Legal aid - Knowledge

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increasingly regarded as consumers, who should be able to choose among services. Where it was not possible to provide such a choice, citizens were given the right to voice their dissatisfaction through administrative complaints processes. This resulted in tension, as legal aid was not designed to offer advice to those seeking redress through administrative complaints processes. Tensions also began to emerge as states which emphasised individual enforcement of economic, social, and cultural rights, rather than collective enforcement through policies, reduced funding for legal aid as a welfare state provision. Individual enforcement of welfare entitlement requires the kind of legal aid funding states emphasising collective enforcement were more likely to provide.

145:. As classic welfare states were built in the 1940s and following World War II, an underlying principle was that citizens had collective responsibility for economic, social and cultural rights; and the state assumed responsibility for those unable to provide for themselves through illness and unemployment. The enforcement of economic, social and cultural rights was to be collective, through policies rather than individual legal action. Laws were enacted to support welfare provisions, though these were regarded as laws for planners, not lawyers. Legal aid schemes were established, as it was assumed that the state had a responsibility to assist those engaged in legal disputes, but they initially focused primarily on family law and divorce. 433:, the oldest and largest human rights firm since 1974. It was through FLAG's innovative use of developmental legal aid, which included pro-bono legal service as well as free allowances to clients who were financially incapacitated, that free legal service became standard practice in the country. Later on, laws were introduced that would require newly licensed barristers to give free legal service to the poor for a stipulated and fixed duration of time. The most famous law on developmental legal aid is called the Community Legal Aid Service (CLAS) Rule. The CLAS Rule applies to lawyers who are in their first year of practice. Many developmental legal services are provided by most law firms and NGOs in the Philippines. 929:

The council is a government agency under the supervision of the Nigerian Ministry of Justice. The council was set up through Decree 56 of 1976, and was adopted into the 1979 constitution as Section 42 (40)(b). It was amended to Legal Aid (Amendment) Decree No.10 of 1986, to add civil matters to the council's jurisdiction. This was further amended to Decree 22 of 1994 to include damages for breach of fundamental human rights as guaranteed under the 1979 Constitution; The Decree was later codified into the Legal Aid Council Act Cap L9 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004 and the Legal Aid Act Cap L9, 2004 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN), and all these amendments were consolidated in the 2011 Legal Aid Act.

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desperation of an individual. Critiques assert that these asymmetrical, schematically constructed client profiles are required of civic legal aid programs in the capitalist framework of the United States as a tool to appeal to donors and other sources of funding. These representations and assessments of who seeks and deserves legal aid are argued to contribute to a culture of blaming the victims of poverty, as the narratives exclude the role the state and other civic stakeholders play in the creation of these client circumstances. However, legal aid is not provided in civil suits, nor deportation procedures, as these are not criminal proceedings. Some cities and a few states have passed

1109:, established the Australian Legal Aid Office. Murphy recognised the urgent need for legal aid in order for justice to be equally available for all. Murphy recognised that: "one of the basic causes of the inequality of citizens before the laws is the absence of adequate and comprehensive legal aid arrangements throughout Australia ... The ultimate object of the Government is that legal aid be readily and equally available to citizens everywhere in Australia and that aid be extended for advice and assistance of litigation as well as for litigation in all legal categories and in all courts." (Senator the Hon 393:

Act, 1987 made drastic changes in the field of legal services. It is an Act to constitute legal services authorities to provide free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of the society to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities, and to organize Lok Adalats to secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity.

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the Council covers legal representation for indigent Nigerians in case of murder of any degree, manslaughter, malicious or grievous hurt, common assault or assault with bodily harm, affray, stealing, rape and armed robbery. The Council mostly assists persons whose earning is below the national minimum wage although exceptions can be made in rare instances. It also provides free legal services to those in custodial centres.

4503: 4517: 1120:(LAC Act), which established cooperative arrangements between the Australian Government and state and territory governments, under which legal aid would be provided by independent legal aid commissions to be established under state and territory legislation. The process of establishing the LACs took more than a decade. It commenced in 1976 with the establishment of the Legal Aid Commission of 266: 509:. While many critical justice sector reforms have been undertaken throughout the region, the mechanisms to ensure individuals' access to legal information and assistance often remain inadequate and ineffective. Consequently, many people—especially those who are poor or otherwise disadvantaged—are left without any real access to legal counsel in both criminal and non-criminal matters. 579:

by law. Legal aid is granted for all grades or stages of the trial, including all further connected incidental and contingent proceedings. It is granted before Tribunals, Courts of Appeal, the Supreme Court, surveillance courts and judges, Regional Administrative Tribunals, Judicial Review Committees, Provincial and Regional Fiscal Commissions and the State Auditors' Court.

110:, and the provision of legal aid by a state is influenced by attitudes towards welfare. Legal aid is a welfare provision by the state to people who could otherwise not afford counsel from the legal system. Legal aid also helps to ensure that welfare provisions are enforced by providing people entitled to welfare provisions, such as social housing, with access to 856:

determining the provision of legal aid. The Board provides legal aid to all "qualifying indigent individuals" with an income of R600.00 or less. If individuals do not meet this qualification they are provided other methods of obtaining a lawyer, such as hiring one or, if this is not within their means, finding one who will work

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Management, Finance and Accounts, International Operations and Corporate Affairs and Planning, Research and Statistics departments. The council has offices in all the 36 States of Nigeria and the Federal capital territory headed by State coordinators who report to the zonal officers in the 6 geopolitical of the country.

845:". The informal "indigenous laws" are substantially different from the rest of the nation's laws and customs, hindering the provision of legal advice. However, the indigenous justice system in South Africa does not require representation, thus essentially eliminating the need for accessible legal aid. 1089:

Legal aid commissions use a mixed model to deliver legal representation services. A grant of assistance legal representation may be assigned to either a salaried in-house lawyer or referred to a private legal practitioner. The mixed model is particularly advantageous for providing services to clients

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All of these services exist and are protected by subsidies and incentives. However, these services have been open to criticism, with some saying that these extensive services that are unique to South Africa do not matter if there is no adequate education that these options are available to people. In

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recognized a need for legal aid, and responded by creating the South African Legal Aid Board which began its work in 1971 and now provides the majority of legal aid throughout the country. The Board has autonomy and is independent from government in its decision-making, and has sole jurisdiction over

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said that legal aid had become considerably less available in England and Wales from 2012, which had, "overwhelmingly affected the poor and people with disabilities, many of whom cannot otherwise afford to challenge benefit denials or reductions and are thus effectively deprived of their human rights

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Legal aid in Italy is a service to allow everyone to be assisted by a lawyer or by an expert witness free of any legal fees or costs in all criminal, civil, administrative, accounting or fiscal proceeding and "voluntary jurisdiction" and whenever the presence of a lawyer or expert witness is required

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In Denmark, applicants must satisfy the following criteria to receive legal aid for civil cases: The applicant must not earn more than kr. 289,000 ($ 50,000) a year and the claims of the party must seem reasonable. In respect to criminal cases, the convicted will only have to cover the costs if he or

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In the civil side, Order XXXIII. R.18 of the Code of Civil Procedure 1908 provided that the state and central governments may make supplementary provisions as it thinks fit for providing free legal services to those who have been permitted to sue as an indigent person. The Legal Services Authorities

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The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by

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basis. In the early 20th century, many European countries had no formal approach to legal aid, and the poor relied on the charity of lawyers. Most countries went on to establish laws that provided for the payment of a moderate fee to duty solicitors. To curb demand, legal aid was restricted to lawyer

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In the 1980s, the role of the classic welfare state was no longer regarded as necessarily positive, and welfare was increasingly provided by private entities. Legal aid was increasingly provided through private providers, but they remained focused on providing assistance in court cases. Citizens were

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and the welfare provisions they as individuals were entitled to. Mechanisms emerged through which citizens could legally enforce their economic, social, and cultural rights, and welfare lawyers used legal aid to advise those on low income when dealing with state officials. Legal aid was extended from

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In the 1950s and 1960s, the role of the welfare state changed, and social goals were no longer assumed to be common goals. Individuals were free to pursue their own goals. The welfare state in this time expanded, along with legal aid provisions, as concerns emerged over the power of welfare providers

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which are engaged in relation to social security, housing, social care, health, and education service provision, which may be provided publicly or privately, as well as employment law and anti-discrimination legislation. Jurists such as Mauro Cappelletti argue that legal aid is essential in providing

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In Canada, the modern system of legal aid developed after the federal government instituted a system of cost-sharing between the federal and provincial governments in the early 1970s. The federal financial contribution was originally set at 50% of the cost of the legal aid system, but that level of

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The main objective of the constitutional amendments was to enhance access to justice for as many as seek redress by expanding the scope of free legal advice, assistance, representation and to provide Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) as a means of speedy pathway to getting justice. The mandate of

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in South Africa, nearly 85% of all lawyers in South Africa are white. The government has determined greater racial diversity in the field of law is a priority and there are travelling "clinics" to help provide education on South African law throughout the country, with the aim of spreading knowledge

683:, said funding was being provided for "unnecessary litigation", something which he viewed as "unaffordable" and "spiralling legal costs". He also noted that before the introduction of LASPO, England and Wales were spending £39 per head of the population on legal aid compared with only £8 per head in 544:

In civil cases including employment, administrative, constitutional, and social cases, assistance under the Legal Advice Scheme Act (in the form of advice and, where necessary, representation) is given. In criminal cases, the defendant has a right to counsel, and in certain cases when the penalty is

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Legal Aid Council, Nigeria was established to provide legal services and access to justice to poor and marginalized Nigerians whose rights have been breached and who cannot afford the services of legal practitioners or who do not have the financial means to seek redress through the judicial system.

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has also had an impact on legal aid providers, who say they are "dismay at...such deep and arbitrary cuts" to legal aid. There have been 37 legal aid providers which have collapsed since April 2020, which is more than 70 offices. This has caused barristers who offer legal aid to feel their role has

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emerged that challenged the social policies of governments. They gained passage of laws to provide workers with legal rights in the event of illness or accidents, in an attempt to prevent industrial action by industrial workers. Workers unions in turn started to provide workers with legal advice on

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More than 80% of the Legal Aid Board's funding is directed towards provision of defence advocates in criminal cases. This is generally explained in South Africa as being the result of two causes: the majority of crimes being committed by those who are poor, and the provision of defence in criminal

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AO QC, Attorney General) The establishment of the Australian Legal Aid Office in 1973 was followed by the establishment of state-based Legal Aid Commissions. These offices now provide the majority of free or lowcost legal assistance to those in need. In 1977, the Australian Government enacted the

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The Australian Government and most state and territory governments also fund community legal centres, which are independent, non-profit organisations which provide referral, advice and assistance to people with legal problems. Additionally, the Australian Government funds financial assistance for

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has a federal system of government comprising federal, state and territory jurisdictions. The Australian (Commonwealth) and state and territory governments are each responsible for the provision of legal aid for matters arising under their laws. In addition there is a network of approximately 200

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cases and Article 6.1 of the same Convention both for civil and criminal cases. Especially for citizens who do not have sufficient financial means, the provision of legal aid to clients by governments increases the likelihood, within court proceedings, of being assisted by legal professionals for

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Everyone is allowed to take legal action for the protection of her/his rights and legitimate interests. Defence is an inviolable right at any grade of the proceedings. The means of action and defence before all Courts are guaranteed to the indigent by public institutions. The law determines the

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Though legal aid aims to create more equity in the sphere of legal practices, according to a 1985 article, aid offered is often limited in its quality or its social impact by economic constraints that dictate who can access these services and where the aforementioned services are geographically

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in 1999, legal aid provision is supply driven, not demand driven, leading to wide gaps between provisions that meet perceived needs and actual demand. Legal service initiatives, such as neighbourhood mediation and legal services, frequently have to close due to lack of demand, while others are

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The discussion surrounding legal aid and who is privileged to such a service has been criticized by law academics who assert that those who dominate and write the narratives of people who seek legal aid are individuals who benefit from the client narrative being one of inescapable poverty and

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said, "If we really wanted to make substantial reforms to the criminal justice system, it was almost impossible with the continuation of austerity." Litigants in person do not know what evidence to bring or what questions to ask. During divorce and separation cases far fewer couples take up

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The Council formulates policies while the management committee headed by the Director-General is in charge of the day-to-day operation of the organization. It works mainly through 7 departments headed by Directors namely; Criminal Justice, Civil Justice, Prison Decongestion, Human Resource

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The legal aid system in New Zealand provides Government-funded legal assistance to those who are unable to afford a lawyer. Legal aid is available for almost all court actions across all levels of the court system. This includes criminal charges, civil issues, family disputes, appeals and

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fears the effectiveness of legal aid is being reduced. Wilson said cuts to legal aid prevent the disadvantaged from exercising their human rights. He also says that even in areas were legal aid is allowed, the payment to lawyers is so low that many of them stop providing legal aid. The

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proceedings. Civil law countries are more likely to emphasise the right to counsel in civil proceedings, and therefore provide legal aid where a lawyer is required. Common law countries emphasise the right to counsel and provide legal aid primarily in relation to criminal proceedings.

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The council had initiated the Police Duty Solicitors Scheme (PDSS) in 2004 in partnership with the Open Society for Justice Initiative (OSJI) and the Nigeria Police Force to curtail long excessive pretrial detention and associated human rights abuses by providing free legal advice to

601:. In 2009, legal aid in England and Wales cost the taxpayer £2bn a year – a higher per capita spend than anywhere else in the world – and was available to around 29% of adults. However, availability and level of provision of legal aid have greatly decreased since 2012 as a result of 468:

on the grounds and rationality of the law. Among the provisions that is being questioned is Section 29 on detention without judicial warrant of arrest in which a suspect can be arrested even without a warrant of arrest and detained for up to 24 days, which echoed back to the days of

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cases being a priority compared to civil suits. Prior to the enactment of the 1994 Constitution, 80% of all people tried as criminals went unrepresented, as there was no right to a defence and no obligation on the government to provide that defence. Upon adoption of the 1994

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Disabled people disputing benefit claims are usually denied legal aid forcing them to deal with complex and distressing cases without help. The numbers disputing when benefits are denied have fallen drastically and it is feared the most vulnerable are losing out.

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was delayed because legal aid was unavailable. This has been cited as the effect of a reduction in government-funding for legal aid agencies in Australia and led to an increase in popularity for online legal aid resources such as the Law Handbook and LawAnswers.

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In July 1997, the Australian Government changed its arrangements to directly fund legal aid services for Commonwealth law matters. Under this arrangement, the states and territories fund assistance in respect of their own laws. In 2013, a murder trial in the

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In the 20th century, legal aid developed together with progressive principles; it has often been supported by those members of the legal profession who felt that it was their responsibility to care for those on low income. Legal aid became driven by what

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and ensure access to the right of defense (in civil, administrative and criminal cases) to persons not able to independently obtain the services of a lawyer due to the inability to pay for them from their income (less than €10,776.33 per capita).

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This Article emphasises that free legal service is an inalienable element of 'reasonable, fair and just' procedure, for without it a person suffering from economic or other disabilities would be deprived of the opportunity for securing justice.

825:. Legal Aid in Scotland is also available in Criminal Cases, where more than 90% of Summary applications are granted. An Interests of Justice test is applied, as well as a means test. In Solemn case (Jury Trials) the Court assesses Legal Aid. 628:), and corporate cases. Family cases are also sometimes covered. Depending on the type of case, legal aid may or may not be means tested and in some cases legal aid can be free to those on benefits, out of work and have no savings or assets. 944:

The council has a governing board which is made up of 15 members who are appointed by the President and drawn from the office of the Attorney General of the Federation, the Federal Ministry of Finance, the Inspector General of Police, the

1033:" model comprises non-profit clinics serving a particular community through a broad range of legal services (e.g. representation, education, law reform) and provided by both lawyers and non-lawyers, similar to community health clinics. 1085:

funds the provision of legal aid for Commonwealth family, civil and criminal law matters under agreements with state and territory governments and LACs. The majority of Commonwealth matters fall within the family law jurisdiction.

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Legal aid for both Commonwealth and state matters is primarily delivered through state and territory legal aid commissions (LACs), which are independent statutory agencies established under state and territory legislation. The

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maintained ability to get justice had been "significantly undermined". There were roughly 1,000 fewer civil legal aid providers in 2018 since 2011–12, with most of the providers being based in London. Richard Miller of the

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offices; they provide advice in police stations and advocacy in magistrates and crown courts. Civil legal aid is provided through solicitors and barristers in private practice but also by lawyers working in

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are employed by levels of government on salary solely to provide legal assistance to qualifying low-income clients, similar to staff doctors in a public hospital. In a "judicare" model, private lawyers and

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Most developmental legal aid services are provided by grassroots organizations, human rights-based non-governmental organizations (NGOs), or are stipulated by constitutional laws by some Asian governments.

1151:. It was found that although there is no absolute right to have publicly funded counsel, in most circumstances a judge should grant any request for an adjournment or stay when an accused is unrepresented. 656:(LASPO), which came into force in 2013. LASPO triggered an immediate 46% plunge in the number of cases in which legal aid was granted, from 925,000 in 2012 to just 497,000 cases in the following year. The 1016:. A number of delivery models for legal aid have emerged in the United States. The Legal Services Corporation was authorized at the federal level to oversee these programs. In a "staff attorney" model, 920:

has encouraged South African law schools to expand their reach and establish travelling "legal clinics" and encouraging schools to add a "legal literacy curriculum" to spread knowledge of this area.

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Criminal legal aid is generally provided through private firms of solicitors and barristers in private practice. A limited number of public defenders are directly employed by the Legal Aid Agency in

660:(LASPO) stopped aid for areas of law that include family, welfare, housing, and debt. There are complaints that cuts to legal aid from LASPO have prevented the poorest people getting justice. 762: 657: 653: 606: 774:) from the city centre. It has been revealed that these providers receive a median net annual income of £27,000, which is less than the starting salary for a graduate manager at Aldi. The 726:

said this has led to vulnerable people representing themselves in court, with many defendants paying towards their defence (sometimes nearly as expensive as paying for a private lawyer).

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The government's rationale for introducing LASPO was because people who could clearly afford their own legal fees were abusing the system, and cases which could clearly be settled with

460:, which would arrest any dissident due to loose definitions in the law on who might be marked as "terrorists". This has incited protests from the masses as well as from FLAG chairman 408: 848:

Mimicking the British legal system, South Africa has barristers, which work in the senior courts, and solicitors, which provide out-of-court advice and work in the lower courts.

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prosecution who cannot afford to hire an attorney are not only guaranteed legal aid related to the charges, but they are guaranteed legal representation, either in the form of

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South Africa is a country that has reconstructed its legal systems in an attempt to mimic Western democratic countries, creating an arguably more just and fair justice system.

482: 2064: 230:. Demand for these services was high and in an attempt to provide workers with non-partisan advice, many governments started to provide legal aid by the early 20th century. 743:

of the Law Centres Network, maintained the legal aid market was, "failing" since cuts, "shattered local ecologies of advice," and that it is vital law centres are rebuilt.

2916: 1132:. The cooperative arrangements that were established by the LAC Act provided for Commonwealth and state and territory legal aid funding agreements, which began in 1987. 1013: 464:. FLAG, alongside fellow columnists, statesmen, and political detainees responded with issuing the legal challenge G.R. No. 252741 against Duterte's Executive Secretary 517:, qualifying persons (usually those who evidence inadequacy of funds) can apply to the courts or the Czech Bar Association to have an attorney appointed to them. 485:

provides that legal aid will be made available to those who lack sufficient resources, in so far as such aid is necessary to ensure effective access to justice.

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The actual delivery of legal aid is by the provincial level of government, as part of provincial jurisdiction over the administration of justice. For example,

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By way of history, the Australian Government established the Legal Services Bureaux in 1942 to develop a national system. In 1973 the Attorney-General in the

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welfare states that focused on the individual. States acted as contractors and service providers within a market-based philosophy that emphasised the

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For those who seek assistance and are aware of their own role in the justice system, legal aid in South Africa is available through:

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What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

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South Africa has a national judiciary as well as, in some areas, a tribal form of administration of justice. This is described as "

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Developmental legal assistance or developmental legal aid, as it is often called in the Philippines, has come a long way since the

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The council has also led the charge in the certification of curriculum for Paralegal Studies in Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria.

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Legal aid is means-tested. In practice it is available only to less than one-quarter of the population. It is administered by the

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analysis found up to a million people are in areas without legal aid for housing, and 15 million are in areas with one provider.

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could offer to meet the "legal needs" of those they have identified as poor, marginalised or discriminated against. According to

178:" waived court fees for the poor and provided for the appointment of duty solicitors for those who could not afford to pay for a 1116: 770:

there are now no legal aid providers for immigration or asylum, with the closest provider being 37.6 miles (60.5 km) away (

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are paid to handle cases from eligible clients alongside cases from fee-paying clients, much like doctors are paid to handle

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for jeopardising neutrality of the provision of legal aid. They voted en bloc against the whole package of reorganisation of

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were unnecessarily being taken to court. This can be seen in the government's response to legal aid reforms in 2011, where

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legal aid is provided by the Italian Law DPR n. 115/2002 – Articles. 74–141. It is intended to implement Article 24 of the

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arrested all political dissidents. Once Diokno was released 718 days later, the attorney and former senator founded the

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government was obliged to create organizations such as the Legal Aid Board to help facilitate access to legal aid.

852: 815: 649: 498: 412: 283: 359:, which chiefly oversees cultural matters and local administration. This was heavily criticized by the opposition 352: 98:(Australia) or a variety of other organisations which provide various forms of legal aid in and outside of court. 4199: 3286: 3228: 2506: 1137: 617: 2298:"Expanding and Sustaining Clinical Legal Education in Developing Countries: What We Can Learn from South Africa" 1459: 337: 3994: 3976: 3243: 3208: 3153: 3039: 2454: 1385: 1160: 1102: 1045: 1026: 962: 917: 822: 714: 190: 3645: 782:, it can sometimes take years for payments to come through to them. This is due to cashflow problems with the 70:

Legal aid is essential to guaranteeing equal access to justice for all, as provided for by Article 6.3 of the

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is the provision of assistance to people who are unable to afford legal representation and access to the

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Tamanaha, Brian Z. (September 2008). "Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global".

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mediation. Without lawyers no one is around to point out less confrontational ways of settling matters.

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and professionals. In the 1960s and 1970s, demand rose for the right of individuals to legally enforce

2065:"Thirty-seven and rising: the number of legal aid providers lost since the early days of the pandemic" 1600: 818:. There is a separate system of criminal legal aid, and legal aid is also available for legal advice. 740: 624:, most personal injury cases (which are now dealt with under Conditional Fee Agreements, a species of 4249: 3595: 3218: 3178: 3059: 1145: 1091: 558: 545:

at least one year of confinement, the defendant can be given counsel even against his or her wishes.

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believe that this level of pay should be made fairer. Whilst legal aid lawyers are funded by the

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Abel, Richard L. (February 1985). "Law without Politics: Legal Aid under Advanced Capitalism".

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that have sparked worldwide debates on the potential legal repercussions of Duterte's actions.

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Securing Equal Justice for All: A Brief History of Civil Legal Assistance in the United States

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legal services under certain statutory schemes and legal services for Indigenous Australians.

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Prior to the mid-20th century, literature on legal aid emphasised collective enforcement of

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This article is about legal assistance in general. For organizations named "Legal Aid", see

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have also closed due to funding cuts adding to the problems of people needing legal aid.

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said it can be very difficult to find legal aid providers willing to take on a case.

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maintains restrictions to legal aid are preventing defendants getting a fair trial.

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individuals with access to justice, by allowing the individual legal enforcement of

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As, Hennie van (April 2005). "Legal aid in South Africa: making justice reality".

998:, and Commission des Services Juridiques does the same in the province of Quebec. 332:

A unitary jurisdiction, Hong Kong provides legal aid solely provided through the

4502: 4443: 4384: 4374: 4171: 4166: 4004: 3905: 3821: 3780: 3747: 3712: 3635: 3559: 3509: 3424: 3029: 2824: 1128:(LACV), and ended in 1990 with the establishment of the Legal Aid Commission of 750: 719: 684: 461: 440: 265: 218: 83: 1557: 4507: 4436: 4316: 4254: 3999: 3920: 3915: 3873: 3855: 3843: 3804: 3650: 3640: 3600: 3585: 3569: 3519: 3456: 3451: 3034: 2606:"Legal Aid Delivery Models in Canada: Past Experience and Future Developments" 2263: 1841: 1653:"Cuts that hurt: The impact of legal aid cuts in England on access to justice" 807: 736: 723: 637: 527: 473:

that allowed the proliferation of developmental legal aid in the first place.

194: 127: 91: 44:. Legal aid is regarded as central in providing access to justice by ensuring 2271: 4414: 4379: 4321: 4296: 4161: 4058: 4046: 4031: 4019: 3947: 3865: 3838: 3722: 2655:"The Power of Story: How Legal Aid Narratives Affect Perceptions of Poverty" 1069: 864: 602: 179: 2894: 1056:, which provides legal representation and aid for tenants facing eviction. 2676: 1991:"Strain of legal aid cuts shows in family, housing and immigration courts" 34:

Provision of free or low-cost legal representation to disadvantaged people

4463: 4448: 4151: 4036: 3833: 3377: 3276: 3114: 2480:"Police duty solicitors scheme will be fully implemented, says Abuja NBA" 1911: 1906: 1759: 1129: 1037: 1022: 884: 771: 184: 135: 117:

Historically, legal aid has played a strong role in ensuring respect for

2177: 1935:"Revealed: legal aid cuts forcing parents to give up fight for children" 17: 4353: 4301: 4281: 4229: 4041: 3959: 3775: 3737: 3685: 3079: 3024: 3009: 2994: 2344: 1842:"Legal aid cuts restrict access to justice, say supreme court justices" 1356: 290: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 240: 131: 1439:"ANALYSIS-Deep Dive, Community legal aid service: Too much, too soon?" 4453: 4306: 4051: 3942: 3937: 3883: 3554: 2878: 2169: 2019:"UN poverty envoy laments 'gutting' of legal aid in austerity report" 1861:"Jump in unrepresented defendants as legal aid cuts continue to bite" 1815:"Justice 'only for the wealthy': Law Society condemns legal aid cuts" 1017: 767: 502: 154:

family law to a wide range of economic, social, and cultural rights.

57: 2883: 2336: 1393: 182:. Initially the expectation was that duty solicitors would act on a 2050:

ASSESSING THE CONSEQUENCES OF LEGAL AID REFORM IN ENGLAND AND WALES

1963:"How legal aid cuts filled family courts with bewildered litigants" 1239:

The Transformation of Legal Aid: Comparative and Historical Studies

1044:, or in absence of provisions for such or due to case overloads, a 1012:

Legal aid in criminal cases is a universal right guaranteed by the

189:

costs in judicial proceedings requiring a lawyer. Countries with a

4394: 4338: 4244: 4085: 3888: 3387: 621: 493:

According to PILnet: the Global Network for Public Interest Law,

82:

A number of delivery models for legal aid have emerged, including

810:. It is also available for some statutory tribunals, such as the 798:

Legal aid is in principle available for all civil actions in the

4276: 4224: 4080: 3478: 3394: 2757: 2643:, pp. 10 and 29. Center for Law and Social Policy, November 2003 2608:. Faculty of Law, University of British Columbia. Archived from 1933:

Bowcott, Owen; Hill, Amelia; Duncan, Pamela (26 December 2018).

1787:"Access to justice under threat in UK, says supreme court judge" 3321: 2898: 1417:"No cause more worthy: Ka Pepe Diokno's fight for human rights" 766:

been "driven to extinction" due to job losses. For example, in

3348: 710: 505:

have been in the process of reforming and restructuring their

367:, of which the transfer of the Legal Aid Department was part. 259: 174:

movement of the 19th-century continental European countries. "

2889: 2735: 574:

conditions and legal means to remedy miscarriages of justice.

2507:"[FULL LIST] FG Inaugurates Legal Aid Council Board" 2403:"Legal Aid Council and challenges of fulfilling its mandate" 1699:"Disabled people lose legal aid in 99% of benefits disputes" 1671:"Senior judge warns over 'shaming' impact of legal aid cuts" 1309:"Law without Politics: Legal Aid under Advanced Capitalism" 2455:"Legal Aid Council To Give Free Services To Keffi Inmates" 2204:"The Delivery of Civil Legal Aid Services in South Africa" 890:

Candidate attorneys in rural law firms funded by the state

806:

in Scotland, with the significant exception of actions of

733:

says he has to turn away people from legal aid every day.

658:

Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012

654:

Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012

607:

Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012

1558:"How To Germany – German Law and the German Legal System" 902:

State funded justice centers (one stop legal aid centers)

526:

she has a considerable fixed income – this is to prevent

2214:(Symposium Issue): S111–S142 – via Heinonline.org. 868:

as wide as possible, though especially in poorer areas.

79:

free or at a lower cost, or of receiving financial aid.

3317: 2758:"Australia's #1 Legal Aid & Legal Questions Forum" 1907:"Legal aid advice network 'decimated' by funding cuts" 1760:"Legal aid advice network 'decimated' by funding cuts" 990:

provides legal services for residents of Ontario, the

691:

The effects of LASPO on legal aid in England and Wales

612:

Legal aid in England and Wales is administered by the

409:

People of the Philippines v. Santos, Ressa and Rappler

1094:

means the same lawyer cannot represent both parties.

2728:"The Victorian Law Handbook – Fitzroy Legal Service" 1460:"Ressa's cyberlibel conviction not yet final — FLAG" 1144:

Legal aid in Australia was discussed in the case of

4472: 4362: 4185: 4094: 3985: 3864: 3766: 3487: 3355: 3262: 3135: 2940: 1331:"Indian Constitution-Part IV: Directive Principles" 1289: 1287: 1285: 483:

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

3287:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation 2579:"A Short History of Federal Funding for Legal Aid" 2484:The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News 2407:The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News 1989:Bowcott, Owen; Duncan, Pamela (26 December 2018). 443:during her libel case against the 16th president, 1361:State of Bihar (1979 AIR 1369, 1979 SCR (3) 532)" 1014:Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution 652:and supplementary legislation, most recently the 421:. During martial law, the father of human rights 379:, provides for equal justice and free legal aid: 1594: 1592: 790:is pushing for guidance and clarification from. 1359:Hussainara Khatoon & Ors vs Home Secretary, 893:Private counsel funded by the state (judiciary) 2821:"Legal Aid — Ministry of Justice, New Zealand" 2128:"Coronavirus guidance for legal aid providers" 648:The provision of legal aid is governed by the 456:In 2020, Duterte created a new law called the 3333: 2910: 1585:. Associazione Art. 24 Cost. 8 December 2012. 8: 597:Legal aid was originally established by the 166:Historically legal aid has its roots in the 106:Legal aid has a close relationship with the 2955:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention 1242:. Oxford University Press. pp. 89–90. 3340: 3326: 3318: 2917: 2903: 2895: 1117:Commonwealth Legal Aid Commission Act 1977 959:International Federation of Women Lawyers 384:reason of economic or other disabilities. 306:Learn how and when to remove this message 4485:History of the American legal profession 2533:"FG Inaugurates Legal Aid Council Board" 3169:Right to an adequate standard of living 2856:University of Western Sydney Law Review 2653:Doran, Jay; Leonard, Beth (Fall 2016). 2630:Alan W. Houseman & Linda E. Perle, 2319:Scott, Craig; Macklem, Patrick (1992). 1231: 1229: 1225: 1090:in regional areas and in cases where a 983:funding has fluctuated over the years. 2970:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 2453:Chukwudiebere, Mercy (28 March 2023). 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2152:Carothers, Thomas (March–April 1998). 2017:Fouzder, Monidipa (16 November 2018). 1658:. Amnesty International. October 2016. 1628:"LASPO 4 years on: Law Society review" 489:Central and Eastern Europe, and Russia 2429:"Legal aid and where to find support" 2325:University of Pennsylvania Law Review 2291: 2289: 2245: 2243: 2223: 2221: 2090: 2088: 2043: 2041: 1905:Gilbert, Dominic (10 December 2018). 1754: 1752: 1750: 1415:Gavilan, Jodesz (21 September 2017). 1190:Environmental Dispute Resolution Fund 1029:patients in the U.S. The "community 447:, as it was her exposés on Duterte's 7: 2665:(2): 333–356 – via HeinOnline. 2308:(2): 374–420 – via HeinOnline. 1319:(3): 474–642 – via HeinOnline. 640:and not-for-profit advice agencies. 567:Constitution of the Italian Republic 497:for over a decade, the countries of 288:adding citations to reliable sources 228:economic, social and cultural rights 151:economic, social and cultural rights 143:economic, social and cultural rights 124:economic, social and cultural rights 119:economic, social and cultural rights 1813:Bowcott, Owen (28 September 2018). 1785:Bowcott, Owen (26 September 2018). 1601:"Legal aid in 21st-century Britain" 336:, which is in turn overseen by the 72:European Convention on Human Rights 2702:"Trial on hold over Legal Aid row" 2659:Seattle Journal for Social Justice 1859:Bowcott, Owen (24 November 2019). 1307:Abel, Richard L. (February 1985). 896:Independent university law clinics 863:In a reflection of the history of 403:Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG) 25: 3469:Restitution and unjust enrichment 3090:Right to refuse medical treatment 2851:"What has Happened to Legal Aid?" 2302:Fordham International Law Journal 2208:Fordham International Law Journal 1961:Hill, Amelia (26 December 2018). 1735:. Her Majesty's Stationery Office 1669:Bowcott, Owen (13 October 2017). 1437:Te, Theodore (20 December 2018). 217:in the late 19th-century Europe, 197:take different approaches to the 4516: 4515: 4501: 2202:McQuoid-Mason, David J. (2000). 1126:Legal Aid Commission of Victoria 949:, Nigeria Correctional Service, 436:In 2019 FLAG freely represented 264: 4480:History of the legal profession 2677:"The Facts - Access to Justice" 1510:"domstol.dk – Sagsomkostninger" 1295:The Transformation of Legal Aid 1277:The Transformation of Legal Aid 1264:The Transformation of Legal Aid 883:Uncompensated private counsel ( 555:Patrocinio a spese dello Stato, 462:Atty. Jose Manuel "Chel" Diokno 355:. In 2007, it was moved to the 275:needs additional citations for 3302:Sexual and reproductive health 3199:Right to a healthy environment 2783:"Legal aid cuts begin to bite" 2296:Maisel, Peggy (January 2007). 1008:Legal aid in the United States 874:Constitution the South African 812:Immigration Appeal Adjudicator 681:Secretary of State for Justice 669:alternative dispute resolution 1: 3219:Right to public participation 2531:Isuwa, Sunday (26 May 2023). 2505:Chioma, Unini (26 May 2023). 1599:Robins, Jon (12 March 2009). 1180:Access to Justice Initiatives 1073:independent, not for profit, 951:Nigerian Union of Journalists 816:Social Security Commissioners 599:Legal Aid and Advice Act 1949 3239:Right to science and culture 1697:Helm, Toby (14 April 2018). 1215:West Coast Environmental Law 994:provides it to residents of 905:Private specialist law firms 616:(until 31 March 2013 by the 3065:Right to keep and bear arms 2975:Freedom from discrimination 2180:– via Heinonline.org. 2110:"Criminal Legal Aid Review" 2079:"Find a Legal Aid Provider" 2048:Sarah Moore, Alex Newbury. 1888:"Ben Tovey LASPO LEGAL AID" 947:National Youth Service Corp 431:Free Legal Assistance Group 4584: 4147:International legal theory 3626:International slavery laws 3621:International human rights 3616:International criminal law 2681:www.legalaidmatters.org.au 2554:"STRUCTURE OF THE COUNCIL" 1158: 1005: 853:government of South Africa 650:Access to Justice Act 1999 537: 499:Central and Eastern Europe 413:Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 406: 400: 338:Legal Aid Services Council 248:overwhelmed with clients. 26: 4495: 4200:Administration of justice 3229:Right to rest and leisure 2933: 2890:Legal Aid Program Ontario 2849:Armstrong, Susan (2001). 2264:10.1017/S0021855305000057 2154:"The rule of law revival" 1138:Supreme Court of Victoria 618:Legal Services Commission 3977:Basic structure doctrine 3827:Natural and legal rights 3708:Public international law 3244:Right to social security 3209:Right to Internet access 3154:Equal pay for equal work 3040:Presumption of innocence 2863:(1) – via austlii. 2433:Nigeria - Action4Justice 1161:Legal aid in New Zealand 1103:Whitlam Labor government 1046:court-appointed attorney 963:Nigerian Bar Association 955:Nigerian Labour Congress 918:South African government 908:Paralegal advice offices 899:State funded law clinics 823:Scottish Legal Aid Board 471:martial law under Marcos 425:was sent to prison when 353:Chief Secretary's Office 195:common law legal systems 4157:Principle of typicality 3631:International trade law 3120:right to be a candidate 2950:Equality before the law 2024:The Law Society Gazette 1236:Regan, Francis (1999). 1185:Avocats Sans Frontières 1124:, followed in 1978 the 1075:community legal centres 1054:tenant right to counsel 911:Legal insurance schemes 700:Lord Wilson of Culworth 633:Public Defender Service 438:Time Person of the Year 96:community legal centres 62:Commonwealth of Nations 46:equality before the law 2980:Freedom of information 2965:Freedom of association 2378:"FUNCTION AND MANDATE" 2252:Journal of African Law 992:Legal Services Society 576: 511: 386: 191:civil law legal system 4563:Human rights by issue 4152:Principle of legality 3911:Delegated legislation 3611:Intellectual property 3292:Intersex human rights 3100:Right of self-defense 3055:Right to a fair trial 2884:Legal aid in Scotland 1540:"Legal aid – Germany" 1083:Australian Government 571: 569:, Clause 24 states: 495: 381: 377:Constitution of India 343:Administratively the 213:In response to rapid 172:right to a fair trial 66:in the United States. 54:right to a fair trial 4370:Barristers' chambers 4312:Legal representation 4250:Justice of the peace 3596:Financial regulation 3179:Right to development 3060:Right to family life 3010:Freedom from torture 2995:Freedom from slavery 2808:Dietrich v The Queen 2096:The Secret Barrister 1337:on 10 September 2003 1147:Dietrich v The Queen 1092:conflict of interest 559:Italian Constitution 540:Legal aid in Germany 345:Legal Aid Department 334:Legal Aid Department 284:improve this article 4405:Election commission 4117:Expressive function 3646:Landlord–tenant law 3545:Consumer protection 2990:Freedom of religion 2985:Freedom of movement 2960:Freedom of assembly 2942:Civil and political 1894:. 20 December 2018. 1583:"Legal aid – Italy" 1544:European Commission 1520:on 19 December 2012 423:Sen. Jose W. Diokno 419:Marcos dictatorship 375:Article 39A of the 357:Home Affairs Bureau 349:Administration Wing 162:Legal aid movements 4568:Standard of living 4363:Legal institutions 4230:Lawsuit/Litigation 4220:Dispute resolution 4025:Catholic canon law 3733:State of emergency 3696:Will and testament 3420:Law of obligations 3373:Constitutional law 3363:Administrative law 3307:Right to sexuality 3184:Right to education 3110:Security of person 3005:Freedom of thought 2827:on 10 October 2012 2732:Lawhandbook.com.au 2708:. 15 February 2013 2639:2007-07-10 at the 2486:. 30 November 2021 1848:. 27 October 2011. 1766:. 10 December 2018 745:Malcolm Richardson 481:Article 47 of the 466:Salvador Medialdea 361:pro-democracy camp 4545: 4544: 4205:Constitutionalism 4127:Law and economics 3965:Act of parliament 3703:Product liability 3656:Legal archaeology 3581:Environmental law 3575:Entertainment law 3415:International law 3315: 3314: 3214:Right to property 3174:Right to clothing 3159:Fair remuneration 3127:Right to homeland 3075:Right to petition 3000:Freedom of speech 2762:LawAnswers.com.au 2612:on 28 August 2011 2558:Legal Aid Council 2409:. 1 February 2022 2382:Legal Aid Council 2230:Sydney Law Review 2063:Teather, Rohini. 1249:978-0-19-826589-4 1168:Waitangi Tribunal 1122:Western Australia 1036:Defendants under 988:Legal Aid Ontario 588:England and Wales 316: 315: 308: 215:industrialisation 29:Legal aid society 16:(Redirected from 4575: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4506: 4505: 4329:Question of fact 4210:Criminal justice 3540:Construction law 3535:Conflict of laws 3500:Agricultural law 3342: 3335: 3328: 3319: 3204:Right to housing 3138:Economic, social 3085:Right to protest 3080:Right to privacy 2919: 2912: 2905: 2896: 2886:(www.mygov.scot) 2864: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2823:. 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Picador. 2018. 2092: 2083: 2082: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2045: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1756: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1734: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1596: 1587: 1586: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1562:Howtogermany.com 1554: 1548: 1547: 1546:. 22 March 2005. 1536: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1516:. Archived from 1506: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1392:. Archived from 1382: 1376: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1365:Indiankanoon.org 1353: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1333:. Archived from 1327: 1321: 1320: 1304: 1298: 1291: 1280: 1273: 1267: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1233: 1042:public defenders 996:British Columbia 800:Court of Session 786:, something the 784:legal aid agency 780:legal aid agency 741:Nimrod Ben-Cnaan 614:Legal Aid Agency 605:measures in the 427:Ferdinand Marcos 311: 304: 300: 297: 291: 268: 260: 223:workers' parties 199:right to counsel 168:right to counsel 114:and the courts. 50:right to counsel 21: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4514: 4500: 4491: 4468: 4459:Political party 4432:Legal education 4420:Law enforcement 4400:Court of equity 4358: 4334:Question of law 4287:Practice of law 4267:Judicial review 4181: 4132:Legal formalism 4112:Comparative law 4107:Contract theory 4090: 4010:Legal pluralism 3981: 3970:Act of Congress 3894:Executive order 3860: 3762: 3681:Nationality law 3606:Immigration law 3530:Competition law 3483: 3351: 3346: 3316: 3311: 3282:Family planning 3267: 3258: 3234:Right of return 3194:Right to health 3142: 3139: 3131: 3095:Right to resist 3045:Right of asylum 2936: 2929: 2923: 2871: 2848: 2845: 2843:Further reading 2840: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2738:on 3 March 2016 2726: 2725: 2721: 2711: 2709: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2641:Wayback Machine 2629: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2585:on 24 June 2015 2577: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2360:UCLA Law Review 2357: 2356: 2352: 2337:10.2307/3312396 2318: 2317: 2313: 2295: 2294: 2287: 2249: 2248: 2241: 2227: 2226: 2219: 2201: 2200: 2185: 2158:Foreign Affairs 2151: 2150: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2132:The Law Society 2126: 2125: 2121: 2114:The Law Society 2108: 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2869:External links 2867: 2866: 2865: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2812: 2800: 2789:. 7 April 2013 2774: 2749: 2719: 2693: 2668: 2645: 2623: 2596: 2570: 2545: 2523: 2497: 2471: 2445: 2420: 2394: 2369: 2350: 2311: 2285: 2239: 2217: 2183: 2144: 2119: 2101: 2084: 2070: 2055: 2037: 2009: 1981: 1953: 1925: 1897: 1879: 1851: 1833: 1805: 1777: 1746: 1726:Kenneth Clarke 1717: 1689: 1661: 1644: 1619: 1588: 1574: 1549: 1531: 1501: 1490:. 24 July 2020 1479: 1468:. 15 June 2020 1451: 1429: 1407: 1377: 1348: 1322: 1299: 1293:Regan (1999), 1281: 1275:Regan (1999), 1268: 1262:Regan (1999), 1255: 1248: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1175: 1172: 1159:Main article: 1156: 1153: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1006:Main article: 1003: 1000: 979: 976: 974: 971: 925: 922: 916:response, the 913: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 835: 832: 830: 827: 795: 792: 759:to a remedy". 692: 689: 673:Kenneth Clarke 645: 642: 626:contingent fee 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 583:United Kingdom 581: 550: 547: 538:Main article: 535: 532: 522: 519: 515:Czech Republic 490: 487: 478: 475: 401:Main article: 398: 395: 372: 369: 365:policy bureaus 347:was under the 329: 326: 320: 317: 314: 313: 272: 270: 263: 257: 254: 235: 232: 163: 160: 103: 100: 33: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4580: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4390:Civil society 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4349:Trier of fact 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 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3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3474:Statutory law 3472: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356:Core subjects 3354: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3254:Right to work 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3189:Right to food 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3113: 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2430: 2424: 2421: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2366:(3): 474–642. 2365: 2361: 2354: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236:(3): 375–411. 2235: 2231: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2164:(2): 95–106. 2163: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2145: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2066: 2059: 2056: 2051: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2013: 2010: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1985: 1982: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1957: 1954: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1929: 1926: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1901: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1855: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1809: 1806: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1781: 1778: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1731: 1728:(June 2011). 1727: 1721: 1718: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1693: 1690: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1665: 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Retrieved 1335:the original 1325: 1316: 1312: 1302: 1294: 1276: 1271: 1263: 1258: 1238: 1205:Pro Bono Net 1200:Legal clinic 1164: 1146: 1143: 1134: 1115: 1100: 1096: 1088: 1079: 1068: 1050: 1035: 1031:legal clinic 1011: 985: 981: 967: 943: 938: 935: 931: 927: 914: 878: 870: 862: 857: 851:In 1969 the 850: 847: 840: 837: 834:South Africa 820: 797: 761: 749: 735: 728: 709: 694: 666: 662: 647: 632: 630: 611: 596: 593:Introduction 577: 572: 564: 554: 552: 543: 524: 512: 496: 492: 480: 455: 450:War on Drugs 448: 435: 416: 391: 387: 382: 374: 342: 331: 322: 302: 293: 282:Please help 277:verification 274: 250: 237: 234:Recent times 212: 183: 165: 156: 147: 140: 116: 112:legal advice 105: 86:, community 84:duty lawyers 81: 76:criminal law 69: 42:court system 37: 36: 4444:Legislature 4375:Bureaucracy 4172:Rule of man 4167:Rule of law 4142:Libertarian 4005:Chinese law 3906:Legislation 3856:Regulations 3844:Law reports 3822:Natural law 3718:Reparations 3713:Refugee law 3636:Jurimetrics 3577:(Media 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