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797:"The Straits of Chimera", by Evridiki Livada Duca, New York 2014, published by the FEDERATION OF CEPHALONIAN AND ITHACIAN SOCIETIES and presented in Queens College (CUNY), and Rutgers University in October and November 2014. (In English and in Greek as: "Στα Στενά της Χίμαιρας", Ευρυδίκη Λειβαδά Ντούκα, Αθήνα 2007, Έκδοση: ΚΕΔΡΟΣ. Spanish translation by
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Despite
Velasco's repeated promises, however, De Fuca never received the great rewards he claimed as his due. After two years, and on the viceroy's urging, De Fuca travelled to Spain to make his case to the court in person. Disappointed again and disgusted with the Spanish, the aging Greek determined
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and deposited him ashore. He was a well-traveled seaman, perfecting his skill as a pilot in the
Spanish fleet. The King of Spain, he also claimed, recognized him for his excellence and made him pilot of the Spanish navy in the West Indies (a title he held for forty years), but there is no record in
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Because the only written evidence for De Fuca's voyages lay in Lok's account — researchers being unable to find records of the expedition in
Spanish colonial archives — there was long much controversy over his discovery and, indeed, whether he had ever even existed as a real
426:. The Strait of Juan de Fuca is in fact at around 48° N, although Fuca's account of sailing into it departs from reality, describing a region far different from what actually existed there. During the voyage, De Fuca also noted a "high pinnacle or spired rock", which may have been
501:, was able to demonstrate not only that De Fuca had lived but also that his family and history were well known on the islands. While we may never know the exact truths that lay behind the account published by Lok, it must be considered unlikely that the man himself was fictional.
406:
and returned home to
California. (Note that in this period, Spanish doctrine divided control of ships and fleets between the military commander, who was an army officer, and the sailing and navigation commander, who was a mariner.)
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Spanish archives of his name or position or of his visit to the royal court. Before he made his famous trip up the northwest coast of the North
American continent, he sailed to China, the Philippines and Mexico. The
794:"Ioannis Apostolos Focas Valerianos (Juan de Fuca). The Kefallonian adventurer of the 16th c.", by Evridiki Livada Duca, Kefallonia 2001, published by the Municipality of Elios - Pronnoi.
309:) to distinguish him from his brothers. De Fuca was born in Valerianos on June 10, 1536. Little is known about his life before he entered the service of Spain some time around 1555.
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strongly doubted that the strait De Fuca claimed to have discovered even existed (although Cook actually sailed past the Strait of Juan de Fuca without entering it and did stop at
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402:) assigned the task of finding the Strait of Anián and fortifying it against the English. This expedition failed when, allegedly due to the captain's malfeasance, the soldiers
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A note made by me, Michael Lok the Elder, touching the strait of sea commonly called Fretum Anian, in the South Sea, through the northwest passage of Meta
Incognita
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on the west coast of
Vancouver Island). With later English exploration and settlement of the area, however, De Fuca's claims seemed much more credible.
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391:, a sea route linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The first voyage saw 200 soldiers and three small ships under the overall command of a
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on the northwestern tip of
Washington beside the Strait of Juan de Fuca - although De Fuca noted it being on the other side of the strait.
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454:. Nothing came of Lok and De Fuca's proposals, but it is through Lok's account that the story of Juan de Fuca entered English letters.
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This article is about the 16th-century explorer. For the ocean strait between
Vancouver Island, BC, Canada and Washington, USA, see
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249:. It is known that his father and grandfather bore the name Focas, so it seems likely that Valerianos was a nickname or
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person; several scholars have dismissed Juan de Fuca as entirely fictitious, and the 18th-century
British explorer
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229:. However, his exact name is somewhat uncertain. Some sources state that his actual name was Apostolos Valerianos (
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and an island roughly corresponding to the later British Columbia and Alaska, as the entrance of the
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in English and French documents from the period), to offer his services to Spain's archenemy,
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According to de Fuca's account, he undertook two voyages of exploration on the orders of the
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and claimed to have found the strait, with a large island at its mouth, at around 47° north
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underlying much of the coastline he explored, is named for the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
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because it was at the same latitude that Juan de Fuca described as the location of the
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between the United States of America and Canada was named for him by British Captain
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In 1592, on his second voyage, De Fuca enjoyed success. Having sailed north with a
655:, pp. 19-31, Ethelbert Olaf Stuart Scholefield, publ. S.J. Clarke, Vancouver, 1914"
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Fokas in 1596 claimed to have been some forty years in the king of Spain's service.
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790:, pp. 19-31, Ethelbert Olaf Stuart Scholefield, publ. S.J. Clarke, Vancouver, 1914
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554:'s West Coast is named for the strait, as is the hiking trail of the same name.
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in 1787, (re)discovered the strait De Fuca had described, he renamed it the
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Fuca Pillar at Cape Flattery, Washington beside the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
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Memoir, Historical and Political, on the Northwest Coast of North America
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801:("El Paso de la Quimera", 2017) for the Ouranis Foundation, unpublished)
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on the island and came to be known as "the Valeriano Fokas" (
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Apostolos and later adopted the name Ioannis or Juan because
430:, a tall, almost rectangular, rock on the western shore of
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British Columbia: From the Earliest Times to the Present
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Voyages of delusion: the quest for the Northwest Passage
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British Columbia: From the Earliest Times to the Present
155:. He is best known for his claim to have explored the
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466:1768 map showing Juan de Fuca's strait, between
279:in 1453, accompanied by his brother Andronikos (
732:. Vol. VI (1821–1835) (online ed.).
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442:, but was in 1596 convinced by an Englishman,
679:Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest
593:. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.).
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759:, Pilgrims, London, 1625, Vol III, page 849
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295:) established himself in the village of
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265:De Fuca's grandfather Emmanouil Fokas (
493:researcher, with the help of the U.S.
875:Emigrants from the Republic of Venice
7:
779:, Sep.-Oct. 1859, pp116-122, 161-167
701:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
321:, and he claimed to have arrived in
317:De Fuca's early voyages were to the
587:. In Brown, George Williams (ed.).
385:Luis de Velasco, marqués de Salinas
16:Greek explorer in service of Spain
14:
726:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
729:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
590:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
285:). The two settled first in the
616:Greek Consulate of Vancouver, "
777:Hutchings' California Magazine
767:, Robert Greenhow, 1840, P 174
235:). It is possible that he was
1:
845:Explorers of British Columbia
25:Juan de Fuca (disambiguation)
865:17th-century Venetian people
830:16th-century Venetian people
618:Greek Pioneers: Juan de Fuca
548:Juan de Fuca Provincial Park
734:University of Toronto Press
595:University of Toronto Press
398:(with de Fuca as pilot and
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840:Explorers of North America
724:"Barkley, Charles William"
693:Williams, Glyndwr (2003).
583:Dunbabin, Thomas (1979) .
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850:16th-century Greek people
772:Memorials of Juan de Fuca
564:Phokas (Byzantine family)
438:to retire to his home in
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722:Gough, Barry M. (1987).
30:Not to be confused with
624:March 15, 2007, at the
517:Charles William Barkley
73:Venetian Ionian Islands
870:Strait of Juan de Fuca
825:People from Cephalonia
788:The Apocryphal Voyages
653:The Apocryphal Voyages
527:Strait of Juan de Fuca
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353:Strait of Juan de Fuca
161:Strait of Juan de Fuca
23:. For other uses, see
21:Strait of Juan de Fuca
489:Finally, in 1859, an
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261:Family and early life
367:Voyages to the north
232:Ἀπόστολος Βαλεριάνος
197:"Juan de Fuca" is a
880:Immigrants to Spain
775:, A. S. Taylor, in
307:Fokas ho Valerianos
538:Juan de Fuca Plate
534:Juan de Fuca Ridge
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377:
325:in 1587 when, off
302:Φωκᾶς ὁ Βαλεριάνος
159:—now known as the
835:Spanish explorers
472:Northwest Passage
446:(also spelled as
389:Northwest Passage
177:Olympic Peninsula
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268:Ἐμμανουὴλ Φωκᾶς
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227:Johannes Phocas
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123:Juan de Fuca
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90:(1602-07-23)
88:23 July 1602
65:10 June 1536
45:Juan de Fuca
820:1602 deaths
815:1536 births
458:Controversy
444:Michael Lok
428:Fuca Pillar
343:seized his
287:Peloponnese
275:during its
237:baptized as
143:who served
101:Nationality
32:John Phokas
809:Categories
665:2020-02-09
570:References
468:New Albion
440:Kefallonia
297:Valerianos
282:Ἀνδρόνικος
175:) and the
111:Occupation
95:Cephalonia
69:Cephalonia
61:1536-06-10
36:Jean Focas
509:When the
348:Santa Ana
338:privateer
323:New Spain
223:latinized
163:—between
134:Cefalonia
127:Cefalonia
622:Archived
558:See also
536:and the
491:American
424:latitude
420:Acapulco
404:mutinied
319:Far East
136:) was a
514:captain
511:English
497:in the
416:pinnace
412:caravel
396:captain
393:Spanish
381:Viceroy
345:galleon
335:English
292:Ἰάκωβος
271:) fled
251:epithet
242:Apóstol
201:of the
183:in the
705:
505:Legacy
495:Consul
414:and a
400:master
333:, the
213:Phokas
173:Canada
147:
145:Philip
141:sailor
130:
115:Sailor
77:Greece
755:, in
448:Locke
205:name
203:Greek
153:Spain
138:Greek
105:Greek
75:(now
703:ISBN
540:, a
532:The
277:fall
193:Name
85:Died
51:Born
620:".
550:on
329:in
225:as
221:),
211:or
187:).
151:of
34:or
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363:.
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149:II
71:,
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