443:
crops. Brévié responded by measures such as reducing rail tariffs, subsidizing the movement of laborers in
Senegal, creating foods banks and programs to increase agricultural productivity. An inquiry found that the results did not justify the costs. Brévié promoted public works, health and education in the belief that the colonial subjects must see "proof that the whole colonial enterprise works to make him happier." He was concerned that the drop in living standards would cause the people to lose confidence in French rule and to be vulnerable to communist propaganda.
427:
control over the indigenous milieu ... it is by making ourselves seen and heard, by tirelessly circulating ... always in movement ... constant, thoughtful and always attentive. ... It is not sufficient to be strong and just; we must also know how to bring, in our relations with natives, untiring kindness, concern at all times, and well-informed indulgence." In 1935 Brévié sent a circular to the West
African administrators asking them to collect oral material, verbal art, since that would help them better understand the people of the colonies.
550:. The islands would provide protection to the peninsula, but the navy refused to occupy them. Brévié had to buy some old merchant vessels for the task. In 1939 Brévié's administration defined the "Brévié Line", which defined the border between the waters of Cambodia and Cochin China. This was the subject of post-colonial disputes between Vietnam and Cambodia. The reform program he instituted came to a halt when the Popular Front left office in France, followed by the start of World War II. Brévié was succeeded by
451:"natives" would benefit from conversion to Christianity, and they must be give freedom to convert. However, a minor could not be baptized without the consent of the head of the family. Christian Africans must not become marginalized. The legal status of the convert was awkward. They could not be judged under traditional local law, which they had rejected, nor under European law since they were not citizens. Brévié proposed a compromise law that would reconcile Catholic principles with local customs.
423:(Afrique occidentale française, AOF) from 15 October 1930 to 27 September 1936. As governor of AOF, he promoted scientific and humanist administrative policies. He felt that a successful native policy required detailed understanding of the local people. He saw the value of indigenous religious practices when compared to the imported Islamic religion. He believed that French colonial policy should try to preserve the essentially collectivist character of African civilizations.
392:). He explained that the rebellion had been led by two local chiefs after the imposition of direct rule by the French, which had decreased their power. After their defeat, they had retreated to a fort. The French lost many men before forcing their way in. One chief had killed himself and his followers while the other had escaped in the hope of fighting again. Brévié explained that the local people saw the affairs as a tragedy while the French saw it as a victory.
28:
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research program into colonial history and
African culture and lobbied for an official scientific institute to undertake geographical, ethnographic and historical research. He wrote that "colonization needs scholars, impartial and disinterested researchers with broad vision, outside of the urgency and fire of action. After much planning and preparation the
491:. China contributed $ 50,000 Shanghai dollars for relief, which Brévié called "a gesture of great humanity." Brévié's administration stepped up public works projects and took measures to provide rice for replanting and to build up seed stocks. The motive in part was to stave off anti-colonial discontent. In 1937 Brévié spoke at the inauguration of the
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At points on the globe where there is contact between different races an incredible effervescence is developing. We must prevent this from degenerating into chronic disorder; we must re-establish the harmony essential for the well-being of men and the progress of societies in all aspects. This is the
516:
question attended by the head of the military, the heads of the departments of schools, law, health, welfare and economics, and the president of the Société d'assistance aux enfants franco-indochinois. The group decided to expand the framework that charities had established, to increase their budgets
532:
had boarding schools that served all of
Vietnam. It had been seen as a possible center of government that would be hygienic and segregated between Europeans and Vietnamese. However, the proliferation of the Vietnamese elite in the town made it increasingly impracticable to practice segregation. When
430:
Brévié wrote, "colonization is becoming a question of method, of calculation, or predictions and, we should say, of science, It remains without a doubt and first of all a political and psychological art, but one that must be guided and clarified by exact scientific data.". Brévié wanted a methodical
479:
there was a ban on processions and banners. Brévié was liberal-minded, and tried to defuse an extremely tense political situation by making concessions such as granting amnesties to political prisoners, giving greater freedom to the press and removing restrictions on nationalist political parties.
442:
and a slump in the local economy. He partly blamed colonial capitalists for the problems and obtained large loans from the French government to support
African producers. However, by 1932 the value of export crops was dropping despite increased yields, and Africans were starting to return to food
450:
asking him for information on "what has been done in
Indochina to assist and educate children of mixed blood ... any information you are willing to share will serve as an inspiration." In 1935 Brévié issued a circular of the status of African Christians. He said that the moral development of the
426:
As soon as he took office Brévié announced that the phase of exploration and conquest was ended, and a new phase was starting in which economic and human development would be the main concerns. He told the colonial governors, "it is not in offices and through intermediaries that we exercise our
610:
Brévié was stripped of his honorary rank of governor-general of colonies in
January 1945. In March 1945 he was permanently deprived of his pension and of the right to wear any French or foreign decoration. Jules Brévié died at the age of 84 on 28 July 1964 in the village of Pierrefitte near
281:
from 1937 to 1939. He promoted liberal and humanistic policies, and thought it important to have deep understanding of the local people and respect for their civilization. He saw the role of the administration as being the economic and human development of the people. During
570:
Brévié was retired by decree on 13 March 1940. In 1941 he chaired the group of colonial professionals while serving as a member of the constitutional committee of the
National Council. He was elected a member of the Academy of Colonial Sciences on 19 December 1941. The
503:. He noted that the barrage enabled irrigation in a "particularly disadvantaged" area that had been the "theater of serious and prolonged troubles in 1930." In 1938 Brévié announced plans to build the capacity to irrigate 500,000 hectares (1,200,000 acres) in the
517:
and provide administrative support. Efforts would be made to find children of mixed blood, who would be accommodated by the charities, or given to nuns to raise until they were 5 years old, particularly to the
311:, Haute-Garonne. He graduated from the École coloniale (Colonial School) and was appointed a trainee administrator in 1902. He served in the Finance department of the government general at
475:
in
January 1937 the colonial police were engaged nearby in a violent clash with several thousand communist workers from Saigon and the vicinity. When Brévié arrived in
1902:
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about her son, who had been killed in a rebellion against the French. In 1918 Brévié published the original and a translation with notes and commentary in Dakar as
1897:
713:
681:
122:
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should be made standard departments of France. Laval and Brévié accepted the first proposal but rejected the second, creating an administrative anomaly.
1877:
1892:
521:. The Jules Brévié Federation was founded in July 1939. The Federation distributed financing and directed efforts to handle issues concerning the
80:
1348:
432:
587:. As minister he set up the Colonial Scientific Research Office to further develop his concept of scientific colonization. The former minister
525:. It coordinated charities, both secular and religious, that provided "education and placement of children of mixed Franco-Indochinese blood."
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in his hostility to Islam as a disruptive force and in support for traditional authority, a position he explained in his 1923 book
399:(1914–18) Brévié was in charge of the economy in Guinea. In 1920 he joined the Office of Political Affairs in Dakar. He served in
507:
to boost rice production. The plan would use modern technology to create food security and would maintain political control.
361:
bend against the French. Brévié arrived at the end of the month to review the situation. He was present at the battle of
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576:
287:
165:
145:
1689:
Recherches archéologiques au Mali : prospections et inventaire, fouilles et études analytiques en zone lacustre
471:. He replaced René Robin as governor general. While Brévié was being received in a ceremony at the landing stage in
546:
Brévié came into conflict with
Admiral Victor Petit, who commanded the navy in Indochina, over occupation of the
738:
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role vested in you, by the very fact of your presence in a place where these transformations are occurring.
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115:
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in 1920–1923, 1925–1927 and 1928–29. He was lieutenant governor of Niger from 1922 to 1929. He followed
496:
308:
226:
1872:
1867:
1527:
Vichy in the Tropics: Petain's National Revolution in Madagascar, Guadeloupe, and Indochina, 1940–44
510:
Missionaries found that Brévié treated them sympathetically. In 1938 Brévié called a meeting on the
315:
from January to April 1903. Brévié was involved in the occupation and organization of the colony of
583:
became prime minister in April 1942. He held office from 18 April 1942 to 26 March 1943, replacing
500:
273:; 12 March 1880 – 28 July 1964) was a French colonial administrator who became governor-general of
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The status of people of mixed blood was an issue. In 1934 Brévié wrote to the governor-general of
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554:(1877–1969) in August 1939. Brévié wrote the prefaces to two charming books by Tran Van Tung,
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on 23 December 1915 in which the French were checked. After a series of engagements, most of
1833:
The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonial Humanism Between the Two World Wars
572:
460:
447:
439:
291:
278:
632:
Annuaire du Comité d'Études Historiques et Scientifiques de l'Afrique Occidentale Française
1635:
Islamization from Below: The Making of Muslim Communities in Rural French Sudan, 1880-1960
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Islamisme contre 'Naturisme' au Soudan français. Essai de psychologie politique, coloniale
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region of Mali when he heard a woman singing a lamentation she had composed in the
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468:
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Gustave Daumas; Jules Brévié (preface); Cardinal Verdier (introduction) (1936).
484:
396:
358:
324:
103:
1446:
Rice Wars in Colonial Vietnam: The Great Famine and the Viet Minh Road to Power
604:
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377:
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in 1903–1906, 1907–1909 and 1910–1912. In 1904 Brévié discovered a site near
342:
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Empire's Children: Race, Filiation, and Citizenship in the French Colonies
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492:
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328:
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Imperial Contagions: Medicine, Hygiene, and Cultures of Planning in Asia
612:
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from April 1942 to March 1943. As a result of his participation in the
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Brévié visited Da Lat he told a racially mixed set of students at the
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In late August 1937 there were floods that ruined the rice harvest in
616:
529:
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Brévié, a socialist, made concessions to the trade unions in Saigon.
472:
435:(French Institute of Black Africa) was established in 1938 in Dakar.
354:
320:
745:. In 1952 the Académie française awarded him the Prix Lange for his
1662:
The Organization and Order of Battle of Militaries in World War II
1419:
French Colonialism Unmasked: The Vichy Years in French West Africa
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312:
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Quand les missionnaires rencontraient les Vietnamiens (1920–1960)
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that contained a remarkable group of phalliform stone monuments.
1707:
Rupley, Lawrence; Bangali, Lamissa; Diamitani, Boureima (2013).
1173:
1171:
634:(in French). Gorée: Imprimierie du Gouvernment Géneral: 217–222.
336:
1260:
1258:
1023:
1021:
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615:, Cantal. As of 2012 a street in the administrative quarter of
32:
Jules Brévié at the 7th North African Conference in Tunis, 1930
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from 1913 to 1919. In November 1915 there was a revolt in the
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825:
1554:
In the Crossfire: Adventures of a Vietnamese Revolutionary
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866:
1806:
L'Institution de la littérature vietnamienne francophone
1320:
Henri Hoppenot (25 octobre 1891-10 août 1977): diplomate
910:
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895:
893:
788:
786:
784:
630:
Jules Brévié (1917). "A propos d'une chanson bambara".
294:
he was deprived of his rank and pension after the war.
1578:
Lockhart, Bruce McFarland; Duiker, William J. (2010).
1062:
1060:
816:
1734:
Saada, Emmanuelle; Goldhammer, Arthur (2012-03-02).
1497:
Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012-06-01).
1470:Hale, Thomas A.; Sidikou, Aissata G. (2013-12-02).
775:
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18:
639:Jules Brévié; Maurice Delafosse (preface) (1923).
1605:Peckham, Robert; Pomfret, David M. (2013-01-01).
670:. Hanoï, Haiphong, Saïgon, Mai-Linh. p. 238.
307:Joseph-Jules Brévié was born on 12 March 1880 in
1051:
277:from 1930 to 1936, and then governor-general of
1189:
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1138:
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698:Trâ`n-Van-Tùng; Jules Brévié (preface) (1940).
689:Trâ`n-Van-Tùng; Jules Brévié (preface) (1939).
643:(in French). Paris: Ernest Leroux. p. 320.
539:
1213:
1201:
1177:
1162:
1027:
1264:
666:Bui-Dinh San; Jules Brévié (preface) (1938).
346:Monolith found by Brévié in Mali, now in the
43:Commandant, then Lieutenant Governor of Niger
8:
577:Minister of Overseas France and the Colonies
288:Minister of Overseas France and the Colonies
166:Minister of Overseas France and the Colonies
93:15 October 1930 – 27 September 1936
857:
845:
833:
661:. Gorée, Impr. du gouvernement. p. 43.
372:In 1915 Brévié was visiting the village of
1317:Barbier, Colette; Hoppenot, Henri (1999).
712:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
680:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
591:proposed to Laval in August 1942 that the
415:Governor of French West Africa (1930–1936)
26:
15:
1686:Raimbault, Michel; Sanogo, Kléna (1991).
1365:Historical Dictionary of Ho Chi Minh City
1249:
499:, which was also attended by the emperor
459:Brévié was appointed governor-general of
135:14 January 1937 – 20 August 1939
1276:
884:
872:
650:Le Sourire de la France en Afrique noire
455:Governor of French Indochina (1936–1939)
1449:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
1288:
757:
728:
438:Brévié took office at the start of the
1903:French collaborators with Nazi Germany
1114:
1039:
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369:was at peace by the end of July 1916.
178:18 April 1942 – 26 March 1943
81:Governor General of French West Africa
1898:Governors-general of French Indochina
1710:Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso
1237:
1010:
998:
268:
7:
1632:Peterson, Brian James (2011-01-01).
1102:
1090:
1078:
1066:
817:Rupley, Bangali & Diamitani 2013
123:Governor General of French Indochina
1888:Ministers of the overseas of France
1767:(in French). Editions L'Harmattan.
1883:Colonial governors of French Niger
1226:TRAN-VAN-TUNG – Académie française
556:Sourvenirs d'un enfant de campagne
14:
1809:(in French). Editions Publibook.
1551:Ken Knabb; Ngo Van (2011-04-01).
1349:Académie des sciences d'outre-mer
691:Souvenirs d'un enfant de campagne
519:Sisters of Saint Paul of Chartres
433:Institut Français d'Afrique Noire
1878:Ambassadors of France to Hungary
1524:Jennings, Eric T. (2004-01-01).
1443:Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2014-02-21).
1395:(in French). KARTHALA Editions.
1302:
693:. Hanoï: G. Taupin. p. 281.
1893:Governors of French West Africa
1836:. University of Chicago Press.
1791:(in French). Académie française
1740:. University of Chicago Press.
1362:Corfield, Justin (2014-11-01).
419:Brévié was governor-general of
146:Achille Louis Auguste Silvestre
1692:(in French). Paris: Karthala.
1659:Pettibone, Charles D. (2010).
1611:. Hong Kong University Press.
1500:Historical Dictionary of Niger
1473:Women's Songs from West Africa
747:Le Viet-Nam et sa civilisation
743:Rêves d'un campagnard annamite
700:Rêves d'un campagnard annamite
560:Rêves d'un campagnard annamite
409:L'Islamisme contre 'Naturisme'
386:A propos d'une chanson bambara
55:1921 – 9 October 1929
1:
1803:Van Quang Pham (2013-10-24).
1761:Salifou, André (2002-11-01).
1530:. Stanford University Press.
652:(in French). Impr. S.I.L.I.C.
1713:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1584:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1476:. Indiana University Press.
1052:Ken Knabb & Ngo Van 2011
1830:Wilder, Gary (2005-12-01).
1190:Barbier & Hoppenot 1999
1151:Saada & Goldhammer 2012
1139:Saada & Goldhammer 2012
1127:Saada & Goldhammer 2012
987:Saada & Goldhammer 2012
805:Raimbault & Sanogo 1991
735:Tran Van Tung received the
243:Pierrefitte, Cantal, France
75:Jean Baptiste Robert Fayout
1919:
1416:Ginio, Ruth (2006-12-01).
1389:Garcia, Luc (2008-02-01).
1202:Lockhart & Duiker 2010
1178:Peckham & Pomfret 2013
1163:Peckham & Pomfret 2013
1028:Lockhart & Duiker 2010
1638:. Yale University Press.
1323:(in French). Peter Lang.
1265:Idrissa & Decalo 2012
255:
204:
171:
128:
86:
48:
37:
25:
566:Later career (1939–1964)
270:[ʒozɛfʒylbʁevje]
1665:. Trafford Publishing.
1422:. U of Nebraska Press.
858:Hale & Sidikou 2013
846:Hale & Sidikou 2013
834:Hale & Sidikou 2013
776:BRÉVIÉ Jules – Académie
737:Prix Verrière from the
317:Upper Senegal and Niger
303:Early years (1880–1930)
229:, Haute-Garonne, France
1557:. ReadHowYouWant.com.
544:
350:
251:Colonial administrator
116:Jules Marcel de Coppet
1581:The A to Z of Vietnam
1311:at Wikimedia Commons
702:. Hanoï. p. 281.
657:Jules Brévié (1936).
619:still bore his name.
345:
266:French pronunciation:
668:Histoire de Viêt-Nam
528:The hill station of
390:About a Bambara Song
348:Musée du quai Branly
1503:. Scarecrow Press.
1214:Van Quang Pham 2013
286:(1939–1945) he was
262:Joseph-Jules Brévié
20:Joseph-Jules Brévié
1129:, p. 209–210.
1117:, p. 128–129.
848:, p. 259–260.
739:Académie française
593:French West Indies
467:government led by
421:French West Africa
351:
309:Bagnères-de-Luchon
275:French West Africa
227:Bagnères-de-Luchon
65:Lucien Émile Rueff
1843:978-0-226-89768-4
1816:978-2-342-01415-0
1774:978-2-296-29156-0
1747:978-0-226-73307-4
1720:978-0-8108-6770-3
1672:978-1-4269-4633-2
1645:978-0-300-15273-9
1618:978-988-8139-12-5
1591:978-0-8108-7646-0
1564:978-1-4596-1735-3
1537:978-0-8047-5047-9
1510:978-0-8108-6094-0
1483:978-0-253-01021-6
1456:978-1-4422-2303-5
1402:978-2-8111-4247-6
1375:978-1-78308-333-6
1330:978-2-11-089154-9
1307:Media related to
537:on 12 July 1938,
405:Maurice Delafosse
353:Brévié served in
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573:Vichy government
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461:French Indochina
448:French Indochina
440:Great Depression
292:Vichy government
279:French Indochina
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1085:
1077:
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1058:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
921:
913:
906:
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891:
883:
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871:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
823:
815:
811:
803:
799:
791:
782:
774:
759:
755:
754:
734:
730:
725:
720:
704:
697:
688:
672:
665:
656:
647:
638:
629:
625:
568:
552:Georges Catroux
548:Paracel Islands
505:Red River Delta
463:in 1936 by the
457:
417:
382:Bamana language
335:in what is now
319:. He served in
305:
300:
265:
242:
238:
225:
219:
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183:
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159:Georges Catroux
153:
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70:
60:
54:
49:
33:
21:
12:
11:
5:
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1785:
1773:
1758:
1746:
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1590:
1575:
1563:
1548:
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1494:
1482:
1467:
1455:
1440:
1428:
1413:
1401:
1386:
1374:
1359:
1345:"BRÉVIÉ Jules"
1341:
1329:
1313:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1291:, p. 144.
1281:
1269:
1267:, p. 108.
1254:
1252:, p. 335.
1250:Pettibone 2010
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1180:, p. 100.
1167:
1155:
1143:
1141:, p. 210.
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1081:, p. 123.
1071:
1069:, p. 119.
1056:
1054:, p. 128.
1044:
1042:, p. 106.
1032:
1015:
1013:, p. 106.
1003:
1001:, p. 105.
991:
979:
967:
955:
943:
931:
919:
904:
889:
877:
875:, p. 343.
862:
860:, p. 260.
850:
838:
836:, p. 259.
821:
809:
797:
795:, p. 318.
780:
756:
753:
752:
727:
726:
724:
721:
719:
718:
695:
686:
663:
654:
645:
636:
626:
624:
621:
595:should have a
585:Charles Platon
575:appointed him
567:
564:
456:
453:
416:
413:
304:
301:
299:
296:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
245:
244:
241:(aged 84)
235:
231:
230:
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210:
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198:
192:
191:
189:Charles Platon
186:
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137:
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126:
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23:
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1699:9782865372850
1695:
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1429:0-8032-5380-X
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1398:
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1347:(in French).
1346:
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1322:
1321:
1315:
1314:
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1310:
1305:
1297:
1290:
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1279:, p. 92.
1278:
1277:Jennings 2004
1273:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1240:, p. 26.
1239:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1216:, p. 62.
1215:
1210:
1207:
1204:, p. 61.
1203:
1198:
1195:
1192:, p. 94.
1191:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1165:, p. 99.
1164:
1159:
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1153:, p. 74.
1152:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1105:, p. 29.
1104:
1099:
1096:
1093:, p. 30.
1092:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1030:, p. 48.
1029:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
989:, p. 37.
988:
983:
980:
977:, p. 93.
976:
971:
968:
965:, p. 99.
964:
959:
956:
953:, p. 91.
952:
947:
944:
941:, p. 90.
940:
935:
932:
929:, p. 70.
928:
923:
920:
917:, p. 69.
916:
911:
909:
905:
902:, p. 68.
901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
885:Peterson 2011
881:
878:
874:
873:Corfield 2014
869:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
847:
842:
839:
835:
830:
828:
826:
822:
818:
813:
810:
807:, p. 39.
806:
801:
798:
794:
789:
787:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
758:
750:
746:
742:
741:for his 1941
740:
732:
729:
722:
715:
709:
701:
696:
692:
687:
683:
677:
669:
664:
660:
655:
651:
646:
642:
637:
633:
628:
627:
622:
620:
618:
614:
608:
606:
602:
598:
597:Conseil Local
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
543:
538:
536:
531:
526:
524:
520:
515:
514:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:Popular Front
462:
454:
452:
449:
444:
441:
436:
434:
428:
424:
422:
414:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
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387:
383:
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356:
349:
344:
340:
338:
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318:
314:
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302:
297:
295:
293:
289:
285:
280:
276:
271:
263:
254:
250:
246:
236:
232:
228:
224:12 March 1880
216:
212:
207:
203:
200:Henri Bléhaut
199:
193:
190:
187:
181:
175:
170:
167:
163:
160:
157:
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147:
144:
138:
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127:
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117:
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105:
102:
96:
90:
85:
82:
78:
74:
68:
64:
58:
52:
47:
44:
40:
36:
29:
24:
17:
1847:. Retrieved
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1778:. Retrieved
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1709:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1334:. Retrieved
1319:
1309:Jules Brévié
1301:
1289:Salifou 2002
1284:
1272:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1047:
1035:
1006:
994:
982:
970:
958:
946:
934:
922:
880:
853:
841:
812:
800:
748:
744:
736:
731:
699:
690:
667:
659:Trois études
658:
649:
640:
631:
623:Publications
609:
596:
589:Henry Lémery
581:Pierre Laval
569:
559:
555:
545:
540:
535:Lycée Yersin
527:
522:
511:
509:
482:
458:
445:
437:
429:
425:
418:
408:
394:
389:
385:
371:
367:Burkina Faso
352:
306:
284:World War II
261:
260:
239:(1964-07-28)
237:28 July 1964
196:Succeeded by
173:
154:Succeeded by
130:
111:Succeeded by
88:
71:Succeeded by
50:
1873:1964 deaths
1868:1880 births
1115:Garcia 2008
1040:Garcia 2008
975:Wilder 2005
963:Wilder 2005
951:Wilder 2005
939:Wilder 2005
927:Wilder 2005
915:Wilder 2005
900:Wilder 2005
793:Wilder 2005
558:(1939) and
495:barrage in
485:Cochinchina
397:World War I
359:Black Volta
184:Preceded by
141:Preceded by
104:Jules Carde
99:Preceded by
61:Preceded by
1862:Categories
1849:2015-10-27
1822:2015-10-27
1795:2015-10-27
1780:2015-10-27
1753:2015-10-27
1726:2015-10-27
1678:2015-10-27
1651:2015-10-27
1624:2015-10-27
1597:2015-10-27
1570:2015-10-27
1543:2015-10-27
1516:2015-10-27
1489:2015-10-27
1462:2015-10-27
1435:2015-10-27
1408:2015-10-27
1381:2015-10-27
1354:2015-10-27
1336:2015-10-27
1238:Ginio 2006
1011:Ginio 2006
999:Ginio 2006
605:Martinique
601:Guadeloupe
378:Beledougou
374:Massantola
333:Tondidarou
248:Occupation
220:1880-03-12
1103:Gunn 2014
1091:Gunn 2014
1079:Gunn 2014
1067:Gunn 2014
708:cite book
676:cite book
599:and that
469:Léon Blum
174:In office
131:In office
89:In office
51:In office
1764:Le Niger
887:, PP140.
562:(1940).
493:Do Luong
489:Cambodia
363:Yankasso
329:Bougouni
325:Niafunké
148:(acting)
1298:Sources
613:Talizat
501:Bảo Đại
376:in the
1840:
1813:
1771:
1744:
1717:
1696:
1669:
1642:
1615:
1588:
1561:
1534:
1507:
1480:
1453:
1426:
1399:
1372:
1327:
617:Niamey
530:Da Lat
473:Saigon
395:After
355:Guinea
321:Bamako
723:Notes
579:when
523:métis
513:métis
477:Hanoi
401:Niger
313:Dakar
1838:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1478:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1325:ISBN
714:link
682:link
603:and
487:and
337:Mali
327:and
298:Life
234:Died
214:Born
1864::
1257:^
1170:^
1059:^
1018:^
907:^
892:^
865:^
824:^
783:^
760:^
749:.
710:}}
706:{{
678:}}
674:{{
411:.
323:,
1852:.
1825:.
1798:.
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1702:.
1681:.
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1627:.
1600:.
1573:.
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1519:.
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1465:.
1438:.
1411:.
1384:.
1357:.
1339:.
1228:.
778:.
716:)
684:)
388:(
264:(
222:)
218:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
