31:
226:
removal of technical information. Based on the handwriting and references to
Charles, he concludes that the annotations were likely made after Charles' death in December 1914. They suggest a review of the papers with a view to publication of a biography. Craig also notes that Charles wrote to various family members about his work, not just Julia, and that he demonstrated his results to his father and younger sisters as well as to Julia. Craig presents the image of a supportive, close-knit, intelligent family, interested in each other's work, rather than a brother-sister research and development team.
222:(1955) portray her as involved in Hall's home laboratory. However, they have been described as "celebratory" and lacking objectivity, and criticized for lacking footnotes and bibliographic information. Martha Trescott draws on these accounts when she makes a case for Julia's close involvement in Charles' laboratory. She argues that the written account that Julia Hall prepared for the patent examiner, and her annotations of Charles Hall's papers, are evidence of her close involvement in the scientific work. Subsequent authors have relied on her accounts.
203:, decided on October 24, 1887. While Héroult had filed his U.S. patent application a few months earlier than Hall, the patent examiner concluded that Hall had discovered the process before Héroult applied for the patent in April 1886. The witnesses for Hall were Charles Hall, Heman Hall, Frank Jewett, another professor, and Julia. Julia testified before the patent examiner that her brother had demonstrated the process successfully in front of her. She had also prepared an account of the
192:
his father the next day after Julia returned from a visit to
Cleveland. After further experiments and the addition of aluminium fluoride, Hall was successful in preparing aluminium by electrolysis. On February 23, 1886, breaking open a clay crucible lined with graphite, he found silvery aluminium pellets inside. Charles Hall took the metal to Frank Jewett for confirmation of the discovery.
207:"relying on my memory alone", which was not included in the official U S. record of the patent interference proceedings. Two postmarked letters from Charles Hall to his brother George that described the invention in detail were included as important evidence establishing the timing of Hall's discovery.
191:
There he researched the production of aluminium by electrolysis, ultimately obtaining a family of patents on April 2, 1889. Charles was successful in a breakthrough experiment of dissolving alumina in molten cryolite at 1000 °C on
February 9, 1886, demonstrating the process for his sisters and
174:
Julia
Brainerd Hall was a student in the Conservatory of Music at Oberlin College from 1876 to 1878. She is listed as a second year student in the "Literary" course at Oberlin as of 1878, and graduated in the Literary course in 1881. The "Literary" course had replaced the "Ladies" course as of July
225:
More recently, Norman Craig has examined the
Oberlin archive's papers and draws different conclusions. He notes that Julia Hall's annotations of the family letters involve replacement of names with initials, and removal of information about the family's financial circumstances, rather than the
187:
Julia's brother
Charles also attended Oberlin, matriculating in 1880 and graduating in 1885. Upon entering college, he approached the new professor of chemistry, Frank Fanning Jewett, to purchase some laboratory equipment. Charles Hall attended Jewett's chemistry course during his junior year,
238:
In 1901, Charles Hall had a house built for his sisters, Julia, Louie and Edith, at 280 Elm St. in
Oberlin, known as the "Hall Sisters House". The original family home on East College Street is now "Hall House", property of Oberlin College. Charles died in 1914.
175:
30, 1875; such educational tracking was usual for women attending
Oberlin at the time. One of the classes she took was chemistry, which was taught by William Kedzie in 1879–1880 for only one term prior to his unexpected death, rather than the usual two terms.
178:
Some time before her invalid mother's death in 1885, Julia took over running the household and raising her two younger sisters, Edith May Hall (later Mrs. George H. Seymour, 1865–1937) and Louie Alice Hall (1870–1944).
229:
Development of the Hall process and its scaling up for industrial use continued over several years, and eventually the Hall process brought the cost of aluminium down from $ 12.00 per pound to $ 0.30 per pound.
214:, September 30, 1926, stated that "She was a sister of Charles M. Hall and the one who gave him help and encouragement in his work on aluminium." Early accounts by Alcoa company employees, Charles Carr's
188:
1883–1884, and conducted research in Jewett's laboratory. Long before he graduated, Charles had set up a laboratory in a woodshed attached to the family home at 64 East
College Street in Oberlin, Ohio.
159:. Her eldest brother, George Edward Hall (1851, Jamaica – 1921, Pasadena, CA) became a minister. Her older sister Ellen Julia Hall-Kinsey (Mrs. George M. Kinsey, 1852–1882) studied medicine at the
980:
242:
Julia
Brainerd Hall moved to Rochester, New York as of 1917. She died on Saturday, September 4, 1926, at the home that she shared with her sister, Louie Alice Hall, at 1422 Highland Avenue,
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30:
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The extent to which Julia Brainerd Hall was involved day-to-day in her brother's research and the discovery of the Hall process has been disputed. Her obituary in the
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In all , forty-seven ladies have completed the full College Course of study here, and two hundred and forty-nine have completed the Ladies' Course.
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981:"A National Historic Chemical Landmark: Production of aluminum metal by electrochemistry, Oberlin, Ohio, September 17, 1997 – September 17, 1997"
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Charles M. Hall v. Paul L. Héroult. Interference. Process for Reducing Aluminum by Electrolysis. U.S. Patent Office, October 24, 1887.
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Julia was born on November 11, 1859, to Reverend Heman Bassett Hall (1823–1911) and his wife Sophronia Brooks Hall (1827–1885),
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Julia was one of eight children. With the exception of a brother (Lewis Albert) who died young, all obtained degrees from
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614:"Oberlin in Asia: A digital collection documenting the sharing of the ideals of learning and labor"
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243:
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133:
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61:
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Dynamos and virgins revisited : women and technological change in history : an anthology
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A guide to archives and manuscript collections in the history of chemistry and chemical technology
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Annual catalogue of the officers and students of Oberlin College for the college year 1878–79
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Annual catalogue of the officers and students of Oberlin College for the college year 1877–78
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Annual catalogue of the officers and students of Oberlin College for the college year 1876–77
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167:. Her sister Emily Brooks Hall and Emily's husband Martin Luther Stimson (1857–1943) became
892:"Charles M. Hall's Persistent quest of patents for refining aluminum metal by electrolysis"
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University of Wooster Medical Department, Eighteenth Annual Catalogue, 1881–82
132:. In 1860, the family returned to the United States. Julia's younger brother,
125:
105:
92:(November 11, 1859 – September 4, 1926) was the sister of American scientist
113:
101:
778:
From monopoly to competition : the transformations of Alcoa, 1888–1986
563:
Obituary Record of Graduates Deceased During the Year ending July 1, 1921
129:
47:
1161:
Kass-Simon, Gabrielle (1990). Farnes, Patricia; Nash, Deborah (eds.).
431:
Sophronia Brooks Hall (1827–1885), an 1850 graduate of Oberlin College
1147:
1090:"Alcoa, An. American Enterprise. By Charles C. Carr. (Book review)"
1126:
Trescott, Martha M. (January 1977). "Julia B. Hall and aluminum".
392:
Minutes of the Congregational Conference of Ohio for the year 1911
35:
Julia Brainerd Hall, 1881, Oberlin College Senior Year Portrait
746:"The chemical department of Oberlin College from 1833 to 1912"
1026:. Philadelphia: Center for History of Chemistry. p. 72.
362:"Hall and Héroult and the Discovery of Aluminum Electrolysis"
1192:
Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of the Chemical Sciences
326:
Artists in Ohio, 1787–1900 : a biographical dictionary
199:
should be awarded U.S. patent rights was the subject of an
593:. Cleveland, Ohio: University of Wooster. 1881. p. 14
329:. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. p. 367.
781:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 13.
816:
Craig, Norman C. (1997). "Julia Hall – Coinventor?".
744:
Jewett, F. F.; Jewett, Frances Gulick Jewett (1922).
148:, where Heman Hall and Sophronia Brooks had attended
1057:
Aluminum dreams : the making of light modernity
77:
69:
54:
40:
21:
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953:"Production of Aluminum: The Hall-Héroult Process"
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838:Quinquennial catalogue of officers and graduates
693:Quinquennial catalogue of officers and graduates
477:Quinquennial catalogue of officers and graduates
1240:Oberlin Historical and Improvement Organization
534:General Catalogue of Oberlin College, 1833–1908
448:Oberlin Westwood Cemetery Transcription Project
1167:. Indiana University Press. pp. 173–176.
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973:
566:. New Haven: Yale University. pp. 575–576
469:
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195:Whether Charles Martin Hall or French chemist
1006:
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862:"A History of Oberlin's Chemistry Facilities"
500:"RG 30/182 – Charles Martin Hall (1863–1914)"
298:
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8:
318:
316:
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96:. She supported him in his discovery of the
1020:Tselos, George D.; Wickey, Colleen (1987).
679:. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College. p. 17.
662:. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College. p. 41.
389:Ohio, Congregational Conference of (1911).
1319:American expatriates in the British Empire
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696:. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College. p. 48
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205:History of C.M. Hall's aluminium invention
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1283:Charles Martin Hall Collection, 1882–1985
1060:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 270.
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645:. Toledo, OH: Blade Printing. p. 42.
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16:American chemist and painter (1859–1926)
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537:. OH: Oberlin College. 1909. pp.
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1164:Women of Science: Righting the Record
899:Bulletin for the History of Chemistry
7:
1111:Trescott, Martha Moore, ed. (1980).
415:"Sophronia Brooks Hall (1827–1885)"
14:
144:. In 1873, the family moved to
1258:Historic Preservation in Oberlin
444:"Lewis A. [Albert] Hall"
1115:. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.
323:Haverstock, Mary Sayre (2000).
183:Involvement in the Hall process
1314:20th-century American chemists
841:. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College
717:"Joint Education of the Sexes"
480:. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College
1:
1128:Journal of Chemical Education
928:"Charles Martin Hall Article"
108:painter who exhibited at the
104:from its ore. She was also a
1324:19th-century Jamaican people
1198:Chemical Heritage Foundation
775:Smith, George David (1988).
715:Fairchild, James H. (1860).
1188:Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997).
750:The Oberlin Alumni Magazine
218:(1952) and Junius Edwards'
58:September 4, 1926 (aged 66)
1340:
1285:, Oberlin College Archives
818:Chemical Heritage Magazine
1088:Giddens, Paul H. (1953).
988:American Chemical Society
957:American Chemical Society
890:Craig, Norman C. (2013).
620:. Oberlin College Library
450:. Oberlin Heritage Center
28:
835:Oberlin College (1916).
690:Oberlin College (1916).
673:Oberlin College (1878).
656:Oberlin College (1877).
639:Oberlin College (1876).
618:Shansi: Oberlin and Asia
560:Yale University (1921).
504:Oberlin College Archives
474:Oberlin College (1916).
250:in Rochester, New York.
120:Early life and education
1309:American women chemists
275:Oberlin Alumni Magazine
201:interference proceeding
1054:Sheller, Mimi (2014).
216:An American Enterprise
136:, was born in 1863 in
307:. September 30, 1926.
271:"Julia Brainerd Hall"
220:The Immortal Woodshed
169:missionaries in China
161:University of Wooster
1094:Pennsylvania History
419:Smithsonian Archives
246:. She was buried in
1140:1977JChEd..54...24T
248:Mount Hope Cemetery
244:Rochester, New York
142:Geauga County, Ohio
134:Charles Martin Hall
94:Charles Martin Hall
90:Julia Brainerd Hall
62:Rochester, New York
23:Julia Brainerd Hall
360:Beck, Theodore R.
303:"Miss Hall Dies".
1260:. Oberlin College
1174:978-0-253-20813-2
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508:the original
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421:. 2011-03-22
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369:ECS Classics
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197:Paul Héroult
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126:missionaries
123:
98:Hall process
89:
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1304:1926 deaths
1299:1859 births
1200:. pp.
112:Gallery in
110:Edgar Adams
70:Nationality
1293:Categories
1264:28 January
1233:"Westwood"
1217:28 January
905:(1): 13–18
756:(10): 1–15
285:28 January
254:References
234:Later life
106:still-life
1134:(1): 24.
163:, and in
114:Cleveland
102:aluminium
1073:19 April
1039:26 April
993:26 April
962:26 April
937:18 April
909:18 April
872:18 April
845:18 April
794:18 April
760:18 April
700:18 April
624:18 April
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514:18 April
484:18 April
454:26 April
425:26 April
399:18 April
374:18 April
342:18 April
138:Thompson
73:American
1242:. 1997.
1136:Bibcode
130:Jamaica
48:Jamaica
1208:
1171:
1064:
1030:
785:
333:
1236:(PDF)
1204:–37.
984:(PDF)
895:(PDF)
597:3 May
591:(PDF)
365:(PDF)
1266:2015
1219:2015
1206:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1075:2016
1062:ISBN
1041:2016
1028:ISBN
995:2016
964:2016
939:2016
911:2016
874:2016
847:2016
796:2016
783:ISBN
762:2016
702:2016
626:2016
599:2016
572:2016
547:2016
541:–409
516:2016
486:2016
456:2016
427:2016
401:2016
376:2016
344:2016
331:ISBN
287:2015
64:, US
55:Died
41:Born
1144:doi
539:407
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