1231:. Although their payload can be anything, many modern forms act as a backdoor, contacting a controller (phoning home) which can then have unauthorized access to the affected computer, potentially installing additional software such as a keylogger to steal confidential information, cryptomining software or adware to generate revenue to the operator of the trojan. While Trojan horses and backdoors are not easily detectable by themselves, computers may appear to run slower, emit more heat or fan noise due to heavy processor or network usage, as may occur when cryptomining software is installed. Cryptominers may limit resource usage and/or only run during idle times in an attempt to evade detection.
1430:; and (5) fileless malware which runs within memory instead of using files and utilizes existing system tools to carry out malicious acts. The use of existing binaries to carry out malicious activities is a technique known as LotL, or Living off the Land. This reduces the amount of forensic artifacts available to analyze. Recently these types of attacks have become more frequent with a 432% increase in 2017 and makeup 35% of the attacks in 2018. Such attacks are not easy to perform but are becoming more prevalent with the help of exploit-kits.
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memory. Because antivirus does not typically scan memory and only scans files on the drive, this allows the malware to evade detection. Advanced malware has the ability to transform itself into different variations, making it less likely to be detected due to the differences in its signatures. This is known as polymorphic malware. Other common techniques used to evade detection include, from common to uncommon: (1) evasion of analysis and detection by
734:, created in 1986 by the Farooq Alvi brothers in Pakistan. Malware distributors would trick the user into booting or running from an infected device or medium. For example, a virus could make an infected computer add autorunnable code to any USB stick plugged into it. Anyone who then attached the stick to another computer set to autorun from USB would in turn become infected, and also pass on the infection in the same way.
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1816:(i.e. completely disconnecting them from all other networks) and applying enhanced controls over the entry and exit of software and data from the outside world. However, malware can still cross the air gap in some situations, not least due to the need to introduce software into the air-gapped network and can damage the availability or integrity of assets thereon.
878:. Malware is used broadly against government or corporate websites to gather sensitive information, or to disrupt their operation in general. Further, malware can be used against individuals to gain information such as personal identification numbers or details, bank or credit card numbers, and passwords.
1703:
Anti-malware software programs can be used solely for detection and removal of malware software that has already been installed onto a computer. This type of anti-malware software scans the contents of the
Windows registry, operating system files, and installed programs on a computer and will provide
1412:
The aim of any malware is to conceal itself from detection by users or antivirus software. Detecting potential malware is difficult for two reasons. The first is that it is difficult to determine if software is malicious. The second is that malware uses technical measures to make it more difficult to
1281:
Lock-screens, or screen lockers is a type of "cyber police" ransomware that blocks screens on
Windows or Android devices with a false accusation in harvesting illegal content, trying to scare the victims into paying up a fee. Jisut and SLocker impact Android devices more than other lock-screens, with
690:
experimented with computer viruses and confirmed
Neumann's postulate and investigated other properties of malware such as detectability and self-obfuscation using rudimentary encryption. His 1987 doctoral dissertation was on the subject of computer viruses. The combination of cryptographic technology
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and functions in a manner similar to how certain malware itself would attempt to operate, though with the user's informed permission for protecting the system. Any time the operating system accesses a file, the on-access scanner checks if the file is infected or not. Typically, when an infected file
1285:
Encryption-based ransomware, like the name suggests, is a type of ransomware that encrypts all files on an infected machine. These types of malware then display a pop-up informing the user that their files have been encrypted and that they must pay (usually in
Bitcoin) to recover them. Some examples
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Some systems allow code executed by a user to access all rights of that user, which is known as over-privileged code. This was also standard operating procedure for early microcomputer and home computer systems. Malware, running as over-privileged code, can use this privilege to subvert the system.
1416:
The most commonly employed anti-detection technique involves encrypting the malware payload in order to prevent antivirus software from recognizing the signature. Tools such as crypters come with an encrypted blob of malicious code and a decryption stub. The stub decrypts the blob and loads it into
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Ransomware prevents a user from accessing their files until a ransom is paid. There are two variations of ransomware, being crypto ransomware and locker ransomware. Locker ransomware just locks down a computer system without encrypting its contents, whereas crypto ransomware locks down a system and
626:, which includes malware attacks as well as other crimes committed by computer, was predicted to cost the world economy US$ 6 trillion in 2021, and is increasing at a rate of 15% per year. Since 2021, malware has been designed to target computer systems that run critical infrastructure such as the
1507:. Even when new patches addressing the vulnerability have been released, they may not necessarily be installed immediately, allowing malware to take advantage of systems lacking patches. Sometimes even applying patches or installing new versions does not automatically uninstall the old versions.
1255:
are a sub-type of
Trojans that solely aim to deliver malware upon the system that they infect with the desire to subvert detection through stealth and a light payload. It is important not to confuse a dropper with a loader or stager. A loader or stager will merely load an extension of the malware
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The idea has often been suggested that computer manufacturers preinstall backdoors on their systems to provide technical support for customers, but this has never been reliably verified. It was reported in 2014 that US government agencies had been diverting computers purchased by those considered
1408:
Antivirus software typically uses two techniques to detect malware: (i) static analysis and (ii) dynamic/heuristic analysis. Static analysis involves studying the software code of a potentially malicious program and producing a signature of that program. This information is then used to compare
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and governments to steal personal, financial, or business information. Today, any device that plugs into a USB port β even lights, fans, speakers, toys, or peripherals such as a digital microscope β can be used to spread malware. Devices can be infected during manufacturing or supply if quality
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A credential attack occurs when a user account with administrative privileges is cracked and that account is used to provide malware with appropriate privileges. Typically, the attack succeeds because the weakest form of account security is used, which is typically a short password that can be
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the environment when executed; (2) confusing automated tools' detection methods. This allows malware to avoid detection by technologies such as signature-based antivirus software by changing the server used by the malware; (3) timing-based evasion. This is when malware runs at certain times or
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users are over-privileged by design, in the sense that they are allowed to modify internal structures of the system. In some environments, users are over-privileged because they have been inappropriately granted administrator or equivalent status. This can be because users tend to demand more
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as PUPs, although they frequently carry true malware in addition to their ostensible purpose. In fact, Kammerstetter et al. (2012) estimated that as much as 55% of key generators could contain malware and that about 36% malicious key generators were not detected by antivirus software.
1831:
Utilizing bibliometric analysis, the study of malware research trends from 2005 to 2015, considering criteria such as impact journals, highly cited articles, research areas, number of publications, keyword frequency, institutions, and authors, revealed an annual growth rate of 34.1%.
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to prevent further damage with the intention to prevent irreversible system damage. Most AVs allow users to override this behaviour. This can have a considerable performance impact on the operating system, though the degree of impact is dependent on how many pages it creates in
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have such a large share of the market that an exploited vulnerability concentrating on either operating system could subvert a large number of systems. It is estimated that approximately 83% of malware infections between
January and March 2020 were spread via systems running
1207:
A Trojan horse misrepresents itself to masquerade as a regular, benign program or utility in order to persuade a victim to install it. A Trojan horse usually carries a hidden destructive function that is activated when the application is started. The term is derived from the
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that confines applications within a controlled environment, restricting their operations to authorized "safe" actions and isolating them from other applications on the host. It also limits access to system resources like memory and the file system to maintain isolation.
1306:, making it appear that the computer user has clicked an advertising link on a site, generating a payment from the advertiser. It was estimated in 2012 that about 60 to 70% of all active malware used some kind of click fraud, and 22% of all ad-clicks were fraudulent.
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removes malicious software from the system. Additionally, several capable antivirus software programs are available for free download from the
Internet (usually restricted to non-commercial use). Tests found some free programs to be competitive with commercial ones.
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Each ghost-job would detect the fact that the other had been killed, and would start a new copy of the recently stopped program within a few milliseconds. The only way to kill both ghosts was to kill them simultaneously (very difficult) or to deliberately crash the
1071:
A computer virus is software usually hidden within another seemingly innocuous program that can produce copies of itself and insert them into other programs or files, and that usually performs a harmful action (such as destroying data). They have been likened to
1409:
scanned files by an antivirus program. Because this approach is not useful for malware that has not yet been studied, antivirus software can use dynamic analysis to monitor how the program runs on a computer and block it if it performs unexpected activity.
1191:"targets" to secret workshops where software or hardware permitting remote access by the agency was installed, considered to be among the most productive operations to obtain access to networks around the world. Backdoors may be installed by Trojan horses,
1038:
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to infect other computers and can copy itself without infecting files. These definitions lead to the observation that a virus requires the user to run an infected software or operating system for the virus to spread, whereas a worm spreads itself.
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Those deploying
Raccoon used phishing messages and other tricks to get the malware onto potentially millions of victims' computers worldwide. Once installed, the code provided access to login credentials and other data stored on the compromised
1256:(for example a collection of malicious functions through reflective dynamic link library injection) into memory. The purpose is to keep the initial stage light and undetectable. A dropper merely downloads further malware to the system.
1324:
Grayware is any unwanted application or file that can worsen the performance of computers and may cause security risks but which there is insufficient consensus or data to classify them as malware. Types of greyware typically includes
1688:
They can provide real time protection against the installation of malware software on a computer. This type of malware protection works the same way as that of antivirus protection in that the anti-malware software scans all incoming
1495:
vulnerability, where software designed to store data in a specified region of memory does not prevent more data than the buffer can accommodate from being supplied. Malware may provide data that overflows the buffer, with malicious
885:, for example, was designed to disrupt very specific industrial equipment. There have been politically motivated attacks which spread over and shut down large computer networks, including massive deletion of files and corruption of
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901:
Malware can be classified in numerous ways, and certain malicious programs may fall into two or more categories simultaneously. Broadly, software can categorised into three types: (i) goodware; (ii) greyware and (iii) malware.
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Structuring a network as a set of smaller networks, and limiting the flow of traffic between them to that known to be legitimate, can hinder the ability of infectious malware to replicate itself across the wider network.
1237:
In spring 2017, Mac users were hit by the new version of Proton Remote Access Trojan (RAT) trained to extract password data from various sources, such as browser auto-fill data, the Mac-OS keychain, and password vaults.
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3448:
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is a broad term for a computer program that allows an attacker persistent unauthorised remote access to a victim's machine often without their knowledge. The attacker typically uses another attack (such as a
1759:
Browser sandboxing is a security measure that isolates web browser processes and tabs from the operating system to prevent malicious code from exploiting vulnerabilities. It helps protect against malware,
1396:. Spyware programs do not spread like viruses; instead they are generally installed by exploiting security holes. They can also be hidden and packaged together with unrelated user-installed software. The
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can reduce this risk. With the latter enabled, even if an attacker can crack the password, they cannot use the account without also having the token possessed by the legitimate user of that account.
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2495:
John von
Neumann, "Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata", Part 1: Transcripts of lectures given at the University of Illinois, December 1949, Editor: A. W. Burks, University of Illinois, USA, 1966.
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AirHopper, BitWhisper, GSMem and
Fansmitter are four techniques introduced by researchers that can leak data from air-gapped computers using electromagnetic, thermal and acoustic emissions.
3394:
1479:) in the operating system, applications (such as browsers, e.g. older versions of Microsoft Internet Explorer supported by Windows XP), or in vulnerable versions of browser plugins such as
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Website vulnerability scans check the website, detect malware, may note outdated software, and may report known security issues, in order to reduce the risk of the site being compromised.
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than they require, and malware can take advantage of this. For example, of 940 Android apps sampled, one third of them asked for more privileges than they required. Apps targeting the
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is an example of malware that is introduced to the target environment via a USB drive, causing damage to processes supported on the environment without the need to exfiltrate data.
1510:
There are several ways the users can stay informed and protected from security vulnerabilities in software. Software providers often announce updates that address security issues.
1138:
Some types of harmful software contain routines to evade identification and/or removal attempts, not merely to hide themselves. An early example of this behavior is recorded in the
4125:
Cabaj, Krzysztof; Caviglione, Luca; Mazurczyk, Wojciech; Wendzel, Steffen; Woodward, Alan; Zander, Sebastian (May 2018). "The New Threats of Information Hiding: The Road Ahead".
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following certain actions taken by the user, so it executes during certain vulnerable periods, such as during the boot process, while remaining dormant the rest of the time; (4)
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software (including the operating system itself) on the target system without the user's knowledge and consent and when it is run, the virus is spread to other executable files.
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1704:
a list of any threats found, allowing the user to choose which files to delete or keep, or to compare this list to a list of known malware components, removing files that match.
691:
as part of the payload of the virus, exploiting it for attack purposes was initialized and investigated from the mid-1990s, and includes initial ransomware and evasion ideas.
1764:, and unintentional data leaks by trapping potentially harmful code within the sandbox. It involves creating separate processes, limiting access to system resources, running
3049:
3027:
5194:
Guri, Mordechai; Kedma, Gabi; Kachlon, Assaf; Elovici, Yuval (2014). "AirHopper: Bridging the air-gap between isolated networks and mobile phones using radio frequencies".
1183:) to bypass authentication mechanisms usually over an unsecured network such as the Internet to install the backdoor application. A backdoor can also be a side effect of a
4491:. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Vol. 50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 20β34.
2649:
1360:(PUPs) are applications that would be considered unwanted despite often being intentionally downloaded by the user. PUPs include spyware, adware, and fraudulent dialers.
5237:
Guri, Mordechai; Monitz, Matan; Mirski, Yisroel; Elovici, Yuval (2015). "BitWhisper: Covert Signaling Channel between Air-Gapped Computers Using Thermal Manipulations".
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As a last resort, computers can be protected from malware, and the risk of infected computers disseminating trusted information can be greatly reduced by imposing an
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confines applications within a controlled environment, restricting their operations and isolating them from other applications on the host while limiting access to
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622:'s 2018 Internet Security Threat Report (ISTR), malware variants number has increased to 669,947,865 in 2017, which is twice as many malware variants as in 2016.
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platform can be a major source of malware infection but one solution is to use third-party software to detect apps that have been assigned excessive privileges.
5317:
Hanspach, Michael; Goetz, Michael; Daidakulov, Andrey; Elovici, Yuval (2016). "Fansmitter: Acoustic Data Exfiltration from (Speakerless) Air-Gapped Computers".
2680:
571:, leak private information, gain unauthorized access to information or systems, deprive access to information, or which unknowingly interferes with the user's
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A specific component of anti-malware software, commonly referred to as an on-access or real-time scanner, hooks deep into the operating system's core or
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access today. This was the standard operating procedure for early microcomputer and home computer systems, where there was no distinction between an
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1227:, for example, where a user is duped into executing an email attachment disguised to be unsuspicious, (e.g., a routine form to be filled in), or by
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between processes. Escaping the sandbox involves targeting vulnerabilities in the sandbox mechanism or the operating system's sandboxing features.
1400:
was intended to prevent illicit copying; but also reported on users' listening habits, and unintentionally created extra security vulnerabilities.
1234:
Unlike computer viruses and worms, Trojan horses generally do not attempt to inject themselves into other files or otherwise propagate themselves.
3386:
1674:
1518:. Tools like Secunia PSI, free for personal use, can scan a computer for outdated software with known vulnerabilities and attempt to update them.
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allow this concealment, by modifying the host's operating system so that the malware is hidden from the user. Rootkits can prevent a harmful
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Once malicious software is installed on a system, it is essential that it stays concealed, to avoid detection. Software packages known as
3086:"Towards a fair comparison and realistic evaluation framework of android malware detectors based on static analysis and machine learning"
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Wagner, Neal; Εahin, Cem Ε.; Winterrose, Michael; Riordan, James; Pena, Jaime; Hanson, Diana; Streilein, William W. (December 2016).
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4719:. In Rathore, Vijay Singh; Dey, Nilanjan; Piuri, Vincenzo; Babo, Rosalina; Polkowski, Zdzislaw; Tavares, JoΓ£o Manuel R. S. (eds.).
889:, described as "computer killing." Such attacks were made on Sony Pictures Entertainment (25 November 2014, using malware known as
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The notion of a self-reproducing computer program can be traced back to initial theories about the operation of complex automata.
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710:, a virus causes itself to be run whenever the program is run or the disk is booted. Early computer viruses were written for the
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1076:. An example of this is a portable execution infection, a technique, usually used to spread malware, that inserts extra data or
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or earlier contained a vulnerability that allowed attackers to inject code into Windows. Malware can exploit security defects (
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code or data after the end; when this payload is accessed it does what the attacker, not the legitimate software, determines.
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757:, states that emails are the primary method of malware delivery, accounting for 96% of malware delivery around the world.
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The defense strategies against malware differ according to the type of malware but most can be thwarted by installing
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systems. Unlike a virus, this worm did not insert itself into other programs. Instead, it exploited security holes (
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6708:
6666:
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Young, Adam; Yung, Moti (1997). "Deniable Password Snatching: On the Possibility of Evasive Electronic Espionage".
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Some systems allow all users to make changes to the core components or settings of the system, which is considered
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4297:"Modern binary attacks and defences in the windows environment β Fighting against microsoft EMET in seven rounds"
2005:
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access, malicious software has more frequently been designed for profit. Since 2003, the majority of widespread
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Malware can exploit recently discovered vulnerabilities before developers have had time to release a suitable
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internal data so that automated tools do not detect the malware; (v) information hiding techniques, namely
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3001:
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1980:
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of common threats. Keeping browsers and operating systems updated is crucial to mitigate vulnerabilities.
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in legitimate software that is exploited by an attacker to gain access to a victim's computer or network.
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2276:"Zero-day malware detection using transferred generative adversarial networks based on deep autoencoders"
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4723:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 1187. Singapore: Springer. pp. 339β350.
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1950:
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807:
2449:"Malware propagation in smart grid networks: metrics, simulation and comparison of three malware types"
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Hemberg, Erik; Zipkin, Joseph R.; Skowyra, Richard W.; Wagner, Neal; O'Reilly, Una-May (6 July 2018).
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The first PC virus is credited to two brothers, Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi, from Pakistan
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Cani, Andrea; Gaudesi, Marco; Sanchez, Ernesto; Squillero, Giovanni; Tonda, Alberto (24 March 2014).
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Broad consensus among antivirus software that program is malicious or obtained from flagged sources.
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In addition to criminal money-making, malware can be used for sabotage, often for political motives.
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Further Reading: Research Papers and Documents about Malware on IDMARCH (Int. Digital Media Archive)
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Guri, Mordechai; Kachlon, Assaf; Hasson, Ofer; Kedma, Gabi; Mirsky, Yisroel; Elovici, Yuval (2015).
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Some types of adware turn off anti-malware and virus protection; technical remedies are available.
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access became widespread, viruses spread on personal computers by infecting executable programs or
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3501:"VIRUS-L/comp.virus Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) v2.00 (Question B3: What is a Trojan Horse?)"
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showed that in theory a program could reproduce itself. This constituted a plausibility result in
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and worms have been designed to take control of users' computers for illicit purposes. Infected "
831:, the first internet worm, were written as experiments or pranks. Today, malware is used by both
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Molina-Coronado, Borja; Mori, Usue; Mendiburu, Alexander; Miguel-Alonso, Jose (1 January 2023).
1717:. Browser sandboxing isolates web processes to prevent malware and exploits, enhancing security.
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Fred Cohen, "Computer Viruses", PhD Thesis, University of Southern California, ASP Press, 1988.
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2204:"Malware-on-the-Brain: Illuminating Malware Byte Codes with Images for Malware Classification"
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4825:"Towards automated cyber decision support: A case study on network segmentation for security"
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2014 9th International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software: The Americas (MALWARE)
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4882:"Adversarial co-evolution of attack and defense in a segmented computer network environment"
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646:
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400:
101:
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5338:
Razak, Mohd Faizal Ab; Anuar, Nor Badrul; Salleh, Rosli; Firdaus, Ahmad (1 November 2016).
3578:
2329:
Razak, Mohd Faizal Ab; Anuar, Nor Badrul; Salleh, Rosli; Firdaus, Ahmad (1 November 2016).
618:
Malware poses serious problems to individuals and businesses on the Internet. According to
6779:
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6154:
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1965:
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of its applications, it became possible to write infectious code in the macro language of
608:
180:
71:
40:
4888:. GECCO '18. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1648β1655.
2516:
6749:
6647:
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6447:
6422:
6387:
6367:
6247:
6235:
5669:
5643:
5450:
4955:
4771:"LNCS 3786 β Key Factors Influencing Worm Infection", U. Kanlayasiri, 2006, web (PDF):
4453:
1925:
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can monitor the network traffic for suspicious activity that might indicate an attack.
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715:
619:
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580:
489:
320:
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203:
84:
61:
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3552:
2164:
764:-borne infectious programs, originated not on personal computers, but on multitasking
6789:
6659:
6620:
6589:
6584:
6437:
6427:
6397:
6034:
5813:
5628:
5547:
5455:
4746:
4611:
4543:. CCS '11. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 627β638.
4265:
4239:
4205:
3872:. CCS '12. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 809β820.
3127:
2801:
2482:
2245:
2199:
2110:. SAC '14. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 157β160.
1990:
1935:
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1484:
1209:
1192:
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584:
325:
220:
117:
4911:
4326:
4301:
2015 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics (SISY)
4156:
2703:"Cryptomining Worm MassMiner Exploits Multiple Vulnerabilities - Security Boulevard"
2303:
2133:
6693:
6549:
6252:
5958:
5920:
5908:
5883:
5567:
5486:
4854:
3895:
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1940:
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1472:
1427:
1287:
1272:
1213:
1184:
942:
703:
413:
280:
233:
88:
4566:
3738:
O'Kane, Philip; Sezer, Sakir; Carlin, Domhnall (2018). "Evolution of ransomware".
1562:
privileges than they need, so often end up being assigned unnecessary privileges.
1514:
are assigned unique identifiers (CVE IDs) and listed in public databases like the
5213:
4728:
4680:
3864:
Kammerstetter, Markus; Platzer, Christian; Wondracek, Gilbert (16 October 2012).
3527:"Proton Mac Trojan Has Apple Code Signing Signatures Sold to Customers for $ 50k"
6633:
6467:
6442:
6407:
6242:
6139:
6064:
6014:
5878:
5638:
5557:
5120:
Al-Saleh, Mohammed Ibrahim; Espinoza, Antonio M.; Crandall, Jedediah R. (2013).
5071:
4496:
4148:
2000:
1920:
1765:
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1303:
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files securely, and only decrypt them on payment of a substantial sum of money.
1139:
936:
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370:
107:
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1037:
6698:
6514:
6462:
6345:
6225:
6046:
6019:
5983:
5597:
5577:
5542:
5138:
5121:
4836:
4541:
Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
4308:
4188:
4171:
3870:
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security
3751:
3449:"Trojan Horse: [coined By MIT-hacker-turned-NSA-spook Dan Edwards] N."
2465:
2448:
2287:
1995:
1955:
1900:
1732:
1670:
1666:
1629:
1625:
1571:
1497:
1413:
detect it. An estimated 33% of malware is not detected by antivirus software.
1275:
1265:
1085:
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860:
821:
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754:
742:
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687:
623:
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340:
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112:
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5147:
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3119:
2474:
2402:
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2237:
2172:
6574:
6529:
6524:
6372:
6340:
6094:
6041:
5937:
5925:
5587:
5537:
4893:
4886:
Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion
4548:
4483:
Morales, Jose Andre; Al-Bataineh, Areej; Xu, Shouhuai; Sandhu, Ravi (2010).
4296:
3921:
3877:
3241:
2229:
2115:
1985:
1662:
1049:
875:
845:
657:. Malware can be designed to evade antivirus software detection algorithms.
360:
210:
190:
95:
56:
2393:
2376:
1349:
on purchasers' computers with the intention of preventing illicit copying.
5388:
5072:
Guide to Malware Incident Prevention and Handling for Desktops and Laptops
4881:
4673:
Preventing Good People from doing Bad Things: Implementing Least Privilege
4667:
Mutch, John; Anderson, Brian (2011), Mutch, John; Anderson, Brian (eds.),
4536:
4535:; Chin, Erika; Hanna, Steve; Song, Dawn; Wagner, David (17 October 2011).
4426:
3865:
2103:
6534:
6492:
6355:
5903:
5893:
5888:
5798:
3297:
2198:
Zhong, Fangtian; Chen, Zekai; Xu, Minghui; Zhang, Guoming; Yu, Dongxiao;
1960:
1945:
1620:
1607:
Homogeneity can be a vulnerability. For example, when all computers in a
1468:
1342:
1041:
1004:
848:
711:
695:
556:
552:
454:
185:
133:
5751:
5256:
1768:
in isolated processes, monitoring system calls, and memory constraints.
1681:
Typically, antivirus software can combat malware in the following ways:
1282:
Jisut making up nearly 60 percent of all Android ransomware detections.
745:
code. Users may also execute disguised malicious email attachments. The
579:. Researchers tend to classify malware into one or more sub-types (i.e.
17:
6544:
6519:
6170:
6024:
5930:
5592:
5501:
5283:
GSMem: Data Exfiltration from Air-Gapped Computers over GSM Frequencies
4772:
4172:"An emerging threat Fileless malware: a survey and research challenges"
2375:
Xiao, Fei; Sun, Yi; Du, Donggao; Li, Xuelei; Luo, Min (21 March 2020).
1817:
1653:) programs block and remove some or all types of malware. For example,
1488:
1393:
1326:
1118:
968:
890:
882:
750:
596:
576:
442:
330:
305:
170:
1570:
allow code too many privileges, usually in the sense that when a user
6457:
6402:
6317:
5861:
5552:
5532:
5527:
5383:
4794:"Windows Computers Account for 83% of All Malware Attacks in Q1 2020"
4586:
ICC 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)
4374:"Updated Browsers Still Vulnerable to Attack if Plugins Are Outdated"
1862:
1841:
1364:
1334:
1330:
973:
820:), but rely on the fact that macros in a Word document are a form of
723:
719:
650:
600:
496:
345:
285:
123:
4231:
2447:
Eder-Neuhauser, Peter; Zseby, Tanja; Fabini, Joachim (1 June 2019).
5323:
5247:
4139:
3475:"What is the difference between viruses, worms, and Trojan horses?"
3102:
2220:
1628:. This risk is mitigated by segmenting the networks into different
5204:
4981:
3307:
1849:
1845:
1073:
773:
5399:
3947:
2931:"MiniDuke Malware Used Against European Government Organizations"
2377:"A Novel Malware Classification Method Based on Crucial Behavior"
2108:
Proceedings of the 29th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing
4637:
4069:"Barecloud: bare-metal analysis-based evasive malware detection"
3673:
2274:
Kim, Jin-Young; Bu, Seok-Jun; Cho, Sung-Bae (1 September 2018).
1837:
1779:
While sandboxing is not foolproof, it significantly reduces the
1217:
1084:. A computer virus is software that embeds itself in some other
765:
6174:
5755:
5403:
5340:"The rise of "malware": Bibliometric analysis of malware study"
4829:
2016 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)
3978:"Challenge of Malware Analysis: Malware obfuscation Techniques"
2418:"Cybercrime To Cost The World $ 10.5 Trillion Annually By 2025"
2331:"The rise of "malware": Bibliometric analysis of malware study"
4582:"Overprivileged Permission Detection for Android Applications"
4401:"Kaspersky: 12 different vulnerabilities detected on every PC"
4037:
Barecloud: bare-metal analysis-based evasive malware detection
4033:
Kirat, Dhilung; Vigna, Giovanni; Kruegel, Christopher (2014).
1566:
Almost all currently popular operating systems, and also many
777:
4454:"Secunia Personal Software Inspector 3.0 Review & Rating"
3416:
Landwehr, C. E; A. R Bull; J. P McDermott; W. S Choi (1993).
3050:"Computer-killing malware used in Sony attack a wake-up call"
2549:
Computer system security: basic concepts and solved exercises
2047:
International Journal of Education and Management Engineering
6296:
3419:
A taxonomy of computer program security flaws, with examples
718:, but they became more widespread with the dominance of the
3804:"Sony, Rootkits and Digital Rights Management Gone Too Far"
3774:"Another way Microsoft is disrupting the malware ecosystem"
3153:
2993:
1574:
code, the system allows that code all rights of that user.
5122:"Antivirus performance characterisation: system-wide view"
2642:"Top cybersecurity facts, figures and statistics for 2018"
1384:
Programs designed to monitor users' web browsing, display
5074:(Report). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
816:
infect documents and templates rather than applications (
5165:"What is browser sandboxing? How to escape the sandbox?"
2547:
Avoine, Gildas; Pascal Junod; Philippe Oechslin (2007).
1611:
run the same operating system, upon exploiting one, one
702:
of floppy disks. By inserting a copy of itself into the
4485:"Analyzing and Exploiting Network Behaviors of Malware"
4266:"Malware Dynamic Analysis Evasion Techniques: A Survey"
4014:
The Four Most Common Evasive Techniques Used by Malware
795:. This same behavior is used by today's worms as well.
5239:
2015 IEEE 28th Computer Security Foundations Symposium
4717:"Revisiting Cloud Security Attacks: Credential Attack"
3976:
SiΜngh, Jagsir; SiΜngh, Jaswinder (1 September 2018).
3641:"The 5 biggest ransomware attacks of the last 5 years"
3387:"Shopping for Spy Gear:Catalog Advertises NSA Toolbox"
2064:"An Undirected Attack Against Critical Infrastructure"
6763:
3982:
International Journal of Information Security Science
2958:"Ukrainian indicted by US govt on cybercrime charges"
2614:(Report) (11th ed.). Verizon. 2018. p. 18.
1557:, and a regular user of the system. In some systems,
1271:
encrypts its contents. For example, programs such as
5070:
Souppaya, Murugiah; Scarfone, Karen (22 July 2013).
4638:"Malware, viruses, worms, Trojan horses and spyware"
3242:"Understanding Hidden Threats: Rootkits and Botnets"
2149:"Ransomware attacks: detection, prevention and cure"
1491:. For example, a common method is exploitation of a
6608:
6308:
6208:
6110:
6055:
5997:
5946:
5854:
5789:
5723:
5662:
5606:
5520:
5474:
5438:
4721:
Rising Threats in Expert Applications and Solutions
3329:"Inside TAO: Documents Reveal Top NSA Hacking Unit"
3024:"Shamoon is latest malware to target energy sector"
2453:
Journal of Computer Virology and Hacking Techniques
2035:
A study on malware and malware detection techniques
1463:that is exploited by malware to bypass defences or
1223:Trojan horses are generally spread by some form of
4034:
3606:"Ransomware: Evolution, Mitigation and Prevention"
2829:"Microsoft Vows to Combat Government Cyber-Spying"
2804:. FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION- CONSUMER INFORMATION.
893:or W32.Disttrack) and Saudi Aramco (August 2012).
791:programs and started itself running as a separate
908:Data sourced from: Molina-Coronado et al. (2023)
3604:Richardson, Ronny; North, Max (1 January 2017).
2518:Malicious cryptography - exposing cryptovirology
1804:provides techniques to implement such controls.
906:Classification of potentially malicious software
555:intentionally designed to cause disruption to a
2071:United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team
1731:is found, execution is stopped and the file is
1148:
4489:Security and Privacy in Communication Networks
3797:
3795:
3186:The Art of Computer Virus Research and Defense
827:Many early infectious programs, including the
737:Older email software would automatically open
6186:
5767:
5415:
5012:"Quickly identify malware running on your PC"
4487:. In Jajodia, Sushil; Zhou, Jianying (eds.).
3154:"What are viruses, worms, and Trojan horses?"
2910:PC World β Zombie PCs: Silent, Growing Threat
1363:Many security products classify unauthorised
1142:tale of a pair of programs infesting a Xerox
519:
8:
5344:Journal of Network and Computer Applications
3299:Malware: Types, Analysis and Classifications
2335:Journal of Network and Computer Applications
4170:Sudhakar; Kumar, Sushil (14 January 2020).
3914:"Latest adware disables antivirus software"
1657:(for Windows XP, Vista, and Windows 7) and
1131:from being visible in the system's list of
768:systems. The first well-known worm was the
726:. The first IBM PC virus in the wild was a
6193:
6179:
6171:
5774:
5760:
5752:
5422:
5408:
5400:
4675:, Berkeley, CA: Apress, pp. 163β175,
3360:"Top Zombie, Trojan Horse and Bot Threats"
3211:"computer virus β EncyclopΓ¦dia Britannica"
1852:were identified as emerging contributors.
1302:Some malware is used to generate money by
526:
512:
31:
6737:Security information and event management
5322:
5246:
5203:
5137:
4427:"Adobe Security bulletins and advisories"
4187:
4138:
3101:
2573:
2571:
2464:
2392:
2219:
1808:"Air gap" isolation or "parallel network"
4949:
4947:
3834:"Rating the best anti-malware solutions"
2859:"Malware Revolution: A Change in Target"
2765:Information Security Management Handbook
1534:Users and programs can be assigned more
1036:
904:
802:platform in the 1990s, and the flexible
6770:
5159:
5157:
5085:
5083:
5081:
4715:Singh, Vaishali; Pandey, S. K. (2021).
4372:Rashid, Fahmida Y. (27 November 2012).
4341:"Global Web Browser... Security Trends"
2017:
1675:Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool
1100:is a stand-alone malware software that
39:
5466:Timeline of computer viruses and worms
3667:"Rise of Android Ransomware, research"
3507:from the original on 24 September 2015
3477:. Symantec Corporation. Archived from
3160:. The Trustees of Indiana University.
3030:from the original on 23 September 2015
2762:Tipton, Harold F. (26 December 2002).
2743:from the original on 26 September 2017
2671:William A Hendric (4 September 2014).
2609:2018 Data Breach Investigations Report
2589:from the original on 24 September 2015
957:Insufficient consensus and/or metrics
747:2018 Data Breach Investigations Report
673:Timeline of computer viruses and worms
6714:Host-based intrusion detection system
5065:
5063:
4954:Rubenking, Neil J. (8 January 2014).
4697:from the original on 27 February 2023
4433:from the original on 15 November 2013
4009:
4007:
3971:
3969:
3928:from the original on 27 November 2015
3859:
3857:
3855:
3802:Russinovich, Mark (31 October 2005).
3385:Appelbaum, Jacob (29 December 2013).
3291:
3289:
3164:from the original on 4 September 2016
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3004:from the original on 27 February 2023
2885:"Child Porn: Malware's Ultimate Evil"
2782:from the original on 27 February 2023
2252:from the original on 2 September 2022
2080:from the original on 24 December 2016
1673:) provides real-time protection. The
1615:can exploit them all: In particular,
1135:, or keep its files from being read.
7:
5048:from the original on 12 January 2017
4861:from the original on 2 December 2021
4804:from the original on 2 December 2021
4648:from the original on 5 February 2021
4618:from the original on 21 January 2022
4513:from the original on 2 December 2021
4464:from the original on 16 January 2013
4353:from the original on 2 February 2013
3992:from the original on 10 January 2023
3840:from the original on 2 February 2014
3683:from the original on 19 October 2017
3585:from the original on 31 October 2022
3559:from the original on 20 October 2017
3533:from the original on 19 October 2017
3274:from the original on 13 October 2016
3134:from the original on 10 January 2023
3056:from the original on 7 December 2017
2970:from the original on 26 October 2022
2937:from the original on 11 October 2016
2891:from the original on 22 October 2013
2865:from the original on 16 October 2008
2640:Fruhlinger, Josh (10 October 2018).
2621:from the original on 16 October 2021
2381:Mathematical Problems in Engineering
2370:
2368:
2269:
2267:
2104:"Towards automated malware creation"
2097:
2095:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1836:led in research output, followed by
1649:Anti-malware (sometimes also called
6745:Runtime application self-protection
4992:from the original on 10 August 2018
4962:from the original on 30 August 2017
4220:"Penn State WebAccess Secure Login"
3950:. NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY.
3620:from the original on 5 October 2022
3327:Staff, SPIEGEL (29 December 2013).
2956:Claburn, Thomas (26 October 2022).
2929:Kovacs, Eduard (27 February 2013).
1286:of encryption-based ransomware are
246:forensics-focused operating systems
5306:from the original on 1 March 2024.
5175:from the original on 24 April 2024
4956:"The Best Free Antivirus for 2014"
4669:"The Hard and Soft Cost of Apathy"
4399:Danchev, Dancho (18 August 2011).
4276:from the original on 14 April 2021
4055:from the original on 1 August 2019
3647:from the original on 24 March 2018
3639:Fruhlinger, Josh (1 August 2017).
3397:from the original on 20 April 2017
3339:from the original on 20 April 2017
3248:from the original on 29 March 2017
3189:. Pearson Education. p. 204.
2808:from the original on 20 March 2017
2416:Morgan, Steve (13 November 2020).
2179:from the original on 10 April 2019
863:, to host contraband data such as
706:instructions in these programs or
25:
6677:Security-focused operating system
5731:Computer and network surveillance
4982:"Free antivirus profiles in 2018"
4926:"Malicious Software Removal Tool"
4753:from the original on 4 March 2022
4580:Wu, Sha; Liu, Jiajia (May 2019).
4537:"Android permissions demystified"
3836:. Arstechnica. 15 December 2009.
3581:. MalwareBytes. 30 January 2020.
3429:from the original on 8 April 2013
2733:"Beware of Word Document Viruses"
2428:from the original on 5 March 2022
2353:from the original on 26 June 2022
2310:from the original on 23 June 2020
2147:Brewer, Ross (1 September 2016).
1645:Antivirus / Anti-malware software
1467:it requires to run. For example,
1337:, joke programs ("jokeware") and
930:Obtained from trustworthy source
741:containing potentially malicious
6773:
6473:Insecure direct object reference
5101:from the original on 7 July 2024
4346:. Kaspersky lab. November 2012.
3954:from the original on 2 July 2015
3814:from the original on 2 June 2012
3719:from the original on 21 May 2017
3296:Gill, Harjeevan (21 June 2022),
3221:from the original on 13 May 2013
2994:"Raccoon Infostealer Disclosure"
2683:from the original on 10 May 2018
2652:from the original on 2 June 2019
2514:Young, Adam; Yung, Moti (2004).
1873:Comparison of antivirus software
1693:data for malware and blocks any
1603:Use of the same operating system
628:electricity distribution network
6727:Information security management
5042:"How Antivirus Software Works?"
4792:Cohen, Jason (28 August 2020).
3610:International Management Review
3529:. AppleInsider. 14 March 2017.
2713:from the original on 9 May 2018
2579:"USB devices spreading viruses"
1636:to block traffic between them.
1516:National Vulnerability Database
671:For a chronological guide, see
649:from intrusion, having regular
67:Hacking of consumer electronics
5446:Comparison of computer viruses
3183:Peter Szor (3 February 2005).
2208:IEEE Transactions on Computers
1:
5685:Data loss prevention software
5289:. USENIX Security Symposium.
5091:"What is Browser Sandboxing?"
4102:Symp. on Security and Privacy
3362:. IT Security. Archived from
2165:10.1016/S1353-4858(16)30086-1
1971:Social engineering (security)
1655:Microsoft Security Essentials
1358:Potentially unwanted programs
1341:. For example, at one point,
1048:, showing a message left for
964:Potentially unwanted programs
869:distributed denial-of-service
844:Since the rise of widespread
5214:10.1109/MALWARE.2014.6999418
4729:10.1007/978-981-15-6014-9_39
4681:10.1007/978-1-4302-3922-2_10
3866:"Vanity, cracks and malware"
3703:"State of Malware, research"
3555:. Betanews. 24 August 2017.
1524:intrusion prevention systems
1353:Potentially unwanted program
1347:silently installed a rootkit
1320:Potentially unwanted program
810:and similar programs. These
166:Chaos Communication Congress
6732:Information risk management
6653:Multi-factor authentication
6209:Related security categories
6057:Software release life cycle
5169:misile00's personal website
4928:. Microsoft. Archived from
4497:10.1007/978-3-642-16161-2_2
4403:. pcmag.com. Archived from
4376:. pcmag.com. Archived from
4149:10.1109/MITP.2018.032501746
2422:Cybercrime magazine website
1911:Domain generation algorithm
1802:Software-defined networking
1770:Inter-process communication
1216:used to invade the city of
667:History of computer viruses
6827:
6709:Intrusion detection system
6667:Computer security software
6323:Advanced persistent threat
6125:Software protection dongle
6005:Unwanted software bundling
5705:Intrusion detection system
5356:10.1016/j.jnca.2016.08.022
5241:. IEEE. pp. 276β289.
4295:Nemeth, Zoltan L. (2015).
4104:. IEEE. pp. 224β235.
3948:"Peer To Peer Information"
3112:10.1016/j.cose.2022.102996
2551:. EFPL Press. p. 20.
2424:. Cybersecurity ventures.
2347:10.1016/j.jnca.2016.08.022
1996:Web server overload causes
1455:, a complete computer, an
1386:unsolicited advertisements
1313:
1263:
1245:
1159:
1116:
1064:
670:
664:
655:isolating infected systems
478:2600: The Hacker Quarterly
216:List of computer criminals
6294:
6288:Digital rights management
6120:Digital rights management
5573:Privacy-invasive software
5394:Advanced Malware Cleaning
5139:10.1049/iet-ifs.2012.0192
4837:10.1109/SSCI.2016.7849908
4309:10.1109/SISY.2015.7325394
4189:10.1186/s42400-019-0043-x
4041:. ACM. pp. 287β301.
3752:10.1049/iet-net.2017.0207
2466:10.1007/s11416-018-0325-y
2288:10.1016/j.ins.2018.04.092
2006:Zombie (computer science)
1597:two-factor authentication
1316:Privacy-invasive software
6433:Denial-of-service attack
6328:Arbitrary code execution
5998:Deceptive and/or illicit
5198:. IEEE. pp. 58β67.
5126:IET Information Security
4778:27 February 2023 at the
4594:10.1109/ICC.2019.8761572
3090:Computers & Security
2673:"Computer Virus history"
1104:transmits itself over a
1056:by the worm's programmer
772:of 1988, which infected
396:Cloud computing security
6643:Computer access control
6595:Rogue security software
6258:Electromagnetic warfare
6150:Software license server
5583:Rogue security software
4894:10.1145/3205651.3208287
4549:10.1145/2046707.2046779
3878:10.1145/2382196.2382282
3268:"The Meaning of 'Hack'"
2230:10.1109/TC.2022.3160357
2116:10.1145/2554850.2555157
2041:10 January 2023 at the
1485:Adobe Acrobat or Reader
836:control is inadequate.
176:Hackers on Planet Earth
6689:Obfuscation (software)
6418:Browser Helper Objects
6302:
5826:Freely redistributable
5619:Classic Mac OS viruses
5461:List of computer worms
4066:Freely accessible at:
1981:Technical support scam
1787:Website security scans
1568:scripting applications
1512:Common vulnerabilities
1451:or software bug in an
1153:
1057:
859:" can be used to send
431:Homebrew Computer Club
6684:Data-centric security
6565:Remote access trojans
6300:
5989:Software as a service
5783:Software distribution
4533:Felt, Adrienne Porter
3553:"Non-Windows Malware"
1951:Point-of-sale malware
1686:Real-time protection:
1146:time sharing system:
1040:
798:With the rise of the
6806:Computer programming
6616:Application security
6510:Privilege escalation
6378:Cross-site scripting
6231:Cybersex trafficking
6202:Information security
6080:Software maintenance
5954:Digital distribution
5809:Free and open-source
5741:Operation: Bot Roast
5097:. 19 February 2024.
4642:list.ercacinnican.tk
4303:. pp. 275β280.
3912:(25 November 2015).
3780:on 20 September 2015
2915:27 July 2008 at the
2394:10.1155/2020/6804290
2280:Information Sciences
1966:Security in Web apps
1931:Industrial espionage
1774:secure communication
1722:Real-time protection
1530:Excessive privileges
1392:revenues are called
1199:, or other methods.
1162:Backdoor (computing)
684:computability theory
449:Masters of Deception
391:Application security
6263:Information warfare
6221:Automotive security
6085:Software maintainer
5867:Commercial software
5855:Compensation models
5690:Defensive computing
5607:By operating system
5396:β a Microsoft video
5257:10.1109/CSF.2015.26
5022:on 2 September 2018
4986:antivirusgratis.org
4452:Rubenking, Neil J.
4019:29 May 2021 at the
3481:on 13 February 2015
2585:. CBS Interactive.
2282:. 460β461: 83β102.
1795:Network Segregation
1439:Vulnerable software
1390:affiliate marketing
1339:remote access tools
909:
887:master boot records
641:, applying regular
426:Chaos Computer Club
161:Black Hat Briefings
35:Part of a series on
6672:Antivirus software
6540:Social engineering
6505:Polymorphic engine
6458:Fraudulent dialers
6363:Hardware backdoors
6303:
6145:Software copyright
6135:Product activation
6090:Software publisher
5804:Floating licensing
5675:Antivirus software
5521:Malware for profit
5492:Man-in-the-browser
5439:Infectious malware
5380:Malicious Software
3810:. Microsoft MSDN.
3503:. 9 October 1995.
3366:on 9 February 2017
3158:Indiana University
2839:on 23 January 2014
2827:Hernandez, Pedro.
2707:Security Boulevard
2522:. Wiley. pp.
2033:Tahir, R. (2018).
1986:Telemetry software
1772:(IPC) is used for
1481:Adobe Flash Player
1335:fraudulent dialers
1225:social engineering
1074:biological viruses
1058:
905:
867:, or to engage in
635:antivirus software
548:malicious software
256:Social engineering
27:Malicious software
6801:Security breaches
6758:
6757:
6720:Anomaly detection
6625:Secure by default
6478:Keystroke loggers
6413:Drive-by download
6301:vectorial version
6268:Internet security
6216:Computer security
6168:
6167:
6160:Torrent poisoning
6075:Long-term support
5899:Pay what you want
5749:
5748:
5700:Internet security
5654:HyperCard viruses
5563:Keystroke logging
5553:Fraudulent dialer
5497:Man-in-the-middle
5296:978-1-939133-11-3
5266:978-1-4673-7538-2
5223:978-1-4799-7329-3
5016:techadvisor.co.uk
4903:978-1-4503-5764-7
4846:978-1-5090-4240-1
4831:. pp. 1β10.
4738:978-981-15-6014-9
4690:978-1-4302-3922-2
4603:978-1-5386-8088-9
4558:978-1-4503-0948-6
4506:978-3-642-16161-2
4318:978-1-4673-9388-1
4224:webaccess.psu.edu
4048:978-1-931971-15-7
3887:978-1-4503-1651-4
3425:. DTIC Document.
3240:McDowell, Mindi.
3196:978-0-672-33390-3
2887:. November 2009.
2775:978-1-4200-7241-9
2558:978-1-4200-4620-5
2533:978-0-7645-4975-5
2125:978-1-4503-2469-4
1878:Computer security
1868:Browser hijacking
1762:zero-day exploits
1617:Microsoft Windows
1559:non-administrator
1248:Dropper (malware)
1229:drive-by download
1030:
1029:
865:child pornography
833:black hat hackers
800:Microsoft Windows
760:The first worms,
647:securing networks
573:computer security
536:
535:
384:Computer security
351:Keystroke logging
16:(Redirected from
6818:
6778:
6777:
6769:
6629:Secure by design
6560:Hardware Trojans
6393:History sniffing
6383:Cross-site leaks
6278:Network security
6195:
6188:
6181:
6172:
5974:Product bundling
5947:Delivery methods
5846:Source-available
5776:
5769:
5762:
5753:
5715:Network security
5680:Browser security
5424:
5417:
5410:
5401:
5368:
5367:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5288:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5250:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5207:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5171:. 15 June 2024.
5161:
5152:
5151:
5141:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5087:
5076:
5075:
5067:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5018:. Archived from
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4951:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4789:
4783:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4588:. pp. 1β6.
4577:
4571:
4570:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4345:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4242:. Archived from
4216:
4210:
4209:
4191:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4142:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4080:
4074:. Archived from
4073:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4040:
4030:
4024:
4023:. 27 April 2015.
4011:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3861:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3776:. Archived from
3770:
3764:
3763:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3707:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3671:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3579:"Trojan Dropper"
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3424:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3105:
3081:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2926:
2920:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2835:. Archived from
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2521:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2468:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2223:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2153:Network Security
2144:
2138:
2137:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2031:
1916:Facebook malware
1715:system resources
1697:it comes across.
1659:Windows Defender
1593:strong passwords
1583:cracked using a
1461:computer network
1457:operating system
1398:Sony BMG rootkit
916:Characteristics
910:
857:zombie computers
680:John von Neumann
581:computer viruses
569:computer network
528:
521:
514:
401:Network security
102:Hacker Manifesto
41:Computer hacking
32:
21:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6772:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6754:
6604:
6304:
6292:
6283:Copy protection
6273:Mobile security
6204:
6199:
6169:
6164:
6155:Software patent
6130:License manager
6112:Copy protection
6106:
6051:
5993:
5979:Retail software
5942:
5916:Open-core model
5872:Retail software
5850:
5785:
5780:
5750:
5745:
5724:Countermeasures
5719:
5710:Mobile security
5658:
5649:Palm OS viruses
5614:Android malware
5602:
5516:
5512:Zombie computer
5470:
5434:
5428:
5376:
5371:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5303:
5297:
5286:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5224:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5176:
5163:
5162:
5155:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5104:
5102:
5089:
5088:
5079:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5051:
5049:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5025:
5023:
5010:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4965:
4963:
4953:
4952:
4945:
4935:
4933:
4932:on 21 June 2012
4924:
4923:
4919:
4904:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4864:
4862:
4847:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4807:
4805:
4798:PCMag Australia
4791:
4790:
4786:
4780:Wayback Machine
4770:
4766:
4756:
4754:
4739:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4700:
4698:
4691:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4621:
4619:
4604:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4559:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4516:
4514:
4507:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4465:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4436:
4434:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4408:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4381:
4380:on 9 April 2016
4371:
4370:
4366:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4319:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4277:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4246:on 8 March 2021
4232:10.1145/3365001
4218:
4217:
4213:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4127:IT Professional
4124:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4084:
4082:
4081:on 4 March 2016
4078:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4058:
4056:
4049:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4021:Wayback Machine
4012:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3975:
3974:
3967:
3957:
3955:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3910:Casey, Henry T.
3908:
3907:
3903:
3888:
3863:
3862:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3648:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3430:
3422:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3358:Edwards, John.
3357:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3312:
3310:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3083:
3082:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2998:raccoon.ic3.gov
2992:
2991:
2987:
2973:
2971:
2963:theregister.com
2955:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2917:Wayback Machine
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2776:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2559:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2126:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:(Us-cert.gov).
2066:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2043:Wayback Machine
2032:
2019:
2015:
2010:
1976:Targeted threat
1858:
1829:
1810:
1797:
1789:
1746:
1724:
1647:
1642:
1632:and setting up
1605:
1580:
1547:over-privileged
1532:
1477:vulnerabilities
1465:gain privileges
1447:is a weakness,
1441:
1436:
1406:
1382:
1374:
1355:
1322:
1312:
1300:
1268:
1262:
1250:
1244:
1205:
1164:
1158:
1121:
1115:
1094:
1078:executable code
1069:
1063:
1035:
1024:
978:
947:
907:
899:
842:
785:vulnerabilities
676:
669:
663:
532:
503:
502:
472:
464:
463:
416:
406:
405:
386:
376:
375:
301:
291:
290:
276:
266:
265:
236:
226:
225:
206:
196:
195:
181:Security BSides
156:
146:
145:
91:
77:
76:
72:List of hackers
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6824:
6822:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6782:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6750:Site isolation
6747:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6734:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6656:
6655:
6648:Authentication
6640:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6626:
6623:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6448:Email spoofing
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6388:DOM clobbering
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6368:Code injection
6365:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6248:Cyberterrorism
6245:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6236:Computer fraud
6233:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6175:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6116:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6061:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6007:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5864:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5771:
5764:
5756:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5670:Anti-keylogger
5666:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5644:Mobile malware
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5451:Computer virus
5448:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5391:
5386:
5375:
5374:External links
5372:
5370:
5369:
5330:
5309:
5295:
5272:
5265:
5229:
5222:
5186:
5153:
5132:(2): 126β133.
5112:
5077:
5059:
5033:
5003:
4973:
4943:
4917:
4902:
4872:
4845:
4815:
4784:
4764:
4737:
4707:
4689:
4659:
4629:
4602:
4572:
4557:
4524:
4505:
4475:
4444:
4418:
4407:on 5 July 2014
4391:
4364:
4332:
4317:
4287:
4257:
4211:
4162:
4117:
4110:
4092:
4047:
4025:
4003:
3988:(3): 100β110.
3965:
3939:
3901:
3886:
3851:
3825:
3791:
3765:
3746:(5): 321β327.
3730:
3694:
3658:
3631:
3596:
3570:
3544:
3518:
3492:
3466:
3455:on 5 July 2017
3451:Archived from
3440:
3408:
3391:Spiegel Online
3377:
3350:
3333:Spiegel Online
3319:
3285:
3259:
3232:
3215:Britannica.com
3202:
3195:
3175:
3145:
3067:
3041:
3015:
2985:
2948:
2921:
2902:
2876:
2861:. March 2007.
2850:
2819:
2793:
2774:
2754:
2724:
2709:. 2 May 2018.
2694:
2663:
2632:
2600:
2567:
2557:
2539:
2532:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2459:(2): 109β125.
2439:
2408:
2364:
2321:
2263:
2214:(2): 438β451.
2200:Cheng, Xiuzhen
2190:
2139:
2124:
2091:
2055:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:Identity theft
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1890:
1888:Cryptovirology
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1828:
1825:
1809:
1806:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1781:attack surface
1753:security model
1745:
1742:
1738:virtual memory
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1705:
1698:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1604:
1601:
1591:attack. Using
1579:
1578:Weak passwords
1576:
1531:
1528:
1493:buffer overrun
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1419:fingerprinting
1405:
1402:
1388:, or redirect
1381:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1365:key generators
1354:
1351:
1345:compact discs
1311:
1308:
1299:
1296:
1264:Main article:
1261:
1258:
1246:Main article:
1243:
1240:
1204:
1201:
1160:Main article:
1157:
1154:
1117:Main article:
1114:
1111:
1103:
1093:
1090:
1067:Computer virus
1065:Main article:
1062:
1059:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
991:
989:
986:
982:
981:
979:
977:
976:
971:
966:
960:
958:
955:
951:
950:
948:
946:
945:
943:Buggy software
940:
933:
931:
928:
924:
923:
920:
917:
914:
898:
895:
841:
838:
808:Microsoft Word
665:Main article:
662:
659:
605:rogue software
534:
533:
531:
530:
523:
516:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
493:
490:Nuts and Volts
486:
481:
473:
470:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:
452:
446:
440:
437:Legion of Doom
434:
428:
423:
417:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
398:
393:
387:
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
302:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
277:
274:Practice sites
272:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
237:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
218:
213:
207:
204:Computer crime
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
157:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:
142:
141:
136:
131:
120:
115:
110:
105:
98:
92:
85:Hacker culture
83:
82:
79:
78:
75:
74:
69:
64:
62:Cryptovirology
59:
53:
48:
47:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6823:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6767:
6762:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6660:Authorization
6658:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6621:Secure coding
6619:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6590:SQL injection
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6570:Vulnerability
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6555:Trojan horses
6553:
6551:
6550:Software bugs
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6438:Eavesdropping
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6428:Data scraping
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6398:Cryptojacking
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6299:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6196:
6191:
6189:
6184:
6182:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5969:Pre-installed
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5939:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5841:Public domain
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5777:
5772:
5770:
5765:
5763:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5634:MacOS malware
5632:
5630:
5629:Linux malware
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5548:Form grabbing
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5456:Computer worm
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5425:
5420:
5418:
5413:
5411:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5334:
5331:
5325:
5320:
5313:
5310:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5285:
5284:
5276:
5273:
5268:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5187:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5113:
5100:
5096:
5095:GeeksforGeeks
5092:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5034:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5007:
5004:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4961:
4958:. pcmag.com.
4957:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4873:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4816:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4708:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4660:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4476:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4445:
4432:
4429:. Adobe.com.
4428:
4422:
4419:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4392:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4365:
4349:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4288:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4176:Cybersecurity
4173:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4111:0-8186-7828-3
4107:
4103:
4096:
4093:
4077:
4070:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3731:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3632:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3597:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
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1991:Typosquatting
1989:
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1936:Linux malware
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1883:Cryptojacking
1881:
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1445:vulnerability
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1212:story of the
1211:
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1020:Trojan horses
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874:as a form of
873:
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854:
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839:
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825:
823:
819:
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813:macro viruses
809:
805:
801:
796:
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787:) in network
786:
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771:
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733:
730:virus dubbed
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589:Trojan horses
586:
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261:Vulnerability
259:
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234:Hacking tools
230:
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221:Script kiddie
219:
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42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
6760:
6694:Data masking
6482:
6253:Cyberwarfare
6030:Trojan horse
6009:
5959:File sharing
5921:Postcardware
5909:Donationware
5884:Crowdfunding
5831:License-free
5507:Trojan horse
5487:Clickjacking
5430:
5347:
5343:
5333:
5312:
5282:
5275:
5238:
5232:
5195:
5189:
5177:. Retrieved
5168:
5129:
5125:
5115:
5103:. Retrieved
5094:
5050:. Retrieved
5036:
5024:. Retrieved
5020:the original
5015:
5006:
4994:. Retrieved
4985:
4976:
4964:. Retrieved
4934:. Retrieved
4930:the original
4920:
4885:
4875:
4863:. Retrieved
4828:
4818:
4806:. Retrieved
4797:
4787:
4767:
4755:. Retrieved
4720:
4710:
4699:, retrieved
4672:
4662:
4650:. Retrieved
4641:
4632:
4620:. Retrieved
4585:
4575:
4540:
4527:
4515:. Retrieved
4488:
4478:
4466:. Retrieved
4457:
4447:
4435:. Retrieved
4421:
4409:. Retrieved
4405:the original
4394:
4382:. Retrieved
4378:the original
4367:
4355:. Retrieved
4335:
4300:
4290:
4278:. Retrieved
4270:ResearchGate
4269:
4260:
4248:. Retrieved
4244:the original
4223:
4214:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4133:(3): 31β39.
4130:
4126:
4120:
4101:
4095:
4083:. Retrieved
4076:the original
4057:. Retrieved
4036:
4028:
3994:. Retrieved
3985:
3981:
3956:. Retrieved
3942:
3930:. Retrieved
3917:
3904:
3869:
3842:. Retrieved
3828:
3816:. Retrieved
3807:
3782:. Retrieved
3778:the original
3768:
3743:
3740:IET Networks
3739:
3733:
3721:. Retrieved
3710:Malwarebytes
3697:
3685:. Retrieved
3661:
3649:. Retrieved
3634:
3622:. Retrieved
3616:(1): 10β21.
3613:
3609:
3599:
3587:. Retrieved
3573:
3561:. Retrieved
3547:
3535:. Retrieved
3521:
3511:13 September
3509:. Retrieved
3495:
3483:. Retrieved
3479:the original
3469:
3457:. Retrieved
3453:the original
3443:
3431:. Retrieved
3418:
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3390:
3380:
3370:25 September
3368:. Retrieved
3364:the original
3353:
3341:. Retrieved
3332:
3322:
3311:, retrieved
3298:
3276:. Retrieved
3270:. Catb.org.
3262:
3250:. Retrieved
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3214:
3205:
3185:
3178:
3166:. Retrieved
3157:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3093:
3089:
3058:. Retrieved
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
2997:
2988:
2979:
2972:. Retrieved
2961:
2951:
2939:. Retrieved
2924:
2905:
2893:. Retrieved
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2837:the original
2832:
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2764:
2757:
2747:25 September
2745:. Retrieved
2736:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2706:
2697:
2685:. Retrieved
2677:The Register
2676:
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2645:
2635:
2625:26 September
2623:. Retrieved
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2582:
2562:
2548:
2542:
2517:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2421:
2411:
2384:
2380:
2355:. Retrieved
2338:
2334:
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2279:
2254:. Retrieved
2211:
2207:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2156:
2152:
2142:
2107:
2084:28 September
2082:. Retrieved
2058:
2050:
2046:
1941:Malvertising
1906:Cyber spying
1894:Cuckoo's egg
1893:
1830:
1822:
1811:
1798:
1790:
1778:
1758:
1747:
1725:
1707:
1700:
1685:
1680:
1648:
1606:
1581:
1564:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1533:
1509:
1502:
1469:TestDisk 6.4
1442:
1428:stegomalware
1415:
1411:
1407:
1383:
1375:
1362:
1356:
1323:
1301:
1288:CryptoLocker
1284:
1280:
1273:CryptoLocker
1269:
1251:
1236:
1233:
1222:
1220:by stealth.
1214:Trojan horse
1206:
1203:Trojan horse
1189:
1185:software bug
1165:
1149:
1137:
1124:
1122:
1095:
1070:
1046:Blaster worm
900:
880:
843:
826:
811:
797:
759:
746:
736:
708:boot sectors
704:machine code
700:boot sectors
693:
677:
632:
617:
547:
546:
538:
537:
495:
488:
476:
471:Publications
316:Trojan horse
298:
281:HackThisSite
100:
29:
6634:Misuse case
6468:Infostealer
6443:Email fraud
6408:Data breach
6243:Cybergeddon
6140:Product key
6070:End-of-life
6065:Abandonware
6015:Infostealer
5964:On-premises
5879:Crippleware
5836:Proprietary
5819:Open source
5639:Macro virus
5624:iOS malware
5598:Web threats
5558:Infostealer
5475:Concealment
5026:2 September
4996:13 February
4966:4 September
4652:14 November
4280:29 February
4250:29 February
4085:28 November
4059:28 November
3932:25 November
3918:Tom's Guide
3808:Mark's Blog
3784:18 February
3624:23 November
3401:29 December
3393:. SPIEGEL.
3335:. SPIEGEL.
3244:. US-CERT.
3168:23 February
3060:18 February
3034:18 February
2941:27 February
2895:22 November
2843:15 December
2786:16 November
2593:18 February
2256:2 September
2001:Webattacker
1921:File binder
1766:web content
1733:quarantined
1708:Sandboxing:
1630:subnetworks
1589:brute force
1453:application
1424:obfuscating
1304:click fraud
1298:Click Fraud
1140:Jargon File
1052:co-founder
937:Google Play
829:Morris Worm
818:executables
770:Morris worm
753:, cited by
728:boot sector
543:portmanteau
484:Hacker News
371:Infostealer
154:Conferences
108:Hackerspace
6811:Cybercrime
6790:Categories
6699:Encryption
6575:Web shells
6515:Ransomware
6463:Hacktivism
6226:Cybercrime
6047:Shovelware
6020:Ransomware
5984:Sneakernet
5663:Protection
5578:Ransomware
5543:Fleeceware
5324:1606.05915
5248:1503.07919
5052:16 October
4808:2 December
4757:2 December
4701:2 December
4517:2 December
4468:19 January
4437:19 January
4411:17 January
4384:17 January
4357:17 January
4140:1801.00694
3996:10 January
3844:28 January
3723:19 October
3687:19 October
3589:31 October
3563:19 October
3537:19 October
3485:10 January
3343:23 January
3252:6 February
3138:10 January
3103:2205.12569
3096:: 102996.
3008:27 October
2974:27 October
2656:20 January
2646:CSO Online
2314:2 December
2221:2108.04314
2183:2 December
2159:(9): 5β9.
2013:References
1956:Hacktivism
1901:Cybercrime
1896:(metaphor)
1749:Sandboxing
1744:Sandboxing
1711:Sandboxing
1640:Mitigation
1626:Windows 10
1585:dictionary
1536:privileges
1498:executable
1314:See also:
1266:Ransomware
1260:Ransomware
1086:executable
1054:Bill Gates
1015:Ransomware
861:email spam
822:executable
755:CSO Online
743:JavaScript
739:HTML email
688:Fred Cohen
624:Cybercrime
613:keyloggers
593:ransomware
341:Logic bomb
336:Ransomware
113:Hacktivism
6530:Shellcode
6525:Scareware
6373:Crimeware
6333:Backdoors
6095:Vaporware
6042:Scareware
5938:Trialware
5926:Shareware
5588:Scareware
5538:Crimeware
5364:1084-8045
5350:: 58β76.
5205:1411.0237
5148:1751-8717
4865:1 January
4747:224940546
4622:1 January
4612:198168673
4458:PCMag.com
4240:219884145
4206:257111442
4198:2523-3246
3922:Yahoo.com
3760:2047-4954
3128:252734950
3120:0167-4048
2869:26 August
2802:"Malware"
2483:255164530
2475:2263-8733
2403:1024-123X
2341:: 58β76.
2296:0020-0255
2246:236965755
2238:0018-9340
2173:1353-4858
1814:"air gap"
1663:Windows 8
1651:antivirus
1634:firewalls
1520:Firewalls
1404:Detection
1156:Backdoors
1133:processes
1050:Microsoft
1010:Backdoors
1005:Root kits
954:Greyware
927:Goodware
919:Examples
876:extortion
846:broadband
639:firewalls
551:) is any
459:Blue team
451:(defunct)
445:(defunct)
439:(defunct)
433:(defunct)
421:Anonymous
361:Web shell
211:Crimeware
191:Summercon
139:White hat
129:Black hat
122:Types of
96:Hackathon
57:Phreaking
6780:Internet
6704:Firewall
6609:Defenses
6535:Spamming
6520:Rootkits
6493:Phishing
6453:Exploits
5904:Careware
5894:Freeware
5889:Freemium
5799:Beerware
5791:Licenses
5736:Honeypot
5695:Firewall
5482:Backdoor
5301:Archived
5173:Archived
5099:Archived
5046:Archived
4990:Archived
4960:Archived
4912:51603533
4859:Archived
4802:Archived
4776:Archived
4773:SL40-PDF
4751:Archived
4695:archived
4646:Archived
4616:Archived
4511:Archived
4462:Archived
4431:Archived
4348:Archived
4327:18914754
4274:Archived
4182:(1): 1.
4157:22328658
4053:Archived
4017:Archived
3990:Archived
3958:25 March
3952:Archived
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3225:28 April
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1168:backdoor
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1082:PE files
1042:Hex dump
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6488:Payload
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