529:, placed village chiefs in the position of religious leaders, an arrangement that gave the chiefs broad power over their people. Boscana divided the Acjachemen into two classes: the "Playanos" (who lived along the coast) and the "Serranos" (who inhabited the mountains, some three to four leagues from the Mission). The religious beliefs of the two groups as related to creation differed quite profoundly. The Playanos held that an all-powerful and unseen being called "Nocuma" brought about the earth and the sea, together with all of the trees, plants, and animals of sky, land, and water contained therein. The Serranos, on the other hand, believed in two separate but related existences: the "existence above" and the "existence below". These states of being were "altogether explicable and indefinite" (like brother and sister), and it was the fruits of the union of these two entities that created "...the rocks and sands of the earth; then trees, shrubbery, herbs and grass; then animals...". The "Starman" drawn by artist Jean Goodwin has become an iconic image with the Acjachemen people and is seen often in art and tribal seals.
43:
457:
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occupation, as stated in
Article 11 of the treaty: "A great part of the territories which, by the present treaty, are to be comprehended for the future within the limits of the United States, is now occupied by savage tribes." As the United States government declared its right to police and control Native people, the "claims of Indians who had acquired land in the 1841 formation" of the San Juan pueblo, "were similarly ignored, despite evidence that the land commission had data substantiating these Juaneños' titles."
268:
larger settlements. Each clan had its own resource territory and was politically independent; ties to other villages were maintained through economic, religious, and social networks in the immediate region. The elite class (composed chiefly of families, lineage heads, and other ceremonial specialists), a middle class (established and successful families), and people of disconnected or wandering families and captives of war comprised the three hierarchical social classes.
424:
Mexican government on the lands of the San Juan mission "were made in the early 1840s, Indians' rights to their village lands went unrecognized." Although the
Acjachemen were now "free," they were "increasingly vulnerable to being forced to work on public projects" if it was determined that they had "'reverted' to a state of dependence on wild fruits or neglected planting crops and herding" or otherwise failed to continue practicing Spanish-imposed methods of
505:, who they "shared linguistic and cultural similarities, family ties, and colonial histories." Even after their relocation to various Luiseño villages, "San Juan remained an important town for Acjachemen and other Indians connected to it" so that by the "latter part of the nineteenth century individuals and families often moved back and forth between these villages and San Juan for work, residence, family events, and festivals."
2135:
372:
308:. They returned one year later to begin constructing and converting the Acjachemen population. The majority of early converts were often children, who may have been brought by their parents in an attempt to "make alliances with missionaries, who not only possessed new knowledge and goods but also presented the threat of force." Spanish military presence ensured the continuation of the mission system.
256:
296:
497:
recorded that 30 percent of all households were headed by women "who still lived in San Juan on the plots of land that had been distributed in 1841" under
Mexican rule. It was reported that "shortly after the census was taken, the entire population began to leave the area for villages to the southeast of San Juan." A
406:. When news of this spread to other missions, it inspired widespread resistance to work and even open revolt. At San Juan, "the missionary stated that if the 956 neophytes residing at the mission in 1827 were 'kindly begged to go to work,' they would respond by saying simply that they were 'free.'" Following the
514:"were characterized by a marked lack of ethnic diversity." In the 1890s, a permanent elementary school was constructed in San Juan. However, until 1920, for education beyond sixth grade, "students had to relocate to Santa Ana – an impossibility for the vast majority of Californio and Acjachemen families."
1722:
513:
now owned 87 percent of the land value and 86 percent of the assets. Native people went from owning 1 percent of the land value and assets, as recorded in the 1860 census, to 0 percent in 1870. Anglo-Americans became the majority of the population by the mid-1870s, and the towns in which they resided
363:, a missionary at San Juan between 1812 and 1822, admitted that, despite harsh treatment, attempts to convert Native people to Christian beliefs and traditions were largely unsuccessful: "All the missionaries in California, declares Boscana, would agree that the true believer was the rare exception."
348:
The
Acjachemen resisted assimilation by practicing their cultural and religious ceremonies, performing sacred dances and healing rituals both in villages and within the mission compound. Missionaries attempted to prevent "Indigenous forms of knowledge, authority, and power" from passing on to younger
492:
in 1848, "Indian peoples throughout
California were drawn into the 'cycles of conquest' that had been initiated by the Spanish." During the 1850s alone, the California Indian population declined by 80 percent. Any land rights Native people had under Mexican rule were completely erased under American
439:
The formation of the San Juan pueblo was a direct result of the actions of San Diego settlers, who petitioned the government to gain access to the lands of the mission territory. Before the formation of the pueblo, the "one-hundred or so
Acjachemen living there" were asked if they favored or opposed
508:
American occupation resulted in increasing power and wealth for
European immigrants and Anglo-Americans to own land and property by the 1860s, "in sharp contrast to the pattern among Californios, Mexicans, and Indians." In the Santa Ana and San Juan Capistrano townships, most Californios lost their
496:
By 1860, Acjachemen were recorded in the census "with
Spanish first names and no surnames; the occupations of 38 percent of their household heads went unrecorded; and they owned only 1 percent of the land and 0.6 percent of the assets (including cattle, household items, and silver or gold)." It was
319:
While, before 1783, those who had been converted, known as "Juaneños, both children and adults, represented a relatively small percentage of the
Acjachemen population, all that changed between 1790 and 1812, when the vast majority of remaining non-converts were baptized." Spanish colonists referred
315:
approached
Acjachemen territory with a Spanish soldier and one "neophyte," a recently baptized Native and Spanish translator, a "crowd of painted and well-armed Indians, some of whom put arrows to their bowstrings as though they intended to kill the Spanish intruders" surrounded Serra's group. The
267:
In the era preceding colonization by Spain, the Acjachemen resided in permanent, well-defined villages and seasonal camps. Village populations ranged from between 35 and 300 residents, consisting of a single lineage in the smaller villages, and of a dominant clan joined with other families in the
423:
However, while Acjachemen "claimed and were granted villages," there was "rarely" any legal title issued, meaning that the land was "never formally ceded" to them following emancipation, which they protested as others encroached upon their traditional territory. While rancho grants issued by the
344:
As European disease also began to decimate the rural population, the dominion and power of the Spanish missions over the Acjachemen further increased." By 1812, the mission was at the peak of its growth: "3,340 persons had been baptized at the mission, and 1,361 Acjachemen resided in the mission
666:
On July 10, 2021, one of the Acjachemen Nation 84A group elected a new tribal council of Heidi Lee Lucero, Chairwoman; Dr. Richard Rodman, Vice Chairman; Ricky Hernandez, Treasurer; Georgia "Chena" Edmundson, Secretary; Sabrina Banda, Member-At-Large; and Ruth "Cookie" Stoffel, Member-At-Large.
335:
During the late 18th century, the mission economy extended over the entire territory of the Acjachemen. Acjachemen villages still had "access to specific hunting, collecting, and fishing areas" and "within these collectively owned areas villagers also possessed private property." However, the
277:), which was made up of lineage heads and ceremonial specialists in their own right. This body decided upon matters of the community, which were then carried out by the Nota and his underlings. While the placement of residential huts in a village was not regulated, the ceremonial enclosure (
553:. Northern Uto-Aztecan (NUA) is divided into four branches; Numic, Tubatrlabalic, Takic, and Hopic. Takin includes seven languages; Kitanemuk, Serrano (including Vanyume), Gabrielino (including Fernandeńo), Luiseño (including Acjachemen), Cahuilla, Cupeño, and Tataviam.
340:
system was first paralleled and then undermined by the mission system and colonization. The Spanish transformed the countryside into grazing lands for livestock and horticulture. Between 1790 and 1804, "mission herds increased in size from 8,034 head to 26,814 head."
522:
Gerónimo Boscana, a Franciscan scholar who was stationed at San Juan Capistrano for more than a decade beginning in 1812, compiled the first, comprehensive study of Acjachemen religious practices. Religious knowledge was secret, and the prevalent religion, called
1930:
Chinigchinich: A Revised and Annotated Version of Alfred Robinson's Translation of Father Gerónimo Boscana's Historical Account of the Belief, Usages, Customs and Extravagancies of the Indians of this Mission of San Juan Capistrano Called the Acagchemen
569:
355:"away from their parents from the age of seven or so until their marriage." Native children and adults were punished for disobeying Spanish priests through confinement and lashings. The logic behind these harsh practices was "integral to
440:
this change: seventy voted in favor, while thirty, mostly older, Acjachemen opposed, "possibly because they did not want to live among the Californios." The formation of the San Juan pueblo granted Californios and Acjachemen families
2089:
Reverend Father Friar Gerónimo Boscana, 1846. "Chinigchinich; a Historical Account of the Origin, Customs, and Traditions of the Indians at the Missionary Establishment of St. Juan Capistrano, Alta California Called The Acjachemen
286:
The Acjachemen relied upon harvesting and processing acorns, grasses, seeds, and bay shellfish. They had a dietary preference for birds and small mammals like rabbits. They crafted animal bones into weapons, tools, and jewelry.
622:
No. 48 was filed in the state of California, which "memorialized the President and Congress of the United States to declare the Juaneno Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemem Nation, to be the aboriginal tribe of Orange County."
263:
Acjachemen creation and origins stories represent their history in Southern California as beginning in the beginning of time. Archaeologists argue there has been an Acjachemen presence in the region for at least 10,000 years.
2095:
419:
Terrestrial and marine fauna refuse, food storage vessels, specialized craft goods, ritual artifacts culturally associated with elite clan lineages, and interregional trade connections were found at the Puhú village site.
316:"neophyte" informed the Acjachemen that attacking would only result in further violence from the Spanish military. As a result, the Acjachemen "desisted, aware of the serious threat that military retaliation represented."
1666:
594:
633:
Despite the lack of federal recognition, in 2008 the Acjachemen community was successful in protecting a sacred site from being desecrated by a toll road. They also reached a legal agreement agreement with
303:
Acjachemen villages were primarily concentrated along the lower San Juan Creek. In 1775, Spanish colonists erected a cross on an Acjachemen religious site before retreating to San Diego due to a revolt at
556:
Their language became extinct by the early 20th century. People are working at reviving it, with several members learning it. Their studies are based on the research and records of Anastacia Majel and
320:
to the Acjachemen as Juaneño. The Acjachemen were designated as Juaneños by Spanish priests through the baptismal process performed at Mission San Juan Capistrano, named after St. Juan Capistrano in
842:
The appellation Juaneño does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group, as the Spanish sometimes gathered diverse peoples to live and work as servants and slaves at their missions.
1520:
2123:
42:
501:
epidemic in 1862 took the lives of 129 Acjachemen people in one month alone of a population now "of only some 227 Indians." The remaining Acjachemen established themselves among the
575:(1912–1985), elected spokesperson of the Juaneño Band of Mission Indians from 1946 to 1985. Lobo wore a Plain-style headdress, even though this was not customary for the Acjachemen.
733:
2494:
1944:
345:
compound." After 1812, the rate of Acjachemen who died surpassed the amount of those who were baptized. By 1834, the Acjachemen population had declined to about 800.
1784:
590:
In the 1990s, the Acjachemen Nation divided into three different governments, all claiming their identity as the Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation.
2116:
975:
926:
2489:
1817:
601:
Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation, San Juan Capistrano, CA (Petitioner 84A, originally known as the Belardes group and now referred to as 84A)
271:
Native leadership consisted of the Nota, or clan chief, who conducted community rites and regulated ceremonial life in conjunction with the council of elders (
2101:
416:
requested that the community be granted the land surrounding the mission, which the Acjachemen had irrigated and were now using to support themselves."
2499:
2109:
715:
635:
1961:
1731:
1055:
951:
902:
748:
2484:
456:
2088:
704:
407:
2053:
1989:
1430:) linguistic stock (this language is sometimes referred to as "Southern California Shoshonean"). But the language at Capistrano and
1024:
180:. Published maps often identify their ancestral lands as extending from the beach to the mountains, south from what is now known as
656:
In May 2013, the 84A group of the Acjachemen Nation voted to elect the first all-female Acjachemen tribal council in its history.
2139:
743:
646:
626:
The Juaneno Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation 84A petitioned for federal recognition in 1999. On November 26, 2007, the
1794:
383:
728:
612:
177:
235:, which was less than 60 yards from the site where Mission San Juan Capistrano was built in 1776. Alternate spellings include
549:
tribe located to the interior. Considered to speak a dialect of Luiseño, the Juaneño were part of the Cupan subgroup of the
395:
663:, a 1.5-acre park (0.61 ha) in San Juan Capistrano, part of their original lands, which commemorates their history.
642:, where the university is partially situated. The university made several promises to maintain the integrity of the land.
1691:
2210:
193:
227:
in the late 18th century. Today, many contemporary members of organizations for Acjachemen descendants prefer the term
489:
224:
181:
696:
1422:
language family (Luiseño, Juaneño, Cupeño, and Cahuilla Indians all belong to the Cupan subgroup), a part of the
185:
1521:"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"
676:
47:
1667:"New tribal leader will help the first people of O.C. in their decades-long battle to gain federal recognition"
1550:
1010:
The Acjachemen of San Juan Capistrano: The History, Language and Politics of an Indigenous California Community
700:
627:
196:. However, sources also show that Acjachemen people shared sites with other Indigenous nations as far north as
1748:
2408:
584:
691:(1912–1985), chief, lobbyist, and spokesperson of the Acjachemen for 39 years who "was responsible for the
1723:
As Long as Grass Grows: The Indigenous Fight for Environmental Justice, from Colonization to Standing Rock
432:. Because of a lack of formal recognition, "most of the former Acagchemem territory was incorporated into
1887:
1423:
864:
550:
399:
1431:
1126:
580:
50:, an Acjachemen craftsman and bell ringer at Mission San Juan Capistrano, photo taken ca. June 1909.
2479:
1925:
1818:"After delays, the first people of Orange County have preserved a piece of their ancestral village"
1789:
1717:
1415:
659:
In 2021, the Adelia Sandoval, Jerry Nieblas and other Acjachemen members celebrated the opening of
542:
538:
481:
461:
360:
329:
204:
89:
2015:(Master's thesis). Fullerton, California: Department of Anthropology, California State University.
1938:
1477:
1154:
1127:"Enduring Dimensions of Indigenous Foodways in the Southern Alta California Mountain Hinterlands"
969:
920:
768:
695:
reimbursing California Indians $ 2.9 million for the loss of their land." In September 1994, the
645:
In the 21st century, the tribe filed a land claim, seeking to regain the territory of the former
557:
653:
until the 1930s. At that time, the US government bought the land for use as a defense facility.
469:
2049:
1999:
1985:
1957:
1727:
1469:
1435:
1427:
1146:
1051:
957:
947:
908:
898:
869:
773:
692:
579:
Several organizations today identify as representing Acjachemen descendants. None of them are
546:
502:
376:
312:
305:
189:
2190:
1461:
1138:
688:
619:
572:
425:
141:
113:
85:
81:
2324:
738:
510:
387:
356:
203:
The Acjachemen language does not have any fluent speakers. It is closely related to the
2403:
2370:
2195:
2042:
2013:
The Acjachemen in the Franciscan Mission System: Demographic Collapse and Social Change
1048:
Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced
2473:
2423:
2375:
2303:
1481:
1158:
894:
Saints and citizens: Indigenous histories of colonial missions and Mexican California
477:
125:
615:
elects a tribal council, assisted by tribal elders. They have about 1,800 members.
371:
2297:
2174:
754:
Acjachemen villages and significant sites in Southern California (a partial list):
707:. It was the first school in California to be named after a Native American leader.
682:
630:
declined the petition due to not meeting the four of the seven mandatory criteria.
560:, who recorded the language in 1933. (The tape recordings resurfaced around 1995.)
525:
429:
1766:
1142:
604:
Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation, Santa Ana, CA (Petitioner 84B)
351:
231:
as their autonym, or name for themselves. The name is derived from the village of
2453:
2443:
2308:
2221:
2200:
2160:
1495:
1414:, p. 189: Linguistically, the Acjachemen tongue is a dialect of the larger
473:
337:
1639:
1613:
255:
2328:
2276:
2271:
2185:
2134:
1438:, and by some the people of these places are not included among the Luiseños."
568:
433:
208:
117:
1473:
1150:
961:
912:
865:"After having land stolen for generations, Juaneño Indians get a sliver back"
685:, elder who established Native American education programs in public schools.
2438:
2342:
2292:
2255:
2170:
1749:"CSULB under fire for dumping dirt, trash on sacred Native American grounds"
1450:"A Reevaluation of Early Northern Uto-Aztecan Prehistory in Alta California"
1449:
783:
758:
650:
295:
232:
2205:
2065:
University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
2022:
University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
1465:
941:
892:
607:
Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation (Romero), Santa Ana, CA
2387:
2381:
2265:
2250:
2180:
2165:
2150:
1842:
813:
793:
788:
778:
660:
498:
465:
403:
2063:
Kroeber, Alfred L. (1907). "The Religion of the Indians of California".
1614:"Petition #084A: Juaneno Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation, CA"
1583:
1209:
2413:
2365:
2359:
2319:
2314:
2286:
2234:
2230:
2216:
2020:
Sparkman, Philip Stedman (1908). "The Culture of the Luiseño Indians".
818:
803:
639:
611:
The Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation (84A), based in
411:
197:
17:
1387:
1071:
2448:
2397:
2392:
2349:
2334:
808:
121:
2458:
2433:
2428:
2418:
2281:
2245:
2240:
1419:
798:
763:
567:
436:
ranchos by 1841, when San Juan Mission was formed into a pueblo."
370:
321:
294:
254:
324:. Many other local tribes were named similarly (Kizh (pronounced
2354:
2260:
2226:
1025:"Notes on Historical Juaneno Villages and Geographical Features"
488:
Following the American occupation of California in 1846 and the
2105:
2096:
Traditional California Native American Acjachemen Planting Song
734:
Classification of Indigenous peoples of the Americas#California
299:
Reconstruction of Acjachemen hut at Mission San Juan Capistrano
1496:"CNN - Long-dead Indian teaches lost language - Mar. 30, 1996"
943:
Of sacred lands and strip malls : the battle for Puvungna
156:
153:
144:
1954:
Conquests and Historical Identities in California, 1769–1936
1029:
UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology
349:
generations by placing recently baptized Indian children in
165:
159:
150:
2082:
1769:. California State University, Long Beach. April 14, 2023.
283:) and the chief's home were most often centrally located.
1434:
differed "considerably from that of the remainder of the
711:
1588:
State of California Native American Heritage Commission
509:
ranchos in the 1860s. By 1870, European immigrants and
452:
American occupation, genocide, and territorial conquest
1916:
Bean, Lowell John; Blackburn, Thomas C., eds. (1976).
1888:"A Special Groundbreaking Makes History, Remembers It"
1640:"Petition #084B: Juaneno Band of Mission Indians, CA"
1125:
Tomczyk, Weronika; Acebo, Nathan P. (July 3, 2021).
394:") on July 25, 1826, which freed Native people from
367:
Emancipation from San Juan mission and Mexican rule
168:
162:
147:
107:
95:
75:
65:
55:
2083:Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation
2041:
1120:
1118:
1116:
679:, Father of Paul Arbiso, bell ringer, and artisan.
1984:. Altadena, CA: Interdisciplinary Research, Inc.
1847:Juaneño Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation
1392:Juaneño Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation
1185:Conquests and Historical Identities in California
1076:Juaneño Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation
1012:. University of California, Davis. pp. 3, 8.
712:Juaneño Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation
1785:"Bobbie Banda, Juaneño Tribal Elder, Dies at 66"
1698:. Legislative Counsel of the State of California
1646:. U.S. Department of the Interior. June 20, 2011
223:, following their conversion to Christianity at
390:, issued a "Proclamation of Emancipation" (or "
207:still spoken by the neighboring Payómkawichum (
1975:. San Francisco, CA: N.J. Stone & Company.
1918:Native California: A Theoretical Retrospective
1869:The Journal of American Indian Family Research
464:Indian tribes based on dialect, including the
2117:
1982:Mission San Juan Capistrano: A Pocket History
1551:"State Recognition of American Indian Tribes"
1095:
583:, and California has no process for creating
278:
272:
8:
1943:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1046:Clark, Patricia Roberts (October 21, 2009).
448:, or plots of land in which to plant crops.
35:
2124:
2110:
2102:
1171:
974:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
925:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
649:. This had been held by them as an Indian
41:
34:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1555:National Conference of State Legislatures
1023:O'Neil, Stephen; Evans, Nancy H. (1980).
219:Spanish colonizers called the Acjachemen
2006:. New York, NY: Dover Publications, Inc.
1411:
455:
2495:History of San Diego County, California
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1279:
1196:
1107:
855:
835:
1936:
1338:
967:
918:
716:California State University Long Beach
2004:Handbook of the Indians of California
1920:. Socorro, New Mexico: Ballena Press.
1778:
1776:
946:. Lanham, MD. pp. 1–3, 120–121.
7:
2490:History of Orange County, California
2213:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
1928:(1933). Hanna, Phil Townsend (ed.).
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
995:
991:
989:
987:
985:
749:California mission clash of cultures
66:Regions with significant populations
27:Native American people in California
1956:. University of California Press.
1747:Jordan, Rachel (October 5, 2019).
1726:. Beacon Press. pp. 132–138.
1696:California Legislative Information
1665:Brazil, Ben (September 22, 2021).
705:Capistrano Unified School District
460:The territorial boundaries of the
408:Mexican secularization act of 1833
25:
1933:. Santa Ana, CA: Fine Arts Press.
1886:Cekola, Anna (October 28, 1993).
1816:Brazil, Ben (December 13, 2021).
1620:. U.S. Department of the Interior
1212:. Juaneño Band of Mission Indians
863:Luppi, Kathleen (June 23, 2016).
2500:Indigenous peoples of California
2140:Indigenous peoples of California
2133:
1644:Office of Federal Acknowledgment
1618:Office of Federal Acknowledgment
744:Indigenous peoples of California
647:Marine Corps Air Station El Toro
386:, the first Mexican governor of
140:
1973:History of California, Volume I
729:Population of Native California
718:lecturer of indigenous studies.
697:Clarence Lobo Elementary School
178:Indigenous people of California
2311:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
1008:Woodward, Lisa Louise (2007).
1:
1971:Hittell, Theodore H. (1898).
1143:10.1080/1947461X.2021.1997515
480:, Juaneño (highlighted), and
259:Map of Acjachemen communities
2048:. Beacon Press, Boston, MA.
1418:, which is derived from the
392:Prevenciónes de Emancipacion
328:) – Gabrieleño; named after
200:in contemporary Long Beach.
192:in the northwestern part of
2098:, Indigenous Peoples Issues
1783:Park, Brian (May 8, 2013).
1531:: 2112–16. January 12, 2023
1448:Sutton, Mark (April 2010).
714:- Chairwoman 2021-current.
490:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
225:Mission San Juan Capistrano
2518:
2485:California Mission Indians
595:unrecognized organizations
564:Contemporary organizations
444:, or lots for houses, and
71:United States (California)
2146:
2085:, San Juan Capistrano, CA
2040:Feinberg, Leslie (1996).
1926:Boscana, Gerónimo, O.F.M.
1096:Bean & Blackburn 1976
1050:. McFarland. p. 10.
112:
100:
80:
70:
60:
40:
2011:O'Neil, Stephen (2002).
897:. Berkeley. p. 31.
628:Bureau of Indian Affairs
2409:Plains and Sierra Miwok
2268:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
1875:(4). HISTREE: 62. 1985.
638:to protect the land of
585:state-recognized tribes
384:José María de Echeandía
279:
273:
1980:Kelsey, Harry (1993).
1952:Haas, Lisbeth (1996).
1466:10.1179/cal.2010.2.1.3
1454:California Archaeology
1131:California Archaeology
940:Loewe, Ronald (2016).
891:Haas, Lisbeth (2014).
693:Johnson administration
576:
485:
379:
359:belief and practice."
300:
260:
2378:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
2211:Eel River Athapaskans
1692:"BILL NUMBER: AJR 48"
618:In 1993, an Assembly
571:
551:Uto-Aztecan languages
545:spoken by the nearby
459:
374:
298:
258:
108:Related ethnic groups
2044:Transgender Warriors
1718:Gilio-Whitaker, Dina
1210:"Acjachemen History"
581:federally recognized
101:Indigenous religion,
36:Acjachemen (Juaneño)
1790:Capistrano Dispatch
677:José de Grácia Cruz
613:San Juan Capistrano
539:Acjachemen language
462:Southern California
330:Mission San Gabriel
48:José de Grácia Cruz
37:
2000:Kroeber, Alfred L.
1767:"Site Maintenance"
1557:. October 10, 2016
1377:, pp. 746–747
1098:, pp. 109–111
671:Notable Acjachemen
577:
558:John P. Harrington
541:is related to the
486:
380:
301:
261:
2467:
2466:
1963:978-0-520-20704-2
1892:Los Angeles Times
1822:Los Angeles Times
1733:978-0-8070-7378-0
1057:978-0-7864-5169-2
953:978-0-7591-2162-1
904:978-0-520-95674-2
870:Los Angeles Times
396:San Diego Mission
306:Mission San Diego
190:Las Pulgas Canyon
132:
131:
16:(Redirected from
2507:
2138:
2137:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2103:
2072:
2059:
2047:
2029:
2016:
2007:
1995:
1976:
1967:
1948:
1942:
1934:
1921:
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1902:
1900:
1898:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1864:
1858:
1857:
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1833:
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1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1797:on June 15, 2013
1793:. Archived from
1780:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1753:Abc7 Los Angeles
1744:
1738:
1737:
1714:
1708:
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1525:Federal Register
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1445:
1439:
1416:Luiseño language
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1317:, pp. 66–68
1312:
1306:
1305:, pp. 60–63
1300:
1294:
1293:, pp. 56–60
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1269:, pp. 53–55
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1245:, pp. 38–40
1240:
1234:
1233:, pp. 28–29
1228:
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1200:
1194:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1174:, pp. 68–78
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1084:
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998:, pp. 19–23
993:
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979:
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931:
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924:
916:
888:
882:
881:
879:
877:
860:
843:
840:
689:Clarence H. Lobo
661:Putuidem Village
620:Joint Resolution
573:Clarence H. Lobo
543:Luiseño language
484:language groups.
426:animal husbandry
361:Gerónimo Boscana
282:
276:
251:Pre-colonization
205:Luiseño language
194:San Diego County
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
56:Total population
45:
38:
21:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2325:Northern Paiute
2142:
2132:
2130:
2079:
2062:
2056:
2039:
2036:
2034:Further reading
2019:
2010:
1998:
1992:
1979:
1970:
1964:
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1500:edition.cnn.com
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739:Mission Indians
725:
703:as part of the
673:
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511:Anglo-Americans
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388:Alta California
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293:
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2077:External links
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1183:Lisbeth Haas,
1176:
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1137:(2): 171–201.
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2097:
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2087:
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2080:
2076:
2071:(6): 318–356.
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2055:0-8070-7940-5
2051:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2028:(4): 187–234.
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1991:0-9785881-0-X
1987:
1983:
1978:
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1969:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1950:
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1932:
1927:
1923:
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1913:
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1893:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1867:"Necrology".
1863:
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1809:
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1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
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1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:Sparkman 1908
1408:
1405:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1365:, p. 749
1364:
1359:
1356:
1353:, p. 746
1352:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1329:, p. 118
1328:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1308:
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1296:
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1287:
1284:
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1251:
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1244:
1239:
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1227:
1224:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1199:, p. 636
1198:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
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1156:
1152:
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1128:
1121:
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1109:
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1101:
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1092:
1089:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1035:(2): 226–232.
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
988:
986:
982:
977:
971:
963:
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955:
949:
945:
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936:
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928:
922:
914:
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906:
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896:
895:
887:
884:
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866:
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856:
849:
839:
836:
829:
824:
820:
817:
815:
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810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
755:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
722:
717:
713:
709:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
674:
670:
668:
664:
662:
657:
654:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
631:
629:
624:
621:
616:
614:
606:
603:
600:
599:
598:
596:
591:
588:
586:
582:
574:
570:
563:
561:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
532:
530:
528:
527:
526:Chinigchinich
517:
515:
512:
506:
504:
500:
494:
491:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
451:
449:
447:
443:
437:
435:
431:
427:
421:
417:
415:
414:
409:
405:
401:
400:Santa Barbara
397:
393:
389:
385:
378:
373:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
353:
346:
342:
339:
333:
331:
327:
323:
317:
314:
309:
307:
297:
290:
288:
284:
281:
275:
269:
265:
257:
250:
245:
243:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
214:
212:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:Orange County
183:
179:
173:
137:
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:Payómkawichum
111:
106:
99:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
30:
19:
2400:(Gabrieliño)
2384:(Fernandeño)
2289:(Bear River)
2155:
2068:
2064:
2043:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1981:
1972:
1953:
1929:
1917:
1895:. Retrieved
1891:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:
1843:"Governance"
1837:
1827:December 13,
1825:. Retrieved
1821:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:the original
1788:
1761:
1752:
1742:
1721:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1695:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1670:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1643:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1617:
1591:. Retrieved
1587:
1584:"Acjachemen"
1559:. Retrieved
1554:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1528:
1524:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:
1490:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:
1382:
1375:Hittell 1898
1370:
1363:Hittell 1898
1358:
1351:Hittell 1898
1346:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1280:Kroeber 1925
1274:
1262:
1257:, p. 45
1250:
1238:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1204:
1197:Kroeber 1925
1192:
1184:
1179:
1167:
1134:
1130:
1110:, p. 37
1108:Boscana 1933
1103:
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:
1066:
1047:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1009:
1003:
942:
935:
893:
886:
874:. Retrieved
868:
858:
838:
753:
701:San Clemente
683:Bobbie Banda
665:
658:
655:
644:
632:
625:
617:
610:
592:
589:
578:
555:
536:
524:
521:
507:
495:
487:
445:
441:
438:
430:horticulture
422:
418:
412:
410:, "neophyte
391:
381:
350:
347:
343:
334:
325:
318:
311:In 1776, as
310:
302:
285:
270:
266:
262:
240:
236:
228:
220:
218:
202:
135:
133:
103:Christianity
32:Ethnic group
29:
2404:Tübatulabal
2222:Halchidhoma
2201:Coast Miwok
2161:Ahwahnechee
1910:Works cited
1852:January 30,
1702:November 3,
1671:Daily Pilot
1650:November 3,
1624:November 3,
1593:November 3,
1561:November 3,
1535:November 3,
1505:January 30,
1460:(1): 3–30.
1424:Uto-Aztecan
1341:, p. 3
1339:Kelsey 1993
1172:O'Neil 2002
1081:January 30,
375:Acjachemen
338:land tenure
336:Indigenous
241:Acagchemem.
182:Aliso Creek
88:, formerly
61:about 1,900
2480:Acjachemen
2474:Categories
2329:Kucadikadi
2272:Lake Miwok
2186:Chemehuevi
2156:Acjachemen
2092:, Webroots
825:References
699:opened in
478:Gabrieliño
434:Californio
229:Acjachemen
211:) people.
136:Acjachemen
126:Gabrieleño
2439:Wukchumni
2343:Ramaytush
2339:Costanoan
2300:(Klamath)
2293:Mechoopda
2256:Kitanemuk
2191:Chimariko
2171:Bay Miwok
1939:cite book
1482:162210224
1474:1947-461X
1388:"History"
1327:Haas 1996
1315:Haas 1996
1303:Haas 1996
1291:Haas 1996
1267:Haas 1996
1255:Haas 1996
1243:Haas 1996
1231:Haas 1996
1216:March 21,
1159:244551127
1151:1947-461X
1072:"History"
996:Haas 1996
970:cite book
962:950751182
921:cite book
913:865853684
850:Citations
784:Lupukngna
759:Acjacheme
651:Rancheria
597:include:
382:Governor
352:monjerios
233:Acjacheme
176:) are an
76:Languages
2388:Timbisha
2382:Tataviam
2266:Kumeyaay
2251:Kawaiisu
2181:Cahuilla
2166:Atsugewi
2151:Achomawi
2002:(1925).
1897:June 21,
1720:(2019).
1676:April 9,
1436:Luiseños
1428:Shoshone
876:June 21,
814:Totpavit
794:Pajbenga
789:Moyongna
779:Hutuknga
723:See also
640:Puvungna
533:Language
518:Religion
499:smallpox
474:Diegueño
466:Cahuilla
404:Monterey
357:Catholic
280:vanquesh
221:Juaneños
96:Religion
2414:Vanyume
2371:Serrano
2366:Salinan
2360:Quechan
2320:Nomlaki
2315:Nisenan
2287:Mattole
2277:Luiseño
2235:Whilkut
2231:Chilula
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2196:Chumash
2090:Nation"
1801:June 4,
819:Puvunga
547:Luiseño
503:Luiseño
482:Luiseño
446:suertes
413:alcades
377:mortars
274:puuplem
246:History
237:Acachme
209:Luiseño
198:Puvunga
188:to the
118:Luiseño
90:Juaneño
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1931:Tribe
1478:S2CID
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1187:, 20.
1155:S2CID
830:Notes
799:Panhe
774:Genga
764:Ahunx
636:CSULB
326:keech
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