128:. As a result, the Anti-authoritarian International congresses in 1873 and 1874 attracted Belgian, English, Dutch, and German federations into the fold, along with the First International's statist and anti-statist factionalism. The English Federation, for example, explicitly disagreed with the Jurassian position on action, but as long as the federations were free to pursue their own methods, affirmed the higher purpose of restoring a federalist International. The Jura argued for abstention from political action, citing their fruitless experiences with parliamentary politics and their subsequent organization outside political parties. By 1876, the alliance between the statists and anti-statists had mostly dissolved and the Jura Federation was in decline. The Jura watchmakers cooperative in La Chaux-de-Fonds had a work shortage and the group's isolation from the general population had worn them.
117:. The Bakuninists from Jura, France, Italy, Spain, and the United States reaffirmed their Sonvilier Circular position and charged the General Council with violating the premises of their partnership: the autonomy of the federations and their ultimate cause: workers' emancipation. The St. Imier coalition agreed to a solidarity pact to ensure the member federations' independent autonomy and their common union against the General Council. The Bakuninists rebuked the General Council for its centralization of political power and advocation for uniform action towards social emancipation. The coalition would become the
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68:. The congress disavowed the General Council's authoritarian consolidation of power and planning as an affront to the International's loose, federalist founding to support workers' emancipation. Members of the First International agreed and even statists joined the anti-statists' resulting Anti-authoritarian International, but by 1876, the alliance had mostly dissolved. While in decline, the Jura Federation remained the home of Bakuninists whose figures engaged on a two-decade debate on the merits of
167:", whose question became associated with the group in 1876 and was debated for two decades. Adherents such as Malatesta and the Italian anarchists quickly adopted the tactic, while Guillaume was hesitant. Up until this time, the anarchist philosophy had flourished in small artisan communities, such as the watchmakers in Jura, and propaganda of the deed was intended to bond anarchist and workers' groups, as had been done in Spain and Italy. Upset by Kropotkin's advances, Guillaume left Jura in 1878.
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96:'s factions. The Jura Federation split during the Fédération Romande congress of the International, in January 1869. Though Bakunin's faction was larger, the International's General Council was Marxist, and did not recognize the Jura Federation for its relation to Bakunin. The group was formally inaugurated at the 1871 Congress of Sonvilier. Their founding treatise, the
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ethics, independence of thought, devotion to the cause, and opposition to the
International's authoritarian elements. "After a week's stay with the watchmakers," he wrote, "my views on socialism were settled. I was an anarchist." He then returned to Russia and did not re-involve himself until 1877, the year after he escaped from Russia.
135:
became the international anarchist standard-bearer. Jura was particularly influential in
Kropotkin's adoption of anarchism. Skeptical of the First International's leadership in Geneva, had visited the organization's other stronghold, in Jura in 1872, where he was impressed by their egalitarian
60:, who shared anti-state, egalitarian views on work and social emancipation. The Jura Federation formed between international socialist congresses in 1869 and 1871. When the First International's General Council, led by Marxists, suppressed the Bakuninists, the Jura Federation organized
121:, as formalized at the 1873 Congress of Geneva, and it held that only the proletariat masses could seek social emancipation for themselves through free, spontaneous action and egalitarian economic federation: It could not be imposed from hierarchy.
178:" as its doctrine, as did many anarchists outside Spain, since the latter's anarchism was more dependent on trade unions. Schwitzguébel and his adherents in Jura were reticent at the adoption of communism over collectivism.
102:, held positions against the state and against the General Council, which the Jura charged with turning free and autonomous parts of the International into an authoritarian hierarchy. The Federation started its journal,
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in the late 1860s and early 1870s, assisted by the Swiss government's laxity toward political agitators. The Jura
Federation formed during infighting in the International between Bakunin and
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Members of the First
International largely supported the St. Imier congress, and opposed the General Council's suppression of the Bakuninists at the 1871 London Conference and
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From anarchism to reformism. A study of the political activities of Paul
Brousse within the First International and the French Socialist movement 1870-90
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Bakunin retired from the Jura
Federation in 1873 and died three years later. Jura remained a continuation of Bakunin's International alliance and
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We Do Not Fear
Anarchy, We Invoke It: The First International and the Origins of the Anarchist Movement
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563:, Ă‚ge d'Homme, Lausanne, 1971 (reeditions: Canevas Editeur, Saint-Imier 1991,
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Between
Marxism and Anarchism: Benoît Malon and French Reformist Socialism
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Between
Marxism and Anarchism: Benoît Malon and French Reformist Socialism
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Anarchist Ideology and the Working-class Movement in Spain, 1868-1898
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of the First International's apostate factions at the September 1872
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Anarchist, Bakuninist faction of the 19th century First International
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Kropotkin: And the Rise of Revolutionary Anarchism, 1872-1886
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during the anti-statist split from the organization.
632:Vincent, K. Steven (1992). "The Jura Federation".
517:. Translated by Sharkey, Paul. Oakland: AK Press.
636:. University of California Press. pp. 45–.
269:. University of California Press. p. 48.
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170:An 1880 congress of the Jura Federation, in
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675:International Institute of Social History
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498:. University of California Press.
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494:Esenwein, George Richard (1989).
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119:Anti-authoritarian International
671:Fédération Jurassienne Archives
139:Major figures at Jura included
479:. Cambridge University Press.
109:The Jura Federation organized
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513:Guérin, Daniel, ed. (2005).
36:Stamp of the Jura Federation
541:Eckhardt, Wolfgang (2016).
263:Vincent, K. Steven (1992).
44:represented the anarchist,
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571:; Entremonde, Genf, 2012,
561:La fédération jurassienne
770:Anarchism in Switzerland
605:Stafford, David (1971).
475:Cahm, Caroline (2002).
86:the First International
66:1872 St. Imier Congress
665:Fédération Jurassienne
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165:propaganda of the deed
70:propaganda of the deed
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775:Anarchist Federations
400:, pp. 59–60, 63.
145:Adhémar Schwitzguébel
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667:at Wikimedia Commons
515:No Gods, No Masters
448:, pp. 109–110.
188:Anarchism in France
176:anarchist communism
149:Severino AlbarracĂn
126:1872 Hague Congress
50:First International
559:Marianne Enckell:
412:, pp. 60, 63.
115:St. Imier Congress
99:Sonvilier Circular
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663:Media related to
643:978-0-520-91140-6
616:978-0-297-00238-3
597:978-1-84935-212-3
577:978-2-940426-16-4
552:978-1-62963-042-7
524:978-1-904859-25-3
505:978-0-520-06398-3
486:978-0-521-89157-8
376:, pp. 26–27.
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754:Categories
208:References
46:Bakuninist
765:Socialism
732:Socialism
696:Anarchism
625:999801040
434:Cahm 2002
386:Cahm 2002
374:Cahm 2002
350:Cahm 2002
338:Cahm 2002
326:Cahm 2002
314:Cahm 2002
302:Cahm 2002
290:Cahm 2002
251:Cahm 2002
94:Karl Marx
586:(2015).
182:See also
720:History
682:Portals
673:at the
111:a group
80:History
708:Europe
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519:ISBN
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481:ISBN
271:ISBN
200:and
198:Lyon
54:Jura
40:The
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231:^
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20:)
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