219:(in this area he was one of the pioneers in Japan), he authored many popular books and articles on the latest achievements of science. At the end of 1922, Ishiwara hosted Einstein during his visit to Japan; he recorded and published a number of speeches by Einstein, including his Kyoto address, in which Einstein, for the first time, detailed his path to the creation of the theory of relativity. The two-volume monograph of Ishiwara, titled "Fundamental Problems of Physics", was very popular among young scientists and specialists; he also edited the first complete collection of Einstein's works, published in a Japanese translation in 1922-1924. In addition, Ishiwara was known as a poet who wrote poems in the genre of
507:. Ishiwara showed that this new hypothesis can be used to reproduce some quantum effects known at that time. Thus, he succeeded in obtaining an expression for the quantization of the angular momentum in the Bohr atom, taking into account also the ellipticity of electron orbits, although it followed from his theory the need to take the charge of the nucleus of the hydrogen atom equal to two elementary charges. As a second application of the proposed hypothesis, Ishiwara considered the problem of the
511:, obtaining a linear relationship between the electron energy and the radiation frequency in accordance with the Einstein formula. Later in the same year Ishiwara put forward another hypothesis, according to which the product of the energy of the atom and the period of electron motion in the stationary state should be equal to the integer number of Planck constants. In 1918, he linked the postulate proposed three years earlier to the theory of
82:
543:
before the sum). At the same time, his quantum condition, which differed from
Sommerfeld's one in the presence of summation, allowed to obtain correct results regardless of the choice of coordinates. This was pointed out in 1917 by Einstein, who, not knowing about the work of Ishiwara, derived the
236:
Ishiwara was one of the first
Japanese scholars to turn to the theory of relativity; he wrote the first scientific article in Japan on this subject. In 1909-1911, he studied within the framework of this theory a number of specific problems related to the dynamics of electrons, the propagation of
270:
accordingly, he showed that such a representation leads to the appearance of additional terms in the energy-momentum conservation law that can be treated as a gravitational contribution. The result was in agreement with
Abraham's theory, but subsequently Ishiwara developed his theory in another
261:
and using the then popular idea of the electromagnetic origin of matter, the
Japanese physicist developed his own theory, in which he attempted to unify the electromagnetic and gravitational fields, or, more precisely, to deduce the latter from the former. Assuming that the
522:
and
Sommerfeld and are usually called the Sommerfeld quantum conditions. The reason for the error of Ishiwara, which was manifested in the calculation of the hydrogen atom, apparently was a superfluous averaging over the number of degrees of freedom (dividing by
310:
in a published work. On April 4, 1915, he presented to the Tokyo
Mathematico-Physical Society the article "The universal meaning of the quantum of action" ("Universelle Bedeutung des Wirkungsquantums"), in which he attempted to unite the ideas of
214:
Since 1918, Ishiwara's scientific activity began to decline. In 1921, because of a love affair, he was forced to take leave at the university, and two years later finally retired. After retirement, he devoted himself mainly to writing and
481:
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direction trying to harmonize it with the theory of relativity. The scientist also made attempts to build a five-dimensional theory for unification of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields.
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The
Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Vol. 1, Part 1: The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties, 1900—1925
175:
Jun
Ishiwara was born in the family of Christian priest Ryo Ishiwara and Chise Ishiwara. In 1906, he completed his studies at the Department of Theoretical Physics at the
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183:. Since 1908, Ishiwara taught at the Army School of Artillery and Engineers, and in 1911 received the position of Assistant Professor at the College of Science of
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207:. After returning to his homeland, Ishiwara received a post of professor at Tohoku University, and in 1919 for his scientific work was awarded the
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155:(石原 純; January 15, 1881 – January 19, 1947) was a Japanese theoretical physicist, known for his works on the electronic theory of metals, the
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Pelogia, Karla; Brasil, Carlos
Alexandre (2017). "Analysis of the Jun Ishiwara's "The universal meaning of the quantum of action"".
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Around the same time, analogous rules for quantizing systems of many degrees of freedom were independently obtained by
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same relation and showed that in the case of separable coordinates it gives the conditions of Wilson and
Sommerfeld.
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and tried to substantiate the wave properties of radiation on the basis of the assumption that it consists of
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degrees of freedom should satisfy the following average relationship between the values of the coordinates (
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Ishiwara, Jun (1914). "Die Grundlagen einer relativistischen und elektromagnetischen Gravitationstheorie".
295:. In the same year, he supported the hypothesis of light quanta as a possible explanation of the nature of
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Ishiwara, Jun (1914). "Die elektronentheoretische Begründung der Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper".
223:. Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, he criticized the government control over science.
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and quantum theory. Being the only Japanese scientist who made an original contribution to the
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integral in quantum processes. Ishiwara suggested that the motion of a quantum system having
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Abiko, Seiya (2000). "Einstein's Kyoto Address: "How I Created the Theory of Relativity"".
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616:"Über das Prinzip der kleinsten Wirkung in der Elektrodynamik bewegter ponderabler Körper"
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in the Bohr model atom and the hypothesis of Arnold Sommerfeld about the change of the
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In the first paper devoted to the problems of quantum physics (1911), Ishiwara derived
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In 1915, Ishiwara became the first non-Western scientist who referred to the
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Ishiwara, Jun (2017). "The universal meaning of the quantum of action".
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Ishiwara, Jun (1915). "Zur relativistischen Theorie der Gravitation".
916:
757:
Ishiwara, Jun (1915). "Über den Fundamentalsatz der Quantentheorie".
284:
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Ishiwara, Jun (1915). "Universelle Bedeutung des Wirkungsquantums".
615:
1130:
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Ishiwara, Jun (1909). "Zur Optik der bewegten ponderablen Medien".
245:, he derived an expression for this tensor, previously obtained by
296:
253:(the decade from 1910 to 1919) which preceded the creation of the
250:
220:
87:
68:
46:
42:
476:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{j}}\sum _{i=1}^{j}\int {p_{i}dq_{i}}=h}
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Ishiwara, Jun (1912). "Beiträge zur Theorie der Lichtquanten".
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882:
880:
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Ishiwara, Jun (1912). "Bericht über die Relativitätstheorie".
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Unified Field Theories in the first third of the 20th century
257:. Starting from the scalar theory of gravitation proposed by
249:. Ishiwara took part in the discussions of the first half of
187:. From April 1912 to May 1914 he trained in Europe – at the
163:, in 1915, independently of other scientists, he formulated
241:
of the electromagnetic field. In 1913, on the basis of the
905:
Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences
1103:
Pioneer of Science Journalism: Biography of Jun Ishiwara]
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Ishiwara, Jun (1912). "Zur Theorie der Gravitation".
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237:light in moving objects and the calculation of the
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778:Ishiwara, Jun (1918). "Ryoshi-ron I, II, III ".
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167:for systems with several degrees of freedom.
8:
1058:Hirosige, Tetu (1981). "Ishiwara, Jun". In
805:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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816:Butsuri-gaku no Kisoteki Sho-mondai
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209:Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy
1065:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
759:Tokyo Sugaku Buturi-gakkakiwi Kizi
688:Tokyo Sugaku Buturi-gakkakiwi Kizi
14:
374:) and the corresponding momenta (
80:
1193:Japanese theoretical physicists
706:Commented English translation:
16:Japanese theoretical physicist
1:
942:. Birkhäuser. pp. 38–41.
319:, the idea of quantizing the
938:Vizgin, Vladimir P. (2011).
786:: 147–158, 183–195, 221–230.
255:general theory of relativity
179:, where he was a student of
1117:European Physical Journal H
1060:Charles Coulston, Gillispie
989:Mehra & Rechenberg 1982
965:Mehra & Rechenberg 1982
771:10.11429/ptmps1907.8.10_318
710:European Physical Journal H
568:10.11429/ptmps1907.5.10_150
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1203:University of Tokyo alumni
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780:Tokyo Butsuri-gakko Zasshi
740:10.1140/epjh/e2017-80041-1
700:10.11429/ptmps1907.8.4_106
266:is variable and rewriting
1068:. Vol. 7. New York:
977:Pelogia & Brasil 2017
891:Pelogia & Brasil 2017
872:Pelogia & Brasil 2017
662:Physikalische Zeitschrift
603:Physikalische Zeitschrift
243:principle of least action
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818:. Tokyo: Iwanami-shoten.
640:10.1002/andp.19133471505
1070:Charles Scribner's Sons
315:on elementary cells in
227:Scientific achievements
199:, where he worked with
1045:Cite journal requires
814:Ishiwara, Jun (1926).
791:Ishiwara, Jun (1921).
614:Ishiwara, Jun (1913).
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239:energy-momentum tensor
1105:] (in Japanese).
1099:科学ジャーナリズムの先駆者――評伝 石原純
1028:Abiko, Seiya (2015).
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394:{\displaystyle p_{i}}
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509:photoelectric effect
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232:Theory of relativity
189:University of Munich
157:theory of relativity
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1097:Nishio, S. (2011).
979:, pp. 514–517.
967:, pp. 210–211.
732:2017arXiv170803706P
668:: 294–298, 506–510.
632:1913AnP...347..986I
548:Select publications
293:Satyendra Nath Bose
268:Maxwell's equations
177:University of Tokyo
115:theoretical physics
98:University of Tokyo
1082:Rechenberg, Helmut
620:Annalen der Physik
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536:{\displaystyle j}
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39:January 15, 1881
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121:Institutions
104:
59:(1947-01-19)
23:Jun Ishiwara
1178:1947 deaths
1173:1881 births
765:: 318–326.
694:: 106–116.
562:: 150–180.
317:phase space
259:Max Abraham
76:Citizenship
1167:Categories
1131:1708.04676
1013:Abiko 2015
1001:Abiko 2015
953:Abiko 2015
911:(1): 2–6.
836:Abiko 2015
824:References
723:1708.03706
681:: 111–160.
655:: 167–186.
596:: 560–648.
313:Max Planck
301:gamma rays
193:ETH Zurich
35:1881-01-15
1156:119208278
801:cite book
583:: 67–104.
440:∫
420:∑
251:the 1910s
171:Biography
1090:Springer
1084:(1982).
925:27757844
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297:X-rays
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