1162:. No to abusing public money, such as threatening to withhold money from projects in the MP's constituency, and private lives." Former chief whips disclosed that whips have a notebook documenting MPs' indiscretions, and that they help MPs in any sort of trouble ("it might be debt, it might be ... a scandal involving small boys ...") in any way they can to "store up brownie points ... that sounds a pretty, pretty nasty reason, but it's one of the reasons because if we could get a chap out of trouble then he will do as we ask forever more."
845:
mentioned that the ministry had sent for their friends to the north and to Paris, "whipping them in, than which, he said, there could not be a better phrase". Although Burke's particular emphasis on the expression implied its comparative novelty, the hunting term had been used in this political context for at least a generation: on 18 November 1742 Heneage Finch remarked in a letter to Lord Malton that "the Whigs for once in their lives have whipped in better than the Tories".
960:(MLA) on whom to vote. Should a whip's order be violated by a member of the same party, then the whip can recommend immediate dismissal of that member from the house due to indiscipline and the Speaker of the respective house can decide on the matter (without time limit). Should the whip choose not follow up on the violation his/her official whip order by own party member due to any reason, then any member of house can do so to the Speaker.
1068:. Instead, one of the party's whips votes on behalf of all the members of their party, by declaring how many members are in favour and/or how many members are opposed. They also cast proxy votes for single-member parties whose member is not in the chamber at the time of the vote, and also cast proxy votes during personal votes for absent members of their parties and for absent members of associated single-member parties.
731:
1328:
869:, as well as in the parliaments of the six states and two self-governing territories, major political parties have whips to ensure party discipline and carry out a variety of other functions on behalf of the party leadership. The most important function of the whip's office is to ensure that all members and senators are present to take part in votes in the chamber (maintaining
1118:, so the party's wishes are indicated unequivocally but indirectly. These whips are issued to MPs in the form of a letter outlining the parliamentary schedule, with a sentence such as "Your attendance is absolutely essential" next to each debate in which there will be a vote, underlined one, two or three times according to the severity of the whip:
1144:
is a strict instruction to attend and vote according to the party's position, breach of which would normally have serious consequences. Permission not to attend may be given by the whip, but a serious reason is needed. Breach of a three-line whip can lead to expulsion from the parliamentary political
1157:
The role of whips is largely to ensure that MPs vote as required by the party leadership, i.e. to secure the government's business, and to protect the prime minister. Whips use a combination of threats and promises to secure compliance. A former chief whip said that there was a dividing line between
844:
It was within the context of such summonses to members out of town that the first known
Parliamentary instance of the use of the term "whip" occurred. In the debate of 8 May 1769 on a petition from some Middlesex freeholders against the seating of Henry Luttrell instead of John Wilkes, Edmund Burke
1497:. As the office of president pro tempore is largely honorific and usually given to the longest-serving senator of the majority, the majority whip is in reality the second-ranking senator in the majority conference. Similarly, in the House, the majority whip is outranked by both the
1185:"Defying a three-line whip is very serious, and has occasionally resulted in the whip being withdrawn from an MP or Lord. This means that the Member is effectively expelled from their party (but keeps their seat) and must sit as an independent until the whip is restored."
1453:, have majority and minority whips. They in turn have subordinate "regional" whips. While members of Congress often vote along party lines, the influence of the whip is weaker than in the UK system; American politicians have considerably more freedom to diverge from the
799:
Whips are the party's "enforcers". They work to ensure that their fellow political party legislators attend voting sessions and vote according to their party's official policy. Members who vote against party policy may "lose the whip", being expelled from the party.
1175:"Losing the whip is seen by many as one of the strongest punishments a political party can dole out to its MPs. The move essentially expels the member from their party, meaning that while they can remain on the green benches, they have to sit as an independent MP."
1030:-based parliamentary democracies. However, party discipline tends to be tighter in Malaysia and therefore the role of the whip is generally less important, though its importance is heightened when the government majority is less in the lower house.
1484:
in both houses of
Congress, and a whip may be able to offer promotion or threaten demotion within that system. In the House of Representatives, the influence of a single member individually is relatively small and therefore depends a great deal on
1011:
From 1998, whips and assistant whips may be entitled to an allowance on top of their base legislator's salary. In 2011, these allowances varied proportional to the size of the group, with Fianna Fáil's Dáil whip's allowance the highest at €19,000.
999:
The timing of most votes are difficult to predict and TDs are expected to stay within earshot of the division bell at all times. All TDs are expected to vote with their party and to receive permission if they intend to be absent for a vote.
1101:, although the chief whip's office is currently located at 9 Downing Street. Government whips report to the prime minister on any possible backbench revolts and the general opinion of MPs within the party, and upon the exercise of the
1170:
Having the whip withdrawn means the MP is effectively expelled from their party. UK parties do not have the power to expel an MP from parliament, but can force the MP to sit as an independent and remove them from ministerial office.
877:). Unlike in the United Kingdom, Australian whips do not hold official office, but they are recognised for parliamentary purposes. In practice, Australian whips play a lesser role than their counterparts in the United Kingdom, as
1227:(Floor Secretary), who enforces party discipline in the same way a whip does in English-speaking nations. The Minister for Parliamentary Relations also often performs a role similar to a whip, but works for the incumbent
1512:
In both the House and the Senate, the minority whip is the second highest-ranking individual in the minority party (the party with the lesser number of legislators in a legislative body), outranked only by the
1290:
said "Voting according to conscience doesn't work in a political party system. We all get into the list of things and go to
Parliament as parliamentarians of the ANC There will be no voting against the ANC."
1492:
In the Senate, the majority whip is the third-highest ranking individual in the majority party (the party with the most seats). The majority whip is outranked by the majority leader and, unofficially, the
1442:, and many county and city legislative bodies are divided along party lines and have whips, as well as majority and minority leaders. The whip is also the assistant majority or assistant minority leader.
1113:
In the sense of 'voting instructions', there are three categories of whip in
British politics that are issued on particular business. An expressed instruction on how to vote could constitute a breach of
1055:
Whips act in an administrative role, making sure members of their party are in the debating chamber when required and organising members of their party to speak during debates. Since the introduction of
928:. In the House of Commons, the whip's office prepares and distributes vote sheets identifying the party position on each bill or motion. The whip is also responsible for assigning offices and scheduling
948:. Usually, they direct the party members to stick to the party's stand on certain issues and directs them to vote as per the direction of senior party members. However, there are some cases such as
1498:
832:
as, "a huntsman's assistant who keeps the hounds from straying by driving them back with the whip into the main body of the pack". According to that dictionary, the first recorded use of the term
1314:
When voting for critical bills, whips may issue a top-mobilization order asking members to attend the assembly. Party members failing to obey the order are suspended or expelled from the party.
1609:
1425:
1469:
open to a wide number of voters, candidates who support their constituents' positions rather than those of their party leaders cannot easily be rejected by their party, due to a democratic
992:
in the Dáil and the analogous
Independent groups in the Seanad nominate whips to attend these meetings even though there is no party line for their whips to enforce. Whips also coordinate
1486:
1461:
is raised by individual candidates. Furthermore, nobody, including members of
Congress, can be expelled from a political party, which is formed simply by open registration. Because
1044:
In New
Zealand, the concept of the whip was inherited from British rule. All political parties that have four or more members in Parliament have at least one party whip, although
1502:
1159:
1263:
after the leader and the spokesperson. The deputy spokesperson enforces party discipline in every vote, being thus the equivalent of a party whip in
English-speaking countries.
1052:. Parties with 25 to 44 members are allowed two whips (one senior and one junior), and parties with 45 or more members are entitled to three whips (one senior and two junior).
981:
1494:
810:
Additionally, the term "whip" may mean the voting instructions issued to legislators, or the status of a certain legislator in their party's parliamentary grouping.
1849:
1137:
is an instruction to attend and vote; partially binding for voting according to the party's position, attendance required unless prior permission given by the whip.
2028:
1723:
1434:
In the United States there are legislatures at the local (city councils, town councils, county boards, etc.), state, and federal levels. The federal legislature (
1146:
888:" which controls the ability of members and senators to leave the parliament building during sittings, as well as the entitlement to be absent during divisions.
1126:
is a guide to what the party's policy would indicate, and notification of when the vote is expected to take place; this is non-binding for attendance or voting.
1115:
1004:
are not a common feature of the Irish parliamentary tradition but they do happen on occasion, and there are calls for them to happen more often. For instance,
1480:
positions, a whip in the United States cannot bargain for votes by promising promotion or threatening demotion in a sitting administration. There is, however,
2092:
2437:
706:
2073:
1429:
1145:
group in extreme circumstances, and even to expulsion from the party. Consequently, three-line whips are generally only issued on key issues, such as
1057:
759:
1477:
1090:
2284:
1446:
1086:
2386:
2233:
1956:
1915:
1824:
1481:
1458:
1592:
1736:
1600:
1180:"... severe punishment. The most severe is "having the whip withdrawn" - which means you are kicked out of the party within Parliament."
1045:
711:
1576:
2343:
1675:
1097:. By virtue of holding the office of Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury, the government chief whip has an official residence at
1771:
1411:
1787:
1613:
1605:
1345:
716:
2455:
2110:
993:
944:. Every major political party appoints a whip who is responsible for the party's discipline and behaviours on the floor of the
885:
2465:
2060:
S.I. No. 347/2011 — Oireachtas (Allowances) (Members and
Holders of Parliamentary and Certain Ministerial Offices) Order 2011
1617:
1349:
1208:
957:
949:
2186:
1392:
1706:
2460:
1364:
1094:
899:
367:
1541:
1304:
752:
150:
1272:
1260:
1204:
1371:
2046:
Oireachtas (Allowances To
Members) and Ministerial, Parliamentary, Judicial and Court Offices (Amendment) Act, 1998
891:
698:
1283:
917:
824:
679:
2470:
1378:
1039:
416:
347:
2256:
2077:
1624:
was chosen to have the same initials as the original trilogy's protagonist Francis Urquhart, and to reference
1153:. The nature of three-line whips and the potential punishments for revolt vary among parties and legislatures.
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1338:
866:
745:
371:
1560:
1529:
1435:
1360:
1256:
895:
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607:
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1632:
1021:
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362:
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106:
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legitimate and illegitimate persuasion: "Yes to threats on preferment (for government positions) and
953:
644:
436:
243:
96:
76:
1693:
House of Commons briefing note: The Whip's Office Doc ref. SN/PC/02829. Last updated 10 October 2008
1579:, and the title was also used for subsequent series based on other countries' political systems. In
1008:
usually allowed a free vote on abortion bills, as in the Protection of Human Life In Pregnancy Act.
2045:
1680:
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and vote according to their conscience or their constituents' preferences. One reason is that a
969:
1818:"leaders and chief whips of recognised parties and groups in parliament (facilities) act, 1998"
2382:
1980:
1952:
1944:
1911:
1767:
1556:
1537:
1098:
973:
456:
431:
71:
36:
2378:
2371:
1740:
1639:
references party whips in the lyric "I'm a three-line whip, I'm the sort of thing they ban."
1060:
in 1996, divisions that require all members in the chamber to vote by taking sides (termed a
1995:
I act as the whip for the Technical Group even though there is no party line to be enforced.
1878:
1564:
1520:
The whip position was created in the House of Representatives in 1897 by Republican Speaker
1476:
Because, unlike members of a parliament, members of Congress cannot serve simultaneously in
1466:
1300:
1242:
921:
878:
781:
593:
538:
520:
501:
486:
253:
183:
101:
1385:
2347:
2260:
2013:
1710:
1625:
1616:. The series charts Underwood's ambitious rise through his party's ranks until he becomes
1525:
1514:
1454:
1093:
so that the incumbent, who represents the whips in general, has a seat and a voice in the
1065:
989:
988:. The whips of each house meet weekly to set the agenda for the next week's business. The
985:
789:
777:
735:
664:
659:
579:
553:
548:
528:
426:
421:
43:
1505:. Unlike the Senate's presiding officer, the Speaker is the leader of his or her party's
924:
or a provincial legislature charged with ensuring party discipline among members of the
1795:
1311:
the party whip is the executive director of the Policy Committee or the caucus leader.
1287:
1150:
1005:
874:
785:
461:
411:
352:
218:
198:
2059:
807:" during a hunt, who tries to prevent hounds from wandering away from a hunting pack.
730:
2449:
2426:
1591:
and the trilogy charts his ambitious rise through his party's ranks until he becomes
1552:
932:
from his or her party for various bills, motions and other proceedings in the House.
332:
248:
238:
2431:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1533:
1462:
822:
in its parliamentary context, derived from its origins in hunting terminology. The
567:
446:
406:
401:
337:
318:
178:
1532:, was appointed in about 1900. In the Senate, the position was created in 1913 by
2212:
1905:
2238:
1703:
1327:
804:
793:
441:
391:
327:
323:
293:
228:
158:
2093:"The discreet art of whipping: what are the limits for parliament's enforcers?"
2402:
1636:
1584:
1308:
1082:
1001:
902:. For Labor and the Liberals, the chief whip is assisted by two deputy whips.
288:
223:
213:
2135:
1247:, the Spanish legislature, political parties appoint a member to the role of
2271:
1102:
625:
496:
268:
258:
173:
163:
1231:
as a whole rather than for a single specific party or parliamentary group.
17:
1654:
explains that the term "whip" originated from the practice of physically
1643:
308:
233:
208:
203:
193:
86:
2441:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 590.
1275:
system, the concept of a political party whip, which was inherited from
884:
Their roles in the chamber include taking divisions, and maintaining a "
2407:
1352: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
188:
836:
in the parliamentary sense occurs in 1772. However, P.D.G. Thomas in
925:
870:
396:
2254:
Structure of Government - Office bearers of legislative institutions
2029:"Fianna Fáil to allow free vote on forthcoming abortion legislation"
1489:(i.e., in most cases, on the length of time they have held office).
2253:
2136:"What is removing the whip, filibustering and other Brexit jargon?"
1850:"Issuing whips to MPs, MLAs in Presidential poll is an offence: EC"
916:
In Canada the Party Whip is the member of a political party in the
2285:"ANC MPs will toe party line in no confidence motion - chief whip"
1555:, formerly Chief of Staff for British Conservative Prime Minister
2187:"Pd: Borghi, segretario d'Aula esperienza straordinaria, grazie"
1568:
1321:
840:
cites two examples of the use of the term that pre-date 1772.
2111:"What does it mean for MPs to 'lose the whip' in Parliament?"
1571:
between 1990 and 1995. The first book in the trilogy, titled
2430:
1426:
Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives
1026:
Party whips in Malaysia serve a similar role as in other
1951:. Institute of Public Administration. pp. 147–150.
1910:. Institute of Public Administration. p. 37, fn.6.
2234:"Guide to party discipline in the Congress of Deputies"
1945:"How parliamentary accountability functions in Ireland"
1724:
Free Votes in Australian and some Overseas Parliaments
1299:
Party whips exist in most of the major parties of the
894:
whips are appointed by the leader of the party, while
1465:
of candidates for office is generally done through a
940:
In India, the concept of the whip was inherited from
2324:. Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives
1628:, the first party whip for the US Democratic Party.
1536:, chair of the Democratic caucus, when he appointed
982:
Minister of State at the Department of the Taoiseach
2346:. Office of the house majority whip. Archived from
2370:
2304:"Showdown looms over 'state of the nation' speech"
1788:"Derek O'Brien is TMC's Chief Whip in Rajya Sabha"
1676:How the term 'Whip' came to be used in Parliament
1540:as the first whip, while Republicans later chose
784:(that members of the party vote according to the
2074:"The Musterer replaces whips in the Green Party"
1739:. Parliamentary Education Office. Archived from
1722:Parliament of Australia: Parliamentary Library.
1105:, which is used to motivate and reward loyalty.
1938:
1936:
1934:
842:
1949:Accountability in Irish parliamentary politics
1563:, centred around a fictional party whip named
1528:as the first whip. The first Democratic whip,
1438:), the legislatures in all states except for
1249:
1240:
1221:
1213:
968:Whips exist for all parliamentary parties in
753:
8:
2076:. Green Party of New Zealand. Archived from
1567:, which was dramatised and broadcast by the
1307:the party whip is the Caucus leader. In the
1873:
1871:
1766:. Vancouver: UBC Press. pp. 248–249.
1658:party members to force voting compliance.
838:House of Commons in the Eighteenth Century
760:
746:
572:
57:
31:
1430:Party leaders of the United States Senate
1412:Learn how and when to remove this message
850:In countries using the Westminster system
792:or that of donors or constituents) in a
1667:
1259:), which is the third authority of the
1091:Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury
115:
85:
60:
42:
2009:
1999:
27:Position within some political parties
1985:. Oireachtas. Vol. 734 No.2 p.6 c.250
7:
2091:Wintour, Patrick (21 January 2022).
1482:a highly structured committee system
1350:adding citations to reliable sources
1764:Whipped: Party Discipline in Canada
1674:Pandiyan, M. Veera (May 14, 2006).
1495:president pro tempore of the Senate
1577:television series of the same name
881:in Australia tends to be tighter.
25:
2272:Chief Whips on Parliament Website
1979:Murphy, Catherine (2 June 2011).
2252:Parliamentary Monitoring Group.
2072:Donald, Rod (14 December 1999).
1830:from the original on 8 July 2014
1702:Parliamentary Education Office.
1326:
729:
1794:. 2 August 2012. Archived from
1337:needs additional citations for
2213:"Board of Party Spokespersons"
2027:Ronan McGreevy (30 May 2013).
1544:as the party's first in 1915.
1487:the representative's seniority
1085:of the governing party in the
1064:) are rarely used, except for
958:Member of Legislative Assembly
1:
2302:Hsu, Crystal (2 April 2002).
1943:MacCarthaigh, Muiris (2005).
1904:MacCarthaigh, Muiris (2008).
1704:Fact Sheet 36: The Party Whip
1445:Both houses of Congress, the
1271:Although South Africa uses a
950:Indian Presidential elections
2232:Carlos Manso (31 May 2017).
1907:Government in Modern Ireland
1459:considerable amount of money
1305:Democratic Progressive Party
1089:is customarily appointed as
952:where whips cannot direct a
803:The term is taken from the "
1823:. Rajya Sabha Secretariat.
1273:proportional representation
1058:proportional representation
712:Political parties by region
502:Party convention/conference
2487:
1737:"Fact Sheet – Party Whips"
1598:In the American remake of
1583:, Francis Urquhart is the
1423:
1037:
1019:
909:
858:
699:Lists of political parties
1650:" features a scene where
1284:African National Congress
1241:
1166:Having the whip withdrawn
1081:In British politics, the
980:chief whip is normally a
918:Canadian House of Commons
898:whips are elected by the
825:Oxford English Dictionary
707:Ruling parties by country
680:National unity government
2377:. Basic Books. pp.
2369:Gould, Lewis L. (2005).
2259:19 November 2011 at the
1447:House of Representatives
1040:Party whip (New Zealand)
790:their individual beliefs
780:whose task is to ensure
717:Banned political parties
417:Leader of the Opposition
385:Leaders and organization
348:Parliamentary opposition
2438:Encyclopædia Britannica
2373:The Most Exclusive Club
1982:Dáil Reform: Statements
1279:, has been maintained.
1116:parliamentary privilege
867:Parliament of Australia
2456:Government occupations
1762:Marland, Alex (2020).
1530:Oscar Wilder Underwood
1303:. For example, in the
1250:
1239:In both houses of the
1222:
1214:
1209:Senate of the Republic
1187:
1182:
1177:
896:Australian Labor Party
861:Party whip (Australia)
847:
2466:Political terminology
2344:"History of the Whip"
1589:UK Conservative Party
1575:, was adapted into a
1424:Further information:
1277:colonial British rule
1183:
1178:
1173:
1022:Party whip (Malaysia)
942:colonial British rule
650:Confidence and supply
507:Leadership convention
358:Official party status
314:Entrepreneurial party
2461:Parliamentary titles
2218:Congress of Deputies
1885:. Dublin: Oireachtas
1709:24 July 2013 at the
1361:"Whip" politics
1346:improve this article
954:Member of Parliament
776:is an official of a
655:Consensus government
645:Coalition government
437:Parliamentary leader
244:Classical radicalism
2080:on 30 October 2013.
1681:The Star (Malaysia)
1614:US Democratic Party
1610:House Majority Whip
1507:caucus in the House
1261:parliamentary group
1229:governing coalition
1205:Chamber of Deputies
1203:groups in both the
1147:votes of confidence
912:Party Whip (Canada)
736:Politics portal
685:Rotation government
675:Minority government
670:Majority government
635:Parliamentary group
492:Leadership election
169:Christian democracy
2350:on 5 December 2010
2322:"Democratic Whips"
2142:. 4 September 2019
2062:Irish Statute Book
2049:Irish Statute Book
1854:The Times of India
1798:on 14 October 2013
1548:In popular culture
1286:secretary general
1190:In other countries
1028:Westminster system
640:Divided government
534:Crossing the floor
480:Internal elections
452:Party spokesperson
363:Single-issue party
53:Political Spectrum
2388:978-0-465-02778-1
2283:Thulani Gqirana.
1958:978-1-904541-31-8
1917:978-1-904541-72-1
1557:Margaret Thatcher
1538:J. Hamilton Lewis
1422:
1421:
1414:
1396:
1223:Segretario d'Aula
1099:12 Downing Street
1048:whips are called
828:defines the term
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432:Political faction
140:
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16:(Redirected from
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1565:Francis Urquhart
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2352:. Retrieved
2348:the original
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2326:. Retrieved
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2308:Taipei Times
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2114:
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2097:The Guardian
2096:
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2078:the original
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1994:
1987:. Retrieved
1981:
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1962:. Retrieved
1948:
1921:. Retrieved
1906:
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1887:. Retrieved
1882:
1858:. Retrieved
1853:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1791:
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1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:the original
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1648:The Scofflaw
1641:
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1621:
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1534:John W. Kern
1519:
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1463:preselection
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1344:Please help
1339:verification
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1257:spokesperson
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788:rather than
773:
771:
608:Non-partisan
466:
447:Party leader
407:Frontbencher
402:Caucus chair
338:Ruling party
319:Ethnic party
299:Cartel party
179:Conservatism
127:Centre-Right
107:Centre-Right
35:Part of the
29:
2239:ABC (Spain)
2010:|work=
1989:21 February
1964:21 February
1923:21 February
1889:21 February
1620:. The name
1522:Thomas Reed
1046:Green Party
1034:New Zealand
1006:Fianna Fáil
794:legislature
599:Multi-party
442:Party chair
392:Backbencher
328:Minor party
324:Major party
304:Competitive
294:Elite party
229:Nationalism
159:Agrarianism
97:Centre-Left
77:Centre-Left
18:Junior whip
2450:Categories
2171:8 November
2146:8 November
2120:8 November
1662:References
1637:The Police
1631:The song "
1585:chief whip
1559:, wrote a
1455:party line
1402:March 2016
1372:newspapers
1309:Kuomintang
1215:Segretario
1211:appoint a
1083:chief whip
1038:See also:
1002:Free votes
978:government
886:pairs book
834:whipper-in
830:whipper-in
805:whipper-in
626:Coalitions
544:Party line
333:Mass party
289:Bloc party
264:Syncretism
224:Monarchism
214:Liberalism
151:Ideologies
117:Right-Wing
2197:29 August
2012:ignored (
2002:cite book
1646:episode "
1618:president
1282:In 2017,
1103:patronage
1050:musterers
855:Australia
814:Etymology
594:Two-party
580:One-party
497:Open list
457:Secretary
269:Third Way
259:Socialism
174:Communism
164:Anarchism
132:Far-Right
62:Left-Wing
2354:18 April
2328:21 April
2257:Archived
2140:BBC News
2115:Sky News
1883:Glossary
1860:3 August
1834:3 August
1825:Archived
1802:3 August
1707:Archived
1656:whipping
1644:Seinfeld
1612:for the
1587:for the
1501:and the
1440:Nebraska
1436:Congress
1255:(deputy
1207:and the
1131:two-line
1016:Malaysia
956:(MP) or
930:speakers
234:Populism
209:Islamism
204:Hindutva
194:Feminism
72:Far-Left
2408:YouTube
2162:"Whips"
1879:"Whips"
1747:27 July
1608:is the
1503:speaker
1471:mandate
1386:scholar
1160:honours
1095:Cabinet
994:pairing
964:Ireland
865:In the
189:Fascism
2403:"Whip"
2385:
2379:57, 59
2289:News24
1955:
1914:
1770:
1652:Kramer
1451:Senate
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1295:Taiwan
1151:supply
1077:People
976:. The
926:caucus
920:, the
906:Canada
900:Caucus
871:quorum
397:Caucus
149:Major
87:Centre
1828:(PDF)
1821:(PDF)
1635:" by
1393:JSTOR
1379:books
1235:Spain
1199:Most
1195:Italy
946:house
936:India
796:.
282:Types
2383:ISBN
2356:2010
2330:2010
2199:2022
2173:2023
2148:2023
2122:2023
2014:help
1991:2012
1966:2012
1953:ISBN
1925:2012
1912:ISBN
1891:2012
1862:2012
1836:2012
1804:2012
1768:ISBN
1749:2013
1642:The
1449:and
1428:and
1365:news
1149:and
972:and
820:whip
774:whip
467:Whip
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