Julius Ashkin - Knowledge (XXG)

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from the main gate, circle around the perimeter to a hole in the fence, re-enter the facility, and then exit the gate again, thus causing confusion and consternation both.) He also liked to pound his bongo drums, a practice which made those within hearing range grit their teeth but which he believed put him in touch with the spirits of the Indians who formerly inhabited the place. Physicists are known for their love of music, particularly classical music, and their ability to play it. Feynman wasn't unusual in his affection for drumming but his choice of musical genres was atypical as was his lack of skill as a drummer. It appears that the music produced by his friends offended him as much as his relentless noise offended them. When Ashkin played the recorder, Feynman said he was using "an infernally popular wooden tube ... for making noises bearing a one-one correspondence to black dots on a piece of paper -- in imitation to music."

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were not members of the military, they could not be ordered to comply with military secrecy orders and instead voluntarily agreed to abide by them.) Although urban-raised scientists, like Ashkin, were far from the amusements that cities afford, they were able to find amusing things to do. It helped that some of the married ones were able to bring their wives to live in the town of Los Alamos and thus parties of men and women could get together for social activities. These include such things as hikes of hills and canyons of the surrounding wilderness areas. It's likely Ashkin played outdoor team sports while at Los Alamos. A Met Lab colleague remembered playing touch football with him and Feld on an open space called the midway at the University of Chicago.

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however, told of the group's long hard hours, high spirits and cohesiveness, and said they achieved some excellent successes in theoretical physics. Their work required a great number of mathematical computations, which, Welton remembered, they performed using Work Projects Administration math tables and big Marchant mechanical calculators. In fact, their assistant, an enlisted man named Murray Peshkin, remembered the group as having an unending need for calculation. An undergraduate with a major in physics at the time he was recruited, he was put, as he recalled, "to solving differential equations that were needed to predict the critical mass of a bomb under various assumptions about the many unknown properties of the nuclei in the bomb material."

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nuclear fission was discovered in 1938, scientists in many locations in Europe and the United States began intense work to understand and control the phenomenon. Researchers at Columbia and nearby Princeton University were in the forefront of this work. There's no information on how much, if at all, Ashkin was involved in the effort at this early stage of his career, but it is certain that the Columbia physics department was the workplace for scientists who were devoted to the secret development of a new and phenomenally powerful weapon. These men included men already mentioned — Fermi, Rabi, Teller, and Bethe — as well as

477:. Feynman devised the diagram in 1948 to provide a simple visualization of the mathematical expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles. Although the diagram and its offshoots were later seen as extremely important tools, Feynman did not give them a theoretical framework nor did he explain how he proposed they be used. Physicists had difficulty in understanding their function, distrusted their simplicity, and were reluctant to give them formal recognition. Feynman later said physicists did not realize the diagram's power and would employ a more complex method created by 433:, by Feynman, R.P.; Welton, T.A.; Ashkin, J.; Ehrlich, R.; Peshkin, M.; and Reines, F. Report LA-524(Del.) January 21, 1947 (extract from abstract: "Convenient approximate methods are developed for the calculation of critical sizes and multiplication rates of spherical, active cores surrounded by infinite tampers. Special attention is given to those problems arising from the fact that neutrons of different velocities have different properties. The methods consist essentially of approximating the neutron densities at each velocity by fundamental mode shapes for each velocity.") 31: 481:. Ashkin, he said, was the first to break with this pattern: "They somehow or other couldn’t do it. They had to go through this to believe it. But that's all right. The only person who didn't, the first paper where it was used directly — which I kept looking for, I kept flipping through the Physical Review as it came out — was Ashkin. He'd done some calculation for some experiment, and he said, 'We’ve calculated this using Feynman's rules.' Bloop! There it was in writing! Then gradually more and more people did it." 970: 715: 2900: 914: 744: 773: 451:, with secret information about bomb research. Between 1943 and 1946, Fuchs worked at both Columbia and Los Alamos. When the FBI interviewed Bethe and Feynman about their relationship with Fuchs while at Los Alamos, Feynman said Fuchs was quiet, reserved and not inclined to mix with other scientists outside of work. He also said he believed Fuchs was less stand-offish with Ashkin and seemed friendly with him. 295:

Lamb. As a graduate student, Ashkin contributed to one paper in astrophysics. and two papers in statistical mechanics He collaborated with Lamb in writing the first of the two papers on statistical mechanics and with Teller in writing the second. This second paper, "Statistics of Two-Dimensional Lattices with Four Components" has since been frequently cited. He received his Ph.D. in physics in 1943.

522:, the European Organization for Nuclear Research. There, he became a member of the first group of scientists to use that institution's new 600 MeV synchrocyclotron. Using this particle accelerator he helped to make a significant discovery which confirmed an aspect of the V-A Theory of weak interactions. Supported by a grant from the Guggenheim Foundation, in 1968 he also spent a year as a Fellow at 2912: 2888: 1514:

Originally written in 1946, this was the first comprehensive narrative account of the construction and operation of the world's first nuclear reactor. Though popular in approach and style, the story was written after extensive consultations with a number of the scientists directly associated with the

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joined it in the early spring of 1944. The group's main task was to estimate the rate at which neutrons would diffuse through the explosive core of the bomb during nuclear fission. Somewhat facetiously Feynman later claimed that the work done at Los Alamos was mostly engineering, not science. Welton,

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At Los Alamos Ashkin was assigned to work in the Theoretical Division headed by Bethe. There were five groups in this division and Ashkin was assigned to group 4, Diffusion Problems. His responsibilities, broadly, permitted him to build upon work he had done as a graduate student and in his months at

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The groundwork for the understanding of this resonance was done by Fermi and coworkers at the slightly higher energy Chicago cyclotron, which began to function in 1951. It was more definitively established by Ashkin and coworkers, using a yet slightly higher energy cyclotron at Carnegie Institute of

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As an undergraduate, Ashkin was invited to join an honorary mathematics society, and received awards. He entered the fall semester as an assistant lecturer and began work toward a master's degree. A year later, having received that degree, he began work toward a Ph.D. under the supervision of Willis

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Security at Los Alamos was very tight by standards of the time. The site was an uninhabited desert location (formerly a private school) whose perimeter was fenced, with guards at the gates. The scientists were permitted outside the facility but there was little available transportation. (Since they

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After being associated for 40 years with our nation's nuclear program it's difficult to select a particular incident which stands out above others. It may bemuse my colleagues to know what events I do not choose to write about on this occasion: events such as being with Enrico Fermi on December 2,

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On leaving Los Alamos in 1946 Ashkin obtained a position as assistant professor at the University of Rochester and in 1950 he moved to the Carnegie Institute of Technology (later Carnegie Mellon University). He remained at CMU for the rest of his life, serving as professor and for a period head of

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In 1953, with Bethe, his former director of theoretical work in Los Alamos, Ashkin published an article closely related to the work they had then done. This article, "Passage of Radiations Through Matter," summarized the effects of particles and radiation as they passed through solids. In time it

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Feynman was particularly adept at leavening hard work with light-hearted games. His genius was as much playful as serious. He took pride in deceiving the mail censors, guessing the combinations of safes in which secret files were stored, picking door locks, and teasing the guards (he would depart

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You see, we were so busy ... Those were rather brief years - for me almost two, for others three. The maximum time I guess, was about three and a quarter years. And these were very intense years. One really concentrated completely on the war work and trying to get that bomb built before the

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Lillian Hoddeson Senior Research Physicist University of Illinois; Ernst Braun Senior Research Physicist Institut fur Sozio-Okonomische Entwicklungsforschung; Jurgen Teichmann Senior Research Physicist Deutsches Museum; Spencer Weart Senior Research Physicist Center for History of Physics of the

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and Sergio de Benedetti, at this time Ashkin began to transition from mainly theoretical to mainly experimental work. The cyclotron remained in use at the Saxonburg Nuclear Research Center until the mid-1970s when it was dismantled and, using it, Ashkin was able to produce some of his best-known

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In 1946, before the scientists at Los Alamos dispersed, there was a brief period during which they gave lectures on subjects in which they had expertise. The program was styled the "Los Alamos University" and some junior members of laboratory personnel received college credit for attending them.

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During the latter part of 1942, before completing his Ph.D. work, Ashkin accepted an offer to work in the Manhattan Project. Early work on the development of the atom bomb had taken place at Columbia during the six years Ashkin was an undergraduate and graduate student there. When the process of

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Although Ashkin's interest, experience, and skill would seem to place him with the theoretical division, he worked in the physics division in a group called "Nuclear Physics — Experimental." His placement in this group suggests that Ashkin had prior experience in carrying out nuclear

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In 1950 Ashkin joined the physics faculty of Carnegie Mellon University (then the Carnegie Institute of Technology) where Edward Creutz was department head and director of a new 450 MeV proton synchrocyclotron that CIT had built in nearby Saxonburg, Pennsylvania. Joining fellow scientists

333:(associate professor of chemistry whose work on separation of isotopes resulted in the discovery of deuterium). In addition, Columbia received visits from scientists at Princeton University who were coordinating their work with Columbia colleagues. These included 502:

became a standard reference for physics experimenters. Using the CIT cyclotron and following on work done by Bethe and Robert E. Marshak, Ashkin conducted experiments to determine the characteristics of a short-lived particle — the pi-meson or

329:(Dean of Columbia's Faculties of Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science, who helped bring Fermi to the United States and brought him together with representatives of the U.S. Navy Department for the first discussion of the atomic bomb) and 440:, Alamogordo. Only a few of the many scientists were permitted to witness this unspeakably dramatic culmination of their work. Ashkin was probably there because of his work on radiation poisoning, begun at Met Lab and probably continued afterward. 469:

brought Ashkin to the University of Rochester in 1946. As an assistant professor he taught mechanics and thermodynamics and theoretical physics and performed pioneering experiments on neutron-proton, proton-proton, and nucleon-nucleon scattering.

632: : accessed December 23, 2013), Isadore Ashkin, 1917–1918; citing New York City no 86, New York, United States, NARA microfilm publication M1509, (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d); FHL microfilm 001765586. 506:— that is produced when high energy cosmic ray protons and other cosmic ray components interact with matter in the Earth's atmosphere. Ashkin served as chair of the physics department between 1961 and 1972. After he died, CMU created the 365:

to produce the world's first controlled chain reaction. They built the reactor in a disused squash court under the bleachers of Stagg Field, the university's old football stadium. They had been brought together from Columbia and Princeton by

1832:"Oral History Transcript — Dr. Robert E. Marshak, conducted by Dr. Charles Weiner at Professor Marshak's Office, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, June 16, 1970, Center for History of Physics of the American Institute of Physics" 428:

Along with other members of the Feynman team, Ashkin produced technical reports while at Los Alamos. These were classified at the time but have since been made public. One example gives an idea of the work carried out by the group. It is

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Ashkin's were on theoretical mechanics. The course description says it covered the dynamics of particles, rigid bodies, elastic media, and fluids using vector analysis, particle dynamics, Lagrange's equations, and Hamilton's equations.

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which considered the power potential of sustained nuclear reactions as well as the radiation poisoning and other hazards that accompanied them. All these reports were secret when produced and have since been declassified and released.

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Julius Ashkin (as opposed to the imposter who used Ashkin's name) on the Chicago Midway; or making a one-gram radium beryllium source on an afternoon in New York, putting it in a briefcase, and flying back to Chicago with it under my

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who was a professor of physics at the University of Chicago. The Met Lab consisted of two divisions. Fermi, Anderson, Zinn, Creutz, and Szilard were key members of the physics division; Bethe and Teller of the theoretical division.

200:(August 23, 1920 – June 4, 1982) was a leader in experimental and theoretical physics known for furthering the evolution of particle physics from nuclear physics. As a theoretical physicist he made contributions in the fields of 244:). Within a decade of his landing in New York, Isadore had become a U.S. citizen and was running a dental laboratory at 139 Delancey Street in Manhattan. Ashkin's nickname was Julie. He is the uncle of the artist 1515:

great experiment, much of it being constructed from their personal recollections of what happened on 2 December 1942. The account is reprinted here by permission of the United States Atomic Energy Commission.

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Feynman recalled that he believes Fuchs was friendly at Los Alamos with Dr. Julius Ashkin who is presently at the University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, and with Robert Eugene Marshak and his wife

619: : accessed December 23, 2013), Isadore Ashkin, Brooklyn (Districts 1251–1500), Kings, New York, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) 1261, sheet , family 298, NARA microfilm publication. 236:, also a physicist, and a sister, Ruth. One older sibling, Gertrude, died while young. The family home was in Brooklyn, New York, at 983 E 27 Street. Isadore had immigrated to the United States from 658: : accessed December 23, 2013), Isdor Ashkin, Brooklyn Assembly District 18, Kings, New York, United States; citing sheet , family 342, NARA microfilm publication T625, FHL microfilm 1821173. 484:

While he was teaching at the University of Rochester, Ashkin married Claire Ruderman, a biologist studying at the same university. The couple had two daughters, Beth and Laura.

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Ashkin, J.; Fazzini, T.; Fidecaro, G.; Goldschmidt-Clermont, Y.; Lipman, N. H .; Merrison, A. W.; Paul, H. (1960). "A new measurement of the mean life of the positive pion".

551:"Two problems in the statistical mechanics of crystals. I. The propagation of order in crystal lattices, II. The statistics of two-dimensional lattices with four components" 170:

Two problems in the statistical mechanics of crystals. I. The propagation of order in crystal lattices II. The statistics of two-dimensional lattices with four components.

291:. All these men were recognized as among the finest of their generation and four of them — Fermi, Rabi, Bethe, and Lamb — were to be awarded the Nobel Prize. 2576:

Hans Bethe (1933) and Bethe and Ashkin (1953) derived the formula for calculating the stopping power resulting from coulombic interactions of heavy charged particles...

1600: 1458: 241: 383:(untraced) — Ashkin produced a number of technical reports on the theoretical aspects of nuclear fission. With Feld, he also produced a practical report on 260:, graduating in 1936, while still a few weeks shy of his 16th birthday. In his senior year, he received honors and awards. He was awarded a scholarship to attend 117: 1491: 2979: 2974: 2954: 2120:

Feynman, Richard; et al. (January 21, 1947). "The Calculation of Critical Masses Including the Effects of the Distribution of Neutron Energies".

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When Ashkin accepted an invitation to join the Manhattan Project he was still working on his Ph.D. He spent the last few months of 1942 at the

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from mid-1943 to mid-1945. The scientists at the Metallurgical Laboratory, or Met Lab as it was called, used a nuclear reactor called the

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U.S. National Archives, Record Group 77, Records of the Chief of Engineers, Manhattan Engineer District, Harrison-Bundy File, folder #76

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Ashkin, J.; Fazzini, T.; Fidecaro, G.; Merrison, A. W.; Paul, H.; Tollestrup, A. V. (1959). "The electron decay mode of the pion".

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Out of the Crystal Maze : Chapters from The History of Solid State Physics: Chapters from The History of Solid State Physics

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Technology, which came into operation in 1953.... Fermi could almost reach it and Ashkin could finally see it clearly. (p. 53)

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Wu, Ta-YOU; Ashkin, Julius (1948). "Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of 100- to 200-Mev Protons or Neutrons by Deuterons".

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Met Lab. T-4's group leader was Richard Feynman; Ashkin was alternate leader. The initial members were Richard Ehrich, and

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J. Ashkin; S. Bernstein; B. Feld; H. Kubitschek; L. Szilard, University of Chicago, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (1947).

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Ashkin, Julius; B. T. Feld (April 1, 1943). "Activation of Fast Neutron Detectors by Cyclotron and by Fission Neutrons".

2024:"Is it the mystery, or the structure, or the discipline? Whatever the reason, playing music seems to attract physicists" 2023: 2090: 2005:

1942 under Staff Field; or being over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945; or playing touch football with Bernie Feld and the

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Szilard, L.; Bernstein, S.; Feld, B.; Ashkin, J. (1948). "Inelastic Scattering of Fast Neutrons by Fe, Pb, and Bi".

380: 220:) through solid matter and their subsequent decay. He was recognized for the quality of his research and teaching. 157: 1498: 232:, New York, on August 23, 1920. His parents were Isadore and Anna Ashkin. He had two younger siblings, a brother, 2916: 2904: 523: 264:, where he studied four years as an undergraduate from 1936 to 1940, and three as a graduate from 1940 to 1943. 216:. As an experimental physicist his main contributions concerned the passage of certain particles (pi-mesons, or 1111:

Niss, Martin (2004). "History of the Lenz-Ising Model 1920?1950: From Ferromagnetic to Cooperative Phenomena".

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Ashkin, Julius; Christy, R.F.; Feld, B.T. (December 15, 1942). "Poisoning and Production in a Power Plant".

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Manhattan District History: Project Y, the Los Alamos Project, Volume 2: August 1945 through December 1946

971:"73 Boro, L.I. Students in Columbia Class; Among 5,345 Seniors Who Will Get Degrees At 186th Commencement" 437: 334: 358: 201: 149: 890:

Judging Edward Teller: A Closer Look at One of the Most Influential Scientists of the Twentieth Century

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In 1958–1959 Ashkin won a Ford Foundation grant to spend a sabbatical year in Geneva, Switzerland, at

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experiments while a student at Columbia. With the other members of the group — Feld, Szilard,

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Ashkin, Julius; Wu, Ta-You (1948). "Neutron-Proton and Proton-Proton Scattering at High Energies".

554: 494: 314: 261: 205: 97: 2503: 2446: 2842: 2799: 2756: 1594: 1128: 1055: 952: 628:"United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917–1918," index and images, FamilySearch ( 54: 1158: 431:

The Calculation of Critical Masses Including the Effects of the Distribution of Neutron Energies

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While at Rochester, Ashkin was the first scientist to formally recognize the importance of the

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Ashkin, J.; Marshak, R. (1949). "Bremsstrahlung in High Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Collisions".

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Feynman, Richard (January–February 1976). "Los Alamos From Below: Reminiscences 1943–1945".

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On July 16, 1945, Ashkin was present at the first-ever explosion of a nuclear bomb at the

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Fifth Meeting, Scientific Policy Committee, European Organization for Nuclear Research

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Physicists then working on Columbia's faculty in those years included professors

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Ashkin, Julius; Keller, J.; Richman, C. "Technical Report AECU-167; (M-4297)".

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Pedagogy and the Practice of Science: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

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Drawing Theories Apart: The Dispersion of Feynman Diagrams in Postwar Physics

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Ashkin, J.; Lamb, W. (1943). "The Propagation of Order in Crystal Lattices".

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A part of the Manhattan District History commissioned by Leslie R. Groves.

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Preliminary comparison of radon-boron and radium-beryllium neutron sources

2136:"FBI Records - Klaus Fuchs - Part 6, Interviews with Associates of Fuchs" 229: 1429:

Array of Contemporary American Physicists, American Institute of Physics

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Nuclear Criticality Safety Division Newsletter, American Nuclear Society

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Faculty Handbook, Mellon College of Science, Carnegie Mellon University

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Technical Report CP-381; A-416 Metallurgical Lab, University of Chicago

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in Pittsburgh, Pennslylvania on June 4, 1982, after a lengthy illness.

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Mellon College of Science Faculty Handbook, Carnegie Mellon University

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QED and the Men who Made it: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga

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In 1950 it was revealed that one of the scientists at Los Alamos,

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Radioactivity: Introduction and History: Introduction and History

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A Contribution to the Knowledge of Stridulating Organs in Spiders

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Technical Report LA-524(Del.), los Alamos Scientific Lab., N. Mex

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Inter-Actions, Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University

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Inter-Actions, Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University

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Technical Report CF-863 Metallurgical Lab University of Chicago

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Array of Contemporary Scientists, American Institute of Physics

674:"Catalogue Number for the Sessions of 1941–1942 and 1942–1943" 654:"United States Census, 1920," index and images, FamilySearch ( 615:"United States Census, 1930," index and images, FamilySearch ( 2418:

American Association for the Advancement of Science (1948).

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United States Office of Scientific and Technical Information

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Memoirs: A Twentieth Century Journey in Science and Politics

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Early stages of the Manhattan Project at Columbia University

2630:"Mellon College of Science -- Julius Ashkin Teaching Award" 1774:

Engineering and Science, California Institute of Technology

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Statistics of Two-Dimensional Lattices with Four Components

2163:"Interview with Dr. Joshua Goldberg at Caltech University" 645: : accessed December 23, 2013), Isadore Ashkin, 1942. 1459:"Edward Chester Creutz, 1913–2009, a Biographical Memoir" 1024:

Ashkin, Julius; Nafe, John E.; Rothstein, Jerome (1942).

2861:"All Fellows, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation" 2320:

Kaiser, David (2005). "Physics and Feynman's Diagrams".

1948:. Vol. II. U.S. National Counterintelligence Center 1182:

Longuet-Higgins, Christopher; Michael E. Fisher (1991).

1635: 1633: 1589:. Technical Information Division, Oak Ridge Operations. 1268:"Physical Review – September 1943 Volume 64, Issue 5-6" 2686:. CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research 2876: 2421:

Summarized Proceedings ... and a Directory of Members

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Historical and Biographical Reflections and Syntheses

1528:"The Manhattan Project and predecessor organizations" 2295:"Interview with Dr. Richard Feynman at Altadena, CA" 1497:. International Atomic Energy Agency. Archived from 1239:

Edward Teller; Judith Schoolery (9 September 2009).

774:"8 Pulitzer Price Scholarships Won By Students Here" 357:

at the University of Chicago and then worked at the

1791:Welton, Theodore A. (2007). "Memories of Feynman". 1212:American Institute of Physics (11 September 1992). 668: 666: 664: 179: 163: 141: 131: 113: 103: 93: 83: 61: 40: 21: 1559:"A Petition to the President of the United States" 1150: 317:(then, like Ashkin, a Columbia graduate student), 2407:. University of Rochester. Department of Biology. 2089:Truslow, Edith C.; Smith, Ralph Carlisle (1961). 1419: 1417: 583: 581: 579: 447:, was providing the Soviet intelligence bureau, 2774:Ashkin, J . (1959). "Pion-nucleon scattering". 2050:Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman 1144: 1142: 835:. American Institute of Physics. Archived from 2474:Learning About Particles - 50 Privileged Years 2380:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 220–. 1826: 1824: 1822: 1464:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from 1375: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1184:"Lars Onsager, 1903–1976, a Biographic Memoir" 1004:Columbia College Bulletin, Columbia University 656:https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MJRV-1VW 643:https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/F3CQ-T4W 630:https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/KXY5-7XY 617:https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/X7X3-3YL 893:. Prometheus Books, Publishers. p. 140. 8: 2590:"On the Scattering of pi-Mesons by Nucleons" 1700: 1698: 1599:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2990:James Madison High School (Brooklyn) alumni 2706:"V-A: Universal Theory of Weak Interaction" 2588:Ashkin, J.; Simon, A.; Marshak, R. (1950). 2558:Michael F. L'Annunziata (August 23, 2007). 1863:"To Be Young, Gifted and Building The Bomb" 1106: 1104: 1557:Leo Szilard; et al. (July 17, 1945). 829:"Interview with Dr. William A. Nierenberg" 29: 18: 2613: 1452: 1450: 1405: 1266:Ashkin, J.; Teller, E. (September 1943). 1049: 745:"212 From Boro and L.I. Win Scholarships" 385:Poisoning and Production in a Power Plant 1000:"Prizes and Fellowships Academic Honors" 2883: 1490:Allardice, Corbin; Edward R. Trapnell. 1157:. Princeton University Press. pp. 541: 1592: 1336: 1334: 1332: 16:American nuclear physicist (1920–1982) 1942:"Security and the Los Alamos Project" 1113:Archive for History of Exact Sciences 7: 2534:Experimental Nuclear Physics, Vol. I 2053:. Vintage Books. 1992. p. 191. 589:"Julius Ashkin, 61, Physicist, Dies" 1730:Daily Gazette, Gainesville, Florida 35:Julius Ashkin's Los Alamos ID badge 2980:Carnegie Mellon University faculty 2975:Columbia College (New York) alumni 2504:"Saxonburg Cyclotron 50th Reunion" 2374:David Kaiser (November 15, 2009). 2098:. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 1967:Agnew, Harold M. (December 1982). 1026:"On the Limb Darkening of the Sun" 827:Aaserud, Finn (February 6, 1986). 14: 2293:Weiner, Charles (June 28, 1966). 1973:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 1861:Peshkin, Murray (June 24, 2005). 1744:"Theodore Allen Welton, Obituary" 945:The American Mathematical Monthly 2955:20th-century American physicists 2922: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2161:Rickles, Dean (March 21, 2011). 2022:Gold, Lauren (August 10, 2006). 1919:How the Manhattan Project Worked 1915:"Manhattan Project Organization" 1913:Fuller, John (17 January 2008). 1728:"Dr. Richard Ehrich, Obituary". 1218:. Oxford University Press, USA. 2970:University of Rochester faculty 2594:Progress of Theoretical Physics 2436:"Sergio DeBenedetti--1912–1994" 2401:Claire Ruderman Ashkin (1947). 2301:. American Institute of Physics 2169:. American Institute of Physics 1748:OakRidger, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 887:Istvan Hargittai (2010-12-31). 783:. September 18, 1936. p. 3 2710:Seven Science Quests Symposium 1993:10.1080/00963402.1982.11455818 1681:. Springer. pp. 148–149. 1245:. Basic Books. pp. 156–. 1189:. National Academy of Sciences 701:White-Orr's Reference Register 678:Catalogue, Columbia University 1: 1946:A Counter Intelligence Reader 1836:American Institute of Physics 1380:Wolfenstein, Lincoln (1982). 924:. March 13, 1938. pp. B7 754:. August 28, 1936. p. 26 379:, Herbert E. Kubitschek, and 1425:"Nuclear Fission, 1938–1942" 508:Julius Ashkin Teaching Award 283:(visiting), and instructors 2960:People associated with CERN 1675:Eugene Paul Wigner (2001). 1149:Silvan S. Schweber (1994). 725:. June 24, 1936. p. 30 256:Ashkin attended Brooklyn's 214:elementary particle physics 3011: 2985:Jewish American physicists 980:. June 5, 1940. p. 30 488:Carnegie Mellon University 228:Julius Ashkin was born in 158:Carnegie Mellon University 1940:Rafalko, Frank J. (ed.). 1125:10.1007/s00407-004-0088-3 1030:The Astrophysical Journal 524:All Souls College, Oxford 258:James Madison High School 191: 124: 28: 2995:Scientists from Brooklyn 2965:Manhattan Project people 2502:Fetkovich, John (1997). 803:"Columbia College Today" 465:the physics department. 355:Metallurgical Laboratory 349:Metallurgical Laboratory 146:Metallurgical Laboratory 2471:J. Steinberger (2005). 2299:Oral History Transcript 2167:Oral History Transcript 1887:Lerner, BrendaWilmoth. 1662:10.1103/PhysRev.73.1307 1457:Hinman, George (2010). 859:"Hugh Paxton 1909–2003" 833:Oral History Transcript 549:Ashkin, Julius (1943). 460:University of Rochester 154:University of Rochester 2684:"The Synchrocyclotron" 2445:. 1995. Archived from 2245:10.1103/PhysRev.73.986 2210:10.1103/PhysRev.73.973 1893:Espionage Encyclopedia 1292:10.1103/physrev.64.178 1095:10.1103/PhysRev.64.159 951:(5): 300–2. May 1940. 704:. 1918. pp. 139–. 498:experimental results. 2531:Emilio Segrè (1953). 2347:David Kaiser (2005). 2280:10.1103/PhysRev.76.58 1342:"About Julius Ashkin" 359:Los Alamos Laboratory 224:Early life and family 202:statistical mechanics 150:Los Alamos Laboratory 118:Guggenheim Fellowship 2452:on February 22, 2014 1471:on February 22, 2014 1352:on February 22, 2014 978:Brooklyn Daily Eagle 943:"News and Notices". 922:Brooklyn Daily Eagle 781:Brooklyn Daily Eagle 752:Brooklyn Daily Eagle 723:Brooklyn Daily Eagle 2831:1960NCim...16..490A 2788:1959NCim...14S.221A 2745:1959NCim...13.1240A 2615:10.1143/ptp/5.4.634 2606:1950PThPh...5..634A 2272:1949PhRv...76...58A 2237:1948PhRv...73..986W 2202:1948PhRv...73..973A 1985:1982BuAtS..38j..20A 1969:"Early Impressions" 1889:"Manhattan Project" 1805:2007PhT....60b..46W 1750:. November 23, 2010 1732:. January 31, 2002. 1654:1948PhRv...73.1307S 1538:on October 17, 2012 1504:on 21 February 2014 1435:on October 24, 2013 1398:1982PhT....35h..66W 1284:1943PhRv...64..178A 1087:1943PhRv...64..159A 1042:1942ApJ....95...76A 839:on January 12, 2015 555:Columbia University 531:Montefiore Hospital 495:Lincoln Wolfenstein 315:Herbert L. Anderson 287:, Hugh Paxton, and 262:Columbia University 206:solid state physics 108:Ashkin–Teller model 98:Columbia University 2917:Nuclear technology 2905:History of Science 2839:10.1007/BF02731913 2796:10.1007/BF02913290 2753:10.1007/BF02725130 2665:, October 12, 1956 2656:"Guest Professors" 2424:. The Association. 2334:10.1511/2005.2.156 2322:American Scientist 868:: 5–6. Summer 2004 514:Sabbatical at CERN 455:Academic positions 55:Brooklyn, New York 2571:978-0-08-054888-3 2484:978-3-540-21329-1 2387:978-0-226-42265-7 2360:978-0-262-11288-8 2060:978-0-679-74704-8 2028:Cornell Chronicle 1921:. How Stuff Works 1813:10.1063/1.2711636 1688:978-3-540-57294-7 1648:(11): 1307–1310. 1407:10.1063/1.2915225 1252:978-0-7867-5170-9 1225:978-0-19-534532-2 1168:978-0-691-03327-3 900:978-1-61614-269-8 438:Trinity test site 381:Seymour Bernstein 377:Robert F. Christy 299:Manhattan Project 273:Isidor Isaac Rabi 195: 194: 126:Scientific career 3002: 2927: 2926: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2903: 2902: 2901: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2882: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2819:Il Nuovo Cimento 2814: 2808: 2807: 2776:Il Nuovo Cimento 2771: 2765: 2764: 2739:(6): 1240–1262. 2733:Il Nuovo Cimento 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2660: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2451: 2440: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2145: 2143: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2097: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2001: 1999: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1845: 1843: 1828: 1817: 1816: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1769: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1637: 1628: 1627: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1590: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1534:. Archived from 1524: 1518: 1517: 1511: 1509: 1503: 1496: 1492:"The First Pile" 1487: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1470: 1463: 1454: 1445: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1431:. Archived from 1421: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1377: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1348:. 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Pegram 285:Arnold Nordsieck 181:Doctoral advisor 175: 68: 50: 48: 33: 19: 3010: 3009: 3005: 3004: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2877: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2782:(S2): 221–241. 2773: 2772: 2768: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2506: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2485: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2260:Physical Review 2257: 2256: 2252: 2231:(9): 986–1001. 2225:Physical Review 2222: 2221: 2217: 2190:Physical Review 2187: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2141: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2021: 2020: 2016: 1997: 1995: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1871: 1869: 1867:Chicago Tribune 1860: 1859: 1855: 1841: 1839: 1838:. June 16, 1970 1830: 1829: 1820: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1771: 1770: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1704: 1703: 1696: 1689: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1642:Physical Review 1639: 1638: 1631: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1591: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1567: 1565: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1541: 1539: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1423: 1422: 1415: 1382:"Julius Ashkin" 1379: 1378: 1365: 1355: 1353: 1340: 1339: 1330: 1322: 1320: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1296: 1294: 1272:Physical Review 1265: 1264: 1260: 1253: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1226: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1169: 1148: 1147: 1140: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1075:Physical Review 1072: 1071: 1067: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1008: 1006: 998: 997: 993: 983: 981: 973: 969: 968: 964: 942: 941: 937: 927: 925: 917: 913: 912: 908: 901: 886: 885: 881: 871: 869: 861: 857: 856: 852: 842: 840: 826: 825: 821: 812: 810: 801: 800: 796: 786: 784: 776: 772: 771: 767: 757: 755: 747: 743: 742: 738: 728: 726: 718: 714: 713: 709: 698: 697: 693: 683: 681: 672: 671: 662: 653: 649: 640: 636: 627: 623: 614: 610: 600: 598: 587: 586: 577: 567: 565: 548: 547: 543: 539: 529:Ashkin died at 516: 490: 475:Feynman diagram 462: 457: 405: 403:Theodore Welton 394: 351: 319:John R. Dunning 306: 301: 254: 226: 210:nuclear physics 173: 156: 152: 148: 94:Alma mater 79: 70: 66: 57: 52: 51:August 23, 1920 46: 44: 36: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3008: 3006: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2874: 2873: 2852: 2825:(3): 490–504. 2809: 2766: 2723: 2697: 2675: 2647: 2621: 2600:(4): 634–668. 2580: 2570: 2550: 2543: 2537:. John Wiley. 2523: 2494: 2483: 2463: 2427: 2410: 2393: 2386: 2366: 2359: 2339: 2312: 2285: 2250: 2215: 2196:(9): 973–985. 2180: 2153: 2127: 2112: 2081: 2066: 2059: 2040: 2014: 1959: 1932: 1905: 1879: 1853: 1818: 1783: 1761: 1735: 1720: 1694: 1687: 1667: 1629: 1606: 1575: 1549: 1519: 1482: 1446: 1413: 1363: 1328: 1314:Citations for 1304: 1258: 1251: 1231: 1224: 1200: 1174: 1167: 1138: 1119:(3): 267–318. 1100: 1065: 1051:10.1086/144375 1016: 991: 962: 935: 906: 899: 879: 850: 819: 794: 765: 736: 707: 691: 660: 647: 634: 621: 608: 597:. June 7, 1982 594:New York Times 575: 540: 538: 535: 515: 512: 510:in his honor. 489: 486: 467:Robert Marshak 461: 458: 456: 453: 393: 390: 368:Arthur Compton 350: 347: 305: 302: 300: 297: 253: 250: 246:Michael Ashkin 225: 222: 193: 192: 189: 188: 183: 177: 176: 167: 161: 160: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 122: 121: 115: 111: 110: 105: 104:Known for 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 71: 69:(aged 61) 63: 59: 58: 53: 42: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3007: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2884: 2880: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2724: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2664: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2544:9780598745040 2540: 2536: 2535: 2527: 2524: 2512: 2505: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2467: 2464: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2405: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2370: 2367: 2362: 2356: 2353:. 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