338:
next available junior synonym must be used for the taxon. For other purposes, if a researcher is interested in consulting or compiling all currently known information regarding a taxon, some of this (including species descriptions, distribution, ecology and more) may well have been published under names now regarded as outdated (i.e., synonyms) and so it is again useful to know a list of historic synonyms which may have been used for a given current (valid) taxon name.
240:
change may be due to purely nomenclatural reasons, that is, based on the rules of nomenclature; as for example when an older name is (re)discovered which has priority over the current name. Speaking in general, name changes for nomenclatural reasons have become less frequent over time as the rules of nomenclature allow for names to be conserved, so as to promote stability of scientific names.
36:
176:). A synonym cannot exist in isolation: it is always an alternative to a different scientific name. Given that the correct name of a taxon depends on the taxonomic viewpoint used (resulting in a particular circumscription, position and rank) a name that is one taxonomist's synonym may be another taxonomist's correct name (and
729:. Thus, it could be said that Verbenaceae pro parte is a synonym of Acanthaceae, and Verbenaceae pro parte is also a synonym of Lamiaceae. However, this terminology is rarely used because it is clearer to reserve the term "pro parte" for situations that divide a taxon that includes the type from one that does not.
126:
In zoology, moving a species from one genus to another results in a different binomen, but the name is considered an alternative combination rather than a synonym. The concept of synonymy in zoology is reserved for two names at the same rank that refers to a taxon at that rank – for example, the name
614:
In botany, although a synonym must be a formally accepted scientific name (a validly published name): a listing of "synonyms", a "synonymy", often contains designations that for some reason did not make it as a formal name, such as manuscript names, or even misidentifications (although it is now the
424:
At the species level, subjective synonyms are common because of an unexpectedly large range of variation in a species, or simple ignorance about an earlier description, may lead a biologist to describe a newly discovered specimen as a new species. A common reason for objective synonyms at this level
219:
defines the term as "a taxonomic name which has the same application as another, especially one which has been superseded and is no longer valid". In handbooks and general texts, it is useful to have synonyms mentioned as such after the current scientific name, so as to avoid confusion. For example,
183:
Synonyms may arise whenever the same taxon is described and named more than once, independently. They may also arise when existing taxa are changed, as when two taxa are joined to become one, a species is moved to a different genus, a variety is moved to a different species, etc. Synonyms also come
337:
and therefore, unless other restrictions interfere, must be used for the taxon. However, junior synonyms are still important to document, because if the earliest name cannot be used (for example, because the same spelling had previously been used for a name established for another taxon), then the
214:
To the general user of scientific names, in fields such as agriculture, horticulture, ecology, general science, etc., a synonym is a name that was previously used as the correct scientific name (in handbooks and similar sources) but which has been displaced by another scientific name, which is now
239:
Changes of scientific name have two causes: they may be taxonomic or nomenclatural. A name change may be caused by changes in the circumscription, position or rank of a taxon, representing a change in taxonomic, scientific insight (as would be the case for the fruit fly, mentioned above). A name
390:
Objective synonyms are common at the rank of genera, because for various reasons two genera may contain the same type species; these are objective synonyms. In many cases researchers established new generic names because they thought this was necessary or did not know that others had previously
637:
If the name of a species changes solely on account of its allocation to a new genus ("new combinations"), in botany this is regarded as creating a synonym in the case of the original or previous combination but not in zoology (where the fundamental nomenclatural unit is regarded as the species
363:, there is no such shared type, so the synonymy is open to taxonomic judgement, meaning that there is room for debate: one researcher might consider the two (or more) types to refer to one and the same taxon, another might consider them to belong to different taxa. For example,
623:
Although the basic principles are fairly similar, the treatment of synonyms in botanical nomenclature differs in detail and terminology from zoological nomenclature, where the correct name is included among synonyms, although as first among equals it is the "senior synonym":
527:
of the taxon as considered in the particular botanical publication. It is always "a synonym of the correct scientific name", but which name is correct depends on the taxonomic opinion of the author. In botany the various kinds of synonyms are:
441:. This rule exists primarily to prevent the confusion that would result if a well-known name, with a large accompanying body of literature, were to be replaced by a completely unfamiliar name. An example is the European land snail
605:
into many, quite restricted species. The name of each such species has its own type. When the common dandelion is regarded as including all those small species, the names of all those species are heterotypic synonyms of
1132:
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012),
638:
epithet, not the binomen, and this has generally not changed). Nevertheless, in popular usage, previous or alternative/non current combinations are frequently listed as synonyms in zoology as well as in botany.
428:
A junior synonym can be given precedence over a senior synonym, primarily when the senior name has not been used since 1899, and the junior name is in common use. The older name may be declared to be a
467:
501:
To qualify as a synonym in zoology, a name must be properly published in accordance with the rules. Manuscript names and names that were mentioned without any description (
168:
a synonym is not interchangeable with the name of which it is a synonym. In taxonomy, synonyms are not equals, but have a different status. For any taxon with a particular
1136:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011
970:
172:, position, and rank, only one scientific name is considered to be the correct one at any given time (this correct name is to be determined by applying the relevant
276:
names published for it, while the same is applicable at higher ranks such as genera, families, orders, etc. In each case, the earliest published name is called the
232:)". Synonyms used in this way may not always meet the strict definitions of the term "synonym" in the formal rules of nomenclature which govern scientific names
285:
260:
945:
Falkner, G., Ripken, T. E. J. & Falkner, M. 2002. Mollusques continentaux de France. Liste de référence annotée et bibliographie. – pp. , 1–350, . Paris.
348:
and same rank (more or less the same taxon, although circumscription may vary, even widely). This may be species-group taxa of the same rank with the same
1043:
674:(or "for part") synonyms. These are caused by splits and circumscriptional changes. They are usually indicated by the abbreviation "p.p." For example:
579:. A homotypic synonym need not share an epithet or name with the correct name; what matters is that it shares the type. For example, the name
1144:
1117:
1084:
113:
was the first to give a scientific name (under the currently used system of scientific nomenclature) to the Norway spruce, which he called
924:
p. 43 in Beck, H. 1837. Index molluscorum præsentis ævi musei principis augustissimi
Christiani Frederici. – pp. 1–100 , 101–124 . Hafniæ.
448:
76:
1183:
1134:
284:. In the case where two names for the same taxon have been published simultaneously, the valid name is selected accorded to the
1173:
395:
Beck, 1837, which was established for a group of terrestrial snails containing as its type species the
Burgundy or Roman snail
814:
987:
375:, based on a pair of horns. However, it is now commonly accepted that his specimen was an unusual individual of the species
744:
647:
Scientific papers may include lists of taxa, synonymizing existing taxa and (in some cases) listing references to them.
312:
becoming the junior synonym. (Incidentally, this species has since been reclassified and currently resides in the genus
1178:
54:
708:
520:
474:. The two are related, with only one word difference between their names.) For example, the scientific name of the
470:(ICZN) approves an application. (Here the C in ICZN stands for Commission, not Code as it does at the beginning of
169:
466:
Such a reversal of precedence is also possible if the senior synonym was established after 1900, but only if the
356:
or if their type species are themselves objective synonyms, of family-group taxa with the same type genus, etc.
1093:
Dubois, A. (2000), "Synonymies and related lists in zoology: general proposals, with examples in herpetology",
455:
Draparnaud, 1801 referred to the same species, but this name had never been used after 1899 and was fixed as a
1012:
978:
326:
221:
58:
757:
516:
46:
598:
475:
184:
about when the codes of nomenclature change, so that older names are no longer acceptable; for example,
102:
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650:
The status of a synonym may be indicated by symbols, as for instance in a system proposed for use in
602:
249:
631:
The homotypic or nomenclatural synonyms in botany are equivalent to "objective synonyms" in zoology.
610:
F.H.Wigg. Reducing a taxon to a heterotypic synonym is termed "to sink in synonymy" or "as synonym".
634:
The heterotypic or taxonomic synonyms in botany are equivalent to "subjective synonyms" in zoology.
1035:
684:
173:
165:
559:
is taken to be the correct genus for this species (there is almost complete consensus on that),
89:
The
Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
1140:
1113:
1080:
679:
443:
273:
1073:
1027:
862:
364:
844:
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The traditional concept of synonymy is often expanded in taxonomic literature to include
597:, or taxonomic, synonyms (sometimes indicated by =) have different types. Some botanists
1107:
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before the year would indicate that the authors have inspected the original material; a
117:. This name is no longer in use, so it is now a synonym of the current scientific name,
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544:
540:
524:
349:
345:
330:
265:
194:
1150:
715:"are much reduced compared to a decade or so ago, and many genera have been placed in
1167:
853:
692:
Stokes (1787) pro parte as a synonym, but explicitly excluded the type (specimen) of
437:
431:
397:
334:
297:
189:
110:
220:
if the much-advertised name change should go through and the scientific name of the
822:
651:
482:
was published by Buren in 1972, who did not know that this species was first named
353:
314:
199:
94:
391:
established another genus for the same group of species. An example is the genus
228:, it would be very helpful if any mention of this name was accompanied by "(syn.
726:
712:
503:
119:
536:
380:
255:
17:
141:, being names for different seasonal forms of the species now referred to as
739:
721:
716:
486:
by
Santschi in 1916; as there were thousands of publications using the name
372:
301:
662:
that they take on the responsibility for the act of synonymizing the taxa.
272:. For example, a particular species could, over time, have had two or more
300:
in the same work at the same date for the taxon now determined to be the
1039:
161:
1112:(4th ed.), The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature,
490:
before anyone discovered the synonymy, the ICZN, in 2001, ruled that
1031:
628:
Synonyms in botany are equivalent to "junior synonyms" in zoology.
269:
106:
413:
was an objective synonym (and useless). On the same occasion,
29:
1139:, vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154, A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG,
507:) are not considered as synonyms in zoological nomenclature.
109:
that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example,
1106:
International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999),
725:, which was once included in Verbenaceae has been moved to
333:) name, the senior synonym, by default takes precedence in
615:
usual practice to list misidentifications separately).
567:. However, if the species were considered to belong to
451:, 1805). In 2002, researchers found that an older name
156:
in the taxonomic sense employed by the
Zoological code.
711:'s summary of plant classification states that family
571:(now unlikely) the relationship would be reversed and
264:, synonyms are different scientific names of the same
535:, or nomenclatural, synonyms (sometimes indicated by
468:
International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
329:is that the earliest correctly published (and thus
1072:
868:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22689055A205475036.en
519:, a synonym is a name that is not correct for the
352:, genus-group taxa of the same rank with the same
583:for a species of dandelion has the same type as
383:in 1815. Ord's name thus takes precedence, with
971:"Notes on open nomenclature and synonymy lists"
1013:"The concept of "potential taxa" in databases"
1109:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
261:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
8:
421:, but it is older and so it has precedence.
57:. There might be a discussion about this on
27:Scientific name that also applies to a taxon
405:was already the type species for the genus
308:has been selected as the valid name, with
866:
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
587:L. The latter is a homotypic synonym of
769:
425:is the creation of a replacement name.
619:Comparison between zoology and botany
288:such that, for example, of the names
7:
936:, Art. 23.9 "reversal of precedence"
654:by Rudolf Richter. In that system a
575:would become a homotypic synonym of
1075:Taxonomy: A text and reference book
854:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
387:being a junior subjective synonym.
325:One basic principle of zoological
25:
781:, "Glossary", entry for "synonym"
435:, and the junior name declared a
34:
1049:from the original on 2016-09-10
843:BirdLife International (2021).
494:would be given precedence over
286:principle of the first reviser
280:, while the later name is the
258:nomenclature, codified in the
148:, the map butterfly. However,
1:
745:Glossary of scientific naming
484:Solenopsis saevissima wagneri
471:
344:refer to taxa with the same
459:under this rule by Falkner
1200:
1071:Blackwelder, R.A. (1967),
1011:Berendsohn, W. G. (1995),
819:Oxford Dictionaries Online
709:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
563:is a homotypic synonym of
409:Linnaeus, 1758, the genus
296:(Aves), both published by
268:that pertain to that same
247:
217:Oxford Dictionaries Online
215:regarded as correct. Thus
986:: 713–719, archived from
861:: e.T22689055A205475036.
371:in 1855 for a species of
206:and is thus its synonym.
969:Matthews, S. C. (1973),
954:
799:
776:
551:L. has the same type as
543:(specimen) and the same
1184:Zoological nomenclature
230:Drosophila melanogaster
226:Sophophora melanogaster
134:is a junior synonym of
1174:Botanical nomenclature
758:Superseded combination
754: – a case history
517:botanical nomenclature
164:in other contexts, in
95:botanical nomenclature
696:from the new species
476:red imported fire ant
417:is also a synonym of
385:Antilocapra anteflexa
377:Antilocapra americana
369:Antilocapra anteflexa
248:Further information:
959:, Recommendation 50D
608:Taraxacum officinale
589:Taraxacum officinale
581:Taraxacum officinale
547:. The Linnaean name
250:Valid name (zoology)
174:code of nomenclature
152:is not a synonym of
47:confusing or unclear
1079:, New York: Wiley,
585:Leontodon taraxacum
555:(L.) H.Karst. When
367:published the name
361:subjective synonyms
55:clarify the article
1179:Taxonomy (biology)
685:Galium tricornutum
480:Solenopsis invicta
342:Objective synonyms
105:that applies to a
1146:978-3-87429-425-6
1119:978-0-85301-006-7
1086:978-0-471-07800-5
444:Petasina edentula
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147:
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16:(Redirected from
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821:. Archived from
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661:
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603:common dandelion
539:) have the same
523:, position, and
365:John Edward Gray
224:were changed to
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150:Araschnia levana
146:(Linnaeus, 1758)
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143:Araschnia levana
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825:on June 3, 2011
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521:circumscription
513:
438:nomen protectum
359:In the case of
320:Bubo scandiacus
290:Strix scandiaca
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170:circumscription
103:scientific name
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472:§ Zoology
453:Helix depilata
304:, the epithet
282:junior synonym
278:senior synonym
266:taxonomic rank
245:
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186:Erica herbacea
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154:Papilio levana
139:Linnaeus, 1758
136:Papilio levana
132:Linnaeus, 1758
129:Papilio prorsa
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26:
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18:Junior synonym
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403:Helix pomatia
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43:This article
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19:
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319:
313:
309:
305:
294:Strix noctua
293:
289:
281:
277:
274:species-rank
259:
253:
238:
233:
229:
225:
216:
213:
200:Erica carnea
198:
185:
182:
177:
159:
153:
149:
142:
135:
128:
118:
114:
98:
88:
73:
64:
53:Please help
44:
891:, Art. 61.3
727:Acanthaceae
713:Verbenaceae
702:G. tricorne
694:G. tricorne
690:G. tricorne
688:, he cited
666:Other usage
595:Heterotypic
577:Pinus abies
573:Picea abies
565:Picea abies
561:Pinus abies
553:Picea abies
549:Pinus abies
504:nomina nuda
234:(see below)
120:Picea abies
115:Pinus abies
67:August 2020
1168:Categories
1157:2016-12-09
1125:2011-10-21
1101:(2): 33–98
1053:2009-03-21
997:2017-12-03
829:2011-11-28
764:References
682:described
449:Draparnaud
381:George Ord
256:zoological
178:vice versa
49:to readers
1095:Dumerilia
815:"synonym"
790:ICZN Code
740:Chresonym
722:Avicennia
717:Lamiaceae
672:pro parte
591:F.H.Wigg.
533:Homotypic
373:pronghorn
331:available
306:scandiaca
302:snowy owl
222:fruit fly
193:has been
1044:archived
734:See also
298:Linnaeus
244:Zoology
195:rejected
166:taxonomy
162:synonyms
111:Linnaeus
1040:1222443
719:", but
700:. Thus
496:wagneri
492:invicta
488:invicta
419:Pomatia
411:Pomatia
401:—since
393:Pomatia
160:Unlike
99:synonym
45:may be
1143:
1116:
1083:
1038:
874:26 May
511:Botany
463:2002.
461:et al.
310:noctua
1047:(PDF)
1036:JSTOR
1020:Taxon
1016:(PDF)
991:(PDF)
974:(PDF)
680:Dandy
678:When
599:split
569:Pinus
557:Picea
415:Helix
407:Helix
318:, as
270:taxon
107:taxon
101:is a
1141:ISBN
1114:ISBN
1081:ISBN
934:ICZN
913:ICZN
901:ICZN
889:ICZN
876:2024
859:2021
707:The
601:the
541:type
525:rank
346:type
315:Bubo
292:and
97:, a
1028:doi
956:ICN
863:doi
801:ICN
778:ICN
515:In
322:).
254:In
180:).
93:In
1170::
1097:,
1042:,
1034:,
1024:44
1022:,
1018:,
984:16
982:,
976:,
857:.
851:.
817:.
498:.
478:,
236:.
204:L.
190:L.
1099:4
1056:.
1030::
1000:.
878:.
865::
849:"
845:"
832:.
660:.
656:v
537:≡
447:(
123:.
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
61:.
51:.
20:)
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