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of the gospel might always remain with you. And from those who were supposed to be acknowledged leaders (what they actually were makes no difference to me; God shows no partiality) – those leaders contributed nothing to me. On the contrary, when they saw that I had been entrusted with the gospel for the uncircumcised, just as Peter had been entrusted with the gospel for the circumcised (for he who worked through Peter making him an apostle to the circumcised also worked through me in sending me to the
Gentiles), and when James and Cephas and John, who were acknowledged pillars, recognized the grace that had been given to me, they gave to Barnabas and me the right hand of fellowship, agreeing that we should go to the Gentiles and they to the circumcised. They asked only one thing, that we remember the poor, which was actually what I was eager to do. We ourselves are Jews by birth and not Gentile sinners; yet we know that a person is justified not by the
1017:
51:
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1469:("church councils") with the intention "not to debate them, but to burn them". Such councils took place in 1488, 1490, 1494 and 1504. The councils outlawed religious and non-religious books and initiated their burning, sentenced a number of people to death, sent adherents into exile, and excommunicated them. In 1491, Zacharias the Jew was executed in Novgorod by the order of Ivan III.
1829:
382:
2274:. The polemical note sounds in the verb "compel". The element of compulsion would enter because there were Gentiles who were making claims, or for whom claims were being made, to enter into what generations of Jews had always regarded as their exclusive privileges (in terms of the argument of Galatians, into the direct line of inheritance from
961:
But even Titus, who was with me, was not compelled to be circumcised, though he was a Greek. But because of false believers secretly brought in, who slipped in to spy on the freedom we have in Christ Jesus, so that they might enslave us – we did not submit to them even for a moment, so that the truth
983:
Paul warns the early
Galatian church that gentile Christians who submit to circumcision will be alienated from Christ: "Indeed I, Paul, say to you that if you become circumcised, Christ will profit you nothing. And I testify again to every man who becomes circumcised that he is a debtor to keep the
1649:
before he was ruled to be innocent of any wrongdoing and released without charge. While the conditions of his imprisonment were never harsh and he was allowed complete access to books, according to legend, Fray Luis started his first post-Inquisition
University of Salamanca lecture with the words,
3638:"The Coptic Christians in Egypt and the Ethiopian Orthodox Christians — two of the oldest surviving forms of Christianity — retain many of the features of early Christianity, including male circumcision. Circumcision is not prescribed in other forms of Christianity... Some Christian churches in
1059:
Later Paul more explicitly denounced the practice, rejecting and condemning those
Judaizers who promoted circumcision to Gentile Christians. He accused them of turning from the Spirit to the flesh: "Are you so foolish, that, whereas you began in the Spirit, you would now be made perfect by the
729:
The inclusion of
Gentiles into early Christianity posed a problem for the Jewish identity of some of the early Christians: the new Gentile converts were not required to be circumcised nor to observe the Mosaic Law. Circumcision in particular was regarded as a token of the membership of the
1055:
he also disputes the value of circumcision. Paul made his case to the
Christians at Rome that circumcision no longer meant the physical, but a spiritual practice. He also wrote: "Circumcision is nothing and uncircumcision is nothing. Keeping God's commands is what counts."
1060:
flesh?" Paul warned that the advocates of circumcision as a condition of salvation were "false brothers". He accused the advocates of circumcision of wanting to make a good showing in the flesh, and of glorying or boasting of the flesh. Paul instead stressed a message of
800:
must first be circumcised (i.e. become Jewish through the ritual of a proselyte). Although such repressive and legalistic requirements may have made
Christianity a much less appealing religious choice for the vast majority of Gentiles, the evidence afforded in Paul's
873:
722:(i.e. Greco-Roman sympathizers which made an allegiance to Judaism but refused to convert and therefore retained their Gentile (non-Jewish) status), hence they were uncircumcised and it was not required for them to follow any of the commandments of the
1276:
Christians must not judaize by resting on the
Sabbath, but must work on that day, rather honouring the Lord's Day; and, if they can, resting then as Christians. But if any shall be found to be judaizers, let them be anathema from Christ. (Percival
2595:("making themselves foreskins"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the edict of
1453:. The latter even decided to establish his own club in the mid-1480s. However, in the end Ivan III renounced his ideas of secularization and allied with the Orthodox Christian clergy. The struggle against the adherents was led by hegumen
1594:
Sometimes, accusations of being a
Judaizer led to the persecution of Catholics of Converso descent who were completely innocent of preaching or doing anything heretical by the Catholic Church. For example, while serving as professor of
907:. Paul opposed this position, concluding that Gentiles did not need to obey to the entire Law of Moses in order to become Christians. The conflict between Paul and his Judaizing opponents over this issue came to a head with the
966:
but through faith in Jesus Christ. And we have come to believe in Christ Jesus, so that we might be justified by faith in Christ, and not by doing the works of the law, because no one will be justified by the works of the
995:
notes: "Paul, on the other hand, not only did not object to the observance of the Mosaic Law, as long as it did not interfere with the liberty of the
Gentiles, but he conformed to its prescriptions when occasion required
805:
exhibits that initially a significant number of the Galatian Gentile converts appeared disposed to adopt these restrictions; indeed, Paul strenuously labors throughout the letter to dissuade them from doing so (cf.
1228:
It is absurd to profess Christ Jesus, and to Judaize. For Christianity did not embrace Judaism, but Judaism Christianity, that so every tongue which believeth might be gathered together to God. (Roberts-Donaldson
2590:
Contact with Grecian life, especially at the games of the arena , made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by
2209:, Galatians 2:14 ἀλλ᾽ ὅτε εἶδον ὅτι οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσιν πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου εἶπον τῷ Πέτρῳ ἔμπροσθεν πάντων Εἰ σὺ Ἰουδαῖος ὑπάρχων ἐθνικῶς ζῇς καὶ οὐκ Ἰουδαϊκῶς τί τὰ ἔθνη ἀναγκάζεις Ἰουδαΐζειν.
2270:"To judaize" was a quite familiar expression, in the sense "to live like a Jew", "to adopt a distinctively Jewish way of life"-with reference to Gentiles taking up Jewish customs like observance of the
841:
for his seemingly ambivalent reaction to the Judaizers, embracing them publicly in places where their preaching was popular while holding the private opinion that their doctrines were erroneous (cf.
825:
Paul was severely critical of the Judaizers within the early church and harshly reprimanded them for their doctrines and behavior. Paul saw the Judaizers as being both dangerous to the spread of the
903:
That Gentile Christians should obey the Law of Moses was the assumption of some Jewish Christians in the early church, as represented by the group of Pharisees who had converted to Christianity in
1047:, whose mother was a Jewish Christian but whose father was a Greek, Paul personally circumcised him "because of the Jews" that were in town. Some believe that he appeared to praise its value in
2297:
Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion, 2004, p. 33: "From Paul's perspective, by withdrawing from Gentile table fellowship, Peter was sending a message to the Gentile believers of
3642:
oppose the practice, viewing it as a pagan ritual, while others, including the Nomiya church in Kenya, require circumcision for membership and participants in focus group discussions in
1686:
into Spain and the Spanish realms occurred during the Union of Crowns of Spain and Portugal, 1580–1640, when both kingdoms and their overseas empires were held by the same monarch. The
1480:
groups as having a Judaizing character; the accuracy of this label – which was influenced by the early Christian polemics against Judaizers – has been disputed. The most famous of the
3830:
2640:
portrays the foreskin, often drawn in meticulous detail, as an emblem of male beauty; and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment, known as
2599:
prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their loyalty to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons.
3514:)'—in other words, '... to live in accordance with Jewish customs'. In the Latin Bible the term occurs only at Gal. 2: 14, where it virtually transliterates the Greek
1104:
922:
that Gentile converts to Christianity did not have to go through circumcision to be saved; but in addressing the second question as to whether or not they should obey the
1293:
were "of the circumcision", although this in all likelihood is simply stating that they were Jewish Christians (as opposed to Gentile Christians), and that they observed
1570:, not only to Gentile Christians but also to Christians of Jewish extraction. Under the Spanish Inquisition, the penalty to a converted Jew for "Judaizing" was usually
1138:
The division between the Jews who followed the Mosaic Law and were circumcised and the Gentiles who were uncircumcised was highlighted in his Epistle to the Galatians:
3759:. Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Filología Española, Lingüística General y Teoría de la Literatura; Rovira Soler, José Carlos. Universidad de Alicante 2014
3626:. Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Filología Española, Lingüística General y Teoría de la Literatura; Rovira Soler, José Carlos. Universidad de Alicante 2014
1317:, when the Jewish-Christian community at Jerusalem was dispersed by the Romans during the First Jewish–Roman War. The Romans also dispersed the Jewish leadership in
1891:
1465:
of Novgorod. After uncovering adherents in Novgorod around 1487, Gennady wrote a series of letters to other churchmen over several years calling on them to convene
2278:). To safeguard the character of these privileges it was evidently seen as necessary to ensure that such claimants conformed fully to the traditional notes of the
1707:
1255:(about 140) distinguishes two kinds of Jewish Christians: those who observe the Law of Moses but do not require its observance of others—with these he would hold
767:
632:
571:
is derived, is derived from its various historical uses. Its biblical meaning is inferred and is not clearly defined beyond its obvious relationship to the word "
239:
425:
2386:"The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme"
3562:
1975 "The term Judaizante was applied to Jewish apostates to Catholicism who practiced Judaism secretly. In some instances the term was synonymous with Jew."
1441:
invited some of Zacharias's prominent adherents to visit Moscow. The Judaizers enjoyed the support of high-ranking officials, of statesmen, of merchants, of
50:
1238:
1562:. Thus, in spite of Paul's agreement at the Council of Jerusalem, Gentile Christianity came to understand that any Torah Laws (with the exception of the
3845:
3850:
796:, the Judaizers were a group of Jewish Christians who insisted that their co-religionists should follow the Mosaic Law and that Gentile converts to
544:
3311:: "Yet we see him in the case before us, circumcising Timothy with his own hand, and this 'on account of certain Jews who were in those quarters.'"
3855:
3835:
663:
both suggest that the meeting was called to debate whether male Gentiles who were converting to become followers of Jesus were required to become
2071:
Thiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.). "Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29".
1245:.) Whereas Paul acknowledged that the Law of Moses and its observance were good when used correctly ("the law is good, if one uses it lawfully",
3692:
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who practiced some traditions from Judaism secretly and sometimes to Jews who had not converted, in Spain and the New World at the time of the
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1249:), the Epistle of Barnabas condemns most Jewish practices, claiming that Jews had grossly misunderstood and misapplied the Law of Moses.
2393:
516:
3574:"The first activity of the Mexican Inquisition against Jews and Judaizantes came in 1523 with the ordinance against heretics and Jews."
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attacking circumcision, saying in chapter five: "Behold, I Paul say unto you, if ye be circumcised, Christ shall profit you nothing."
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under Louis H. Gray's entry "Judaizing" section 8 "Recrudescent forms" subsection C "Karaimites" on page 612 in Volume 7 of "
2402:
2237:
2228:
2014:
2005:
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Paul, who called himself "Apostle to the Gentiles", criticised the practice of circumcision, perhaps as an entrance into the
837:) contain considerable material disputing the view of this faction and condemning its practitioners. Paul publicly condemned
695:
3543:
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598:
3428:"Flavius Josephus, The Wars of the Jews", William Whiston, A.M., Ed., John E. Beardsley. 1895. Book II, Whiston Section 461
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1326:
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and John, who were acknowledged pillars, recognized the grace that had been given to me, they gave to Barnabas and me the
229:
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whole law. You have become estranged from Christ, you who attempt to be justified by law; you have fallen from grace." (
953:, in which he condemned those who insisted that circumcision had to be followed for justification as "false believers" (
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411:
219:
34:
3684:
1866:
787:
664:
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for example, says: "The clear implication is that gentiles are being compelled to live according to Jewish customs."
1123:, Krenkel, and others have opposed the authenticity of the Acts; an objection is drawn from the discrepancy between
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Churches all continue to practice male circumcision. In Torah-submissive Christian groups which include the
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Christian groups following Jewish practices never completely vanished, although they had been designated as
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His attitude towards circumcision varies between his outright hostility to what he calls "mutilation" in
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for Gentiles from the harsh edicts of the Law, a New Covenant that didn't require circumcision (see also
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3661:; there was never, however, a prohibition of circumcision, and it is practiced by Coptic Christians."
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for compelling Gentile converts to early Christianity to "judaize". This episode is known as the
479:
467:
1625:. But, despite being a devout and believing Christian, Fray Luis was descended from a family of
1208:...when the Syrians thought they had ruined the Jews, they had the Judaizers in suspicion also (
1004:), and he was in the very act of observing the Mosaic ritual when he was arrested at Jerusalem (
3658:
2139:"Part II: Christian Origins and Development – Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity"
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702:. Gentiles who wished to join the early Christian movement, which at the time comprised mostly
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1341:. These setbacks however didn't necessarily mean an end to Jewish Christianity, any more than
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335:
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regarding the "Law as a curse" and the futility of relying solely upon the Law for attaining
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Catholic Encyclopedia (1907–1914): Acts of the Apostles: Objections Against the Authenticity
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Massacre of 258, (when he killed all Christian bishops, presbyters, and deacons, including
1259:—and those who believe the Mosaic law to be obligatory on all, whom he considers heretics (
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1241:, it was widely circulated among Christians in the first two centuries and is part of the
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and the incident at Antioch. It has been carried on parallel to continuing debates about
2295:
Playing a Jewish Game: Gentile Christian Judaizing in the First and Second Centuries CE,
3239:
2556:
2180:
Playing a Jewish Game: Gentile Christian Judaizing in the First and Second Centuries CE
1834:
1683:
1679:
1531:
1505:
1481:
1446:
1346:
680:
667:; the rite of circumcision was considered execrable and repulsive during the period of
386:
94:
1364:
3804:
3273:
3100:
3090:"Metaphor in Religious Transformation: 'Circumcision of the Heart' in Paul of Tarsus"
3089:
3032:
2775:
2716:
2682:
2611:
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2475:
2146:
1515:
1334:
1310:(347 – 407) deal with the relationship between Christians, Jews and Judaizers.
1252:
1085:
1044:
793:
763:
668:
532:
459:
3466:"NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils | Christian Classics Ethereal Library"
2426:
1103:. However, such apparent discrepancies have led to a degree of skepticism about the
872:
3639:
3308:
2969:
1773:
1758:
1748:
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738:) insisted that Gentile converts had to be circumcised as well. Paul insisted that
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169:
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2826:
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1931:
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The influence of the Judaizers in the church diminished significantly after the
939:
888:
838:
506:
486:
84:
3508:
Augustine's Commentary on Galatians: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Notes
2385:
714:, and more. During the time period there were also "partial converts", such as
3757:
Sobre las construcciones narrativas del "judío judaizante" ante la Inquisición
3662:
3624:
Sobre las construcciones narrativas del “judío judaizante” ante la Inquisición
3265:
2625:
2301:. The message to Antiochene Gentile Christians was that they were to judaize."
2094:
1824:
1804:
1489:
1485:
883:, c. 78 AD: "we should write to them to abstain only from things polluted by
719:
707:
224:
134:
3786:
3770:
3650:
mentioned similar beliefs that Christians should practice circumcision since
3510:
p124 footnote "5 Literally, 'who were compelling Gentiles to Judaize (Latin:
3387:
3202:
2700:
2253:
2110:
2102:
2030:
1403:– "who thought to make the Gentiles live in accordance with Jewish customs."
3657:"The decision that Christians need not practice circumcision is recorded in
2616:
Approaches to Ancient Judaism, New Series: Religious and Theological Studies
2154:
1842:
1814:
1583:
1555:
1523:
1392:
1338:
1256:
1020:
735:
734:, and the most traditionalist faction of Jewish Christians (i.e., converted
715:
393:
365:
129:
3445:"St. Ignatius of Antioch to the Magnesians (Roberts-Donaldson translation)"
3247:
2418:
2226:(ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians".
2003:(ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians".
1645:
and a Judaiser. Fray Luis was accordingly imprisoned for four years by the
1633:
in Catholic universities and seminaries, caused false accusations from the
1534:
have managed to stake out territory for themselves in the Protestant camp.
2483:
2410:
2642:
2592:
2467:
1671:
1567:
1282:
1192:
931:
688:
3527:
S.V. Bulgakov "Handbook of heresies, sects and schisms", under Караимиты
2118:
2964:. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol. 185.
2454:"Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications"
2298:
2275:
2261:
2038:
1729:
1675:
1642:
1542:
This behavior was particularly persecuted from 1300 to 1800 during the
1384:
711:
633:
Circumcision controversy in early Christianity § Jewish background
451:
310:
17:
470:
and were strenuously opposed and criticized for their behavior by the
3647:
3643:
3226:
Black, C. Clifton; Smith, D. Moody; Spivey, Robert A., eds. (2019) .
3174:
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2524:
2150:
2082:
1937:
1784:
1407:
1069:
826:
340:
2245:
2022:
1437:
from Caffa led a sect of Judaizers in Russia. In 1480, Grand Prince
3542:
Gray, Louis Herbert (1914). "Judaizing". In Hastings, James (ed.).
1629:
Conversos and this, as well as his vocal advocacy for teaching the
2708:
1607:
1363:
1142:
On the contrary, when they saw that I had been entrusted with the
1072:
opposed to the submission under the Mosaic Law that constituted a
1015:
923:
871:
743:
67:
1496:(1886–1938) who successfully settled in the Holy Land from 1904.
1449:, heir to the throne) and of Ivan's favorite deacon and diplomat
896:
572:
447:
3718:
Inquisición y judaizantes en América española (siglos XVI-XVII)
3598:
Inquisición y judaizantes en América española (siglos XVI-XVII)
3411:"Flavius Josephus. The Wars Of The Jews. Book II, chapter 8.14"
833:
errors. Many of his letters included in the New Testament (the
641:
is generally dated to 48 AD, roughly 15 to 25 years after the
2781:
Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity
1739:
A list of notable contemporary groups of Judaizers includes:
754:, therefore the Mosaic Law was not binding for the Gentiles.
2743:(Revised and expanded ed.). Doubleday. pp. 19–21.
1678:) accused of continuing to observe the Jewish religion, as
708:
submission to adult male circumcision for the uncircumcised
706:, were expected to convert to Judaism, which likely meant
625:
Biblical law in Christianity § History and background
462:
as still binding on all Christians. They tried to enforce
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2669:. Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity. Vol. 66.
879:, whose judgment was adopted in the Apostolic Decree of
3613:. Tel Aviv : University Publishing Projects, 2000.
2569:"Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature"
1700:
List of Christian denominations § Judeo-Christian
3548:. Vol. 7. T and T Clark, Edinburgh. p. 612.
2313:"Supersessionism and Early Christian Self-Definition"
3672:, The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001-05.
3159:
2268:"how is it that you compel the Gentiles to judaize?"
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
2958:"'Neither circumcision nor uncircumcision, but...'"
2509:
2507:
2505:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
535:. The Christian debate over judaizing began in the
3720:. Bogota: Editorial Universidad del Rosario, 2008.
3083:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
1399:, describes Paul's opposition in Galatia as those
1224:letter to the Magnesians 10:3 written around 100:
3727:. Tel Aviv: University Publishing Projects, 2000.
3600:.Bogota: Editorial Universidad del Rosario, 2008.
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3018:
3016:
1617:both wrote and translated many immortal works of
1233:Judaizing teachers are strongly condemned in the
3585:The Golden Age: Poems of the Spanish Renaissance
3572:Zumárraga and the Mexican Inquisition, 1536-1543
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
3170:When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation
3095:. In Chilton, Paul; Kopytowska, Monika (eds.).
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2520:When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
1892:Relations between Eastern Orthodoxy and Judaism
1274:
1226:
1206:
1150:(for he who worked through Peter making him an
1140:
959:
3831:Christianity and Judaism related controversies
3733:Jewish Influence on Christian Reform Movements
2379:
2377:
2375:
1708:Circumcision controversy in early Christianity
1550:, using as a basis the many references in the
1000:). Thus he shortly after circumcised Timothy (
891:and from whatever has been strangled and from
768:Circumcision controversy in early Christianity
3635:Customary in some Coptic and other churches:
3560:The inquisitors and the Jews in the New World
2962:The New Perspective on Paul: Collected Essays
2948:
2946:
2890:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
2447:
2445:
2443:
1933:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
1051:, yet later in Romans 2 we see his point. In
419:
8:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2667:Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays
2132:
2130:
2128:
1991:
1989:
1154:also worked through me in sending me to the
1146:, just as Peter had been entrusted with the
2663:"Identity and Authority in Ancient Judaism"
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1297:and thus likely the rest of Torah as well.
1237:. (Although it did not become part of the
1131:. Some believe that Paul wrote the entire
788:Religious male circumcision § Judaism
426:
412:
29:
3287:Romans.11:13;1Timothy.2:7;2Timothy.1:11 9
2628:, along with any others who revealed the
1086:Pauline passages supporting antinomianism
930:encouraged the Gentiles to "abstain from
3685:"The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church"
3447:. Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006-02-02
2740:A Concise History of the Catholic Church
710:, following the dietary restrictions of
549:Protestant views of the Ten Commandments
1902:
1076:with God, which essentially provides a
41:
3693:Catholic Near East Welfare Association
938:, and from things strangled, and from
3097:Language, Religion and the Human Mind
1654:The term "Judaizers" was used by the
505:), when Paul publicly challenged the
7:
3750:Sábado Secreto. Periodico Judaizante
3654:and the Bible teaches the practice."
2907:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001
1950:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001
1658:and the inquisitions established in
1272:of around 365 decreed 59 laws, #29:
1166:, agreeing that we should go to the
949:Paul addresses this question in his
911:. According to the account given in
3545:Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics
3538:Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics
2394:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
2282:. This Paul regarded as compulsion.
2145:. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.).
1690:are modern day Hispanic Judaizers.
1650:"As I was saying the other day..."
1325:. Traditionally it is believed the
3587:, W.W. Norton, New York. Page 101.
3203:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Judaizers"
3113:10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0012
3025:"Gentile Sons and Seed of Abraham"
25:
3088:Bisschops, Ralph (January 2017).
1526:. Nevertheless, various sects of
1472:At various times since then, the
215:Split of Christianity and Judaism
3846:Mosaic law in Christian theology
2683:10.1163/ej.9789004153097.i-275.7
2184:Wilfrid Laurier University Press
1841:
1827:
928:James the Just, brother of Jesus
392:
380:
49:
3851:New Testament words and phrases
3725:Sobre el concepto de judaizante
3611:Sobre el concepto de judaizante
3228:"Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles"
2646:, that was aimed at elongation.
1090:Abrogation of Old Covenant laws
1053:1 Corinthians 9:20–23
675:and was especially adversed in
629:Christianity in the 1st century
527:, and many believe it has been
3856:People in the Pauline epistles
3836:Early Christianity and Judaism
3487:Christianity: An Introduction.
2403:Johns Hopkins University Press
2311:Donaldson, Terence L. (2016).
2238:Society of Biblical Literature
2229:Journal of Biblical Literature
2015:Society of Biblical Literature
2006:Journal of Biblical Literature
1476:has described several related
1457:and his followers (иосифляне,
1:
3731:Newman, Louis Israel (2012).
3489:Blackwell Publishing (2006).
2828:Christianity: An Introduction
2384:Hodges, Frederick M. (2001).
2141:. In Esler, Philip F. (ed.).
1522:because of its exposition of
1401:qui gentes cogebant iudaizare
485:The term is derived from the
466:upon the Gentile converts to
3841:Judaism in the New Testament
3232:Anatomy of the New Testament
3029:Paul and the Gentile Problem
2737:Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004).
2476:10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4
2452:Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980).
1484:'s Judaizing sects were the
1204:(66-73), written around 75:
1144:gospel for the uncircumcised
829:and propagators of grievous
784:Paul the Apostle and Judaism
545:Paul the Apostle and Judaism
27:Faction of Jewish Christians
3816:Bible-related controversies
1867:Catholic Church and Judaism
1581:was applied both to Jewish
918:, it was determined by the
698:, Christianity was part of
687:, which instead valued the
599:Young's Literal Translation
3877:
3716:Escobar Quevedo, Ricardo.
3023:Thiessen, Matthew (2016).
2632:, were the butt of ribald
1697:
1503:
1426:
1391:occurs at Galatians 2:14.
1191:"Judaizer" occurs once in
1152:apostle to the circumcised
1148:gospel for the circumcised
932:things sacrificed to idols
761:
622:
612:
595:English Bible translations
593:, which is seldom used in
454:origins, who regarded the
3787:Gentiles and Circumcision
3755:Universidad de Alicante.
3622:Universidad de Alicante.
3596:Ricardo Escobar Quevedo.
2143:The Early Christian World
2095:10.1163/15685365-12341488
1887:Protestantism and Judaism
1694:Contemporary Christianity
1200:2.18.2, referring to the
1043:of Jesus. In the case of
160:Hebrew Christian movement
3811:1st-century Christianity
3752:. OCLC Number: 174068030
2893:(3rd Revised ed.).
2356:Anchor Bible Dictionary,
2178:Murray, Michele (2004).
1936:(3rd Revised ed.).
1857:Christianity and Judaism
1512:Epistle to the Galatians
1461:or Josephinians) and by
1315:destruction of Jerusalem
1306:("against the Jews") of
1239:Christian Biblical canon
1164:right hand of fellowship
1133:Epistle to the Galatians
1012:Circumcision controversy
951:Epistle to the Galatians
803:Epistle to the Galatians
563:The meaning of the verb
537:lifetime of the apostles
277:Jewish–Christian gospels
240:Circumcision controversy
3861:Schisms in Christianity
3583:Edith Grossman (2006),
3105:Oxford University Press
3037:Oxford University Press
2899:Oxford University Press
1942:Oxford University Press
1754:Black Hebrew Israelites
1601:University of Salamanca
1548:Portuguese Inquisitions
1474:Russian Orthodox Church
1429:Heresy of the Judaizers
1397:Commentary on Galatians
1115:, Davidson, Mayerhoff,
1029:National Gallery of Art
780:New Perspective on Paul
619:History of Christianity
578:Anchor Bible Dictionary
517:Most Christians believe
474:, who employed many of
399:Christianity portal
294:Gospel of the Nazarenes
284:Gospel of the Ebionites
230:Christian anti-semitism
3821:Christian anti-Judaism
3468:. CCEL.org. 2005-06-01
3248:10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.17
2786:Grand Rapids, Michigan
2563:; Friedenwald, Aaron;
1800:Seventh-day Adventists
1736:are observed as well.
1682:. Entry of Portuguese
1524:justification by grace
1520:Protestant Reformation
1490:Karaimizing-Subbotniks
1376:
1289:4.5.3-4: the first 15
1279:
1231:
1216:It occurs once in the
1214:
1202:First Jewish–Roman War
1187:Extra-biblical sources
1184:
1158:), and when James and
1082:Justification by faith
1036:
981:
900:
677:Classical civilization
567:, from which the noun
442:were a faction of the
3826:Christian terminology
3772:Catholic Encyclopedia
3652:Jesus was circumcised
3332:1 Cor. 7:19
3179:Yale University Press
2529:Yale University Press
2411:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119
2343:(Ιουδαϊζω); see also
2137:Klutz, Todd (2002) .
1387:where the Greek verb
1373:Cathedral of Chartres
1369:Circumcision of Jesus
1367:
1295:biblical circumcision
1287:History of the Church
1019:
993:Catholic Encyclopedia
875:
851:1 Corinthians 9:20–23
847:1 Corinthians 7:17–21
750:) was sufficient for
748:Faith or Faithfulness
700:Second Temple Judaism
673:Eastern Mediterranean
597:(an exception is the
351:Expounding of the Law
289:Gospel of the Hebrews
3723:Márquez Villanueva.
3609:Márquez Villanueva.
3485:McGrath, Alister E.
3242:. pp. 187–226.
3181:. pp. 157–160.
3039:. pp. 105–115.
2972:. pp. 314–330.
2901:. pp. 1243–45.
2839:. pp. 174–175.
2792:. pp. 162–165.
2358:Vol. 3. “Judaizing.”
2182:. Waterloo, Canada:
2157:. pp. 178–190.
1810:Szekler Sabbatarians
1795:Sacred Name Movement
1780:Jews of San Nicandro
1744:Assemblies of Yahweh
1612:Renaissance humanism
1597:Biblical scholarship
1514:strongly influenced
1383:is used once in the
1327:Jerusalem Christians
1291:Bishops of Jerusalem
1262:Dialogue with Trypho
909:Council of Jerusalem
643:crucifixion of Jesus
639:Council of Jerusalem
541:Council of Jerusalem
531:and replaced by the
529:completely abrogated
346:Council of Jerusalem
3780:Jewish Encyclopedia
3558:Seymour B. Liebman
3540:" HardPress. 2013.
3434:, Tufts University.
3309:McGarvey on Acts 16
2823:McGrath, Alister E.
2597:Antiochus Epiphanes
2579:Kopelman Foundation
2574:Jewish Encyclopedia
2207:Greek New Testament
1872:Jewish Christianity
1849:Christianity portal
1704:Abrahamic religions
1668:Cartagena de Indias
1656:Spanish Inquisition
1647:Spanish Inquisition
1589:Spanish Inquisition
1518:at the time of the
1478:Spiritual Christian
1371:, sculpture in the
1357:), meant an end to
1355:Cyprian of Carthage
1300:The eight homilies
1270:Council of Laodicea
1235:Epistle of Barnabas
1105:reliability of Acts
609:In the Early Church
511:incident at Antioch
499:Greek New Testament
464:Jewish circumcision
100:Simeon of Jerusalem
43:Jewish Christianity
3793:2006-06-13 at the
3668:2007-08-08 at the
3417:on April 28, 2005.
2885:Livingstone, E. A.
2677:. pp. 30–32.
2531:. pp. 10–11.
1928:Livingstone, E. A.
1769:Christian Identity
1726:Ethiopian Orthodox
1463:Archbishop Gennady
1377:
1359:Roman Christianity
1321:in 135 during the
1037:
998:1 Corinthians 9:20
901:
772:Early Christianity
732:Abrahamic covenant
615:Early Christianity
468:early Christianity
387:Judaism portal
3386:For example, see
3257:978-1-5064-5711-6
3207:www.newadvent.org
3188:978-0-300-19051-9
3165:Fredriksen, Paula
3122:978-0-19-063664-7
3107:. pp. 1–30.
3046:978-0-19-027175-6
2979:978-3-16-149518-2
2954:Dunn, James D. G.
2916:978-0-19-280290-3
2799:978-0-8028-3167-5
2692:978-90-04-15309-7
2538:978-0-300-19051-9
2515:Fredriksen, Paula
2220:Dunn, James D. G.
2074:Novum Testamentum
1997:Dunn, James D. G.
1959:978-0-19-280290-3
1882:Messianic Judaism
1862:Christian Zionism
1790:Messianic Judaism
1764:British Israelism
1722:Eritrean Orthodox
1577:The Spanish word
1443:Yelena Stefanovna
1435:Zacharias the Jew
1351:Antipope Novatian
1331:Jewish–Roman wars
1323:Bar Kokhba Revolt
1243:Apostolic Fathers
1218:Apostolic Fathers
1097:Philippians 3:2–3
843:Philippians 3:2–3
820:Galatians 6:12–15
776:The Law of Christ
696:Paul's conversion
539:, notably at the
519:that much of the
489:word Ἰουδαΐζειν (
444:Jewish Christians
436:
435:
265:Gospel of Matthew
165:Messianic Judaism
16:(Redirected from
3868:
3746:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3681:
3675:
3633:
3627:
3620:
3614:
3607:
3601:
3594:
3588:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3519:
3504:
3498:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3441:
3435:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3413:. Archived from
3407:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3234:(8th ed.).
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3161:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3094:
3085:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3020:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2950:
2921:
2920:
2877:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2819:
2804:
2803:
2772:
2755:
2754:
2734:
2721:
2720:
2675:Brill Publishers
2655:
2649:
2648:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2587:
2585:
2553:Kohler, Kaufmann
2549:
2543:
2542:
2511:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2486:. Archived from
2449:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2390:
2381:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2308:
2302:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2266:Galatians 2:14:
2224:Reinhartz, Adele
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2134:
2123:
2122:
2087:Brill Publishers
2068:
2043:
2042:
2001:Reinhartz, Adele
1993:
1964:
1963:
1920:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1734:Saturday Sabbath
1641:of being both a
1623:Spanish language
1619:Christian poetry
1572:death by burning
1564:Ten Commandments
1552:Pauline epistles
1303:Adversus Judaeos
1182:
1170:and they to the
1033:Washington, D.C.
1025:The Apostle Paul
979:
973:Galatians 2:3–10
964:works of the law
920:Great Commission
835:Pauline epistles
816:Galatians 5:6–12
704:Jewish followers
553:Christian ethics
478:to refute their
428:
421:
414:
397:
396:
385:
384:
383:
361:Quartodecimanism
336:Aramaic of Jesus
316:Book of Elchasai
270:Epistle of James
220:Paul and Judaism
80:John the Baptist
53:
30:
21:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3801:
3800:
3795:Wayback Machine
3767:
3762:
3743:
3735:. Varda Books.
3730:
3712:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3670:Wayback Machine
3634:
3630:
3621:
3617:
3608:
3604:
3595:
3591:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3557:
3553:
3541:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3505:
3501:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3426:
3422:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3281:
3258:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3163:
3162:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3022:
3021:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2952:
2951:
2924:
2917:
2887:, eds. (2005).
2879:
2878:
2865:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2837:Wiley-Blackwell
2821:
2820:
2807:
2800:
2790:Wm. B. Eerdmans
2774:
2773:
2758:
2751:
2736:
2735:
2724:
2693:
2659:Goodman, Martin
2657:
2656:
2652:
2622:. p. 149.
2610:
2609:
2605:
2583:
2581:
2557:Hirsch, Emil G.
2551:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2513:
2512:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2451:
2450:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2335:
2331:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2293:Michele Murray
2292:
2288:
2280:covenant people
2246:10.2307/3267745
2222:(Autumn 1993).
2218:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2136:
2135:
2126:
2070:
2069:
2046:
2023:10.2307/3267745
1999:(Autumn 1993).
1995:
1994:
1967:
1960:
1944:. p. 912.
1930:, eds. (2005).
1922:
1921:
1904:
1900:
1877:Judeo-Christian
1847:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1710:
1696:
1653:
1631:Hebrew language
1540:
1508:
1502:
1455:Joseph Volotsky
1451:Fyodor Kuritsyn
1431:
1425:
1420:
1379:The Latin verb
1329:waited out the
1308:John Chrysostom
1220:collection, in
1189:
1183:
1180:Galatians 2:7–9
1178:
1014:
986:Galatians 5:2–4
980:
971:
812:Galatians 5:2–4
790:
760:
716:gate proselytes
635:
621:
613:Main articles:
611:
561:
432:
403:
391:
381:
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371:
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331:
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321:
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210:
209:
200:
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185:
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175:
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145:
144:
125:
124:
115:
114:
90:Twelve Apostles
73:in Christianity
63:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3874:
3872:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
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3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3784:
3776:
3766:
3765:External links
3763:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3747:
3742:978-1590451601
3741:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3663:"circumcision"
3655:
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3457:
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3357:
3346:
3335:
3324:
3321:Romans 2:25–29
3313:
3301:
3290:
3279:
3256:
3240:Fortress Press
3218:
3194:
3187:
3135:
3121:
3059:
3045:
2992:
2978:
2956:, ed. (2007).
2922:
2915:
2863:
2852:
2845:
2805:
2798:
2776:Hurtado, Larry
2756:
2749:
2722:
2691:
2650:
2620:Scholars Press
2612:Neusner, Jacob
2603:
2561:Jacobs, Joseph
2544:
2537:
2501:
2439:
2371:
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1528:Messianic Jews
1506:Law and Gospel
1501:
1498:
1494:Alexander Zaïd
1482:Russian Empire
1447:Ivan the Young
1427:Main article:
1424:
1421:
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1188:
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1117:Schleiermacher
1111:, Schwanbeck,
1027:, circa 1657 (
1013:
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877:James the Just
855:Romans 2:17–29
808:Galatians 4:21
759:
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681:ancient Greeks
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2750:0-385-50584-1
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2565:Broydé, Isaac
2562:
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2490:on 8 May 2020
2489:
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2195:
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2186:. p. 3.
2185:
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2166:
2164:9781032199344
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1516:Martin Luther
1513:
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1500:Protestantism
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1418:Later history
1417:
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1292:
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1284:
1281:According to
1278:
1277:Translation).
1273:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1253:Justin Martyr
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1229:Translation).
1225:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1212:Translation).
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1198:
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1186:
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1099:to praise in
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1078:justification
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989:
987:
978:
974:
968:
965:
958:
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955:Galatians 2:4
952:
947:
945:
944:Acts 15:19–29
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:
910:
906:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:Acts 15:19–29
878:
874:
870:
868:
867:Titus 1:10–16
864:
863:Romans 5:1–11
860:
859:Romans 3:9–28
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
799:
795:
794:New Testament
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:Antinomianism
758:New Testament
757:
755:
753:
749:
745:
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733:
727:
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721:
717:
713:
709:
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678:
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669:Hellenization
666:
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659:
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616:
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533:Law of Christ
530:
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508:
507:Apostle Peter
504:
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460:Old Testament
457:
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367:
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341:Yeshua (name)
339:
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309:
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299:
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259:New Testament
258:
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203:
196:
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188:
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157:
153:Recent groups
149:
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133:
131:
128:
127:
119:
118:
111:
108:
106:
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101:
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78:
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56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
3779:
3771:
3756:
3749:
3732:
3724:
3717:
3696:. Retrieved
3688:
3679:
3640:South Africa
3631:
3623:
3618:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3592:
3584:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3554:
3544:
3532:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3506:Eric Plumer
3502:
3486:
3481:
3470:. Retrieved
3460:
3449:. Retrieved
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:the original
3405:
3394:
3382:
3371:
3360:
3349:
3338:
3327:
3316:
3304:
3293:
3282:
3231:
3221:
3210:. Retrieved
3206:
3197:
3169:
3126:. Retrieved
3096:
3050:. Retrieved
3028:
2983:. Retrieved
2970:Mohr Siebeck
2961:
2889:
2881:Cross, F. L.
2855:
2827:
2780:
2739:
2666:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2624:Circumcised
2623:
2615:
2606:
2589:
2582:. Retrieved
2572:
2547:
2519:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:the original
2463:
2457:
2430:. Retrieved
2398:
2392:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2340:
2332:
2323:
2319:
2306:
2294:
2289:
2267:
2265:
2233:
2227:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2179:
2173:
2142:
2078:
2072:
2010:
2004:
1932:
1924:Cross, F. L.
1774:Hebrew Roots
1759:Bnei Menashe
1749:Bene Ephraim
1738:
1730:dietary laws
1711:
1652:
1615:Luis de León
1593:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1541:
1538:Inquisitions
1509:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1433:Skhariya or
1432:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1378:
1312:
1301:
1299:
1286:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1260:
1251:
1232:
1227:
1215:
1207:
1195:
1190:
1171:
1167:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1129:Gal. 1:17–19
1125:Acts 9:19–28
1101:Romans 3:1–2
1094:
1074:New Covenant
1058:
1049:Romans 3:1–2
1041:New Covenant
1038:
1024:
992:
990:
982:
960:
948:
902:
824:
798:Christianity
791:
728:
693:
691:positively.
647:26 and 36 AD
636:
590:
586:
584:
576:
568:
564:
562:
521:Old Covenant
515:
490:
484:
476:his epistles
472:Apostle Paul
439:
437:
189:
170:Hebrew Roots
3782:: Judaizers
3774:: Judaizers
3497:, page 174.
3298:Acts 16:1–3
3236:Minneapolis
3128:30 November
3052:30 November
2985:30 November
2630:glans penis
2470:: 121–124.
2405:: 375–405.
2338:Koine Greek
2089:: 373–391.
2017:: 459–477.
1688:Bnei Anusim
1680:Crypto-Jews
1660:Mexico City
1605:Augustinian
1558:, known as
1412:5th century
1172:circumcised
1002:Acts 16:1–3
940:fornication
934:, and from
889:fornication
720:God-fearers
665:circumcised
589:comes from
487:Koine Greek
482:positions.
235:Constantine
183:Pejoratives
85:Simon Peter
3805:Categories
3710:References
3698:31 October
3516:ioudaizein
3472:2011-09-16
3451:2011-09-16
3266:1082543536
3212:2018-03-20
2709:2006049637
2626:barbarians
1805:Subbotniks
1698:See also:
1635:Dominicans
1579:Judaizante
1504:See also:
1486:Karaimites
1459:iosiflyane
1389:ioudaizein
1343:Valerian's
1222:Ignatius's
1197:Jewish War
1006:Acts 21:26
762:See also:
746:(see also
724:Mosaic Law
679:both from
645:, between
623:See also:
525:superseded
491:Ioudaizein
452:non-Jewish
446:, both of
306:Clementine
225:Marcionism
135:Elcesaites
3689:cnewa.org
3512:iudaizare
3432:Tufts.edu
3376:Gal. 3:13
3274:242771713
2860:Acts 15:1
2717:161369763
2701:1871-6636
2638:Greek art
2584:3 January
2494:3 January
2432:3 January
2336:from the
2254:0021-9231
2155:Routledge
2111:0048-1009
2103:1568-5365
2031:0021-9231
1815:Yehowists
1718:Ethiopian
1672:Conversos
1621:into the
1584:conversos
1556:salvation
1445:(wife of
1408:heretical
1393:Augustine
1381:iudaizare
1339:Decapolis
1319:Jerusalem
1257:communion
1247:1 Tim 1:8
1193:Josephus'
1062:salvation
1021:Rembrandt
905:Acts 15:5
887:and from
831:doctrinal
752:salvation
736:Pharisees
658:Galatians
603:Galatians
585:The word
523:has been
495:used once
480:doctrinal
440:Judaizers
366:Shekhinah
208:Adversity
195:Legalists
190:Judaizers
140:Nazarenes
130:Ebionites
3791:Archived
3666:Archived
3399:Gal. 5:2
3365:Gal 6:12
3354:Gal. 2:4
3343:Gal. 3:3
3167:(2018).
3101:New York
3033:New York
2966:Tübingen
2825:(2006).
2778:(2005).
2661:(2007).
2643:epispasm
2614:(1993).
2593:epispasm
2517:(2018).
2468:Elsevier
2427:29580193
2419:11568485
2368:Gal 2:14
2341:Ioudaizō
2147:New York
2119:24735868
1821:See also
1776:Movement
1728:church,
1676:Marranos
1639:heresies
1568:anathema
1560:legalism
1530:such as
1439:Ivan III
1283:Eusebius
1177:—
1168:Gentiles
1156:Gentiles
1113:De Wette
1064:through
1008:sqq.)."
970:—
689:foreskin
587:Judaizer
569:Judaizer
253:Writings
35:a series
33:Part of
3659:Acts 15
2484:6994325
2459:Urology
2299:Antioch
2276:Abraham
2272:sabbath
2262:3267745
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2039:3267745
1643:Marrano
1637:of the
1599:at the
1566:) were
1544:Spanish
1410:by the
1395:in his
1385:Vulgate
1337:in the
1210:Whiston
1045:Timothy
977:2:15–16
792:In the
712:kashrut
694:Before
671:of the
605:2:14).
591:judaize
575:." The
565:judaize
497:in the
458:of the
356:Sabbath
311:Didache
61:Figures
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3739:
3648:Malawi
3644:Zambia
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1785:Makuya
1714:Coptic
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1666:, and
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1467:sobors
1423:Russia
1160:Cephas
1070:Christ
895:..." (
827:Gospel
786:, and
744:Christ
685:Romans
631:, and
559:Origin
551:, and
448:Jewish
329:Issues
3270:S2CID
3093:(PDF)
2713:S2CID
2634:humor
2466:(1).
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2258:JSTOR
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1898:Notes
1608:friar
1492:like
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1121:Bleek
1066:faith
936:blood
924:Torah
893:blood
885:idols
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740:faith
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3737:ISBN
3700:2015
3646:and
3491:ISBN
3262:OCLC
3252:ISBN
3183:ISBN
3130:2019
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2987:2019
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991:The
967:law.
913:Acts
897:NRSV
718:and
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656:and
651:Acts
637:The
617:and
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