413:, are intended to compensate for the indirect consequences incurred by the defendant and are sanctioned on a case-by-case basis due to their specificity. Lost profits make up a common type of consequential damages in contract laws. When the party breaching a contract causes the plaintiff to lose profits, the money is recoverable if the plaintiff can prove its ascertainment and trace it to the wrongful conduct of the breaching party, which can be extremely difficult. Moreover, legal expenses including the ones generated by bringing a lawsuit against the breaching party to attain legal remedies do not count toward consequential damages and be charged from the defendant, unless stated in the contract otherwise.
627:, or declaratory judgment, do not belong to the category of damages or equities. They are legal determinations made by the court to address ambiguity or disputes without sanctioning an action or practice against the parties involved. Declaratory remedies serve to affirm the validity of the claims and requests made by the plaintiff, accompanied by injunction in selective cases at the discretion of judges or juries. Declaratory remedies are a component of preventive adjudication because in cases that demand only declaration, no actual harm or loss has been incurred by the plaintiff.
396:
the liability results from the defendant failing to perform a service, it is necessary to calculate compensatory damages by inquiring how much it would cost for a third party to provide the same service. However, the court takes into account when the non-breaching party makes savings or profits because he or she is involuntarily relieved from the responsibilities specified in a broken contract. If the non-breaching party makes gains from alternative arrangements, compensatory damages are equivalent to his or her loss subtracted by the gains made from the substitution.
730:
or the contractual cases in
Australia and occupy a limited but expanding scope in the People's Republic of China. In European states, the type of remedies, including the character and amount of damages, are determined on a case-by-case basis through factors such as the location where the illegal conduct caused damages. The enforcement of legal remedies can be difficult in international litigations as the law in one jurisdiction does not apply to another.
647:, which means "tell the truth" in French, refers (only in the US) to a process in which attorneys and judges conduct interviews with potential jurors to discover their bias and rule out the ones who cannot be impartial. The selection procedure usually starts with a written questionnaire before questioning. In the process of questioning, both parties have the right to excuse potential jurors through
377:
questions, including whether a person has a legal status, who the owner of a property is, whether a statute has a particular meaning, or what the rights are under a contract. While these are three basic categories of remedies in common law, there are also a handful of others (such as reformation and rescission, both dealing with contracts whose terms need to be rewritten or undone).
440:, closely associated with compensatory damages, are costs used to prevent further losses that result from the breach of contract on behalf of the nonbreaching party. For example, a company breaches a hiring contract that it signed with a prospective employee. The expenditures that the employee spent searching for another job are an element of incidental damages.
759:, and prevent further violations of the person's rights. The right to an effective remedy guarantees the individual the ability to seek remedy from the state directly rather than through an international process. It is a practical means of protecting human rights on the state level and requires the state to not just only protect human rights
602:, is when the court practices remedies by correcting the writings of a contract. Under two circumstances, reformation applies either when (1) the writing does not reflect the agreement made between the parties, or (2) one party signed the contract in the first place because of manipulation by fraud planned and executed by the other party.
517:
is a court order that coerces the defendant to take specific acts or refrains him or her from engaging in certain actions, i.e., breaching a contract. In the U.S., injunction is the most common type of equitable remedies, and failure to comply with an injunction can lead to results ranging from fines
635:
Pretrial publicity can lessen the effectiveness of jurors in ways such as presenting incriminating information or arousing blind emotions, which significantly influence the outcome of trials and damage their fairness. As technologies develop, the prevalence of mass media makes legal information more
395:
are paid directly to the claimant to compensate for loss and injury when the defendant is proven to be liable for breach of duty or committing wrongful acts. In cases where the claimant has suffered ascertainable costs, it is easy to determine the amount of compensatory damages. In other cases where
729:
Monetary compensatory damages, along with injunction, are most commonly used in the United States. Similar to the U.S., the courts in the United
Kingdom tend to award monetary compensatory damages in tort cases. However, punitive damages are not applicable in the legal systems of the U.K. and Japan
720:
Remedies can be, and in
American law usually are, determined case by case, and take into account many different facts including the amount of harm caused to the victim. Remedies can also be determined in advance for an entire class of cases. For example, there can be a fixed fine for all violations
503:
that differ from damages. First, the jury is not used in cases involving equitable remedies. Second, in sanctioning equitable remedies, the court does not make decisions based on precedents but tends to rely on the justice that needs to be served. Third, equitable remedies are not monetary. Rather,
587:
refers to the court compelling the defendant to perform certain actions. This type of equitable remedy is limited in scope because in contract laws for example, issuing specific performance would require the property that gives rise to the lawsuit to be unique, or that it is more practical for the
454:
in cases in which there is no actual harm or the plaintiff is unable to prove harm. Although the amount of nominal damages is typically small, the plaintiff can use the award of nominal damages as a justification to plead for punitive awards or appeal a violation of his or her rights that form the
426:
are different from other types of damages because their main purpose is to punish the defendant and deter him or her and many others from engaging in similar kinds of unlawful conduct in the future. The maliciousness and willingness of the defendant to carry out certain wrongful acts are typically
691:
is to postpone the trial on the grounds that the prejudice of jurors would reduce as they forget much information about the case from media. The delay also results in the defendant spending additional time in jail or that it may attract more media attention and drive up the publicity of the case.
427:
what compel the court to impose punitive damages. Since the intention of punitive damages is typically not to compensate the plaintiff, it is often that only a part of it would be awarded to the plaintiff at the discretion of judges and that they serve only as complements to compensatory damages.
615:
gives the innocent plaintiff the right to undo or rescind a contract when the plaintiff entered the contract as a result of fraud, misrepresentation, etc., or when the contract has been breached by the other party. To restore the situation to what it was before the contract, both parties need to
355:
or replevin. Damages aim at making up the harm that a breaching party has committed to the victim. In the history of the
English legal system, the legal remedy only existed in the form of monetary relief, and therefore the victim must petition through a separate system if the victim wanted other
376:
make up the third category of judicial remedies. Different from the other two categories, declaratory remedies usually involve a court's determination of how the law applies to particular facts without any command to the parties. Courts give declaratory remedies about many different kinds of
468:
refer to a predetermined amount of money that must be paid by the breaching party, and they are fixed numbers agreed upon by both parties during the formation of a contract. Courts enforcing a liquidated damages provision would consider the reasonableness of its amount, specifically if it
294:
that guarantees the rights of criminal defendants to receive fair trials. Trial-level remedies are in place to avoid pretrial publicity from affecting the fairness of a trial. To minimize the impacts of pretrial publicity, there are six kinds of judicial remedies at the disposal of judges:
558:
is applicable when the defendant used unjust funds obtained from the plaintiff to make improvements to his or her property. By granting the plaintiff a security interest in the property of the defendant, it guards the right of the plaintiff to have the funds returned from the defendant.
703:
utilizes the effectiveness of the instructions of the judge to the jurors and the jurors' obedience. By giving a panel of jurors instructions such as make verdicts solely based on the evidence presented in the court, the judge seeks to diminish the influence of mass media.
289:
of the United States forbids the government from censoring and restraining the freedom of expression, which allows the ever-expanding news media to influence the legal process. The entangled relationship between mass media and the legal system presents challenges to the
342:, that every right when with-held must have a remedy, and every injury its proper redress." In addition to the United Kingdom and the United States, legal remedy is a concept widely practiced in the legal system of a variety of countries, though approached differently.
531:
is an inquiry into the amount of gains that the defendant benefited from his or her wrongs. Accounting is more commonly practiced in cases against a fiduciary or breach of contract in which the ascertainment of the defendant's profits is important.
356:
forms of compensation. Although the courtrooms and proceedings have been integrated, the distinction between requests for money versus action is still present. Non-monetary compensation refers to the second category of judicial remedies—
573:
case, the property that belongs to the plaintiff from a legal standpoint is used by the defendant to repay the debt to a third party. Subrogation entitles the plaintiff to the rights as the third party against the defendant.
469:
approximates the amount of actual damages caused, and the ascertain. Failing to meet this condition would turn liquidated damages into an unenforceable penalty that inequitably benefits the party receiving liquidated awards.
1407:
636:
accessible and thus poses a larger threat to the process of adjudication. Trial-level remedies are designed for judges to mitigate the impact of pretrial publicity without infringing the freedom of expression for the press.
350:
There are three crucial categories of judicial remedies in common law systems. The legal remedy originates from the law courts of
England and is seen in the form of a payment of money to the victim, commonly referred to as
277:
without awarding damages or ordering equitable relief. The type of legal remedies to be applied in specific cases depend on the nature of the wrongful act and its liability. In international human rights law, there is a
712:
For high-profile cases, the jurors are isolated until the case is closed. They would be housed in together while their access of all forms of media and technologies is either screen or restrained.
545:
is enforced in situations where the possession of a property by the defendant unjustly enriches him or her, and therefore the court decides to grant the ownership of the property to the plaintiff.
1435:
504:
they include actions, properties, etc., that the court orders the defendant to perform in order to bring both parties in a lawsuit back to the position in which they were prior to their contract.
778:
1376:
1563:"The Essence of the Fundamental Right to an Effective Remedy and to a Fair Trial in the Case-Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union: The Best Is Yet to Come?"
291:
286:
1112:
1456:
651:. An attorney must convince the court with legitimate reasons to eliminate a potential juror. Another method to screen out a member from a pool of jurors is to use
285:
In the legal system of the United States, there exists a traditional form of judicial remedies that serve to combat juror biases caused by news coverage. The
786:
201:
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Instead of moving the location of the trial, the court can also import jurors from a distant community, where less coverage has been given to the case.
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jurisdictions and mixed civil-common law jurisdictions, the law of remedies distinguishes between a legal remedy (e.g. a specific amount of monetary
491:
is a type of statutory damages in which the amount of compensatory damages awarded to a plaintiff can be tripled given the warranty of a statute.
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have been violated to legal remedy. Such a remedy must be accessible, binding, capable of bringing perpetrators to justice, provide appropriate
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1469:
774:
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In certain cases, a statute dictates the amount of damages, rather than the calculation of the harm or loss endured by the plaintiff. The
1532:
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is to relocate the trial to another area in the same state that has presumably received less exposure of information regarding the case.
782:
1062:
480:
175:
194:
1301:
Kramer, Geoffrey P.; Kerr, Norbert L.; Carroll, John S. (1990-10-01). "Pretrial publicity, judicial remedies, and jury bias".
655:, which cannot be rejected by the judge. However, attorneys can only use peremptory challenges for a limited number of times.
1689:
1639:
1607:"Civil Liability of Bush, Cheney, et al., for Torture, Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment and Forced Disappearance"
748:
740:
279:
334:. That is, lawmakers claim to provide appropriate remedies to protect rights. This legal maxim was first enunciated by
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1458:
The Right to a Remedy and
Reparation for Gross Human Rights Violations A Practitioners' Guide Revised Edition, 2018
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187:
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119:
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but also in practice for individual cases. The right to an effective remedy is commonly recognized as a
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61:
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to impose its will in order to compensate for the harm of a wrongful act inflicted upon an individual.
1113:"The Third Pillar: Access to Judicial Remedies for Human Rights Violations by Transnational Business"
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1507:"The Right to an Effective Remedy Under the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights"
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would charge up to $ 1,000 for every violation of its provision, which is an example of
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1280:"Re-evaluating Declaratory Judgment Jurisdiction in Intellectual Property Disputes"
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for every right, there is a remedy; where there is no remedy, there is no right
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of a legal rule, regardless of how much harm was caused in a particular case.
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250:
99:
1634:
1632:
1622:
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1322:
1111:
Skinner, Gwynne; McCorquodale, Robert; De
Schutter, Olivier (December 2013).
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296:
1506:
1408:"What is the right to an effective remedy? | Icelandic Human Rights Centre"
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defendant to compensate the plaintiff by paying for compensatory damages.
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basis of the lawsuit, common in cases involving constitutional rights.
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41:
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1014:"Judicial remedy – National Action Plans on Business and Human Rights"
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Escuela
Judicial Española & European Judicial Training Network
773:
The right to an effective remedy is expressed in
Article 8 of the
235:
555:
1640:"Article 47 - Right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial"
1646:. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 25 April 2015
1120:
338:: "It is a settled and invariable principle in the laws of
273:, where a court determines the rights of the parties to
269:). Another type of remedy available in these systems is
1383:. Australian Government: Attorney-General's department
725:
Application of legal remedy in different jurisdictions
779:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1177:Bray, Samuel L. (2010). "Preventive Adjudication".
616:return what they have received from the exchange.
330:(albeit one sometimes honored in the breach) that
1611:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
346:Three types of legal remedy in common law systems
1053:R. Pember & Calvert, Jon & Clay (2014).
1669:University of Toronto Law Journal special issue
1344:Bray, Samuel L. (2012). "Announcing Remedies".
1671:on legal remedies for human rights violations
195:
8:
787:European Union Charter on Fundamental Rights
1436:"EFFECTIVE REMEDIES AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT"
631:Trial-level remedies for pretrial publicity
1278:Ritchie de Larena, Lorelei (Summer 2008).
202:
188:
29:
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1098:, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 162–163 (1803).
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1057:. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Education.
1002:
877:Equitable remedies, which may include:
137:
89:
39:
32:
1487:
1477:
806:or legal remedies, which may include:
769:international human rights instruments
364:jurisdiction developed in the English
775:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
450:The plaintiff is entitled to receive
360:. This type of remedy comes from the
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680:is a French word meaning "to come."
1214:"Damages 101 | News & Insights"
1079:Commentaries on the Laws of England
783:European Convention on Human Rights
499:There are three characteristics of
1254:"The System of Equitable Remedies"
481:Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
27:Court-enforced rights or penalties
25:
1511:African Human Rights Law Journal
1434:Kuijer, Martin (29 April 2014).
1179:University of Chicago Law Review
739:This section is an excerpt from
1561:Gutman, Kathleen (2019-09-04).
1533:"The right to effective remedy"
751:is the right of a person whose
598:Reformation, or referred to as
1505:Musila, Godfrey (2006-12-20).
1377:"Right to an effective remedy"
1:
1412:Icelandic Human Rights Centre
716:Case-by-case versus announced
230:, usually in the exercise of
749:right to an effective remedy
741:Right to an effective remedy
734:Right to an effective remedy
280:right to an effective remedy
226:, is the means with which a
1706:
953:Civil and political rights
738:
1605:Paust, Jordan J. (2009).
1218:Arnall Golden Gregory LLP
234:jurisdiction, enforces a
1252:L. Bray, Samuel (2016).
785:, and Article 47 of the
381:Legal remedies (damages)
303:, change of veniremen,
1303:Law and Human Behavior
1153:saylordotorg.github.io
1077:1 William Blackstone,
887:Accounting for profits
529:Accounting for profits
523:Accounting for profits
218:, also referred to as
826:Consequential damages
653:peremptory challenges
407:Consequential damages
401:Consequential damages
62:Consequential damages
1690:Transitional justice
1540:universal-rights.org
973:Extraordinary remedy
958:Election of remedies
929:Declaratory remedies
918:Equitable rescission
907:Specific performance
811:Compensatory damages
781:, Article 13 of the
649:challenges for cause
625:Declaratory remedies
620:Declaratory remedies
613:Equitable rescission
607:Equitable rescission
585:Specific performance
579:Specific performance
393:Compensatory damages
387:Compensatory damages
374:Declaratory remedies
267:specific performance
151:Election of remedies
105:Specific performance
1580:10.1017/glj.2019.67
1284:Indiana Law Journal
984:Joinder of remedies
836:Expectation damages
777:, Article 2 of the
670:Change of veniremen
242:, or makes another
1567:German Law Journal
1346:Cornell Law Review
1315:10.1007/BF01044220
1095:Marbury v. Madison
988:Provisional remedy
892:Constructive trust
856:Liquidated damages
831:Incidental damages
543:Constructive trust
537:Constructive trust
501:equitable remedies
495:Equitable remedies
466:Liquidated damages
460:Liquidated damages
438:Incidental damages
432:Incidental damages
370:Court of Exchequer
358:equitable remedies
336:William Blackstone
271:declaratory relief
171:Declaratory relief
156:Provisional remedy
115:Account of profits
110:Constructive trust
91:Equitable remedies
67:Liquidated damages
57:Incidental damages
1685:Judicial remedies
1513:. Rochester, NY.
1471:978-92-9037-257-8
949:Cumulative remedy
861:Statutory damages
518:to imprisonment.
485:statutory damages
474:Statutory damages
366:Court of Chancery
263:injunctive relief
212:
211:
77:Statutory damages
34:Judicial remedies
18:Judicial remedies
16:(Redirected from
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968:Equitable remedy
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841:Reliance damages
424:Punitive damages
418:Punitive damages
409:, also known as
259:equitable remedy
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72:Reliance damages
52:Punitive damages
40:Legal remedies (
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1663:Further reading
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1542:. February 2015
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851:Nominal damages
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664:Change of venue
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659:Change of venue
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452:nominal damages
445:Nominal damages
411:special damages
383:
348:
301:change of venue
292:Sixth Amendment
287:First Amendment
224:judicial remedy
220:judicial relief
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146:Adequate remedy
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1573:(6): 884–903.
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1309:(5): 409–438.
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1185:: 1275, 1281.
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1064:978-0077861421
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1055:Mass Media Law
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1018:globalnaps.org
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166:Court costs
130:Subrogation
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509:Injunction
309:admonition
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120:Rescission
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