to their homeland, but only because he was so confident of his control and that no one was willing to risk defying him. The execution in August 1848 of the pregnant

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Around 1845, Rosas managed to establish absolute dominance over the region. His subordinates dominated all of Uruguay, with the exception of Montevideo. He offered help to the separatists of

308: 1395:. The army under Oribe in Uruguay surrendered to Urquiza in October. With arms and financial aid given by Brazil, Urquiza then marched through Argentine territory heading to Buenos Aires. 1342:, charged with a forbidden romance with a priest, caused a backlash throughout the continent. Nonetheless, it served as a clear warning that Rosas had no intention of loosening his grip. 515:

family. The young Juan Manuel de Rosas's character was heavily influenced by his mother Agustina, a strong-willed and domineering woman who derived these character traits from her father

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Shumway, Jeffrey M. (2004). ""Sometimes Knowing How to Forget Is Also Having Memory": The Repatriation of Juan Manuel de Rosas and the Healing of Argentina". In Johnson, Lyman L. (ed.).

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the blockade on 15 July 1847, followed by France on 12 June 1848. Rosas had successfully resisted the two most powerful nations on Earth; his standing, and Argentina's, increased among

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lasted from 1833 to 1834, with Rosas subjugating the entire region. His conquest of the south opened many possibilities for further territorial expansion, which led him to state: "The

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domineering father, Rosas wanted his daughter to remain devoted to him alone. Although he forbade her from writing or visiting, Manuela remained loyal to him and maintained contact.

939:, presenting himself as an almighty and fatherlike figure who protected the people. His portraits were carried in street demonstrations and placed on church altars to be venerated. 5049: 654:

of 1810 marked the early stage of a process which later led to the disintegration of Spain's Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, independence and the eventual formation of

5253: 1094:, eager to extend its influence over the region. Unable to confront the French, Rosas increased internal repression to forestall potential uprisings against his regime. 355:. Although born into a wealthy family, Rosas independently amassed a personal fortune, acquiring large tracts of land in the process. Rosas enlisted his workers in a 986:. Despite doing little to promote their interests, he remained popular among blacks and gauchos. He employed blacks, patronized their festivities and attended their 1311: 1253: 443: 30: 1750: 1492: 1368:

Rosas failed to realize that discontent was steadily growing throughout the country. Throughout the 1840s he became increasingly secluded in his country house in

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In addition to purges, banishments and censorship, Rosas took measures against the opposition and anyone else he deemed a threat that historians have considered

5963: 687:" ("Reds of the Mount"), enlisted in the army of Buenos Aires as the Fifth Regiment of Militia. They repulsed invading provincial armies, saving Buenos Aires. 6380: 869:(Rosas's supporters) laid siege to Buenos Aires. Inside the city, Rosas's wife, Encarnación, assembled a contingent of associates to aid the besiegers. The 6360: 1518: 1496: 1097:

The blockade caused severe damage to the economy across all the provinces, as they exported their goods through the port of Buenos Aires. Despite the 1831

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According to his birth certificate, his given name was "Juan Manuel José Domingo". His surname, as seen on his marriage certificate, was "Ortiz de Rosas".

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provinces. Rosas counterattacked and defeated the rebels, killing their leader, the governor of Corrientes. In June, Rosas uncovered a plot by dissident

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that killed thousands of citizens. Elections became a farce, and the legislature and judiciary became docile instruments of his will. Rosas created a

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in Buenos Aires, Rosas was asked to return and once again took office as governor. Rosas reestablished his dictatorship and formed the repressive

390:, recognising provincial autonomy and creating the Argentine Confederation. When his term of office ended in 1832, Rosas departed to the frontier 6390: 5005:. Nueva Historia de la Nación Argentina (in Spanish). Vol. V. Buenos Aires: Editorial Planeta Argentina/Academia Nacional de la Historia. 1488: 5246: 5129: 5082: 4871: 4798: 4648: 4629: 4599: 4549: 4502: 4431: 4367: 498: 174: 1434: 1236: 531: 324: 1266:

The breakup of the old Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata during the 1810s eventually resulted in the emergence of independent nations of

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supporters were rewarded with positions within the state apparatus, and anyone he deemed a threat was purged. Opposition newspapers

68: 5887: 1631: 1618:, Buenos Aires. A week after the repatriation Menem felt able to pardon nearly 300 military personnel convicted of abuses in the 1614:

cortege organized by the government was held, after which the remains of the Argentine ruler were interred in his family vault at

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to rob and abuse them and the other on making a getaway. He has a horse ready saddled at the door of his office day and night".

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independence of Paraguay and regarded it a rebel Argentine province that would inevitably be reconquered. He sent an army under

1079: 768:(extraordinary powers). This marked the beginning of his regime, described by historians as a dictatorship. He saw himself as a 457:. This short conflict ended with Rosas being defeated and absconding to Britain. His last years were spent in exile living as a 422: 328: 6324: 6014: 5816: 5365: 1117:

to oust him from power in what became known as the Maza conspiracy. Rosas imprisoned some of the plotters and executed others.

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Throughout the late 1830s and early 1840s, Rosas faced a series of major threats to his power. The Unitarians found an ally in

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at the hands of the revolutionaries. Rosas felt nostalgic about colonial times, seeing them as stable, orderly and prosperous.

347:(30 March 1793 – 14 March 1877), nicknamed "Restorer of the Laws", was an Argentine politician and army officer who ruled 6087: 5370: 4808: 1063: 6370: 6334: 5307: 5152: 538:

to counter the invasion. The British were defeated in August 1806, but returned a year later. Rosas was then assigned to the

1655: 1137:. The rebels attempted to ally with France, but were easily crushed, many losing their lives and properties in the process. 881:

to resign. In quick succession, Balcarce was followed by two others who presided over weak and ineffective governments. The

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for most of the late 1840s, but were unable to halt Rosas, whose prestige was greatly enhanced by his string of successes.

367:, as provincial warlords in the region were known. He eventually reached the rank of brigadier general, the highest in the 6365: 6355: 6268: 6117: 5302: 5278: 1129:

agents within the halls of the parliament on the pretext that his son was involved in the conspiracy. In the countryside,

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possibly a flock of sheep; but the great herds belonged to some proprietor who perhaps lived two or three leagues away."

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subdued, except for Corrientes, which was only defeated in 1847. Terrorism was also employed on the battlefield, as the

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would be the ideal ruler for his country. Nonetheless, in public he stated that his regime was republican in nature.

740: 363:. Victorious in warfare, personally influential, and with vast landholdings and a loyal private army, Rosas became a 607:

Rosas acquired a working knowledge of administering ranch lands and, beginning in 1811, took charge of his family's

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The Argentine Folklore Movement: Sugar Elites, Criollo Workers, and the Politics of Cultural Nationalism, 1900–1955

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In the Shadow of the State: Intellectuals and the Quest for National Identity in Twentieth-century Spanish America

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to preserve a semblance of democracy. The result of the 1835 election was a predictable 99.9 per cent "yes" vote.

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with the other provinces over the degree of autonomy which the provincial governments were supposed to have. The

103: 1356: 1219:, which by 1831, following the Federal Pact and officially from 22 May 1835, had increasingly been known as the 555: 1476: 1083: 418: 6263: 6212: 6049: 5999: 5623: 5558: 5543: 5457: 5283: 5223: 1512:

Serious attempts to reassess Rosas's reputation began in the 1880s with the publication of scholarly works by

1388: 1387:, provided support to the Uruguayan government that still held out in Montevideo, as well as to the ambitious 1334:, summarizing the prevailing opinion, considered Rosas among "the leading ranks of the great men of America". 1315: 982:

did not experience any improvement in their conditions either. Rosas was a slave-owner, and helped revive the

584: 6309: 6202: 6192: 6177: 6147: 5795: 5418: 1438: 1310:

The loss of trade was unacceptable to Britain and France. On 17 September 1845 both nations established the

1220: 1075: 898: 769: 352: 6217: 4928:

Robertson, William Spence (May 1930). "Foreign Estimates of the Argentine Dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas".

1178: 6167: 6112: 5925: 5764: 5717: 5664: 5633: 5628: 5467: 5437: 5317: 5191: 4760: 4738: 1110: 878: 666: 638: 612: 567: 502: 251: 138: 6258: 5738: 5563: 944:

Federalism against Unitarianism, although in practice Federalism had by that time been subsumed into the

6329: 6172: 5991: 5920: 5831: 5769: 5568: 1663: 1369: 1361: 1046:

or their tongues cut out. Modern estimates report around 2,000 people were killed from 1829 until 1852.

764:

On 6 December 1829, the House of Representatives of Buenos Aires elected Rosas governor and granted him

696: 679: 453:

began aiding Uruguay in its struggle against Argentina, Rosas declared war in August 1851, starting the

372: 348: 6187: 6182: 6152: 5867: 5538: 5500: 5442: 5350: 5169: 545:(a militia cavalry), although he was probably barred from active duty during this time due to illness. 126: 1429:

in England on 26 April 1852. The British gave him asylum, paid for his travel and welcomed him with a

1291:

starting in 1843. When pressed by the British, Rosas declined to guarantee Uruguayan independence. In

6405: 6400: 6319: 6243: 6107: 6097: 6019: 5972: 5897: 5754: 5743: 5604: 5594: 5585: 5548: 5523: 5510: 5399: 1766: 1764: 1615: 1506: 1134: 1091: 983: 804: 671: 633: 573:

After the British invasions had been repelled, Rosas and his family moved from Buenos Aires to their

430: 360: 205: 4610: 6314: 6157: 6009: 5826: 5580: 5447: 5201: 1198: 1146: 1118: 1106: 936: 890: 732: 434:

Aires and was ruler of all of Argentina. Rosas also attempted to annex the neighbouring nations of

407: 91: 5857: 1170:

refused to take prisoners. The defeated men had their throats cut and their heads put on display.

534:. A 13-year-old Rosas served in distributing ammunition to troops in a force organised by Viceroy 52: 5380: 1623: 1384: 1158: 832: 541: 506: 6207: 6039: 5882: 5490: 1627: 1567:

movement, Rosas and his regime were idealized and portrayed as paragons of governmental virtue.

1339: 786: 493:

Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas was born on 30 March 1793 at his family's town house in

6238: 6197: 6034: 5836: 5638: 5533: 5125: 5097: 5078: 5034: 5006: 4987: 4965: 4946: 4914: 4895: 4867: 4848: 4829: 4794: 4772: 4746: 4724: 4705: 4686: 4663: 4644: 4625: 4595: 4576: 4545: 4526: 4498: 4450: 4427: 4405: 4382: 4363: 4344: 4325: 4284: 1513: 1417: 1400: 1068: 914:

officials, and military who were also landowners and related among themselves or with Rosas."

736: 524: 332: 992:. The gauchos admired his leadership and willingness to fraternize with them to some extent. 6304: 6248: 5915: 5841: 5057: 4479: 1442: 1324: 1304: 975: 922: 800: 450: 1318:(or Platine region). Argentina resisted the pressure and fought back to a standstill. This 1258: 1082:. Rosas declared war against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation on 19 March 1837, joining the 711: 509:. A military officer with an undistinguished career, León Ortiz had married into a wealthy 6294: 6233: 6074: 6029: 5877: 5733: 5712: 5614: 5553: 5462: 1009: 952: 675: 411: 383: 378:

In December 1829, Rosas became governor of the province of Buenos Aires and established a

359:, as was common for rural proprietors, and took part in the disputes that led to numerous 229: 6092: 5805: 5375: 5355: 1331: 57:

Posthumous portrait of Juan Manuel de Rosas wearing the full dress of a brigadier general

505:

and Agustina López de Osornio. León Ortiz was the son of an immigrant from the Spanish

6122: 6024: 5892: 5427: 5274: 4765: 4419: 4318: 4276: 1726: 1712: 1635: 1602: 1516:

and Ernesto Quesada. Later, a more blatant "Revisionist" movement would flourish under

1319: 1194: 1162: 1150: 979: 745: 721: 651: 511: 463: 368: 178: 4641:

Beyond Civilization and Barbarism: Culture and Politics in Postrevolutionary Argentina

3418: 1770: 1547:

political movement with support for racially based pseudo-scientific theories such as

6349: 6059: 5800: 5691: 5659: 5414: 5292: 5061: 4979: 4679: 4443: 4398: 1751:"Pedro, el hijo secreto de Manuel Belgrano que fue adoptado por Juan Manuel de Rosas" 1606: 1464: 1430: 1373: 1296: 1292: 1228: 458: 291: 4822: 6289: 6253: 6102: 6004: 5902: 5862: 5297: 5022:

Rasgos de la vida publica de S. E. el sr. brigadier general d. Juan Manuel de Rosas

4786: 1610: 1540: 1280: 1141: 1098: 932: 808: 728: 600: 494: 387: 379: 356: 170: 1295:, all potential foreign threats to Rosas's plans of conquest collapsed, including 1037:

were creations of Rosas, who retained tight control over both. The tactics of the

988: 5941: 1433:. These honours were granted because, according to the British Foreign Secretary 17: 1536: 1472: 1392: 1381: 1351: 1000: 643: 454: 417:

Rosas faced many threats to his power during the late 1830s and early 1840s. He

194: 854: 5231: 5094:

Revolution and Restoration: The Rearrangement of Power in Argentina, 1776–1860

4484: 4465: 4445:

The Argentine Right: Its History and Intellectual Origins, 1910 to the Present

4381:(2 ed.). Belmont, California: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center. 1468: 1284: 1283:

who invaded Uruguay and conquered most of the country, except for its capital

1232: 1020: 964: 442:. France and Great Britain jointly retaliated against Argentine expansionism, 403: 4962:

Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact

1597:

In the 1980s, Argentina was a fractured, deeply divided nation, having faced

5481: 5266: 1619: 1598: 1571:

served as a useful tool, as the main purpose of the revisionists within the

1197:

in order to seize the situation and possibly obtain control over the former

1105:

primacy that Buenos Aires province held over them. On 28 February 1839, the

963:(blankets worn as trousers), caps and jackets, and their horses sported red 824: 655: 216: 519:, a landowner who died defending his estate from an Indian attack in 1783. 5147: 1501: 583:). His work there further shaped his character and outlook as part of the 5681: 4523:

National Symbols, Fractured Identities: Contesting The National Narrative

1548: 1544: 1426: 1328: 1267: 1183: 1043: 974:

Most Catholic clergy in Buenos Aires willingly backed Rosas' regime. The

700: 575: 439: 364: 4643:. Lanham, Maryland: Bucknell University Press/Rowman & Littlefield. 971:

paradigms. Building exteriors and interiors were also decorated in red.

865:

While Rosas was away on the Desert Campaign in October 1833, a group of

4702:

Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America: Dictators, Despots, And Tyrants

1532: 1275: 1271: 959:—became omnipresent in the province of Buenos Aires. Soldiers wore red 756:, assessed him as "a man of extraordinary character". British diplomat 435: 4573:

Embodying Argentina: Body, Space and Nation in 19th Century Narrative

1528: 799:

large, controlling several provinces that had banded together in the

790:

Rosas (mounted on dark horse) leading the war against Indians in the

592: 563: 559: 4622:

I die with my country: perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870

3270: 3268: 5727:

Fragile Civilian Governments – Proscription of Peronism (1958–1966)

4466:"Juan Manuel de Rosas as Viewed by Contemporary American Diplomats" 4542:

Argentina's Partisan Past: Nationalism and the Politics of History

1585: 1500: 1416: 1355: 1257: 1177: 1062: 999: 921: 853: 828: 785: 710: 637: 580: 554: 478: 5031:

Death, Dismemberment, and Memory: Body Politics in Latin America

4864:

Transformations and Crisis of Liberalism in Argentina, 1930–1955

1133:, including a younger brother of Rosas, revolted, beginning the 588: 5945: 5235: 5020:

Sala de Representantes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (1842).

4847:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Academia Nacional de la Historia. 4660:

To the bitter end: Paraguay and the War of the Triple Alliance

4320:

The Afro-Argentine in Argentine Culture: El Negro Del Acordeón

1622:. Closely allied with neorevisionists, Menem (and his fellow 1004:

An anti-Rosas drawing published in a newspaper in 1841 or 1842

4721:

For la Patria: Politics and the Armed Forces in Latin America

4478:(4). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 495–514. 5316: 4964:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 4793:(2 ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons. 3453: 3451: 4943:

Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alfonsín

4885:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. Buenos Aires: Editorial Oriente. 4525:. Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. 4404:(3 ed.). Los Angeles: University of California Press. 3419:

Sala de Representantes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 1842

1771:

Sala de Representantes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 1842

414:

in nature, with all aspects of society rigidly controlled.

1555:(Revisionism) was the historiographical wing of Argentine 5115:(in Spanish). Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental. 5003:

La Configuración de la República Independiente, 1810–1914

4771:(2 ed.). Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. 4704:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 1590:

Sculpture with the image of Rosas at the Monument to the

1121:, president of both the House of Representatives and the 3974: 3972: 3923: 3921: 3612: 3610: 838:

Further information on the letter written in 1834:

5124:. Vol. 1. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 4791:

A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present

4575:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. 3243: 3241: 3120: 3118: 2593: 2591: 2542: 2540: 2112: 2110: 2108: 1915: 1913: 877:

coup came to be known, forced the provincial governor

1844: 1842: 678:

supported the preeminence of Buenos Aires, while the

4894:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana. 4311:(in Spanish). La Plata: Instituto Cardenal Cisneros. 1829: 1827: 858:

Profile view of Rosas at age 42, 1835; miniature by

6277: 6226: 6140: 6073: 5990: 5979: 5850: 5814: 5783: 5752: 5726: 5700: 5678: 5647: 5613: 5577: 5509: 5476: 5413: 5389: 5328: 5273: 5092:Szuchman, Mark D.; Brown, Jonathan Charles (1994). 4936:(2). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. 4743:

Argentine dictator: Juan Manuel De Rosas, 1829–1852

1303:, or were troubled by internal turmoil, as was the 703:, as provincial warlords in the region were known. 683:

and his gauchos, all dressed in red and nicknamed "

320: 315: 303: 281: 245: 222: 212: 201: 184: 153: 148: 132: 120: 97: 85: 66: 43: 6411:People from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 4821: 4764: 4678: 4442: 4441:Deutsch, Sandra McGee; Dolkart, Ronald H. (1993). 4397: 4377:Clayton, Lawrence A.; Conniff, Michael L. (2005). 4317: 1563:was to establish a national dictatorship. For the 1101:, all provinces had long been discontent with the 690:At the end of the conflict, Rosas returned to his 1725:This comment was a racial nod to the presence of 5024:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Imprenta del Estado. 1666:, then located outside the town of Buenos Aires. 532:British expeditionary force invaded Buenos Aires 5077:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. 5033:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 4984:Captive Women: Oblivion and Memory in Argentina 4945:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. 4271:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Claridad. 1380:Meanwhile, Brazil, now ascendant under Emperor 31:Juan Manuel de Rosas (Buenos Aires Underground) 4986:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 4911:Politics and Education in Argentina: 1946–1962 4866:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 4615:. London and Toronto: J.M. Dent and Sons, Ltd. 4102: 2315: 1539:. Argentine Nationalism was an authoritarian, 1235:. Later during his exile, Rosas declared that 1067:Rosas in gaucho attire, 1842. Oil painting by 5957: 5247: 4892:La Argentina: Historia del país y de su gente 4723:. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. 4449:. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. 2039: 2023: 1658:he was called the "Conqueror of the desert" ( 8: 5122:The Paraguayan War: Causes and early conduct 3513: 3406: 3370: 2417: 2351: 1312:Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata 1254:Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata 1109:revolted and attacked both Buenos Aires and 36:Argentine politician and general (1793–1877) 5393:– First Presidential Government (1826–1827) 1497:Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement) 1493:Repatriation of Juan Manuel de Rosas's body 909:and businessmen, who shared his views. The 5987: 5964: 5950: 5942: 5254: 5240: 5232: 5158: 4662:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 4324:. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. 4166: 1575:agenda was to rehabilitate Rosas's image. 371:, and became the undisputed leader of the 116:6 December 1829 – 5 December 1832 40: 5330:Supreme directors of the United Provinces 5096:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 4544:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 4483: 4302:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Casa Vaccaro. 4283:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4154: 3820: 3752: 2327: 2303: 4767:Argentine Caudillo: Juan Manuel de Rosas 4620:Kraay, Hendrik; Whigham, Thomas (2004). 2357: 1314:and enforced the free navigation in the 6285:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 4930:The Hispanic American Historical Review 4516:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Corregidor. 4471:The Hispanic American Historical Review 4362:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 4242: 4238: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4202: 4190: 4178: 4118: 4114: 4078: 4034: 4010: 3828: 3816: 3776: 3748: 3736: 3696: 3680: 3589: 3497: 3382: 3366: 3334: 3318: 3298: 3290: 3274: 3228: 3212: 3140: 3105: 3093: 3085: 3077: 3065: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2925: 2873: 2821: 2813: 2801: 2769: 2733: 2689: 2673: 2467: 2447: 2429: 2423: 2393: 2321: 2309: 2291: 2276: 2264: 2224: 2212: 2180: 2176: 2128: 2095: 2079: 2055: 1991: 1967: 1939: 1818: 1741: 1647: 1217:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 1015:State terrorism was carried out by the 926:Argentine slaves paying homage to Rosas 345:Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas 271: 158:Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas 81:7 March 1835 – 3 February 1852 5048:Shumway, Jeffrey (30 September 2013). 5001:Sagastizábal, Leandro de, ed. (2000). 4218: 4142: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4098: 4082: 4074: 4030: 4014: 4006: 3069: 2411: 2387: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2297: 2236: 2204: 1876: 1806: 1489:Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas 4464:Dusenberry, William (November 1961). 4250: 4246: 3990: 3978: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3927: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3824: 3804: 3792: 3788: 3772: 3768: 3756: 3732: 3720: 3708: 3692: 3676: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3601: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3509: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3442: 3430: 3402: 3398: 3386: 3362: 3358: 3346: 3330: 3314: 3310: 3294: 3278: 3259: 3247: 3232: 3216: 3200: 3188: 3184: 3172: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3136: 3124: 3109: 3081: 3073: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2953: 2945: 2929: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2893: 2877: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2833: 2817: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2757: 2745: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2677: 2661: 2645: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2597: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2531: 2515: 2503: 2491: 2479: 2459: 2443: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2268: 2260: 2248: 2220: 2216: 2192: 2164: 2148: 2132: 2116: 2099: 2083: 2067: 2051: 2035: 2015: 2011: 1995: 1979: 1963: 1951: 1935: 1931: 1919: 1904: 1892: 1888: 1864: 1860: 1848: 1833: 1794: 1782: 1463:before the confiscation and became a 835:are now wide open for our children." 761:all points of detail never failing." 646:. They served in Rosas’ private army. 392:to wage war on the indigenous peoples 267: 7: 5973:Argentine Civil Wars (1814–76) 5820:– Military Dictatorships (1976–1983) 5758:– Military Dictatorships (1966–1973) 5706:– Military Dictatorships (1955–1958) 5653:– Military Dictatorships (1943–1946) 4883:Juan Manuel de Rosas, su iconografía 4495:Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook 4094: 4070: 4058: 4046: 4026: 4002: 3089: 2957: 2933: 2881: 2649: 2519: 2463: 2405: 2399: 2272: 2208: 2152: 2136: 2019: 1999: 1435:James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury 1237:Princess Alice of the United Kingdom 1086:between Chile and Peru–Bolivia. The 591:, as such workers were called, were 325:British invasions of the River Plate 296:Pedro de Rosas y Belgrano (adoptive) 6381:Argentine people of Spanish descent 5931:List of heads of state of Argentina 4745:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4624:. Dexter, Michigan: Thomson-Shore. 4343:(in Spanish). Los Angeles: Dunken. 739:, and they defeated Lavalle at the 6361:Governors of Buenos Aires Province 5851:Return to Democracy (1983–present) 4815:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Emecé. 4560:Graham, Robert Bontine Cunninghame 840:Letter of the hacienda of Figueroa 499:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 394:. After his supporters launched a 175:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 25: 6269:Pact of San José de Flores (1859) 5209:Governor of Buenos Aires Province 5177:Governor of Buenos Aires Province 4379:A History of Modern Latin America 1685:Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham 1578:Despite a decades-long struggle, 1421:An elderly Rosas during his exile 69:Governor of Buenos Aires Province 5146: 4843:Moreno, Isidoro J. Ruiz (1999). 4685:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 307: 51: 6396:Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery 6325:Revolution of 11 September 1852 5817:National Reorganization Process 263: 6335:Argentine Constitution of 1853 5888:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner 5062:10.1093/OBO/9780199766581-0069 4609:Hudson, William Henry (1918). 4339:Cevasco, Aníbal César (2006). 1749:Claudia Peiró (20 June 2020). 1632:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner 1: 6391:Politicians from Buenos Aires 4890:Quesada, María Sáenz (2001). 4594:. Nottingham: Foundry Books. 4396:Crow, John Armstrong (1980). 1559:. The main goal of Argentine 1059:Rebellions and foreign threat 1031:Sociedad Popular Restauradora 1026:Sociedad Popular Restauradora 935:. Rosas created an elaborate 933:were burned in public squares 831:to the coast and down to the 484: 5366:Antonio González de Balcarce 4566:. London: William Heinemann. 4521:Geisler, Michael E. (2005). 4512:Fernandez, Fernando (1983). 4307:Calabrese, Humberto (1975). 4281:Argentina since independence 3966:, pp. 343–344, 346–347. 2573:, pp. 49, 159–160, 300. 1727:soldiers of African ancestry 1592:Battle of Vuelta de Obligado 1029:political organization. The 501:. He was the first child of 288:Juan Bautista Ortiz de Rosas 6300:Revolution of the Restorers 5784:Return of Perón (1973–1976) 5341:Gervasio Antonio de Posadas 5120:Whigham, Thomas L. (2002). 5056:. Oxford University Press. 4497:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 2070:, pp. 1, 8, 13, 43–44. 1301:Peru–Bolivian Confederation 1080:Peru–Bolivian Confederation 871:Revolution of the Restorers 423:Peru–Bolivian Confederation 329:Desert Campaign (1833–1834) 6427: 6290:League of the Free Peoples 6259:Protocol of Palermo (1852) 6128:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 6118:Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid 5600:Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear 5496:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 5314: 5213:Head of State of Argentina 5181:Head of State of Argentina 5075:The Invention of Argentina 4913:. New York: M. E. Sharpe. 4909:Rein, Mónica Esti (1998). 4316:Castro, Donald S. (2001). 4103:Deutsch & Dolkart 1993 2316:Clayton & Conniff 2005 2263:, pp. 158, 184, 247; 1486: 1349: 1251: 1182:Rosas (seated, left) at a 1125:, was murdered by Rosas's 860:Fernando García del Molino 837: 779: 766:facultades extraordinarias 631: 431:revolt in his own province 28: 6376:Argentine Roman Catholics 6088:Juan Martín de Pueyrredón 5911: 5775:Alejandro Agustín Lanusse 5371:Juan Martín de Pueyrredón 5220: 5206: 5198: 5188: 5174: 5166: 5161: 5073:Shumway, Nicolas (1993). 4881:Pradère, Juan A. (1970). 4677:Lewis, Daniel K. (2003). 4639:Lanctot, Brendan (2014). 4590:Hooker, Terry D. (2008). 4493:Edwards, Todd L. (2008). 4485:10.1215/00182168-41.4.495 4400:The Epic of Latin America 4221:, pp. 217–218, 220; 4029:, pp. 104–105, 119; 3695:, pp. 115–116, 124; 3084:, pp. 96, 108, 164; 2040:Szuchman & Brown 1994 2024:Szuchman & Brown 1994 1660:Conquistador del desierto 1656:Desert Campaign (1833–34) 1634:) have honoured Rosas on 782:Desert Campaign (1833–34) 517:Clemente López de Osornio 386:. In 1831, he signed the 361:civil wars in his country 338: 144: 109: 74: 62: 50: 6386:People from Buenos Aires 4681:The History of Argentina 4658:Leuchars, Chris (2002). 4571:Hanway, Nancy . (2003). 4540:Goebel, Michael (2011). 4424:The Voyage of the Beagle 4267:Bassi, Angel C. (1942). 3421:, pp. 169, 179–180. 2352:Kraay & Whigham 2004 1626:presidential successors 1327:nations. The Venezuelan 1084:War of the Confederation 827:, which extend from the 741:Battle of Márquez Bridge 735:, caudillo and ruler of 707:Governor of Buenos Aires 697:province of Buenos Aires 292:Manuela Robustiana Rosas 6310:Argentine Confederation 5670:Edelmiro Julián Farrell 5419:Argentine Confederation 5279:Independence War Period 4820:Miller, Nicola (1999). 4809:Mejía, José María Ramos 4719:Loveman, Brian (1999). 4700:Lewis, Paul H. (2006). 4358:Chamosa, Oscar (2010). 4298:Bilbao, Manuel (1919). 4145:, pp. 56, 115–116. 2022:, pp. 93–94, 104; 1729:within Brazilian ranks. 1505:Rosas' family vault at 1221:Argentine Confederation 444:blockading Buenos Aires 353:Argentine Confederation 6113:Juan Esteban Pedernera 6083:Carlos María de Alvear 5926:President of Argentina 5718:Pedro Eugenio Aramburu 5703:Revolución Libertadora 5468:Juan Esteban Pedernera 5405:Vicente López y Planes 5361:Ignacio Álvarez Thomas 5346:Carlos María de Alvear 5332:of the Río de la Plata 5322: 5111:Trias, Vivian (1970). 5050:"Juan Manuel de Rosas" 4862:Nállim, Jorge (2012). 4564:Portrait of a dictator 2732:, pp. 38–40, 78; 1599:military dictatorships 1594: 1509: 1422: 1365: 1263: 1190: 1135:Rebellion of the South 1107:province of Corrientes 1071: 1054:Struggle for dominance 1005: 927: 887:suma del poder público 862: 795: 716: 647: 611:. In 1813, he married 570: 568:Johann Moritz Rugendas 490: 410:and his regime became 104:Vicente López y Planes 6371:Federales (Argentina) 6330:State of Buenos Aires 6213:Pozo de Vargas (1867) 6163:Márquez Bridge (1829) 6050:Justo José de Urquiza 6000:José Gervasio Artigas 5921:Politics of Argentina 5832:Roberto Eduardo Viola 5770:Roberto M. Levingston 5569:Victorino de la Plaza 5559:José Figueroa Alcorta 5544:José Evaristo Uriburu 5478:National Organization 5458:Justo José de Urquiza 5320: 5284:Asamblea del Año XIII 5224:Justo José de Urquiza 5054:Oxford Bibliographies 4612:Far Away and Long Ago 4225:, pp. 108, 133; 4097:, pp. 108, 119; 3771:, pp. 343, 351; 3679:, pp. 128, 130; 2820:, pp. 165, 183; 1938:, pp. 2, 8, 26; 1589: 1504: 1420: 1389:Justo José de Urquiza 1362:Palermo, Buenos Aires 1359: 1316:Río de la Plata Basin 1262:Rosas at age 52, 1845 1261: 1248:Anglo-French blockade 1181: 1066: 1003: 925: 857: 789: 715:Rosas at age 36, 1829 714: 641: 558: 497:, the capital of the 483:Rosas around age 10, 482: 349:Buenos Aires Province 29:For the station, see 6366:Argentine brigadiers 6356:Juan Manuel de Rosas 6320:Freemen of the South 6249:Cañuelas Pact (1829) 6244:Quadrilateral (1822) 6193:Laguna Limpia (1846) 6098:Bernardino Rivadavia 6055:Ricardo López Jordán 6045:Juan Manuel de Rosas 6020:Juan Bautista Bustos 5873:Adolfo Rodríguez Saá 5796:Raúl Alberto Lastiri 5755:Revolución Argentina 5744:Arturo Umberto Illia 5549:Julio Argentino Roca 5529:Miguel Juárez Celman 5524:Julio Argentino Roca 5453:Juan Manuel de Rosas 5433:Juan Manuel de Rosas 5400:Bernardino Rivadavia 5155:at Wikimedia Commons 5153:Juan Manuel de Rosas 5113:Juan Manuel de Rosas 4960:Rock, David (1995). 4941:Rock, David (1987). 4845:Alianza contra Rosas 4426:. New York: Cosimo. 4309:Juan Manuel de Rosas 4049:, pp. 103, 106. 4013:, pp. 40, 118; 3827:, pp. 319–331; 3791:, pp. 350–351; 3775:, pp. 319–321; 3711:, pp. 177, 209. 3631:, pp. 270, 273. 3405:, pp. 207–208; 3401:, pp. 300–301; 3361:, pp. 293–297; 3317:, pp. 203–204; 3187:, pp. 265–266; 3171:, pp. 265–266; 2788:, pp. 180, 184. 2612:, pp. 6, 18–20. 2446:, pp. 75, 163; 1616:La Recoleta Cemetery 1605:and a defeat in the 1507:La Recoleta Cemetery 1360:Rosas' residence in 1289:endured a long siege 1092:Port of Buenos Aires 1076:Andrés de Santa Cruz 951:Rosas established a 634:Argentine Civil Wars 270:; died 206:La Recoleta Cemetery 45:Juan Manuel de Rosas 6315:Uruguayan Civil War 6254:Federal Pact (1831) 6178:Sauce Grande (1840) 5827:Jorge Rafael Videla 5791:Héctor José Cámpora 5765:Juan Carlos Onganía 5665:Pedro Pablo Ramírez 5634:Roberto María Ortiz 5629:Agustín Pedro Justo 5581:Radical Civic Union 5515:Oligarchic Republic 5448:Manuel Vicente Maza 5438:Juan Ramón Balcarce 5202:Manuel Vicente Maza 5192:Juan Ramón Balcarce 5068:on 2 February 2017. 4193:, pp. 125–128. 4181:, pp. 118–125. 4037:, pp. 40, 118. 3942:, pp. 344–345. 3903:, pp. 340–341. 3891:, pp. 339–340. 3879:, pp. 337–338. 3795:, pp. 318–327. 3779:, pp. 335–336. 3667:, pp. 294–295. 3655:, pp. 284–288. 3604:, pp. 273–275. 3472:, pp. 82, 130. 3460:, pp. 123–124. 3389:, pp. 267–268. 3349:, pp. 205–207. 3301:, pp. 314–315. 3262:, pp. 201–202. 2804:, pp. 118–120. 2636:, pp. 160–162. 2098:, pp. 20, 22; 2042:, pp. 214–215. 1942:, pp. 16, 106. 1879:, pp. 121–122. 1809:, pp. 107–108. 1401:unsuccessful battle 1243:Apogee and downfall 1199:Misiones Orientales 1140:In September 1839, 1119:Manuel Vicente Maza 1078:, the ruler of the 953:totalitarian regime 937:cult of personality 918:Totalitarian regime 891:sum of public power 879:Juan Ramón Balcarce 845:Second governorship 770:benevolent dictator 685:Colorados del Monte 667:Congress of Tucumán 660:Santiago de Liniers 613:Encarnación Ezcurra 503:León Ortiz de Rosas 408:cult of personality 252:Encarnación Ezcurra 139:Juan Ramón Balcarce 92:Manuel Vicente Maza 6264:San Nicolás (1852) 6218:Don Gonzalo (1873) 5868:Fernando de la Rúa 5801:Juan Domingo Perón 5692:Juan Domingo Perón 5624:José Félix Uriburu 5501:Nicolás Avellaneda 5482:Argentine Republic 5443:Juan José Viamonte 5391:Unitarian Republic 5381:Juan Pedro Aguirre 5351:Juan José Viamonte 5323: 5308:Second Triumvirate 5170:Juan José Viamonte 5162:Political offices 4592:The Paraguayan War 4341:Argentina violenta 4077:, pp. 7, 48; 4009:, pp. 43–44; 3683:, p. 318–319. 3385:, pp. 31–33; 3219:, pp. 81, 97. 3215:, pp. 26–27; 2992:, pp. 22, 91. 2534:, pp. 16, 22. 2330:, pp. 51, 59, 2082:, pp. 19–20; 2054:, pp. 26–27; 2014:, pp. 43–45; 1934:, pp. 39–40; 1891:, pp. 45–46; 1595: 1510: 1423: 1366: 1264: 1229:Manuela Robustiana 1191: 1174:Ruler of Argentina 1072: 1006: 928: 863: 796: 717: 672:fought a civil war 648: 571: 566:. Oil painting by 540:Caballería de los 507:Province of Burgos 491: 427:blockade by France 127:Juan José Viamonte 67:13th and 17th 6343: 6342: 6168:La Tablada (1829) 6136: 6135: 6035:Alejandro Heredia 6015:Francisco Ramírez 5939: 5938: 5898:Alberto Fernández 5837:Leopoldo Galtieri 5685:terms (1946–1955) 5650:Revolution of '43 5605:Hipólito Yrigoyen 5595:Hipólito Yrigoyen 5534:Carlos Pellegrini 5511:Generation of '80 5321:Flag of Argentina 5303:First Triumvirate 5230: 5229: 5221:Succeeded by 5189:Succeeded by 5151:Media related to 5131:978-0-8032-4786-4 5084:978-0-520-08284-7 4873:978-0-8229-6203-8 4828:. London: Verso. 4813:Rosas y su tiempo 4800:978-1-118-77248-5 4650:978-1-61148-545-5 4631:978-0-8032-2762-0 4601:978-1-901543-15-5 4551:978-1-84631-238-0 4504:978-1-85109-986-3 4433:978-1-60520-565-6 4369:978-0-8165-2847-9 4300:Historia de Rosas 3514:Sagastizábal 2000 3433:, pp. 87–88. 3407:Sagastizábal 2000 3371:Sagastizábal 2000 3052:, pp. 45–46. 3040:, pp. 55–56. 3028:, pp. 76–77. 3016:, pp. 53–54. 2680:, pp. 49–50. 2561:, pp. 42–43. 2418:Sagastizábal 2000 1907:, pp. 38–40. 1895:, pp. 39–41. 1867:, pp. 38–39. 1821:, pp. 17–19. 1439:chargé d'affaires 1425:Rosas arrived in 1325:Hispanic American 1189:performance, 1845 1069:Raymond Monvoisin 803:. The capture of 754:survey expedition 737:Santa Fe Province 727:In December 1828 342: 341: 333:Battle of Caseros 18:Juan Manuel Rosas 16:(Redirected from 6418: 6305:Unitarian League 6158:San Roque (1829) 6010:Estanislao López 5988: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5943: 5916:Portal:Argentina 5842:Reynaldo Bignone 5739:José María Guido 5564:Roque Sáenz Peña 5256: 5249: 5242: 5233: 5199:Preceded by 5167:Preceded by 5159: 5150: 5135: 5116: 5107: 5088: 5069: 5064:. Archived from 5044: 5025: 5016: 4997: 4975: 4956: 4937: 4924: 4905: 4886: 4877: 4858: 4839: 4827: 4816: 4804: 4787:Meade, Teresa A. 4782: 4770: 4756: 4734: 4715: 4696: 4684: 4673: 4654: 4635: 4616: 4605: 4586: 4567: 4555: 4536: 4517: 4508: 4489: 4487: 4460: 4448: 4437: 4415: 4403: 4392: 4373: 4354: 4335: 4323: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4272: 4254: 4236: 4230: 4229:, pp. 1, 4. 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4112: 4106: 4092: 4086: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4024: 4018: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3786: 3780: 3766: 3760: 3746: 3740: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3690: 3684: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3507: 3501: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 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2027: 2009: 2003: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1837: 1831: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1759: 1758: 1746: 1730: 1723: 1717: 1710: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1667: 1652: 1479:of Southampton. 1305:Empire of Brazil 833:Magellan Straits 825:fine territories 801:Unitarian League 748:, who met Rosas 733:Estanislao López 680:Federalist Party 642:Gauchos hunting 536:Santiago Liniers 489: 486: 451:Empire of Brazil 373:Federalist Party 351:and briefly the 316:Military service 311: 275: 273: 269: 265: 236:Federalist Party 197:, United Kingdom 191: 167: 165: 149:Personal details 135: 123: 114: 100: 88: 79: 55: 41: 21: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6295:Arequito Revolt 6273: 6222: 6188:Caaguazú (1841) 6183:Famaillá (1841) 6173:Oncativo (1830) 6132: 6069: 6065:Chacho Peñaloza 6040:Pascual Echagüe 6030:Facundo Quiroga 5983: 5981: 5975: 5970: 5940: 5935: 5907: 5883:Néstor Kirchner 5878:Eduardo Duhalde 5846: 5810: 5779: 5748: 5734:Arturo Frondizi 5722: 5713:Eduardo Lonardi 5696: 5674: 5643: 5615:Infamous Decade 5609: 5573: 5554:Manuel Quintana 5539:Luis Sáenz Peña 5505: 5491:Bartolomé Mitre 5472: 5463:Santiago Derqui 5409: 5385: 5331: 5324: 5312: 5281: 5269: 5260: 5226: 5217: 5204: 5194: 5185: 5172: 5143: 5138: 5132: 5119: 5110: 5104: 5091: 5085: 5072: 5047: 5041: 5028: 5019: 5013: 5000: 4994: 4978: 4972: 4959: 4953: 4940: 4927: 4921: 4908: 4902: 4889: 4880: 4874: 4861: 4855: 4842: 4836: 4819: 4807: 4801: 4785: 4779: 4759: 4753: 4737: 4731: 4718: 4712: 4699: 4693: 4676: 4670: 4657: 4651: 4638: 4632: 4619: 4608: 4602: 4589: 4583: 4570: 4558: 4552: 4539: 4533: 4520: 4511: 4505: 4492: 4463: 4457: 4440: 4434: 4420:Darwin, Charles 4418: 4412: 4395: 4389: 4376: 4370: 4357: 4351: 4338: 4332: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4291: 4277:Bethell, Leslie 4275: 4269:El Tirano Rosas 4266: 4262: 4257: 4249:, p. 207; 4245:, p. 108; 4241:, p. 107; 4237: 4233: 4217:, p. 107; 4213: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4167:Dusenberry 1961 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4129:, p. 224; 4121:, p. 114; 4113: 4109: 4093: 4089: 4073:, p. 120; 4069: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4025: 4021: 4005:, p. 102; 4001: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3823:, p. 362; 3815: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3787: 3783: 3767: 3763: 3755:, p. 182; 3747: 3743: 3735:, p. 177; 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3691: 3687: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3643:, pp. 280. 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588:, p. 140; 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512:, p. 131; 3508: 3504: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3397: 3393: 3381: 3377: 3369:, p. 315; 3365:, p. 207; 3357: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3333:, p. 206; 3329: 3325: 3313:, p. 293; 3309: 3305: 3297:, p. 202; 3289: 3285: 3273: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3239: 3227: 3223: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3183: 3179: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3139:, p. 261; 3135: 3131: 3123: 3116: 3104: 3100: 3092:, p. 106; 3088:, p. 316; 3080:, p. 289; 3064:, p. 248; 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2972: 2968: 2960:, p. 106; 2948:, p. 167; 2944: 2940: 2932:, p. 180; 2924:, p. 166; 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896:, p. 179; 2892: 2888: 2880:, p. 178; 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836:, p. 150; 2832: 2828: 2812: 2808: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2688: 2684: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2648:, p. 162; 2644: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2466:, p. 105; 2458: 2454: 2442: 2438: 2287: 2283: 2275:, p. 104; 2259: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2219:, p. 121; 2215:, p. 155; 2211:, p. 580; 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179:, p. 155; 2175: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2147: 2143: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2106: 2094: 2090: 2078: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2050: 2046: 2034: 2030: 2010: 2006: 1990: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1970:, pp. 119. 1962: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1930: 1926: 1918: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1887: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1859: 1855: 1847: 1840: 1832: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1769: 1762: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1724: 1720: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1697: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1628:Néstor Kirchner 1603:economic crises 1522:(Nationalism). 1499: 1485: 1415: 1413:Exile and death 1410: 1354: 1348: 1340:Camila O'Gorman 1256: 1250: 1245: 1176: 1061: 1056: 1010:state terrorism 998: 996:State terrorism 920: 852: 847: 842: 821:Desert Campaign 792:Desert Campaign 784: 778: 776:Desert Campaign 709: 676:Unitarian Party 636: 630: 625: 562:resting in the 553: 487: 477: 472: 384:state terrorism 357:private militia 331: 327: 299: 277: 261: 257: 254: 241: 230:Unitarian Party 223:Political party 193: 189: 169: 163: 161: 160: 159: 133: 121: 115: 110: 98: 86: 80: 75: 58: 46: 37: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6424: 6422: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6348: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6239:Benegas (1820) 6236: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6198:Caseros (1852) 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6153:Navarro (1828) 6150: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6108:José María Paz 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6079: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6025:Manuel Dorrego 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5985: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5946: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5893:Mauricio Macri 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5761: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5639:Ramón Castillo 5636: 5631: 5626: 5620: 5618: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5428:Manuel Dorrego 5424: 5422: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5326: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5289: 5287: 5275:May Revolution 5271: 5270: 5263:Heads of state 5261: 5259: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5219: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5187: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5142: 5141:External links 5139: 5137: 5136: 5130: 5117: 5108: 5102: 5089: 5083: 5070: 5045: 5039: 5026: 5017: 5011: 4998: 4992: 4980:Rotker, Susana 4976: 4970: 4957: 4951: 4938: 4925: 4919: 4906: 4900: 4887: 4878: 4872: 4859: 4853: 4840: 4834: 4817: 4805: 4799: 4783: 4777: 4757: 4751: 4735: 4729: 4716: 4710: 4697: 4691: 4674: 4668: 4655: 4649: 4636: 4630: 4617: 4606: 4600: 4587: 4581: 4568: 4556: 4550: 4537: 4531: 4518: 4509: 4503: 4490: 4461: 4455: 4438: 4432: 4416: 4410: 4393: 4387: 4374: 4368: 4355: 4349: 4336: 4330: 4313: 4304: 4295: 4289: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4231: 4207: 4205:, p. 131. 4195: 4183: 4171: 4169:, p. 514. 4159: 4157:, p. 125. 4155:Robertson 1930 4147: 4135: 4125:, p. 50; 4117:, p. 44; 4107: 4101:, p. 39; 4087: 4081:, p. 44; 4063: 4061:, p. 103. 4051: 4039: 4033:, p. 43; 4019: 3995: 3993:, p. 357. 3983: 3981:, p. 358. 3968: 3956: 3954:, p. 344. 3944: 3932: 3930:, p. 342. 3917: 3915:, p. 341. 3905: 3893: 3881: 3869: 3867:, p. 337. 3857: 3855:, p. 336. 3845: 3843:, p. 333. 3833: 3831:, p. 336. 3821:Fernandez 1983 3819:, p. 34; 3809: 3807:, p. 330. 3797: 3781: 3761: 3759:, p. 144. 3753:Calabrese 1975 3751:, p. 34; 3741: 3739:, p. 327. 3725: 3723:, p. 297. 3713: 3701: 3699:, p. 328. 3685: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3619:, p. 288. 3606: 3594: 3592:, p. 334. 3578: 3576:, p. 164. 3566: 3564:, p. 262. 3554: 3552:, p. 169. 3542: 3540:, p. 339. 3530: 3528:, p. 373. 3518: 3516:, p. 100. 3502: 3500:, p. 319. 3496:, p. 83; 3486: 3484:, p. 120. 3474: 3462: 3447: 3445:, p. 123. 3435: 3423: 3411: 3409:, p. 245. 3391: 3375: 3373:, p. 245. 3351: 3339: 3337:, p. 314. 3323: 3321:, p. 314. 3303: 3293:, p. 31; 3283: 3281:, p. 202. 3277:, p. 31; 3264: 3252: 3237: 3231:, p. 30; 3221: 3205: 3203:, p. 118. 3193: 3191:, p. 214. 3177: 3161: 3159:, p. 101. 3149: 3147:, p. 102. 3143:, p. 29; 3129: 3114: 3108:, p. 29; 3098: 3096:, p. 120. 3076:, p. 57; 3072:, p. 15; 3068:, p. 29; 3054: 3042: 3030: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2982: 2976:, p. 27; 2966: 2964:, p. 119. 2956:, p. 84; 2952:, p. 27; 2938: 2936:, p. 106. 2928:, p. 27; 2914: 2912:, p. 179. 2902: 2900:, p. 168. 2886: 2884:, p. 106. 2876:, p. 27; 2866: 2854: 2842: 2826: 2824:, p. 120. 2816:, p. 27; 2806: 2800:, p. 77; 2790: 2778: 2772:, p. 27; 2762: 2760:, p. 175. 2750: 2738: 2736:, p. 118. 2722: 2710: 2698: 2692:, p. 26; 2682: 2676:, p. 26; 2666: 2654: 2652:, p. 106. 2638: 2626: 2614: 2602: 2587: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2536: 2524: 2522:, p. 105. 2518:, p. 16; 2508: 2496: 2484: 2482:, p. 164. 2472: 2470:, p. 117. 2462:, p. 16; 2452: 2450:, p. 119. 2436: 2434: 2433: 2427: 2426:, p. 113, 2421: 2415: 2409: 2408:, p. 106, 2403: 2397: 2396:, p. 319, 2391: 2385: 2384:, p. 145, 2379: 2378:, p. 164, 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2354:, p. 188, 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2328:Fernandez 1983 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2304:Calabrese 1975 2301: 2295: 2281: 2279:, p. 117. 2271:, p. 12; 2267:, p. 20; 2253: 2241: 2229: 2227:, p. 117. 2223:, p. 62; 2207:, p. 69; 2197: 2195:, p. 125. 2185: 2183:, p. 117. 2169: 2157: 2155:, p. 103. 2151:, p. 12; 2141: 2139:, p. 103. 2135:, p. 11; 2131:, p. 20; 2121: 2104: 2088: 2072: 2060: 2044: 2028: 2026:, p. 214. 2004: 1994:, p. 18; 1984: 1972: 1956: 1944: 1924: 1909: 1897: 1881: 1869: 1853: 1838: 1823: 1811: 1799: 1787: 1775: 1760: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1718: 1713:Charles Darwin 1705: 1695: 1677: 1668: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1514:Adolfo Saldías 1484: 1481: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1350:Main article: 1347: 1344: 1320:undeclared war 1252:Main article: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1195:Ragamuffin War 1175: 1172: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 997: 994: 919: 916: 851: 850:Absolute power 848: 846: 843: 805:José María Paz 780:Main article: 777: 774: 758:Henry Southern 746:Charles Darwin 722:Manuel Dorrego 708: 705: 652:May Revolution 629: 626: 624: 621: 585:Platine region 552: 547: 476: 473: 471: 468: 464:Argentine peso 369:Argentine Army 340: 339: 336: 335: 322: 318: 317: 313: 312: 305: 301: 300: 298: 297: 294: 289: 285: 283: 279: 278: 259: 255: 250: 249: 247: 243: 242: 240: 239: 233: 226: 224: 220: 219: 214: 210: 209: 208:, Buenos Aires 203: 199: 198: 192:(aged 83) 186: 182: 181: 179:Spanish Empire 157: 155: 151: 150: 146: 145: 142: 141: 136: 130: 129: 124: 118: 117: 107: 106: 101: 95: 94: 89: 83: 82: 72: 71: 64: 63: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 44: 35: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6423: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6203:Cepeda (1859) 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6148:Cepeda (1820) 6146: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6060:Felipe Varela 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5955: 5953: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5910: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5858:Raúl Alfonsín 5856: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5660:Arturo Rawson 5658: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586:secret ballot 5584:terms, after 5583: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5415:Pacto Federal 5412: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5327: 5319: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5293:Primera Junta 5291: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5252: 5250: 5245: 5243: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5225: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5197: 5193: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5165: 5160: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5103:0-8032-4228-X 5099: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5040:0-8263-3200-5 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5012:950-49-0249-9 5008: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4993:0-8166-4029-7 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4971:0-520-20352-6 4967: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4952:0-520-06178-0 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4920:0-7656-0209-1 4916: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4901:950-07-1877-4 4897: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4854:950-9843-52-0 4850: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4835:1-85984-738-2 4831: 4826: 4825: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4778:0-8420-2897-8 4774: 4769: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4752:0-19-821129-5 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4730:0-8420-2772-6 4726: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4711:0-7425-3739-0 4707: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4692:1-4039-6254-5 4688: 4683: 4682: 4675: 4671: 4669:0-313-32365-8 4665: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4582:0-7864-1457-X 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4532:1-58465-436-8 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4456:0-8420-2418-2 4452: 4447: 4446: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4411:0-520-03776-6 4407: 4402: 4401: 4394: 4390: 4388:0-534-62158-9 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4350:987-02-1922-5 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4331:0-7734-7389-0 4327: 4322: 4321: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4290:0-521-43376-2 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4253:, p. ix. 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4136: 4133:, p. 39. 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4108: 4105:, p. 15. 4104: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4088: 4085:, p. 39. 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4020: 4017:, p. 38. 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3250:, p. 96. 3249: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3235:, p. 96. 3234: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3175:, p. 99. 3174: 3170: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3127:, p. 97. 3126: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3112:, p. 96. 3111: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3004:, p. 49. 3003: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2983: 2980:, p. 85. 2979: 2975: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2864:, p. 83. 2863: 2858: 2855: 2852:, p. 77. 2851: 2846: 2843: 2840:, p. 15. 2839: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2779: 2776:, p. 82. 2775: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2751: 2748:, p. 38. 2747: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2723: 2720:, p. 50. 2719: 2714: 2711: 2708:, p. 90. 2707: 2702: 2699: 2696:, p. 81. 2695: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2667: 2664:, p. 51. 2663: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2627: 2624:, p. 20. 2623: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2603: 2600:, p. 18. 2599: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2585:, p. 17. 2584: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2552: 2549:, p. 16. 2548: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2509: 2506:, p. 15. 2505: 2500: 2497: 2494:, p. 22. 2493: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2432:, p. 53. 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2420:, p. 99, 2419: 2416: 2414:, p. 57, 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2402:, p. 73, 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2390:, p. 17, 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2372:, p. 84, 2371: 2368: 2366:, p. 47, 2365: 2362: 2360:, p. 16, 2359: 2358:Leuchars 2002 2356: 2353: 2350: 2348:, p. 15, 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2336:, p. 24, 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2324:, p. 28, 2323: 2320: 2318:, p. 72, 2317: 2314: 2312:, p. 29, 2311: 2308: 2306:, p. 21, 2305: 2302: 2300:, p. 14, 2299: 2296: 2294:, p. 20, 2293: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2254: 2251:, p. 86. 2250: 2245: 2242: 2239:, p. 79. 2238: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2170: 2167:, p. 12. 2166: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2119:, p. 10. 2118: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2102:, p. 10. 2101: 2097: 2092: 2089: 2086:, p. 10. 2085: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2061: 2058:, p. 24. 2057: 2053: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2038:, p. 9; 2037: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2018:, p. 9; 2017: 2013: 2008: 2005: 2002:, p. 93. 2001: 1998:, p. 9; 1997: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1966:, p. 3; 1965: 1960: 1957: 1954:, p. 28. 1953: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1922:, p. 14. 1921: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1863:, p. 2; 1862: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1788: 1785:, p. 19. 1784: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757:(in Spanish). 1756: 1752: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1706: 1699: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1607:Falklands War 1604: 1600: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1543:, racist and 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1477:town cemetery 1474: 1470: 1466: 1465:tenant farmer 1462: 1456: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431:21-gun salute 1428: 1419: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385:Pedro II 1383: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1297:Gran Colombia 1294: 1293:South America 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1260: 1255: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1204:gran mariscal 1200: 1196: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123:Supreme Court 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1070: 1065: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1002: 995: 993: 991: 990: 985: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 965:accoutrements 962: 958: 954: 949: 947: 942: 938: 934: 924: 917: 915: 912: 908: 902: 900: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 861: 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54: 49: 42: 39: 32: 27: 19: 6234:Pilar (1820) 6208:Pavón (1861) 6103:Juan Lavalle 6093:José Rondeau 6044: 6005:Mariano Vera 5903:Javier Milei 5863:Carlos Menem 5815: 5806:Isabel Perón 5753: 5701: 5680: 5648: 5579: 5514: 5477: 5452: 5432: 5390: 5376:José Rondeau 5356:José Rondeau 5298:Junta Grande 5207: 5175: 5121: 5112: 5093: 5074: 5066:the original 5053: 5030: 5021: 5002: 4983: 4961: 4942: 4933: 4929: 4910: 4891: 4882: 4863: 4844: 4823: 4812: 4790: 4766: 4742: 4720: 4701: 4680: 4659: 4640: 4621: 4611: 4591: 4572: 4563: 4541: 4522: 4513: 4494: 4475: 4469: 4444: 4423: 4399: 4378: 4359: 4340: 4319: 4308: 4299: 4280: 4268: 4243:Shumway 2004 4239:Chamosa 2010 4234: 4227:Lanctot 2014 4223:Shumway 2004 4215:Chamosa 2010 4210: 4203:Shumway 2004 4198: 4191:Shumway 2004 4186: 4179:Shumway 2004 4174: 4162: 4150: 4138: 4119:Shumway 2004 4115:Chamosa 2010 4110: 4090: 4079:Chamosa 2010 4066: 4054: 4042: 4035:Chamosa 2010 4022: 4011:Chamosa 2010 3998: 3986: 3959: 3947: 3935: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3829:Quesada 2001 3817:Bethell 1993 3812: 3800: 3784: 3777:Quesada 2001 3764: 3749:Bethell 1993 3744: 3737:Quesada 2001 3728: 3716: 3704: 3697:Quesada 2001 3688: 3681:Quesada 2001 3672: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3597: 3590:Quesada 2001 3581: 3569: 3557: 3545: 3533: 3521: 3505: 3498:Quesada 2001 3489: 3477: 3465: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3394: 3383:Bethell 1993 3378: 3367:Quesada 2001 3354: 3342: 3335:Quesada 2001 3326: 3319:Quesada 2001 3306: 3299:Quesada 2001 3291:Bethell 1993 3286: 3275:Bethell 1993 3255: 3229:Bethell 1993 3224: 3213:Bethell 1993 3208: 3196: 3180: 3164: 3152: 3141:Bethell 1993 3132: 3106:Bethell 1993 3101: 3094:Shumway 1993 3086:Quesada 2001 3078:Loveman 1999 3066:Bethell 1993 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2974:Bethell 1993 2969: 2962:Shumway 1993 2950:Bethell 1993 2941: 2926:Bethell 1993 2917: 2905: 2889: 2874:Bethell 1993 2869: 2857: 2845: 2829: 2822:Shumway 1993 2814:Bethell 1993 2809: 2802:Shumway 1993 2793: 2781: 2770:Bethell 1993 2765: 2753: 2741: 2734:Shumway 1993 2725: 2713: 2701: 2690:Bethell 1993 2685: 2674:Bethell 1993 2669: 2657: 2641: 2629: 2617: 2605: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2527: 2511: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2468:Shumway 1993 2455: 2448:Shumway 1993 2439: 2430:Whigham 2002 2424:Shumway 1993 2394:Quesada 2001 2342:, p. 4, 2322:Edwards 2008 2310:Cevasco 2006 2292:Bethell 1993 2284: 2277:Shumway 1993 2265:Bethell 1993 2256: 2244: 2232: 2225:Shumway 1993 2213:Geisler 2005 2200: 2188: 2181:Shumway 1993 2177:Geisler 2005 2172: 2160: 2144: 2129:Bethell 1993 2124: 2096:Bethell 1993 2091: 2080:Bethell 1993 2075: 2063: 2056:Bethell 1993 2047: 2031: 2007: 1992:Bethell 1993 1987: 1982:, p. 3. 1975: 1968:Shumway 1993 1959: 1947: 1940:Shumway 2013 1927: 1900: 1884: 1872: 1856: 1851:, p. 1. 1836:, p. 2. 1819:Pradère 1970 1814: 1802: 1797:, p. 9. 1790: 1778: 1773:, p. 3. 1754: 1744: 1721: 1708: 1698: 1689: 1680: 1671: 1659: 1650: 1611:Carlos Menem 1609:. President 1596: 1580:Revisionismo 1579: 1577: 1573:Nacionalismo 1572: 1569:Revisionismo 1568: 1565:Nacionalismo 1564: 1561:Nacionalismo 1560: 1557:Nacionalismo 1556: 1553:Revisionismo 1552: 1545:misogynistic 1541:anti-Semitic 1524:Nacionalismo 1523: 1519:Nacionalismo 1517: 1511: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1424: 1397: 1379: 1367: 1336: 1332:Andrés Bello 1309: 1281:Manuel Oribe 1265: 1225: 1213: 1207: 1203: 1192: 1185: 1167: 1142:Juan Lavalle 1139: 1130: 1126: 1114: 1102: 1099:Federal Pact 1096: 1087: 1073: 1048: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1024: 1023:unit of the 1016: 1014: 1007: 987: 980:Black people 973: 968: 960: 956: 950: 945: 940: 929: 910: 906: 903: 899:rubber stamp 895: 886: 882: 874: 866: 864: 817: 813: 809:Federal Pact 797: 765: 763: 751: 729:Juan Lavalle 726: 718: 691: 689: 684: 664: 649: 644:feral horses 616: 608: 606: 601:labour force 597: 574: 572: 549: 539: 529: 521: 510: 495:Buenos Aires 492: 448: 425:, endured a 421:against the 419:fought a war 416: 412:totalitarian 399: 395: 388:Federal Pact 380:dictatorship 377: 344: 343: 321:Battles/wars 190:(1877-03-14) 171:Buenos Aires 134:Succeeded by 111: 99:Succeeded by 76: 38: 26: 6406:1877 deaths 6401:1793 births 6123:Pedro Ferré 5992:Federalists 5617:(1930–1943) 5588:(1916–1930) 5517:(1880–1916) 5484:(1862–1880) 5421:(1827–1862) 5334:(1814–1820) 5286:(1810–1814) 4761:Lynch, John 4739:Lynch, John 4514:El Dictador 4219:Goebel 2011 4143:Goebel 2011 4131:Nállim 2012 4127:Miller 1999 4123:Goebel 2011 4099:Nállim 2012 4083:Nállim 2012 4075:Goebel 2011 4031:Goebel 2011 4015:Nállim 2012 4007:Goebel 2011 3070:Hooker 2008 2412:Rotker 2002 2388:Moreno 1999 2346:Hooker 2008 2340:Hanway 2003 2334:Goebel 2011 2298:Bilbao 1919 2237:Darwin 2008 2205:Castro 2001 1877:Graham 1933 1807:Hudson 1918 1537:Integralism 1473:Southampton 1443:Robert Gore 1408:Later years 1393:Platine War 1352:Platine War 1346:Platine War 1131:estancieros 1039:mazorqueros 1019:, an armed 984:slave trade 907:estancieros 750:during the 530:In 1806, a 488: 1803 455:Platine War 402:, an armed 213:Nationality 195:Southampton 122:Preceded by 87:Preceded by 6350:Categories 6075:Unitarians 5218:1835–1852 5186:1829–1832 4251:Lynch 2001 4247:Lewis 2003 3991:Lynch 1981 3979:Lynch 1981 3964:Lynch 1981 3952:Lynch 1981 3940:Lynch 1981 3928:Lynch 1981 3913:Lynch 1981 3901:Lynch 1981 3889:Lynch 1981 3877:Lynch 1981 3865:Lynch 1981 3853:Lynch 1981 3841:Lynch 1981 3825:Lynch 2001 3805:Lynch 1981 3793:Lynch 1981 3789:Bassi 1942 3773:Lynch 1981 3769:Bassi 1942 3757:Lynch 2001 3733:Lynch 1981 3721:Lynch 1981 3709:Lynch 1981 3693:Lynch 2001 3677:Lynch 2001 3665:Lynch 1981 3653:Lynch 1981 3641:Lynch 1981 3629:Lynch 1981 3617:Lynch 1981 3602:Lynch 1981 3586:Lynch 2001 3574:Lynch 1981 3562:Lynch 1981 3550:Lynch 1981 3538:Lynch 1981 3526:Lynch 1981 3510:Lynch 2001 3494:Lynch 2001 3482:Trias 1970 3470:Lynch 2001 3458:Lynch 2001 3443:Lynch 2001 3431:Lynch 2001 3403:Lynch 1981 3399:Bassi 1942 3387:Lynch 1981 3363:Lynch 1981 3359:Bassi 1942 3347:Lynch 1981 3331:Lynch 1981 3315:Lynch 1981 3311:Bassi 1942 3295:Lynch 1981 3279:Lynch 1981 3260:Lynch 1981 3248:Lynch 2001 3233:Lynch 2001 3217:Lynch 2001 3201:Lynch 2001 3189:Lynch 1981 3185:Bassi 1942 3173:Lynch 2001 3169:Bassi 1942 3157:Lynch 2001 3145:Lynch 2001 3137:Bassi 1942 3125:Lynch 2001 3110:Lynch 2001 3082:Lynch 2001 3074:Lewis 2003 3062:Bassi 1942 3050:Lynch 2001 3038:Lynch 2001 3026:Lynch 2001 3014:Lynch 2001 3002:Lynch 2001 2990:Lynch 2001 2978:Lynch 2001 2954:Lynch 2001 2946:Bassi 1942 2930:Lynch 1981 2922:Bassi 1942 2910:Lynch 1981 2898:Bassi 1942 2894:Lynch 1981 2878:Lynch 1981 2862:Lynch 2001 2850:Lynch 2001 2838:Lynch 2001 2834:Bassi 1942 2818:Lynch 1981 2798:Lynch 2001 2786:Lynch 1981 2774:Lynch 2001 2758:Lynch 1981 2746:Lynch 1981 2730:Lynch 2001 2718:Lynch 2001 2706:Lynch 2001 2694:Lynch 2001 2678:Lynch 2001 2662:Lynch 2001 2646:Lynch 1981 2634:Lynch 1981 2622:Lynch 2001 2610:Lynch 2001 2598:Lynch 2001 2583:Lynch 2001 2571:Lynch 1981 2559:Lynch 1981 2547:Lynch 2001 2532:Lynch 2001 2516:Lynch 2001 2504:Lynch 2001 2492:Lynch 2001 2480:Lynch 2001 2460:Lynch 2001 2444:Lynch 2001 2382:Meade 2016 2376:Lynch 2001 2370:Lewis 2006 2364:Lewis 2003 2269:Lynch 2001 2261:Bassi 1942 2249:Lynch 2001 2221:Mejía 2001 2217:Lynch 1981 2193:Lynch 2001 2165:Lynch 2001 2149:Lynch 2001 2133:Lynch 2001 2117:Lynch 2001 2100:Lynch 2001 2084:Lynch 2001 2068:Lynch 2001 2052:Lynch 2001 2036:Lynch 2001 2016:Lynch 2001 2012:Bassi 1942 1996:Lynch 2001 1980:Lynch 2001 1964:Lynch 2001 1952:Lynch 2001 1936:Lynch 2001 1932:Bassi 1942 1920:Lynch 1981 1905:Lynch 2001 1893:Bassi 1942 1889:Lynch 2001 1865:Bassi 1942 1861:Lynch 2001 1849:Lynch 2001 1834:Lynch 2001 1795:Lynch 1981 1783:Lynch 2001 1737:References 1487:See also: 1469:Swaythling 1285:Montevideo 1233:monarchist 1111:Entre Ríos 1021:parapolice 989:candombles 948:movement. 632:See also: 617:estanciero 550:Estanciero 542:Migueletes 525:absolutism 470:Early life 429:, faced a 404:parapolice 382:backed by 164:1793-03-30 5984:(leaders) 5267:Argentina 4095:Rock 1995 4071:Rock 1995 4059:Rock 1995 4047:Rock 1995 4027:Rock 1995 4003:Rock 1995 3090:Rock 1987 2958:Rock 1987 2934:Rock 1987 2882:Rock 1987 2650:Rock 1987 2520:Rock 1987 2464:Rock 1987 2406:Rock 1987 2400:Rein 1998 2273:Rock 1987 2209:Crow 1980 2153:Rock 1987 2137:Rock 1987 2020:Rock 1987 2000:Rock 1987 1636:banknotes 1620:Dirty War 1601:, severe 1461:estancias 1159:Catamarca 873:, as the 692:estancias 665:When the 656:Argentina 609:estancias 449:When the 304:Signature 238:(1826–52) 232:(1820–26) 217:Argentine 112:In office 77:In office 6278:See also 6227:Treaties 5982:involved 5682:Peronist 4982:(2002). 4811:(2001). 4789:(2016). 4763:(2001). 4741:(1981). 4562:(1933). 4422:(2008). 4279:(1993). 1624:Peronist 1549:eugenics 1441:Captain 1427:Plymouth 1329:humanist 1299:and the 1268:Paraguay 1168:Rosistas 1155:La Rioja 1115:Rosistas 1103:de facto 1033:and the 961:chiripás 911:estancia 867:Rosistas 701:caudillo 628:Caudillo 576:estancia 440:Paraguay 365:caudillo 282:Children 6141:Battles 5980:Parties 4260:Sources 1755:Infobae 1716:wrong." 1664:Palermo 1533:Fascism 1471:, near 1452:Rosismo 1374:Manuela 1370:Palermo 1276:Uruguay 1272:Bolivia 1208:Mazorca 1186:andombe 1147:Tucumán 1127:Mazorca 1088:Rosista 1044:scalped 1035:Mazorca 1017:Mazorca 976:Jesuits 969:Rosismo 957:Rosismo 946:Rosismo 941:Rosismo 883:Rosismo 875:Rosista 695:in the 593:gauchos 560:Gauchos 512:Criollo 436:Uruguay 400:Mazorca 276: 260: 256: 5679:First 5578:First 5282:up to 5128: 5100: 5081: 5037: 5009: 4990: 4968: 4949: 4917: 4898: 4870: 4851: 4832: 4797: 4775: 4749: 4727: 4708: 4689: 4666: 4647: 4628: 4598: 4579: 4548: 4529: 4501: 4453: 4430: 4408: 4385: 4366: 4347: 4328: 4287: 1690:rancho 1529:Nazism 1495:, and 1483:Legacy 1364:, 1876 794:, 1833 752:Beagle 564:pampas 466:bill. 266: 246:Spouse 2288:See: 1642:Notes 1287:that 1163:Jujuy 1151:Salta 829:Andes 589:peons 581:ranch 475:Birth 274:) 262:( 258: 5417:and 5277:and 5126:ISBN 5098:ISBN 5079:ISBN 5035:ISBN 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