358:
marriages between enslaved black people were not legally recognized during the
American slavery era; marriage was a legal civil contract, and civil contracts required the consent of free persons. In the absence of legal recognition, the enslaved community developed its own methods of distinguishing committed unions from casual ones. The ceremonial jumping of the broom was an open declaration of settling down in a marriage relationship. Jumping the broom was done before witnesses as a public, ceremonial announcement that a couple chose to become as nearly married as was then allowed. There are records of African Americans jumping the broom in
288:("besom wedding"). Sullivan's source is Welsh folklorist Gwenith Gwynn (also known as W. Rhys Jones), who assumed that the custom had existed on the basis of conversations with elderly Welsh people during the 1920s (none of whom, however, had seen it). One said, "It must have disappeared before I was born, and I am seventy-three". Gwynn's dating of the custom to the 18th century rested on the assumption that it must have disappeared before the elderly interviewees were born, and on his misreading of the
305:
33:
354:, considers the Ghanaian connection weak; the ritual used by enslaved people has many more similarities to the custom in the British Isles. Parry writes that despite the racial animus which characterized the US South during the nineteenth century, poor white Southerners (many of whom were descendants of people who had irregular forms of matrimony in Britain) and enslaved African Americans had more cultural exchange than is commonly acknowledged.
246:" and "living over the brush"), examples of the phrase exist in the context of legal religious and civil weddings. Other sources cite stepping over a broom as a test of chastity, and putting out a broom was said to be a sign "that the housewife's place is vacant" as a way of advertising for a wife. The phrase was also used colloquially in the US and Canada as a synonym for getting married legally.
395:
453:
777:, Issue 54004, 21 September 1928; p.11. A paper read at the 1928 jubilee congress of the Folk Lore Society in London refers to this: "In Wales there was preserved until recently a marriage ritual of which the central feature was the jumping of the bride and bridegroom over a branch of flowering broom or over a besom made of broom."
296:
and
England, " couples ... agreed to marry verbally, without exchanging legal contracts ... thers jumped over broomsticks placed across their thresholds to officialize their union and create new households"; this indicated that contract-less weddings and jumping a broomstick were different kinds of marriage.
1113:)), p. 60 & n. 19 (n. omitted) (author Evans postdoctoral research fellow, Ctr. for Contemp. Brit. Hist., Institute for Historical Research, London, editor Barker sr. lecturer history, Univ. of Manchester, & editor Chalus sr. lecturer history, Bath Spa Univ. Coll.), citing, at p. 60 n. 19, Gillis, J.,
1302:'It appears by the evidence that Anthony Jones and Patsy Minor were named according to the custom among slaves, and that the distinction was recognized among slaves, and by their masters, between such lawful and illicit intercourse, and those who cohabited without such marriage were regarded as disreputable.'
1315:, described a broomstick wedding she attended at a Virginia plantation c. 1842. The preacher (a fellow enslaved person) encouraged the marrying couple to see the broomstick-jumping as a serious expression of their mutual commitment, although he was well aware of the legal limitations of the ceremony.
1285:
A New York court upheld the retrospective validity of a marriage between
Anthony Jones and Patsy Minor, even though at the time and place it had been contracted such marriages between enslaved people were not legally recognized. Both Jones and Minor had been enslaved in Virginia when, with consent of
365:
Jumping the broom fell out of practice when Black people were free to marry legally. The practice survived in some communities, and the phrase "jumping the broom" was synonymous with "getting married" even if the couple did not literally do so. After its smaller-scale continuity in rural areas of the
295:
Local variations of the custom developed in portions of
England and Wales. Instead of placing the broom on the ground and jumping together, the broom was placed at an angle by the doorway; the groom jumped first, followed by the bride. In southwest England, Wales and the border areas between Scotland
200:
were used in
Britain, with the similar implication that the ceremony did not create a legally-binding union. This meaning survived into the early 19th century; during an 1824 case in London about the legal validity of a marriage ceremony consisting of the groom placing a ring on the bride's finger
1225:
discussing enslaved
Jamaicans. He asked what changes a recent increase in church marriages among them had actually achieved: "Do they legally prevent a master from separating husband and wife, at his pleasure, by sale or transfer? Do they legally bind the husband to the wife, and the wife to the
349:
custom of waving brooms over the heads of newlyweds and their parents. Among southern
Africans – who were largely not a part of the Atlantic slave trade – it represented a wife's commitment (or willingness) to clean the courtyard of her new home. Historian Tyler D.
184:
had a number of cultural exchanges during the 18th and 19th centuries. He describes correlations between the ceremonies of enslaved
African Americans and those of the rural British, saying that it is not coincidental that two groups separated by an ocean used similar matrimonial forms revolving
114:
References to "broomstick marriages" emerged in
England during the mid-to-late 18th century to describe a wedding ceremony of doubtful validity. The earliest use of the phrase is in the 1764 English edition of a French work. The French text, describing an elopement, refers to the runaway couple
357:
Slaveholders had a dilemma about committed relationships between enslaved people. Although family stability might be desirable to keep enslaved people tractable and pacified, legal marriage was not; marriage gave a couple rights over each other which conflicted with slaveholderer claims. Most
238:
from 1 December 1860 to August 1861), contains a reference in chapter 48 to a couple's marriage "over the broomstick." The ceremony is not described, but the reference indicates that readers would have recognized this as an informal (not legally valid) agreement.
1286:
their respective masters, they declared an intention to live together as man and wife. Jones later died intestate in New York, leaving an estate valued at $ 15,000; a court ruled in favour of the claims of his widow and surviving son.
638:, Doaker says: "See that? That's when him and Mama Berniece got married. They called it jumping the broom. That's how you got married in them days." Jarette and Iyanna jump the broom at the end of their wedding in a 2022 episode of
175:
led to a belief that people once signified an irregular marriage by jumping over a broom. American historian Tyler D. Parry, however, contests the claim that no part of the
British custom involved jumping. In his book,
991:"In a short story published in 1896 a character remarks of two lovers who are keen to wed, "Young 'n' old has be'n lookin' constant fer these two ter jump the broomstick 'n' give 'em weddin' cake, 'n' chicken pie."".
2875:
1269:
Taylor quotes from an 1882 ruling by Justice James Eakin of the Arkansas Supreme Court: 'There were no valid marriages amongst that class , in the slave states of America before their general emancipation...'
960:
517, referring to "a newly-made and happy couple on their way from Bethnal Green, where, at the Red Church, they have for the sum of seven-pence halfpenny gone through the ceremony of 'jumping the broomstick
2502:
126:
also describes an elopement. A man brought his underage fiancée to France and discovered that it was as difficult to arrange a legal marriage there as in England, but declined a suggestion that a French
3205:
3210:
3200:
242:
Although it has been assumed that "jumping (or, sometimes, 'walking') over the broom" always indicated an irregular or non-church union in England (as in the expressions "Married over the
3153:
3407:
3148:
2992:
2935:
561:) jumped the broom. It also appears in episode two of the 2016 miniseries remake, when Kunta Kinte questions its African origins. An engaged couple jumps a broom in the 2016 film,
2495:
2845:
2830:
201:
before witnesses, a court official said that the ceremony "amounted to nothing more than a broomstick marriage, which the parties had it in their power to dissolve at will."
2997:
2860:
131:
might simply read the marriage service before the couple because "He had no inclination for a Broomstick-marriage". In 1789, the rumoured clandestine marriage between the
3124:
3088:
2923:
2488:
2363:
905:"They both led tramping lives, and this woman in Gerrard-street here, had been married very young, over the broomstick (as we say), to a tramping man,..." DICKENS, C.
2913:
2325:
167:
was used in the mid-18th century in several contexts to mean "something ersatz, or lacking the authority its true equivalent might possess"; because the expression
3240:
3230:
3300:
2880:
2890:
2865:
467:
3345:
3068:
653:
624:
325:
3397:
3058:
2786:
2570:
3022:
2345:
163:
has failed to find evidence of an actual contemporary practice of jumping over a broomstick as a sign of informal union. Probert says that the word
2930:
2850:
119:" (literally "marriage on the cross of the sword"); this was freely translated as "performed the marriage ceremony by leaping over a broomstick".
1316:
3387:
3340:
3290:
3103:
1898:
1481:
1437:
372:
330:
64:
3250:
3093:
2720:
2685:
463:
220:
reportedly had a similar marriage custom, "jumping the budget", with the bride and groom jumping over a string or other symbolic obstacle.
208:, which introduced civil marriage, was contemptuously called the "Broomstick Marriage Act" by those who felt that a marriage outside the
3295:
3245:
3235:
2940:
2760:
2665:
2625:
345:
It has been speculated that the custom may have originated in West Africa. Although there is no direct evidence of this, Dundes cites a
1021:
Sullivan, C. W. (1 January 1997). ""Jumping the Broom": A Further Consideration of the Origins of an African American Wedding Custom".
3173:
2725:
2715:
2710:
2690:
1786:
1555:
412:
622:
jump over a broom, finishing their wedding ceremony. Amani and Woody jump the broom at the end of their wedding in a 2020 episode of
3285:
3002:
2965:
2640:
2555:
1110:
563:
434:
2918:
2945:
2855:
2675:
2670:
2545:
1455:
20:
486:
3402:
3305:
2765:
2730:
2635:
2610:
2192:
2755:
2950:
2750:
2700:
2680:
2655:
2645:
2630:
2620:
2605:
2585:
2560:
2550:
2540:
2370:
416:
265:, when they would "jump the broom", or jump over a branch of flowering common broom or a besom made of broom. Welsh Kale and
1142:
in Welsh Mythology and Folklore in Popular Culture: Essays on Adaptations in Literature, Film, Television and Digital Media
3158:
3037:
3032:
2745:
2650:
2590:
2565:
2535:
2525:
2353:
1493:
1356:
Welsh Mythology and Folklore in Popular Culture: Essays on Adaptations in Literature, Film, Television, and Digital Media
610:
604:
1449:
Welsh Mythology and Folklore in Popular Culture: Essays on Adaptations in Literature, Film, Television and Digital Media
1328:"Georgia Narratives: SLAVE NARRATIVES A Folk History of Slavery in the United -States From Interviews with Former Slaves"
482:
366:
United States (in Black and white communities), the custom was revivied among African Americans after the publication of
3310:
3163:
2908:
2885:
2870:
2822:
2805:
2600:
2530:
2511:
2464:
2340:
1950:
658:
590:
515:
321:
72:
1226:
husband? Do they give to the husband the right and the means of redress against the violator of his conjugal peace?"".
3392:
3382:
3188:
2735:
2295:
2267:
2185:
2046:
289:
3355:
2975:
478:
734:
Dundes, Alan (26 May 1996). ""Jumping the Broom": On the Origin and Meaning of an African American Wedding Custom".
3262:
3193:
3183:
3129:
3098:
3063:
3027:
2770:
2740:
2695:
2595:
2330:
2287:
2247:
1312:
359:
342:
to observe by their white masters has been revived a century later by African Americans as a treasured tradition".
217:
2705:
2660:
2575:
1528:
405:
212:
did not deserve legal recognition. The phrase began to refer to non-marital unions; a man interviewed in Mayhew's
3315:
3168:
2615:
2580:
2207:
1923:
1611:
640:
216:
said, "I never had a wife, but I have had two or three broomstick matches, though they never turned out happy."
3109:
2419:
1327:
569:
582:, Randal and Beth jump the broom while walking down the aisle after their wedding ceremony in a flashback. In
328:. Its revival in 20th-century African-American and Black-Canadian culture is due to the novel and miniseries
3412:
3135:
3078:
1991:
549:
1115:
Married But Not Churched: Plebeian Sexual Relations and Marital Nonconformity in Eighteenth-Century Britain
3178:
3142:
2800:
2434:
2170:
1889:
1548:
190:
3083:
3073:
2987:
2840:
2439:
2165:
677:"Cathnach's illustrated twopenny-sheets of the 1820s carried charming drawings of broomstick weddings"
578:
922:(Summer 1996). "'Jumping the Broom': On the Origin and Meaning of an African American Wedding Custom".
1168:
Dundes, Alan. "'Jumping the Broom': On the Origin and Meaning of an African American Wedding Custom",
1007:
Dundes, Alan. "'Jumping the Broom': On the Origin and Meaning of an African American Wedding Custom",
3335:
2970:
2835:
2358:
2320:
2175:
1911:
1884:
698:
Norman Kolpas, Katie Kolpas "Practically Useless Information on Weddings" Thomas Nelson Inc, 2005 p30
584:
1447:"An Irregular Union: Exploring the Welsh Connection to a Popular African American Wedding Ritual" in
1354:"An Irregular Union: Exploring the Welsh Connection to a Popular African-American Wedding Ritual" in
1221:"The sort of difficulties which might arise were raised by an anti-slavery correspondent in 1824 in
362:. An ex-slave from Georgia, George Eason, said how enslaved people jumped the broom to get married.
3330:
2454:
2315:
2277:
2087:
2061:
2051:
2021:
1719:
1335:
SLAVE NARRATIVES a Folk History of Slavery in the United -States from Interviews with Former Slaves
32:
1434:
3325:
3277:
2388:
2305:
2232:
1955:
1830:
1702:
1661:
1651:
1575:
1510:
1392:
1260:
1203:
1140:"An Irregular Union: Exploring the Welsh Connection to a Popular African American Wedding Ritual"
1038:
993:
939:
751:
567:. Lance (Morris Chestnut) and Mia (Monica Calhoun) jump over the broom after they get married in
234:
228:
186:
160:
3350:
1813:
1491:
Taylor, Orville W. (1958). "'Jumping the Broomstick': Slave Marriage and Morality in Arkansas".
377:
Danita Rountree Green describes the African-American custom during the early 1990s in her book,
2469:
2449:
2310:
2160:
2077:
2056:
1754:
1626:
1616:
1590:
1541:
1477:
1417:
1373:"The Holy Land of Matrimony: The Complex Legacy of the Broomstick Wedding in American History"
1106:
686:
532:
209:
205:
181:
136:
103:
95:
87:
55:
24:
1243:
Taylor, Orville W. (1958). "Jumping the Broomstick:Slave Marriage and Morality in Arkansas".
1184:"The Holy Land of Matrimony: The Complex Legacy of the Bromstick Wedding in American History"
3417:
2955:
2780:
2459:
2180:
1976:
1744:
1676:
1671:
1646:
1502:
1384:
1252:
1195:
1030:
931:
743:
634:
185:
around a broomstick. If British practitioners never used a physical leap, Parry wonders how
69:
864:
Saint Valentine: or, Thoughts on the evil of Love in Mercantile Community: The Galanti Show
3422:
3114:
3042:
2980:
2444:
2335:
2257:
2242:
2237:
2197:
2031:
1636:
1631:
1441:
313:
223:
172:
156:
153:
128:
59:
2097:
50:) is a phrase and custom relating to a wedding ceremony in which the couple jumps over a
2262:
2252:
2227:
2217:
2112:
2107:
2102:
1879:
1874:
1825:
1692:
1656:
678:
595:
558:
83:
304:
3376:
3267:
3017:
2960:
2424:
2409:
2202:
2011:
1981:
1864:
1781:
1761:
1737:
1641:
1595:
1396:
1207:
629:
619:
615:
254:
79:
37:
2393:
2212:
2150:
2092:
2082:
2036:
1869:
1818:
1803:
1791:
1697:
1666:
537:
281:
2300:
2272:
973:
J.G. Whitehead, M. Terry, B. Aitken, 'Scraps of English Folklore, XII' (1926) 37
352:
Jumping the Broom: The Surprising Multicultural Origins of a Black Wedding Ritual
178:
Jumping the Broom: The Surprising Multicultural Origins of a Black Wedding Ritual
3119:
3012:
3007:
2145:
2016:
2006:
1986:
1971:
1940:
1838:
1727:
1585:
919:
708:
394:
335:
280:
C.W. Sullivan III (1997) replied to Dundes that the custom originated among the
274:
2480:
82:(a marriage of doubtful validity), it was popularized with the introduction of
36:"Marrying over the Broomstick", 1822 illustration of a "broomstick-wedding" by
3320:
3256:
2127:
2122:
1930:
1918:
1621:
599:
541:
511:
507:
367:
320:
together or separately. The practice is documented as a marriage ceremony for
266:
99:
2414:
2380:
1945:
1935:
1859:
1808:
1749:
1732:
1580:
1421:
1228:
554:
277:(1996), the custom originated among the Welsh Kale and English Romanichals.
262:
145:
132:
1388:
1199:
2429:
2001:
1411:
1058:
Gwynn, Gwenith (W. Rhys Jones). "'Besom Wedding' in the Ceiriog Valley",
557:
as the adult Kunta Kinte) had a marriage ceremony in which he and Belle (
270:
1514:
1264:
791:
Marriage Law and Practice in the Long Eighteenth Century: A Reassessment
2117:
2026:
1854:
1564:
1146:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, Inc. pp. 109–110, 123–124.
419: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1042:
943:
773:
Thompson, T. W. "British Gipsy Marriage and Divorce Rites", quoted in
755:
2041:
1506:
1256:
140:
1372:
1183:
827:"Married in Slavery Time: Jumping the Broom in Atlantic Perspective"
826:
19:
This article is about the custom and phrase. For the 2008 film, see
1034:
935:
747:
90:. The expression may also derive from the custom of jumping over a
2222:
1906:
1798:
527:
523:
519:
346:
317:
316:
communities, couples end their wedding ceremony by jumping over a
303:
258:
243:
91:
51:
31:
2155:
1766:
149:: "Their way to consummation was by hopping o'er a broom, sir".
98:
from which the household implement is made) associated with the
2484:
1537:
1453:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, Inc. pp. 124–125.
815:
The Times, Tuesday, 8 September 1789; pg. 4; Issue 1251; col A
446:
388:
2876:
Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863
1123:
Promises, Promises Marriage Litigation in Scotland, 1698–1830
1533:
1071:
Probert, R. (2005) Chinese Whispers and Welsh Weddings, 20
709:"Mullach Ruadh | The Schools' Collection: Marriage Customs"
602:
jump over a broom at the end of their wedding ceremony. In
62:, popularized during the 1970s by the novel and miniseries
78:
Possibly based on an 18th-century idiomatic synonym for a
1360:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, Inc. p. 123.
1164:
1162:
544:
and directed by Salim Akil, was released on 6 May 2011.
474:
769:
767:
765:
518:" on Decca Records in 1959. Via its association with
2846:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
1103:
Women's History: Britain, 1700–1850: An Introduction
3276:
3219:
3051:
2899:
2821:
2814:
2793:
2779:
2518:
2402:
2379:
2286:
2136:
2070:
1964:
1897:
1848:
1718:
1711:
1685:
1604:
1529:
Happy is the Bride the Sun Shines on at Googlebooks
102:Travellers of the United Kingdom, especially those
2861:Slave markets and slave jails in the United States
1296:"A Slave's Marriage Valid: Its Legality Defined".
1279:"A Slave's Marriage Valid: Its Legality Defined".
273:practiced the ritual into the 1900s. According to
193:and rural North America learned about the custom.
1311:In 'The Story of My Life' (1897) a white author,
1121:, vol. 9 (1985), pp. 32–34, & Leneman, Leah,
75:. The custom is also attested in Irish weddings.
3125:Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade
1101:, in Barker, Hannah, & Elaine Chalus, eds.,
879:Volume I, Pg. 389-91. Quoted in Thomas, Donald,
2914:Slavery as a positive good in the United States
956:See Dudley Heath, 'In Coster-Land' (1894) 125
3408:Marriage, unions and partnerships in Scotland
2881:Slavery at American colleges and universities
2496:
1549:
793:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009)
338:(1996) notes how "a custom which slaves were
322:enslaved people in the Southern United States
8:
2866:Kidnapping into slavery in the United States
1451:edited by Audrey L. Becker and Kristin Noone
1358:edited by Audrey L. Becker and Kristin Noone
1144:edited by Audrey L. Becker and Kristin Noone
1133:
1131:
1054:
1052:
3346:Family reunification ads after emancipation
1062:, Vol. 39, No. 2, 30 June 1928, pp.149-166.
713:dúchas.ie National Folklore Collection, UCD
654:Marriage of enslaved people (United States)
324:during the 1840s and 1850s, who were often
3059:Slavery and the United States Constitution
2818:
2503:
2489:
2481:
1715:
1556:
1542:
1534:
1125:(Edinburgh: no publisher, 2003), pp. x–xi.
683:Clandestine Marriage in England, 1500–1850
300:African-American and Black-Canadian custom
180:, Parry writes that African Americans and
785:
783:
435:Learn how and when to remove this message
3149:Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution
2851:Indentured servitude in British America
670:
526:, the custom has been adopted by some
189:and enslaved African Americans in the
171:(a sham marriage) was in circulation,
3291:Slavery during the American Civil War
3104:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
979:Lifting the Latch: A Life on the Land
524:association of the broom with witches
152:Despite these allusions, research by
68:, and originated in mid-19th-century
7:
1456:Martin Heath, Jumping the broomstick
1416:. Richmond, VA: Entertaining Ideas.
1413:Broom jumping: a celebration of love
417:adding citations to reliable sources
379:Broom Jumping: A Celebration of Love
3296:End of slavery in the United States
232:(first published in serial form in
3174:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism
477:by removing the content or adding
14:
3398:African-American cultural history
3341:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
3286:Origins of the American Civil War
2993:African American founding fathers
2936:Education during the slave period
1435:Jumping the Broom: Besom Weddings
1245:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
214:London Labour and the London Poor
117:un mariage sur la croix de l'épée
3089:History of slavery by U.S. state
2856:Slave trade in the United States
1170:The Journal of American Folklore
1023:The Journal of American Folklore
1009:The Journal of American Folklore
924:The Journal of American Folklore
736:The Journal of American Folklore
451:
393:
110:Euphemism for irregular marriage
1410:Green, Danita Rountree (1992).
1105:(Oxon/London: Routledge, 2005 (
473:Please help Knowledge (XXG) to
404:needs additional citations for
16:Wedding custom in some cultures
2951:List of American slave traders
2831:Slavery among Native Americans
1099:Women, Marriage and the Family
576:In "R & B", an episode of
326:not permitted to marry legally
54:. It is most widespread among
1:
3388:Weddings in the United States
3159:George Washington and slavery
3038:American Colonization Society
3033:African-American slave owners
1494:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
1232:. 3 February 1824. p. 3.
605:Someone Saved My Life Tonight
312:In some African-American and
21:Noah's Arc: Jumping the Broom
3164:Thomas Jefferson and slavery
2909:American proslavery movement
2871:Slave states and free states
2512:Slavery in the United States
2465:Wedding vow renewal ceremony
981:(Charlbury: Day Books, 2003)
958:English Illustrated Magazine
825:Parry, Tyler D. (May 2015).
308:A 2011 wedding in California
73:slavery in the United States
3189:Abraham Lincoln and slavery
831:Journal of Southern History
506:American singer-songwriter
292:parish baptismal register.
290:Llansantffraid Glyn Ceiriog
196:Later examples of the term
3439:
3263:Children of the plantation
3194:Andrew Johnson and slavery
3184:Zachary Taylor and slavery
3130:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
3099:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
3064:American slave court cases
3028:Amerindian slave ownership
1474:Jumping the Broom in Style
1313:Mary Ashton Rice Livermore
883:John Murray (1998), p. 62.
547:In the 1977 TV miniseries
18:
3316:Emancipation Proclamation
3241:Sexual relations and rape
3169:James Madison and slavery
1992:"Indian" Wedding Blessing
1612:Marriage proposal planner
1571:
1472:Anyiam, Thony C. (2007).
862:12 September 1840, p. 1;
516:Let's Jump the Broomstick
23:. For the 2011 film, see
3301:Compensated emancipation
2420:Maiden and married names
2346:United States and Canada
1371:Parry, Tyler D. (2016).
1182:Parry, Tyler D. (2016).
894:The Victorian Underworld
881:The Victorian Underworld
860:Jackson's Oxford Journal
3136:Partus sequitur ventrem
3079:Three-fifths Compromise
1119:Eighteenth-Century Life
685:, A&C Black, 1995,
94:("broom" refers to the
3403:Black Canadian culture
3211:Supreme Court Justices
3179:John Tyler and slavery
3154:Presidents and slavery
3143:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2258:Saint Thomas Christian
1156:Dundes (1996:324–328).
909:(1860–1861), chap. 48.
896:Penguin (1970), p. 92.
850:, 13 August 1824, p.3.
628:. In the first act of
625:Married at First Sight
553:, Kunta Kinte/"Toby" (
309:
250:British Romani customs
115:hastily embarking on "
40:
3084:Slave and free states
3074:Fugitive Slave Clause
2988:List of abolitionists
2841:Slavery in New France
2440:Self-uniting marriage
1445:Parry, Tyler (2011).
1389:10.1353/ams.2016.0063
1352:Parry, Tyler (2011).
1200:10.1353/ams.2016.0063
1138:Parry, Tyler (2011).
1073:Continuity and Change
608:, another episode of
564:The Birth of a Nation
307:
284:, and was known as a
35:
3110:Gag rule (1836–1840)
2971:Underground Railroad
2946:Domestic slave trade
2931:Mandatory illiteracy
2836:Slavery in New Spain
2787:District of Columbia
1885:Wedding ring cushion
1440:19 June 2016 at the
977:76; Sheila Stewart,
868:Bentley's Miscellany
804:Westminster Magazine
585:Things We Said Today
475:improve this section
413:improve this article
124:Westminster Magazine
3331:Radical Republicans
3278:Civil War and after
3206:Members of Congress
3023:List of plantations
2806:U.S. Virgin Islands
2455:Wedding anniversary
2186:Pre-wedding customs
2088:Wedding cake topper
2062:Wedding videography
2052:Wedding photography
2022:Pounded rice ritual
1720:Western dress codes
487:independent sources
198:broomstick marriage
169:broomstick marriage
3393:Weddings in Canada
3383:Wedding traditions
3326:Reconstruction era
2389:Honeymoon registry
2146:Anand Karaj (Sikh)
1667:Stag and doe party
1662:Bachelorette party
1652:Wedding invitation
1458:(bbc.co.uk, 2004).
1298:The New York Times
1281:The New York Times
994:The New York Times
907:Great Expectations
536:, a film starring
385:In popular culture
310:
286:priodas coes ysgub
235:All the Year Round
229:Great Expectations
187:European-Americans
161:Warwick University
122:A 1774 use in the
86:in Britain by the
41:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3336:Freedmen's Bureau
2478:
2477:
2470:Womanless wedding
2450:Knobstick wedding
2354:England and Wales
2078:Wedding breakfast
2057:Wedding reception
1997:Jumping the broom
1777:
1776:
1755:Black lounge suit
1627:Banns of marriage
1617:Marriage proposal
1483:978-1-4259-8638-4
1341:: 303. 1936–1938.
1084:Jones, T. Gwynn.
892:Chesney, Kellow.
533:Jumping the Broom
504:
503:
445:
444:
437:
206:Marriage Act 1836
182:British Americans
137:Maria Fitzherbert
88:Marriage Act 1836
56:African Americans
48:jumping the besom
44:Jumping the broom
25:Jumping the Broom
3430:
3052:Law and politics
2976:Freedmen's towns
2956:Runaway slave ad
2819:
2781:Federal district
2505:
2498:
2491:
2482:
2460:Wedding crashing
2301:Vőfély (Hungary)
2273:Vőfély (Hungary)
1977:Bedding ceremony
1924:child bridegroom
1716:
1677:Rehearsal dinner
1672:Marriage license
1647:Engagement party
1558:
1551:
1544:
1535:
1518:
1507:10.2307/40018908
1487:
1459:
1454:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1377:American Studies
1368:
1362:
1361:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1324:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1257:10.2307/40018908
1240:
1234:
1233:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1188:American Studies
1179:
1173:
1166:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1135:
1126:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1029:(436): 203–204.
1018:
1012:
1005:
999:
998:
997:. 29 March 1896.
988:
982:
971:
965:
963:
954:
948:
947:
916:
910:
903:
897:
890:
884:
877:
871:
857:
851:
845:
839:
838:
822:
816:
813:
807:
800:
794:
787:
778:
771:
760:
759:
742:(433): 324–329.
731:
725:
724:
722:
720:
705:
699:
696:
690:
675:
635:The Piano Lesson
588:, an episode of
499:
496:
490:
455:
454:
447:
440:
433:
429:
426:
420:
397:
389:
360:slave narratives
3438:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3362:
3351:Freedmen's town
3272:
3251:Slave marriages
3224:and procreation
3223:
3221:
3215:
3201:Vice presidents
3115:Nullifier Party
3094:Fugitive slaves
3047:
3043:Slave narrative
2981:Black Canadians
2901:
2895:
2810:
2789:
2775:
2514:
2509:
2479:
2474:
2445:Shotgun wedding
2398:
2375:
2350:United Kingdom
2316:Myanmar (Burma)
2282:
2243:Poruwa ceremony
2138:
2132:
2066:
2032:Trash the dress
1960:
1893:
1844:
1773:
1707:
1681:
1637:Bridal registry
1632:Wedding planner
1600:
1567:
1562:
1525:
1490:
1484:
1476:. Authorhouse.
1471:
1468:
1466:Further reading
1463:
1462:
1444:
1442:Wayback Machine
1433:
1429:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1310:
1306:
1300:. 20 July 1876.
1295:
1294:
1290:
1283:. 20 July 1876.
1278:
1277:
1273:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1050:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1002:
990:
989:
985:
972:
968:
961:
955:
951:
918:
917:
913:
904:
900:
891:
887:
878:
874:
858:
854:
846:
842:
824:
823:
819:
814:
810:
801:
797:
788:
781:
772:
763:
733:
732:
728:
718:
716:
707:
706:
702:
697:
693:
676:
672:
667:
650:
500:
494:
491:
472:
468:popular culture
456:
452:
441:
430:
424:
421:
410:
398:
387:
302:
269:in England and
252:
224:Charles Dickens
210:Anglican church
157:Rebecca Probert
154:legal historian
112:
60:Black Canadians
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3413:Romani culture
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3311:Colored Troops
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3246:Slave breeding
3243:
3238:
3236:Female slavery
3233:
3231:Sexual slavery
3227:
3225:
3222:sexual slavery
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2941:Slave quarters
2938:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2902:social history
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:South Carolina
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:North Carolina
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2435:Royal weddings
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2173:
2171:Bengali Muslim
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2113:Kolach (bread)
2110:
2108:Jordan almonds
2105:
2103:Hochzeitssuppe
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2071:Food and drink
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1880:Wedding mandap
1877:
1875:Wedding favors
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1826:Cocktail dress
1823:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1693:Wedding chapel
1689:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1657:Bachelor party
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1523:External links
1521:
1520:
1519:
1501:(3): 217–231.
1488:
1482:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1427:
1402:
1363:
1344:
1319:
1304:
1288:
1271:
1251:(3): 217–231.
1235:
1213:
1174:
1172:, 1996, p. 326
1158:
1149:
1127:
1097:Evans, Tanya,
1090:
1086:Welsh Folklore
1077:
1064:
1048:
1035:10.2307/541813
1013:
1011:, 1996, p.327.
1000:
983:
966:
949:
936:10.2307/541535
911:
898:
885:
872:
852:
840:
817:
808:
795:
779:
761:
748:10.2307/541535
726:
700:
691:
679:R.B. Outhwaite
669:
668:
666:
663:
662:
661:
656:
649:
646:
611:Grey's Anatomy
596:Miranda Bailey
591:Grey's Anatomy
559:Madge Sinclair
502:
501:
466:references to
459:
457:
450:
443:
442:
401:
399:
392:
386:
383:
334:(1976, 1977).
314:Black-Canadian
301:
298:
251:
248:
191:American South
173:folk etymology
141:satirical song
139:is cited in a
111:
108:
84:civil marriage
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3435:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3268:Shadow family
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Freedom suits
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:Planter class
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:Slave catcher
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:West Virginia
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:New Hampshire
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:Massachusetts
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Marriage vows
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Black wedding
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Bengali Hindu
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Wedding March
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Bridal Chorus
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:Lebes Gamikos
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:Wedding dress
1780:
1779:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1738:Morning dress
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Bridal shower
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:(1): 81–106.
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:(1): 81–106.
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:0-415-29177-1
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
996:
995:
987:
984:
980:
976:
970:
967:
959:
953:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
915:
912:
908:
902:
899:
895:
889:
886:
882:
876:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
853:
849:
844:
841:
837:(2): 273–312.
836:
832:
828:
821:
818:
812:
809:
805:
799:
796:
792:
786:
784:
780:
776:
770:
768:
766:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
730:
727:
714:
710:
704:
701:
695:
692:
688:
684:
680:
674:
671:
664:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
647:
645:
643:
642:
641:Love Is Blind
637:
636:
631:
630:August Wilson
627:
626:
621:
620:Winston Ndugu
617:
616:Maggie Pierce
613:
612:
607:
606:
601:
597:
593:
592:
587:
586:
581:
580:
574:
572:
571:
566:
565:
560:
556:
552:
551:
545:
543:
539:
535:
534:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
510:released the
509:
498:
495:February 2023
488:
484:
480:
476:
470:
469:
465:
460:This section
458:
449:
448:
439:
436:
428:
425:February 2023
418:
414:
408:
407:
402:This section
400:
396:
391:
390:
384:
382:
380:
376:
374:
369:
363:
361:
355:
353:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
306:
299:
297:
293:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
249:
247:
245:
240:
237:
236:
231:
230:
225:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
199:
194:
192:
188:
183:
179:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:
150:
148:
147:
142:
138:
134:
133:Prince Regent
130:
125:
120:
118:
109:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:sham marriage
76:
74:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
39:
38:James Catnach
34:
30:
26:
22:
3255:
3141:
3134:
3003:Field slaves
2966:Abolitionism
2900:Cultural and
2891:Bibliography
2726:South Dakota
2716:Rhode Island
2711:Pennsylvania
2691:North Dakota
2394:Consummation
2176:Brunei Malay
2098:Groom's cake
2093:Cookie table
2083:Wedding cake
2037:Unity candle
1996:
1899:Participants
1890:Wishing well
1870:Wedding cord
1837:
1819:Opera gloves
1804:Evening gown
1792:Bridal crown
1787:Contemporary
1698:Gretna Green
1498:
1492:
1473:
1450:
1446:
1430:
1412:
1405:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1322:
1307:
1297:
1291:
1280:
1274:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1169:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1008:
1003:
992:
986:
978:
974:
969:
957:
952:
930:(433): 327.
927:
923:
920:Dundes, Alan
914:
906:
901:
893:
888:
880:
875:
867:
863:
859:
855:
847:
843:
834:
830:
820:
811:
803:
798:
790:
789:Probert, R.
774:
739:
735:
729:
717:. Retrieved
712:
703:
694:
682:
673:
639:
633:
623:
609:
603:
589:
583:
577:
575:
570:The Best Man
568:
562:
548:
546:
538:Paula Patton
531:
505:
492:
462:may contain
461:
431:
422:
411:Please help
406:verification
403:
378:
371:
364:
356:
351:
344:
339:
329:
311:
294:
285:
282:Welsh people
279:
253:
241:
233:
227:
222:
213:
203:
197:
195:
177:
168:
164:
151:
144:
123:
121:
116:
113:
77:
63:
47:
43:
42:
29:
3120:Fire-Eaters
3013:Task system
3008:Gang system
2998:Plantations
2801:Puerto Rico
2794:Territories
2641:Mississippi
2556:Connecticut
2326:Philippines
2278:Zoroastrian
2137:By religion
2017:Polterabend
2007:Money dance
1987:First dance
1972:Ahesta Bero
1941:Flower girl
1912:child bride
1745:Semi-formal
1605:Pre-wedding
1586:Handfasting
715:. 1937–1939
336:Alan Dundes
275:Alan Dundes
267:Romanichals
257:couples in
3377:Categories
3321:Juneteenth
3306:Contraband
2756:Washington
2676:New Mexico
2671:New Jersey
2546:California
2288:By country
2139:or culture
2128:Place card
2123:Loving cup
1965:Traditions
1931:Bridesmaid
1919:Bridegroom
1622:Engagement
1576:Collective
866:(1843) 13
719:6 February
665:References
600:Ben Warren
579:This Is Us
542:Laz Alonso
512:rockabilly
508:Brenda Lee
464:irrelevant
368:Alex Haley
350:Parry, in
318:broomstick
165:broomstick
100:Romanichal
70:antebellum
3220:Marriage,
2919:Treatment
2766:Wisconsin
2731:Tennessee
2636:Minnesota
2611:Louisiana
2415:Elopement
2381:Honeymoon
2336:Sri Lanka
2161:Ayyavazhi
1956:Officiant
1946:Groomsman
1936:Bridesman
1860:Las arras
1814:Debutante
1809:Ball gown
1750:Black tie
1733:White tie
1703:Las Vegas
1686:Locations
1581:Elopement
1397:148110503
1229:The Times
1223:The Times
1208:148110503
848:The Times
802:(1774) 2
775:The Times
632:'s play,
555:John Amos
479:citations
226:' novel,
146:The Times
2886:Glossary
2751:Virginia
2701:Oklahoma
2681:New York
2656:Nebraska
2646:Missouri
2631:Michigan
2621:Maryland
2606:Kentucky
2586:Illinois
2561:Delaware
2551:Colorado
2541:Arkansas
2430:Newlywed
2359:Scotland
2321:Pakistan
2296:Ethiopia
2268:Timorese
2223:Mandaean
2193:Catholic
2002:Lychgate
1951:Page boy
1762:Informal
1712:Clothing
1591:Same-sex
1565:Weddings
1515:40018908
1438:Archived
1422:27153165
1265:40018908
1060:Folklore
975:Folklore
648:See also
573:(1999).
522:and the
483:reliable
381:(1992).
347:Ghanaian
271:Scotland
104:in Wales
3418:Jumping
3257:Plaçage
2823:History
2771:Wyoming
2746:Vermont
2651:Montana
2591:Indiana
2571:Georgia
2566:Florida
2536:Arizona
2526:Alabama
2371:Vietnam
2364:history
2341:Ukraine
2306:Iceland
2248:Punjabi
2238:Persian
2208:Islamic
2181:Chinese
2118:Korovai
2027:Pyebaek
1855:Chuppah
1849:Objects
1831:Garters
1088:, 1930.
1075:211–228
806:, p. 16
659:Culture
528:Wiccans
218:Tinkers
3423:Brooms
3106:(1808)
2924:Health
2815:Topics
2706:Oregon
2661:Nevada
2601:Kansas
2576:Hawaii
2531:Alaska
2519:States
2331:Russia
2263:Shinto
2253:Quaker
2228:Mormon
2218:Jewish
2198:Hajong
2042:Walima
1839:Casual
1728:Formal
1513:
1480:
1420:
1395:
1263:
1206:
1109:
1043:541813
1041:
944:541535
942:
756:541535
754:
687:p. 140
514:song "
340:forced
261:would
255:Romani
129:sexton
2736:Texas
2616:Maine
2581:Idaho
2403:Other
2311:India
2203:Hindu
2012:Music
1907:Bride
1799:Dress
1596:White
1511:JSTOR
1393:S2CID
1331:(PDF)
1261:JSTOR
1204:S2CID
1117:, in
1039:JSTOR
940:JSTOR
752:JSTOR
618:and
550:Roots
520:Wales
373:Roots
331:Roots
263:elope
259:Wales
244:besom
96:plant
92:besom
65:Roots
52:broom
3356:list
2741:Utah
2696:Ohio
2596:Iowa
2233:Odia
2213:Iyer
2156:Ayie
2151:Arab
1767:Suit
1478:ISBN
1418:OCLC
1107:ISBN
721:2022
598:and
540:and
485:and
204:The
135:and
58:and
46:(or
1503:doi
1385:doi
1253:doi
1196:doi
1031:doi
1027:110
932:doi
928:109
870:151
744:doi
740:109
481:to
415:by
370:'s
159:of
143:in
3379::
1509:.
1499:17
1497:.
1391:.
1381:55
1379:.
1375:.
1337:.
1333:.
1259:.
1249:17
1247:.
1202:.
1192:55
1190:.
1186:.
1161:^
1130:^
1051:^
1037:.
1025:.
964:".
938:.
926:.
835:81
833:.
829:.
782:^
764:^
750:.
738:.
711:.
681:,
644:.
614:,
594:,
530:.
106:.
2504:e
2497:t
2490:v
1557:e
1550:t
1543:v
1517:.
1505::
1486:.
1424:.
1399:.
1387::
1339:4
1267:.
1255::
1210:.
1198::
1045:.
1033::
962:'
946:.
934::
758:.
746::
723:.
689:.
497:)
493:(
489:.
471:.
438:)
432:(
427:)
423:(
409:.
375:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
