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opposition to the war was severely punished. The Song had been notified beforehand of Wanyan Liang's plan. They prepared by securing their defenses along the border, mainly near the
Yangtze River, but were hampered by Emperor Gaozong's indecisiveness. Gaozong's desire for peace made him averse to provoking the Jin. Wanyan Liang began the invasion in 1161 without formally declaring war. Jurchen armies personally led by Wanyan Liang left Kaifeng on October 15, reached the Huai River border on October 28, and marched in the direction of the Yangtze. The Song lost the Huai to the Jurchens but captured a few Jin prefectures in the west, slowing the Jurchen advance. A group of Jurchen generals were sent to cross the Yangtze near the city of Caishi (south of
1925:, a nomadic confederation, had unified in the middle of the twelfth century. They and other steppe nomads occasionally raided the Jin empire from the northwest. The Jin shied away from punitive expeditions and was content with appeasement, similar to the practices of the Song. The Mongols, formerly a Jin tributary, ended their Jurchen vassalage in 1210 and attacked the Jin in 1211. In light of this event, the Song court debated ending tributary payments to the weakened Jin, but they again chose to avoid antagonizing the Jin. They refused Western Xia's offers of allying against the Jin in 1214 and willingly complied when in 1215 the Jin rejected a request to lower the annual indemnity. Meanwhile, in 1214, the Jin retreated from the
1407:
Between 1130 and 1137, the court would sporadically move to
Jiankang, and back to Lin'an. There were proposals to make Jiankang the new capital, but Lin'an won out because the court considered it a more secure city. The natural barriers that surrounded Lin'an, including lakes and rice paddies, made it more difficult for the Jurchen cavalry to breach its fortifications. Access to the sea made it easier to retreat from the city. In 1138, Gaozong officially declared Lin'an the capital of the dynasty, but the label of temporary capital would still be in place. Lin'an would remain the capital of the Southern Song for the next 150 years, growing into a major commercial and cultural center.
1909:
1763:, to suicide. Shizong was pressured into ending the unpopular war with the Song, and ordered the withdrawal of Jin forces in 1162. Emperor Gaozong retired from the throne that same year. His mishandling of the war with Wanyan Liang was one of many reasons for his abdication. Skirmishes between the Song and Jin continued along the border, but subsided in 1165 after the negotiation of a peace treaty. There were no major territorial changes. The treaty dictated that the Song still had to pay the annual indemnity, but the indemnity was renamed from "tribute", which had implied a subordinate relationship, to "payment".
1886:) was executed, and other officials connected to Han were dismissed or exiled. Since neither combatant was eager to continue the war, they returned to negotiations. A peace treaty was signed on November 2, 1208, and the Song tribute to the Jin was reinstated. The Song annual indemnity increased by 50,000 taels of silver and 50,000 packs of fabric. The treaty also stipulated that the Song had to present to the Jin the head of Han Tuozhou, who the Jin held responsible for starting the war. The heads of Han and Su were severed from their exhumed corpses, exhibited to the public, then delivered to the Jin.
49:
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1422:, it is necessary for the southerners to stay in the south and the northerners in the north." Gaozong, who considered himself a northerner, initially rejected the proposal. There were gestures toward peace in 1132, when the Jin freed an imprisoned Song diplomat, and in 1133, when the Song offered to become a Jin vassal, but a treaty never materialized. The Jin requirement that the border between the two states be moved south from the Huai River to the Yangtze was too large of a hurdle for the two sides to reach an agreement.
2273:
1004:; 1083–1140) rallied around the proposal of remaining in defensive positions until reinforcements arrived and Jurchen supplies ran out. They botched an ambush against the Jin that was carried out at night, and were replaced by officials who supported peace negotiations. The failed attack pushed Qinzong into meeting the Jurchen demands, and his officials convinced him to go through with the deal. The Song recognized Jin control over the three prefectures. The Jurchen army ended the siege in March after 33 days.
1589:
1866:; d. 1207), the governor-general of Sichuan, defected to the Jin in December 1206. The Song had depended on Wu's success in the west to divert Jin soldiers away from the eastern front. He had attacked Jin positions earlier in 1206, but his army of about 50,000 men had been repelled. Wu's defection could have meant the loss of the entire western front of the war, but Song loyalists assassinated Wu on March 29, 1207, before Jin troops could take control of the surrendered territories.
1072:
1601:
Zhang Jun (1086–1154) with titles that relieved them of their command over the Song armies. Han
Shizhong, a critic of the treaty, retired. Yue Fei also announced his resignation as an act of protest. In 1141 Qin Hui had him imprisoned for insubordination. Charged with treason, Yue Fei was poisoned in jail on Qin's orders in early 1142. Jurchen diplomatic pressure during the peace talks may have played a role, but Qin Hui's alleged collusion with the Jin has never been proven.
1063:), where they were stripped of their royal privileges and reduced to commoners. The former emperors were humiliated by their captors. They were mocked with disparaging titles like "Muddled Virtue" and "Double Muddled". In 1128 Jin made them perform a ritual meant for war criminals. The harsh treatment of the Song royalty softened after the death of Huizong in 1135. Titles were granted to the deceased monarch, and his son Qinzong was promoted to Duke, a position with a salary.
2041:(r. 1224–1234) of the Jin dispatched diplomats to implore the Song for supplies. Jin envoys reported to the Song that the Mongols would invade the Song after they were done with the Jin—a forecast that would later be proven true—but the Song ignored the warning and rebuffed the request. They instead formed an alliance with the Mongols against the Jin. The Song provided supplies to the Mongols in return for parts of Henan. The Jin dynasty collapsed when Mongol and Song troops
650:
2186:
nearly doubled between the closing of the
Northern Song era in 1127 and the final years of Gaozong's reign in the early 1160s. The recovery was not uniform, and areas like Huainan and Hubei that had been directly affected by the war took decades to return to their pre-war levels. In spite of multiple wars, the Jin remained one of the main trading partners of the Song. Song demand for foreign products like fur and horses went unabated. Historian
822:
2089:
1880:
Jurchens by this time round had depopularised him amongst the common people which situation was exploited by the
Empress Yang and Shi Miyuan, his most powerful political rivals to Garner support amongst other Courtiers which led to his demise. On November 24, 1207, Han Touzhou on his way to Court he was intercepted, dragged outside Imperial precincts and bludgeoned to death by the Imperial Palace Guards. His accomplice Su Shidan (
1944:(r. 1224–1264), was hesitant to fight the Jin and delayed the declaration of war for two months. Song generals were largely autonomous, allowing Shi to evade blame for their military blunders. The Jin advanced across the border from the center and western fronts. Jurchen military successes were limited, and the Jin faced repeated raids from the neighboring state of Western Xia. In 1217, the Song generals Meng Zongzheng (
1429:(the "Great Qi"), their second attempt at a puppet state in northern China. The Jurchens believed that this state, nominally ruled by someone of Han Chinese descent, would be able to attract the allegiance of disaffected members of the insurgency. The Jurchens also suffered from a shortage of skilled manpower, and controlling the entirety of northern China was not administratively feasible. In the final months of 1129,
1150:
by Liao. Instead of continuing their invasion of the Song, an empire with a military that outnumbered their own, they adopted the strategy of "using
Chinese to control the Chinese". The Jin hoped a proxy state would be capable of administering northern China and collecting the annual indemnity without requiring Jurchen interventions to quell anti-Jin uprisings. In 1127, the Jurchens installed a former Song official,
1991:; d. 1221). In the west, command of the Song forces in Sichuan was given to An Bing, who had previously been dismissed from this position. He successfully defended the western front, but was unable to advance further because of local uprisings in the area. The Jin tried to extort an indemnity from the Song but never received it. In the last of the three campaigns, in early 1221, the Jin captured the city of Qizhou (
1455:
1605:
was only one of many generals who fought against the Jin in northern China. Traditional accounts have also blamed
Gaozong for Yue Fei's execution and submitting to the Jin. Qin Hui, in a reply to Gaozong's gratitude for the success of the peace negotiations, told the emperor that "the decision to make peace was entirely Your Majesty's. Your servant only carried it out; what achievement was there in this for me?"
1739:
Song historians may have confused the number of
Jurchen soldiers at the Battle of Caishi with the total number of soldiers under the command of Wanyan Liang. The conflict was not the one-sided battle that traditional accounts imply, and the Song had numerous advantages over the Jin. The Song fleet was larger than the Jin's, and the Jin were unable to use their greatest asset, cavalry, in a naval battle.
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1017:
siege, came back with his western army. Overwhelmed, Taiyuan fell in
September 1126, after 260 days of siege. When the Song court received news of the fall of Taiyuan, the officials who had advocated defending the empire militarily fell from favor again and were replaced by counselors who favored appeasement. In mid-December the two Jurchen armies converged on Kaifeng for the second time that year.
1036:
decimated and the morale of Song soldiers was on the decline. On
January 9, 1127, the Jurchens broke through and started to loot the conquered city. Emperor Qinzong tried to appease the victors by offering the remaining wealth of the capital. The royal treasury was emptied and the belongings of the city's residents were seized. The Song emperor offered his unconditional surrender a few days later.
1620:
1158:" (Great Chu) dynasty. The puppet government did not deter the resistance in northern China, but the insurgents were motivated by their anger towards the Jurchens' looting rather than by a sense of loyalty towards the inept Song court. A number of Song commanders, stationed in towns scattered across northern China, retained their allegiance to the Song, and armed volunteers organized
635:. Song refugees from the north resettled in southern China. The north was the cultural center of China, and its conquest by Jin diminished the regional stature of the Song dynasty. The Southern Song, however, quickly returned to economic prosperity, and trade with Jin was lucrative despite decades of warfare. Lin'an, the Southern Song capital, expanded into a major city for commerce.
2022:
938:
1689:
1097:
failed wars against the Western Xia. The Song insistence on a greater share of Liao territory only succeeded in provoking their Jin allies. Song diplomatic oversights underestimated Jin and allowed the unimpeded rise of Jurchen military power. The state had plentiful resources, with the exception of horses, but managed its assets poorly during battles. Unlike the expansive
1359:
their sails. Wuzhu's troops came back south of the Yangtze one last time to Jiankang, which they pillaged, and then headed north. Yet the Jin had been caught off guard by the strength of the Song navy, and Wuzhu never tried to cross the Yangtze River again. In early 1131, Jin armies between the Huai and the Yangtze were repelled by bandits loyal to the Song. Zhang Rong (
1126:
930:
450:
1585:, Wuzhu launched a surprise attack on Song forces with an army of 100,000 infantry and 15,000 horsemen. Yue Fei directed his cavalry to attack the Jurchen soldiers and won a decisive victory. He continued on to Henan, where he recaptured Zhengzhou and Luoyang. Later in 1140, Yue was forced to withdraw after the emperor ordered him to return to the Song court.
1554:, Qin purged his enemies and continued negotiations. In 1138 the Jin and Song agreed to a treaty that designated the Yellow River as border between the two states and recognized Gaozong as a "subject" of the Jin. But because there remained opposition to the treaty in both the courts of the Jin and Song, the treaty never came into effect. A Jurchen army led by
1531:(r. 1135–1150) inherited the Jin throne from Taizong, and pushed for peace. He and his generals were disappointed with Liu Yu's military failures and believed that Liu was secretly conspiring with Yue Fei. In late 1137, the Jin reduced Liu Yu's title to that of a prince and abolished the state of Qi. The Jin and Song renewed the negotiations towards peace.
991:, Taiyuan, and Zhongshan; and offered an indemnity of 50 million taels of silver, 5 million taels of gold, 1 million packs of silk, 1 million packs of satin, 10,000 horses, 10,000 mules, 10,000 cattle, and 1,000 camels. This indemnity was worth about 180 years of the annual tribute the Song had been paying to the Jin since 1123.
749:
963:, they had faced fierce resistance from the Han Chinese population, yet when the Jurchens invaded that area, the Han Chinese did not oppose them at all. By the end of December 1125, the Jin army had seized control of two prefectures and re-established Jurchen rule over the Sixteen Prefectures. The eastern army was nearing Kaifeng by early 1126.
1041:
warrior flowed in Yao’s blood. For three generations, his family served the state loyally and their name was feared among the barbarians. Ever since the defense began, he labored day and night and allowed himself little time to eat and rest. He was the only court official to do this. How ironic that he would meet his tragic end because of it!
916:. The Song forces were not expecting an invasion and were caught off guard. The Chinese general Tong Guan was informed of the military expedition by an envoy he had sent to the Jin to obtain the cession of two prefectures. The returning envoy reported that the Jurchens were willing to forgo an invasion if the Song ceded control of
1527:) killed his superior official and defected to the Jin with 30,000 soldiers. This rebellion was provoked by Zhang Jun's attempt to reassert government control over the regional military commanders, as the court had previously been forced to tolerate growing military autonomy during the chaos of the Jin invasion. Meanwhile,
1772:
2323:
of the Jin and not for combat against the Jin infantry. Song soldiers compensated for the limited range and mobility of the weapon by timing their attacks on the Jin siege engines, waiting until they were within range of the fire lances. Later fire lances used metal barrels, fired projectiles farther
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of the government. Jurchen clans adopted Chinese personal names with their Jurchen names. Wanyan Liang (Prince of Hailing; r. 1150–1161) was an enthusiastic proponent of Jurchen sinicization and enacted policies to encourage it. Wanyan Liang had been acculturated by Song diplomats from childhood, and
1796:
hero Yue Fei and Han orchestrated the publishing of historical records that justified war with the Jin. From 1204 onwards, Chinese armed groups raided Jurchen settlements. Han Tuozhou was designated the head of national security in 1205. The Song funded insurgents in the north that professed loyalist
1754:
A modern analysis of the battlefield has shown that it was a minor battle, although the victory did boost Song morale. The Jin lost, but only suffered about 4,000 casualties and the battle was not fatal to the Jurchen war effort. It was Wanyan Liang's poor relationships with the Jurchen generals, who
1743:
Government troops using the “sea-eels” sailed straight towards the seventeen boats, and split them up into two groups. The government troops shouted “The government troops have won,” and struck at the men of Jin. The bottoms of the boats of the Jin were as broad as a box and the boats were unstable.
1642:
The treaty reduced the Southern Song dynasty status to that of a Jin vassal. The document designated the Song as the "insignificant state", while the Jin was recognized as the "superior state". The text of the treaty has not survived in Chinese records, a clear sign of its humiliating reputation. The
1604:
After his execution, Yue Fei's reputation for defending the Southern Song grew to that of a national folk hero. Qin Hui was denigrated by later historians, who accused him of betraying the Song. The real Yue Fei differed from the later myths based on his exploits. Contrary to traditional legends, Yue
1035:
The Jin assault commenced in mid-December 1126. Even as fighting raged on, Qinzong continued to sue for peace, but Jin demands for territory were enormous: they wanted all provinces north of the Yellow River. After more than twenty days of heavy combat against the besieging forces, Song defenses were
1291:
From 1127 to 1129, the Song sent thirteen embassies to the Jin to discuss peace terms and to negotiate the release of Gaozong's mother and Huizong, but the Jin court ignored them. In December 1129, the Jin started a new military offensive, dispatching two armies across the Huai River in the east and
1149:
The Jin leadership had not expected or desired the fall of the Song dynasty. Their intention was to weaken the Song in order to demand more tribute, and they were unprepared for the magnitude of their victory. The Jurchens were preoccupied with strengthening their rule over the areas once controlled
1096:
A modern analysis by Ari Daniel Levine places more of the blame on deficiencies in the military and bureaucratic leadership. The loss of northern China was not inevitable. The military was overextended by a government too assured of its own military prowess. Huizong diverted the state's resources to
1079:
Many factors contributed to the Song's repeated military blunders and subsequent loss of northern China to the Jurchens. Traditional accounts of Song history held the venality of Huizong's imperial court responsible for the decline of the dynasty. These narratives condemned Huizong and his officials
797:
in the south. When a Song army under Tong Guan's command finally attacked Yanjing in May 1122, the smaller forces of the weakened Liao repelled the invaders with ease. Another attack failed in the fall. Both times, Tong was forced to retreat back to Kaifeng. After the first attack, Aguda changed the
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casings, are the first known hard casing bombs. The bomb needed to be capable of detonating in order to penetrate the iron casing. The Song army had a large supply of incendiary bombs, but there are no reports of them having a weapon similar to the Jin's detonating bombs. A participant in the siege
1929:
to Kaifeng, which became the new capital of the dynasty. As the Mongols expanded, the Jin suffered territorial losses and attacked the Song in 1217 to compensate for their shrinking territory. Periodic Song raids against the Jin were the official justification for the war. Another likely motive was
1834:
on the Grand Canal just south of the Huai River. Bi defended the town, and the Jurchens withdrew from the siege after three months. By the fall of 1206, however, the Jurchens had captured multiple towns and military bases. The Jin initiated an offensive against Song prefectures in the central front
801:
The quick collapse of the Liao led to more negotiations between the Song and Jin. Jurchen military success and their effective control over the Sixteen Prefectures gave them more leverage. Aguda grew increasingly frustrated as he realized that despite their military failures the Song still intended
493:
that had fallen under Liao control since 938. The Song agreed but the Jin's quick defeat of the Liao combined with Song military failures made the Jin reluctant to cede territory. After a series of negotiations that embittered both sides, the Jurchens attacked the Song in 1125, dispatching one army
2185:
recognized the Jin, not the Song, as the legitimate dynasty of China. The Song's military failures reduced it to a subordinate of the Jin, turning it into a "China among equals". The Song economy, however, recovered quickly after the move south. Government revenues earned from taxing foreign trade
2177:
remarked that "this city is greater than any in the world". Once retaking northern China became less plausible and Lin'an grew into a significant trading city, the government buildings were extended and renovated to better befit its status as an imperial capital. The modestly sized imperial palace
1783:
that devastated Hebei and Shandong in northern China, and the droughts and swarming locusts that plagued the south near the Huai. The Song were informed of the Jurchen predicament by their ambassadors, who traveled twice a year to the Jin capital, and started provoking their northern neighbor. The
1479:
gave the Jurchens a passage into the central valley of the Yangtze River. Their southward push was halted by the general Yue Fei. In 1134, Yue Fei defeated Li and retook Xiangyang and its surrounding prefectures. Later that year, however, Qi and Jin initiated a new offensive further east along the
1358:
and tried to prevent Wuzhu from crossing back to the north bank of the Yangtze. The small boats of the Jin army were outmatched by Han Shizhong's fleet of seagoing vessels. Wuzhu eventually managed to cross the river when he had his troops use incendiary arrows to neutralize Han's ships by burning
1016:
Accusing the Song of violating the agreement and realizing the weakness of the Song, the Jin generals launched a second punitive campaign, again dividing their troops into two armies. Wanyan Zonghan, who had withdrawn from Taiyuan after the Kaifeng agreement and left a small force in charge of the
2164:
In the south, the retreat of the Song dynasty led to major demographic changes. The population of refugees from the north that resettled in Lin'an and Jiankang (modern Hangzhou and Nanjing) eventually grew greater than the population of original residents, whose numbers had dwindled from repeated
1738:
in the 4th century. Contemporaneous Song accounts claimed that the 18,000 Song soldiers commanded by Yu Yunwen and tasked with defending Caishi were able to defeat the invading Jurchen army of 400,000 soldiers. Modern historians are more skeptical and consider the Jurchen numbers an exaggeration.
1249:
The Song disbandment of the Great Chu and execution of Zhang Bangchang antagonized the Jurchens and violated the treaty that the two parties had negotiated. The Jin renewed their attacks on the Song and quickly reconquered much of northern China. In late 1127 Gaozong moved his court further south
1040:
On the evening of the twenty-fifth, Zhongyou was beaten to death by soldiers in the southern part of the city. His brain and intestines scattered, it was impossible to locate his flesh and bones afterward. Even his home got ransacked. What a shameful end to a good man like him! The spirit of the
1600:
Emperor Gaozong supported settling a peace treaty with the Jurchens and sought to rein in the assertiveness of the military. The military expeditions of Yue Fei and other generals were an obstacle to peace negotiations. The government weakened the military by rewarding Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, and
1012:
Almost as soon as the Jin armies had left Kaifeng, Emperor Qinzong reneged on the deal and dispatched two armies to repel the Jurchen troops attacking Taiyuan and bolster the defenses of Zhongshan and Hejian. An army of 90,000 soldiers and another of 60,000 were defeated by Jin forces by June. A
2084:
Jurchen migrants from the northeastern reaches of Jin territory settled in the Jin-controlled lands of northern China. Constituting less than ten percent of the total population, the two to three million ruling Jurchens were a minority in a region that was still dominated by 30 million Han
1406:
The Song court returned to Hangzhou in 1133, and the city was renamed Lin'an. The imperial ancestral temple was built in Lin'an later that same year, a sign that the court had in practice established Lin'an as the Song capital without a formal declaration. It was treated as a temporary capital.
1398:). The most important battles between Jin and Song in 1131 and 1132 took place in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan. The Jin lost two battles at Heshang Yuan in 1131. After failing to enter Sichuan, Wuzhu retreated to Yanjing. He returned to the western front again from 1132 to 1134. The Jin attacked
1031:
After the defeat of several Song armies in the north, Emperor Qinzong wanted to negotiate a truce with the Jin, but he committed a massive strategic blunder when he commanded his remaining armies to protect prefectural cities instead of Kaifeng. Neglecting the importance of the capital, he left
2156:
The emperor's political reforms were connected with his desire to conquer all of China and to legitimize himself as a Chinese emperor. The prospect of conquering southern China was cut short by Wanyan Liang's assassination. Wanyan Liang's successor, Emperor Shizong, was less enthusiastic about
1879:
Fighting continued in 1207, but by the end of that year the war was at a stalemate. The Song was now on the defensive, while the Jin failed to make gains in Song territory it therefore cost both parties much more than it gained them. The failure of Han Tuozhou's aggressive policies against the
1680:
by announcing that the Song had broken the 1142 peace treaty by acquiring horses. He instituted an unpopular draft that was the source of widespread unrest in the empire. Anti-Jin revolts erupted among the Khitans and in Jin provinces bordering the Song. Wanyan Liang did not allow dissent, and
848:
about 200 kilometres (120 mi) east of Yanjing, killed the main Jin official in that city and turned it over to the Song. The Jurchens defeated his armies a few months later and Zhang took refuge in Yanjing. Even though the Song agreed to execute him in late 1123, this incident put tension
1207:
After reigning for barely one month, Zhang Bangchang was persuaded by the Song to step down as emperor of the Great Chu and to recognize the legitimacy of the Song imperial line. Li Gang pressured Gaozong to execute Zhang for betraying the Song. The emperor relented and Zhang was coerced into
1572:
in Anhui). Yue Fei was assigned to head the Song forces defending the Huainan region. Instead of advancing to Huainan, however, Wuzhu retreated to Kaifeng and Yue's army followed him into Jin territory, disobeying an order by Gaozong that forbade Yue from going on the offensive. Yue captured
966:
Fearing the approaching Jin army, Song emperor Huizong planned to retreat south. The emperor deserting the capital would have been viewed as an act of capitulation, so court officials convinced him to abdicate. There were few objections. Rescuing an empire in crisis from destruction was more
1853:). By the fall of 1206, the Song offensive had already failed disastrously. Soldier morale sank as weather conditions worsened, supplies ran out, and hunger spread, forcing many to desert. The massive defections of Han Chinese in northern China that the Song had expected never materialized.
711:
of silver. Before the Jurchens overthrew the Khitan, married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls were raped by Liao Khitan envoys as a custom which caused resentment by the Jurchens against the Khitan. Song princesses committed suicide to avoid rape or were killed for resisting rape by the Jin.
1218:; 1059–1128), the Song general responsible for fortifying Kaifeng, entreated Gaozong to move the court back to the city, but Gaozong refused and retreated south. The southward move marked the end of the Northern Song and the beginning of the Southern Song era of Chinese history.
802:
to seize most of the prefectures. In the spring of 1123 the two sides finally set the terms of the first Song–Jin treaty. Only seven prefectures (including Yanjing) would be returned to the Song, and the Song would pay an annual indemnity of 300,000 packs of silk and 200,000
952:
Meanwhile, the eastern army, commanded by Wanyan Zongwang, was dispatched towards Yanjing (modern Beijing) and eventually the Song capital Kaifeng. It did not face much armed opposition. Zongwang easily took Yanjing, where Song general and former Liao governor Guo Yaoshi
806:
of silver to the Jin, as well as a one-time payment of one million strings of copper coins to compensate the Jurchens for the tax revenue they would have earned had they not returned the prefectures. In May 1123 Tong Guan and the Song armies entered the looted Yanjing.
2161:(r. 1189–1208), who promoted reforms that transformed the political structure of the dynasty closer to that of the Song and Tang dynasties. Despite cultural and demographic changes, military hostilities between the Jin and the Song persisted until the fall of the Jin.
1470:
The Jin granted Qi more autonomy than the first puppet government of Chu, but Liu Yu was obligated to obey the orders of the Jurchen generals. With Jin support, Da Qi invaded the Song in November 1133. Li Cheng, a Song turncoat who had joined the Qi, led the campaign.
2312:
in eastern Hubei) in 1132, during the Jin invasion of Hubei and Shaanxi. The weapon consisted of a spear attached with a flamethrower capable of firing projectiles from a barrel constructed of bamboo or paper. They were built by soldiers under the command of Chen Gui
788:
The joint attack against the Liao had been planned for 1121, but it was rescheduled for 1122. On February 23 of that year, Jin captured the Liao Central Capital as promised. The Song delayed their entry into the war because it diverted resources to fighting the
1208:
suicide. The killing of Zhang showed that the Song was willing to provoke the Jin, and that the Jin had yet to solidify their control over the newly conquered territories. The submission and abolition of Chu meant that Kaifeng was now back under Song control.
920:
and Shanxi to the Jin. Tong Guan retreated from Taiyuan and left command of his troops to Wang Bing. Jin armies besieged the city in mid January 1126. Under Wang Bing's command, Taiyuan held on long enough to stop the Jurchen troops from advancing to Luoyang.
1734:. Traditional Chinese accounts consider this the turning point of the war, characterizing it as a military upset that secured southern China from the northern invaders. The significance of the battle is said to have rivaled a similarly revered victory at the
1092:
in 1076. Corruption marred the reign of Huizong, who was more skilled as a painter than as a ruler. Huizong was known for his extravagance, and funded the costly construction of gardens and temples while rebellions threatened the state's grip on power.
1729:
bombs, overwhelmed the light ships of the Jin fleet. Jin ships were unable to compete because they were smaller and hastily constructed. The bombs launched by the Song contained mixtures of gunpowder, lime, scraps of iron, and a poison that was likely
623:, and other related weapons. In northern China, Jurchens were the ruling minority of an empire predominantly inhabited by former subjects of the Song. Jurchen migrants settled in the conquered territories and assimilated with the local culture. Jin, a
1317:
commanded the main Jin army. He crossed the Yangtze southwest of Jiankang and took that city when Du Chong surrendered. Wuzhu set out from Jiankang and advanced rapidly to try to capture Gaozong. The Jin seized Hangzhou (January 22, 1130) and then
986:
Kaifeng was besieged on January 31, 1126. The commander of the Jurchen army promised to spare the city if the Song submitted to Jin as a vassal; forfeited the prime minister and an imperial prince as prisoners; ceded the Chinese prefectures of
776:
that the Song had been giving the Liao. By the end of 1120, however, the Jurchens had seized the Liao Supreme Capital, and offered the Song only parts of the Sixteen Prefectures. Among other things, Jin would keep the Liao Western Capital of
1451:, made an attempt at reforming the bureaucracy, and enacted laws that enforced the collection of high taxes. It was also responsible for supplying a large portion of the troops that fought the Song in the seven years following its creation.
2327:
1402:
and Shaanxi in 1132. Wuzhu captured Heshang Yuan in 1133, but his advance was halted by a defeat at Xianren Pass. He gave up on taking Sichuan, and no more major battles were fought between the Jin and Song for the rest of the decade.
767:. Negotiations for an alliance began secretly under the pretense that the Song wanted to acquire horses from the Khitans. Song diplomats traveled to the Jin court to meet Aguda in 1118, while Jurchen envoys arrived in the Song capital
849:
between the two states, because the 1123 treaty had explicitly forbidden both sides from harboring defectors. In 1124, Song officials further angered Jin by asking for the cession of nine more border prefectures. The new Jin emperor
1480:
Huai River. For the first time, Gaozong issued an edict officially condemning Da Qi. The armies of Qi and Jin won a series of victories in the Huai valley, but were repelled by Han Shizhong near Yangzhou and by Yue Fei at Luzhou (
771:
the next year. At the beginning, the two sides agreed to keep whatever Liao territory they would seize in combat. In 1120, Aguda agreed to cede the Sixteen Prefectures to the Song in exchange for transfer to the Jin of the annual
1675:
led a coup against Emperor Xizong and became fourth emperor of the Jin dynasty in 1150. Wanyan Liang presented himself as a Chinese emperor, and planned to unite China by conquering the Song. In 1158, Wanyan Liang provided a
2257:
However, there was also a reverse migration when the war was over of Han Chinese from the Southern Song towards Jin ruled northern China leading southern China's population to shrink and northern China's population to grow.
1204:, the founder of the dynasty, who had previously served in that city as a military governor. The symbolism of the city was meant to secure the political legitimacy of the new emperor, who was enthroned there on June 12.
521:. Qinzong reneged on the deal and ordered Song forces to defend the prefectures instead of fortifying the capital. The Jin resumed war and again besieged Kaifeng in 1127. They captured Qinzong, many members of the
798:
terms of the agreement and only promised Yanjing and six other prefectures to the Song. In early 1123 it was Jurchen forces that easily took the Liao Southern Capital. They sacked it and enslaved its population.
2168:
The new capital Lin'an grew into a major commercial and cultural center. It rose from a middling city of no special importance to one of the world's largest and most prosperous. During his stay in Lin'an in the
1973:; modern Shaanxi) in late 1217. The Jin tried to captured Suizhou in Jingxi South circuit again in 1218 and 1219, but failed. A Song counteroffensive in early 1218 captured Sizhou and in 1219 the Jin cities of
1549:
Gaozong promoted Qin Hui in 1138 and put him in charge of deliberations with the Jin. Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, and a large number of officials at court criticized the peace overtures. Aided by his control of the
1288:) vacated his forces from Kaifeng, exposing Jiankang to attack. The emperor moved back to Hangzhou in September, leaving Jiankang in Du Chong's hands. The Jin eventually captured Kaifeng in early 1130.
2007:; d. 1231) defeated the Jin, who then withdrew. In 1224 both sides agreed on a peace treaty that ended the annual tributes to the Jin. Diplomatic missions between the Jin and Song were also cut off.
1643:
contents of the agreement were recovered from a Jurchen biography. Once the treaty had been settled, the Jurchens retreated north and trade resumed between the two empires. The peace ensured by the
1109:
where a large proportion of its horses could be bred or procured. As Song general Li Gang noted, without a consistent supply of horses the dynasty was at a significant disadvantage against Jurchen
7370:
2165:
Jurchen raids. The government encouraged the resettlement of peasant migrants from the southern provinces of the Song to the underpopulated territories between the Yangtze and the Huai rivers.
994:
With little prospect of help from afar arriving, infighting broke out in the Song court between the officials who supported the Jin offer and those who opposed it. Opponents of the treaty like
1342:. The Jin sent ships to chase after Gaozong, but failed to catch him. They gave up the pursuit and the Jurchens retreated north. After they plundered the undefended cities of Hangzhou and
2157:
sinicization and reversed several of Wanyan Liang's edicts. He sanctioned new policies with the intent to slow the assimilation of the Jurchens. Shizong's prohibitions were abandoned by
1639:, north of the Yangtze, was designated as the boundary between the two states. The Song agreed to pay a yearly tribute of 250,000 taels of silver and 250,000 packs of silk to the Jin.
268:
5558:
533:
between Jin and Song. Remnants of the Song imperial family retreated to southern China and, after brief stays in several temporary capitals, eventually relocated to Lin'an (modern
1181:. The Jurchens tried to lure him back to Kaifeng where they could finally capture him, but did not succeed. Zhao Gou finally arrived in the Song Southern Capital at Yingtianfu (
5761:
Levine, Ari Daniel (2009). "The Reigns of Hui-tsung (1100–1126) and Ch'in-tsung (1126–1127) and the Fall of the Northern Sung". In Paul Jakov Smith; Denis C. Twitchett (eds.).
1425:
The continuing insurgency of anti-Jin forces in northern China hampered the Jurchen campaigns south of the Yangtze. Reluctant to let the war drag on, the Jin decided to create
1876:; d. 1221) was given Wu Xi's position, but the cohesion of Song forces in the west fell apart after Wu's demise and commanders turned on each other in the ensuing infighting.
2085:
Chinese. The southward expansion of the Jurchens caused the Jin to transition their decentralized government of semi-agrarian tribes to a bureaucratic Chinese-style dynasty.
1792:(r. 1194–1224) took little interest in the war effort. Under Han Tuozhou's supervision, preparations for the war proceeded gradually and cautiously. The court venerated the
2100:
The Jin government initially promoted an independent Jurchen culture alongside their adoption of the centralized Chinese imperial bureaucracy, but the empire was gradually
867:) vehemently refused to give them any more territory. Taizong eventually granted two prefectures, but by then the Jin leaders were ready to attack their southern neighbor.
1490:). Their sudden withdrawal in 1135 in response to the death of Jin Emperor Taizong gave the Song time to regroup. The war recommenced in late 1136 when Da Qi attacked the
1963:
A second Jin campaign in late 1217 did marginally better than the first. In the east, the Jin made little headway in the Huai River valley, but in the west they captured
595:
The wars engendered an era of swift technological, cultural, and demographic changes in China. Battles between the Song and Jin brought about the introduction of various
882:, the last emperor of the Liao, putting an end to the Liao dynasty for good. Ready to end their alliance with the Song, the Jurchens began preparations for an invasion.
7363:
1755:
despised him, that doomed the chances of a Jin victory. On December 15, Wanyan Liang was assassinated in his military camp by disaffected officers. He was succeeded by
548:
The Jurchens tried to conquer southern China in the 1130s but were bogged down by a pro-Song insurgency in the north and a counteroffensive by Song generals, including
2181:
The loss of northern China, the cultural center of Chinese civilization, diminished the regional status of the Song dynasty. After the Jurchen conquest of the north,
517:, his eldest son, was enthroned. The Jin dynasty laid siege to Kaifeng in 1126, but Qinzong negotiated their retreat from the capital by agreeing to a large annual
2153:
as the Jin main capital in 1153. Palaces were erected in Beijing and Kaifeng, while the original, more northerly residences of Jurchen chieftains were demolished.
745:
in 938, and that the Song had repeatedly but unsuccessfully tried to reconquer. The Song thus sought an alliance with the Jin against their common enemy the Liao.
1744:
Moreover, their men knew nothing about handling boats and were quite helpless. Only five or seven men could use their bows. So they were all killed in the river.
580:(1206–1208) was also unsuccessful. A decade later, Jin launched an abortive military campaign against the Song in 1217 to replace territory they had lost to the
6469:
6257:
1418:, an official of the Song court, recommended a peaceful solution to the conflict in 1130, saying that, "If it is desirable that there will be no more conflicts
1521:(1097–1164) convinced Gaozong to begin plans for a counterattack. Gaozong first agreed, but he abandoned the counteroffensive when an officer named Li Qiong (
6683:
781:
at the western end of the Sixteen Prefectures. The two sides agreed that the Jin would now attack the Liao Central Capital, whereas the Song would seize the
7399:
7356:
1032:
Kaifeng defended with fewer than 100,000 soldiers. The Song forces were dispersed throughout China, powerless to stop the second Jurchen siege of the city.
261:
7139:
2267:
6318:
2108:
was used to legitimize the ruling government. Confucian state rituals were adopted during the reign of Emperor Xizong (1135–1150). The Jin implemented
2120:
were translated into Jurchen and studied by Jin intellectuals, but very few Jurchens actively contributed to the classical literature of the Jin. The
2437:
in 1206 by a Song army stationed in Xiangyang. The arrows were most likely an incendiary weapon, but its function may also have resembled that of an
7581:
2199:
believes that Song commerce with the north was profitable enough that it compensated for the silver delivered annually as an indemnity to the Jin.
1169:
while on a diplomatic mission, and never made it back to Kaifeng. He was not present in the capital when the city fell to the Jurchens. The future
254:
7251:
5872:
Paper Given at the Symposium "Dynastic Renaissance: Art and Culture of the Southern Song", National Palace Museum (Taipei), 22–24 November 2010
2319:), who led the Song army defending De'an. The fire lances with which Song soldiers were equipped at De'an were built for destroying the wooden
2063:, was killed in the town a few days later. The Mongols later turned their sights towards the Song. After decades of war, the Song dynasty also
1801:
Song officials, and war against the Jin was officially declared on June 14, 1206. The document that announced the war claimed the Jin lost the
5579:
Davis, Richard L. (2009). "The Reigns of Kuang-tsung (1189–1194) and Ning-tsung (1194–1224)". In Paul Jakov Smith; Denis C. Twitchett (eds.).
2402:) proposed to make incendiary bombs and arrows mandatory for all warships in the Song navy. At the battle of Caishi in 1161, Song ships fired
1749:
Zhao Shengzhi, writing after the death of Yu Yunwen, describing the battle at Caishi as a relatively minor battle involving only a few vessels
7152:
6457:
6160:
6130:
6098:
6074:
5983:
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5941:
5914:
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5856:
5821:
5802:
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5751:
5718:
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5676:
5641:
5611:
5591:
5546:
5523:
2639:
1447:
in Hebei was the first capital of Qi, before its move to Kaifeng, former capital of the Northern Song. The Qi government instituted military
5864:
979:
on January 27, 1126, two days after the New Year. Huizong fled Kaifeng the next day, escaping south and leaving the newly enthroned emperor
6579:
6564:
6551:
6516:
6481:
6452:
1709:
was in command of the army defending the river. The Jurchen army was defeated while attacking Caishi between November 26 and 27 during the
1380:
in the far west, to attack the Jin there to relieve pressure on the court. Zhang put together a large army, but was defeated by Wuzhu near
7516:
7287:
7011:
6950:
6842:
1828:) but suffered large losses against the Jurchens in Hebei. The Jin repelled the Song and moved south to besiege the Song town of Chuzhou
6039:
2064:
1903:
763:
Because the land routes between the Song and Jin were controlled by the Liao, diplomatic exchanges had to occur by traveling across the
589:
568:, but conflicts between the two dynasties continued until the fall of Jin in 1234. A war against the Song begun by the 4th Jin emperor,
2059:) led the Song army against Caizhou. The penultimate emperor of the Jin, Emperor Aizong, took his own life. His short-lived successor,
7451:
6584:
6348:
5288:
5261:
5190:
5155:
2612:
2422:), from trebuchets against the ships of the Jin fleet commanded by Wanyan Liang. The gunpowder mixture of the bomb contained powdered
2042:
1899:
1055:
Qigong, the former emperor Huizong, and members of the Song court were captured by the Jurchens as hostages. They were taken north to
581:
81:
7409:
2504:
1237:
in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. Zhang Xuan 張選, a great-grandson of
6250:
6047:
6006:
5844:
4380:
3938:
3901:
2396:) were employed by the Song troops defending De'an and by the Jin soldiers besieging the city. The government official Lin Zhiping (
1930:
that the conquest of the Song would have given the Jin a place to escape should the Mongols succeed in taking control of the north.
1494:
1647:
lasted for the next 70 years, but was interrupted twice. One military campaign was initiated by the Song and the other by the Jin.
7226:
6574:
5305:
1075:
A painting by Emperor Huizong. Huizong's excessive interest in the arts may have played a role in the fall of the northern Song.
829:
at the Museum of the First Capital of Jin. Taizong ordered military campaigns that led to the fall of the northern Song in 1127.
5180:
2215:
2203:
5207:
1443:
in Shandong before his defection to the Jin in 1128. Da Qi was formed late in 1130, and the Jin enthroned Liu as its emperor.
1266:. The court spent over a year in the city. When the Jurchens advanced to the Huai River, the court was partially evacuated to
7576:
7571:
6306:
5975:
5933:
5581:
5315:
5278:
5251:
5234:
2585:
361:
1846:
1476:
6065:
Tao, Jing-Shen (2009). "The Move to the South and the Reign of Kao-tsung". In Paul Jakov Smith; Denis C. Twitchett (eds.).
890:
In November 1125 Taizong ordered his armies to attack the Song. The defection of Zhang Jue two years earlier served as the
719:(1068–1123) united the disparate Jurchen tribes and led a revolt against the Liao. In 1115 he named himself emperor of the
509:
retreated from Taiyuan, which was besieged and later captured. As the second Jin army approached the capital, Song emperor
7112:
6410:
6301:
6028:
1162:
opposed to the Jurchen military presence. The insurgency hampered the ability of the Jin to exert control over the north.
375:
6610:
6279:
6243:
2426:, which produced blinding smoke once the casing of the bomb shattered. The Song also deployed incendiary weapons at the
2290:
The battles between the Song and the Jin spurred the invention and use of gunpowder weapons. There are reports that the
2113:
1760:
1080:
for their moral failures. Early Song emperors were eager to enact political reforms and revive the ethical framework of
628:
7379:
1270:
in 1129. Days later, Gaozong narrowly escaped on horseback, just a few hours ahead of Jurchen vanguard troops. After a
1234:
757:
720:
466:
137:
7071:
6602:
6598:
6524:
6496:
6275:
6140:
5652:
5621:
2499:
1718:
1667:
1518:
1369:
816:
588:, the last refuge of the Jin emperor. The Jin dynasty collapsed that year. After the demise of Jin, the Song became a
530:
7566:
2149:
for recreation. Under his reign, the administrative core of the Jin state was moved south from Huining. He instated
1439:; 1073–1143) won the favor of the Jin emperor Taizong. Liu was a Song official from Hebei who had been a prefect of
1191:) in early June 1127. For Gaozong (r. 1127–1162), Yingtianfu was the first in a series of temporary capitals called
6486:
6437:
6296:
6215:
5538:
5515:
5224:
742:
1908:
576:(1161) and was later assassinated by his own disaffected officers. An invasion of Jin territory motivated by Song
7394:
6358:
5739:
2125:
1173:
managed to evade the Jurchen troops tailing him by moving from one province to the next, traveling across Hebei,
644:
486:
332:
6343:
6934:
6689:
6311:
6176:
5836:
1895:
1789:
2382:) during the first Jin siege of Kaifeng in 1126. On the opposing side, the Jin launched incendiary bombs from
2254:
family also moved south with the Southern Song while the other part of the Zengzi family stayed in the north.
1779:
The Jin were weakened by the pressure of the rising Mongols to the north, a series of floods culminating in a
1558:
invaded in early 1140. The Song counteroffensive that followed achieved large territorial gains. Song general
1166:
1430:
7537:
7476:
7446:
7419:
7196:
6965:
6677:
6540:
6373:
2030:
1805:, a sign that they were unfit to rule, and called for an insurrection of Han Chinese against the Jin state.
1780:
1355:
980:
941:
879:
724:
557:
514:
510:
299:
1117:, while we opposed them with foot soldiers. It is only to be expected that were scattered and dispersed."
870:
Before they could invade the Song, the Jurchens reached a peace agreement with their western neighbors the
7591:
7586:
6790:
6338:
5995:
Taxing Heaven's Storehouse: Horses, Bureaucrats, and the Destruction of the Sichuan Tea Industry 1074–1224
2295:
1941:
1756:
995:
850:
826:
654:
17:
5556:
Coblin, Weldon South (2002). "Migration History and Dialect Development in the Lower Yangtze Watershed".
7601:
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7461:
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2038:
1528:
1201:
542:
538:
2137:
his emulation of Song practices earned him the Jurchen nickname of "aping the Chinese". He studied the
1330:
gave Gaozong time to escape. By the time Wuzhu resumed pursuit, the Song court was fleeing on ships to
1559:
1368:
After the Jin incursion that almost captured Gaozong, the sovereign ordered pacification commissioner
967:
important than preserving the rituals of imperial inheritance. In January 1126, a few days before the
7206:
6695:
6464:
6415:
2109:
1914:
1857:
858:
669:
596:
2272:
7245:
7085:
6474:
6420:
2207:
2121:
1735:
1323:
1263:
960:
735:
556:. The Song generals regained some territories but retreated on the orders of Southern Song emperor
490:
2178:
was expanded in 1133 with new roofed alleyways and in 1148 with an extension of the palace walls.
1508:
1274:
in Hangzhou almost dethroned him, in May 1129 he moved his capital back north to Jiankang (modern
723:(1115–1234). Informed by a Liao defector of the success of the Jurchen uprising, the Song emperor
7521:
7466:
7456:
7439:
7424:
7181:
6388:
6383:
6201:
6193:
6144:
5998:
5875:
5660:
5656:
5625:
2117:
1644:
1632:
1624:
1614:
1582:
1544:
1458:
A Southern Song painting depicting the generals who stopped the Jin advance into southern China.
1089:
1056:
665:
561:
337:
309:
31:
7404:
7221:
6363:
6323:
5106:
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The Ancestors' Instructions Must Not Change: Political Discourse and Practice in the Song Period
1635:
was ratified, ending the conflict between the Jin and the Song. By the terms of the treaty, the
278:
48:
2050:
1982:
1365:), the leader of the bandits, was given a government position for his victory against the Jin.
707:, the Song paid its northern neighbor an annual indemnity of 200,000 bolts of silk and 100,000
7429:
7414:
7260:
7100:
7095:
7032:
6569:
6393:
6378:
6368:
6156:
6126:
6122:
6094:
6070:
6053:
6043:
6002:
5979:
5956:
5937:
5910:
5891:
5852:
5840:
5817:
5798:
5766:
5747:
5714:
5695:
5672:
5637:
5607:
5587:
5542:
5519:
5311:
5284:
5257:
5230:
5186:
5161:
5151:
4376:
3934:
3897:
2635:
2608:
2602:
2581:
2427:
2299:
2060:
1998:
1926:
1809:
1802:
1279:
1271:
1026:
600:
526:
314:
304:
294:
2575:
1867:
1209:
7481:
7434:
7171:
7105:
6652:
6620:
6403:
6398:
6185:
6148:
5907:
Science and Civilisation in China: Military technology: The Gunpowder Epic, Volume 5, Part 7
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5730:
5664:
5629:
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2016:
1710:
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968:
693:
624:
585:
573:
398:
324:
319:
88:
72:
2218:
which caused a mass migration of Han Chinese from northern China to southern China called "
1426:
653:
The Song and Jin were allies against the Khitan Liao. Painting of Khitan hunters, from the
160:
6838:
6425:
6328:
6288:
2423:
2187:
1297:
1170:
1151:
704:
171:
5688:
5512:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
2234:). In 1126–1127 over half a million fled from northern China to southern China including
1771:
817:
History of the Song dynasty § Jurchen invasions and the transition to Southern Song
7544:
7531:
7499:
7158:
6808:
6529:
6491:
6067:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, The Sung dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279
5763:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, The Sung dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279
2480:), 7000 incendiary gunpowder arrows for crossbows and 10000 for bows, as well as 20000
2341:
2129:
2093:
1714:
1698:
972:
854:
661:
462:
426:
419:
2067:
in 1279, when the remaining Song loyalists lost to the Mongols in a naval battle near
1588:
1454:
668:
group of semi-agrarian tribes inhabiting areas of northeast Asia that are now part of
489:
against their common enemy the Liao dynasty, the Jin promised to cede to the Song the
7560:
7237:
7231:
7216:
7038:
7026:
6506:
6501:
6205:
6171:
5926:
4368:
2246:
with Southern Song emperor Gaozong while his brother Kong Duancao remained behind in
2239:
2146:
2104:
over time. The Jurchens became fluent in the Chinese language, and the philosophy of
1593:
1444:
1395:
1259:
1233:
Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established
1230:
871:
845:
677:
522:
478:
216:
212:
200:
145:
5711:
A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century
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7211:
7186:
7020:
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6820:
6712:
6667:
6662:
6534:
6266:
6229:
6153:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
5669:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
5634:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
2320:
2170:
2116:, first regionally and then for the entire empire. The Classics and other works of
2105:
2101:
2034:
1672:
1578:
1463:
1448:
1351:
1310:). They were ordered to retreat a few months later when the eastern army withdrew.
1102:
1081:
976:
875:
782:
753:
716:
700:
673:
632:
569:
553:
482:
474:
405:
195:
5182:
An Introduction to the Chinese Economy: The Driving Forces Behind Modern Day China
2574:
Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995). Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H. (eds.).
1682:
1278:) on the south bank of the Yangtze. One month later, however, Zong Ze's successor
1165:
Meanwhile, one Song prince, Zhao Gou, had escaped capture. He had been held up in
971:, Huizong abdicated in favor of his son and was demoted to the ceremonial role of
7348:
2629:
2447:) in 1221, the Jurchens fought the Song with gunpowder bombs and arrows. The Jin
904:
The western army, led by Wanyan Zonghan, departed from Datong and headed towards
7504:
7326:
7283:
7176:
7166:
7128:
7117:
7007:
6983:
6857:
6826:
6730:
6657:
6615:
2383:
2282:
2235:
2088:
1964:
1825:
1793:
1785:
1105:
empires that preceded the Song, the Song did not have a significant foothold in
1098:
892:
790:
697:
685:
649:
470:
234:
226:
183:
176:
6119:
Fighting Ships of the Far East: China and Southeast Asia 202 BC – AD 1419 14194
1462:(1103–1142) is second from left, the general Zhang Jun (1086–1154) fourth, and
7122:
7079:
6977:
6940:
6910:
6904:
6881:
6863:
6772:
6760:
6736:
5571:
5307:
The Premodern Chinese Economy: Structural Equilibrium and Capitalist Sterility
2434:
2291:
2211:
2174:
2021:
1931:
1798:
1636:
1255:
1114:
1106:
1085:
959:) switched his allegiances to the Jin. When the Song had tried to reclaim the
853:(r. 1123–1135), Aguda's brother and successor, hesitated, but warrior princes
748:
620:
604:
577:
565:
6172:"The Ritual Formation of Confucian Orthodoxy and the Descendants of the Sage"
6057:
5972:
China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries
2173:(1260–1368), when the city was not as wealthy as it had been under the Song,
1997:; in Huainan West) deep in Song territory. Song armies led by Hu Zaixing and
1517:; 1102–1166). The victory boosted Song morale, and the military commissioner
7147:
7056:
7001:
6995:
6916:
6784:
6778:
6766:
6754:
6748:
6672:
6635:
6625:
5794:
5165:
2462:
2369:
2202:
The Jin–Song Wars were one of several wars in northern China along with the
2068:
1726:
1722:
1706:
1693:
1688:
1623:
Emperor Gaozong supported negotiating a peace treaty with the Jurchens, the
1574:
1551:
1472:
1238:
1222:
821:
764:
731:
518:
506:
1125:
1046:
Shi Maoliang describing the aftermath of one of the defenders of Bianjing (
929:
738:, a line of fortified cities and passes that the Liao had annexed from the
449:
2577:
China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History
1071:
477:(960–1279). In 1115, Jurchen tribes rebelled against their overlords, the
7511:
7308:
7296:
7277:
7201:
7090:
7050:
6922:
6898:
6875:
6832:
6814:
6640:
6090:
1974:
1850:
1797:
sympathies. These early clashes continued to escalate, partly abetted by
1475:
and nearby prefectures fell to his army. The capture of Xiangyang on the
1381:
1335:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1267:
1251:
1188:
1178:
681:
584:. The Song allied with the Mongols in 1233, and in the next year jointly
534:
115:
2607:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 468.
1619:
1581:
to stir up a peasant rebellion against the Jin. On July 8, 1140, at the
1200:. The court moved to Yingtianfu because of its historical importance to
7526:
7314:
7302:
7191:
6946:
6724:
6718:
6645:
6630:
6353:
6333:
6197:
2150:
1957:
1922:
1836:
1731:
1540:
1491:
1459:
1419:
1415:
1377:
1373:
1347:
1339:
1293:
1275:
1159:
1110:
1047:
945:
913:
905:
794:
773:
768:
608:
549:
525:
and high officials of the Song imperial court in an event known as the
499:
495:
6235:
5888:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations
1685:
in modern Anhui) while Wanyan Liang established a base near Yangzhou.
6928:
6869:
6851:
6802:
6796:
6742:
2438:
2372:
were also in use as incendiary weapons. The defending Song army used
2251:
2243:
2225:
2182:
1978:
1569:
1343:
1327:
1155:
1144:
1060:
988:
909:
778:
739:
728:
152:
6189:
5349:, p. 660 (campaign during which the siege of De'an took place).
2128:, formed the basis of a national writing system for the empire, the
1084:, but the enthusiasm for reforms gradually died after the reformist
627:, instituted a centralized imperial bureaucracy modeled on previous
5865:"Descendants and Portraits of Confucius in the Early Southern Song"
2250:
and became the Duke Yansheng for the Jin dynasty. A section of the
1775:
Jurchen warrior with a bow on an early 17th-century woodblock print
937:
6989:
6959:
2326:
2271:
2087:
2033:
of more than 10 months and the Jin court retreated to the town of
2020:
1907:
1770:
1687:
1618:
1587:
1555:
1504:
1487:
1453:
1440:
1399:
1385:
1346:, they finally started to face resistance from Song armies led by
1314:
1174:
1070:
936:
917:
838:
Barely one month after the Song had recovered Yanjing, Zhang Jue (
820:
793:
in the northwest and suppressing a large popular rebellion led by
747:
689:
648:
5690:
Daily Life in China, on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276
1956:) defeated the Jin and prevented them from capturing Zaoyang and
844:), who had served as military governor of the Liao prefecture of
431:
7044:
2309:
2277:
2276:
The fire lance, an early firearm first recorded at the siege of
2247:
1596:
of Yue Fei, a general who led his forces against the Jin dynasty
1226:
896:. Two armies were sent to capture the major cities of the Song.
803:
708:
246:
7352:
6239:
2335:
bombs at Caishi contained mixtures of lime and gunpowder. This
1668:
History of the Song dynasty § Defeat of Jin invasion, 1161
250:
5209:
The History of Science of Song, Liao, Jin and Xixia of Dynasty
2142:
1818:; d. 1217) captured the barely defended border city of Sizhou
1759:(r. 1161–1189), who had long resented Digunai for driving his
1154:(張邦昌; 1081–1127), as puppet emperor of the newly established "
537:). The retreat divided the dynasty into two distinct periods,
1631:
On October 11, 1142, after about a year of negotiations, the
948:
on January 28, 1126, as the Jurchen army approached the city.
5229:(illustrated ed.). Sotheby's Publications. p. 16.
3406:
3404:
2470:(辛巳泣蘄錄) that the Song army at Qizhou had an arsenal of 3000
2324:
and with greater force, and could be used against infantry.
6032:] (in Chinese). Vol. 6, Song, Liao, and Jin Times
1013:
second expedition to rescue Taiyuan was also unsuccessful.
5488:
5486:
5357:
5355:
5814:
The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb
5791:
War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795
5584:: Volume 5, The Sung dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279
5017:
5015:
4878:
4876:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4646:
4644:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4421:
4419:
4394:
4392:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4269:
4267:
4214:
4212:
4187:
4185:
4183:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4567:
4565:
4479:
4477:
4475:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3258:
3256:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3052:
3050:
3004:
3002:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2878:
2876:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2751:
2749:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2628:
Haywood, John; Jotischky, Andrew; McGlynn, Sean (1998).
1856:
A notable betrayal did occur on the Song side, however:
1824:(on the north bank of the Huai River across from modern
4371:(1976). "Chapter 6: The Jurchen Movement for Revival".
4030:
4028:
2679:
2677:
2675:
734:
saw the Liao weakness as an opportunity to recover the
703:(960–1276). The Song and Liao were at peace, but since
5559:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
4303:
4301:
3673:
3671:
3593:
3591:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
2940:
2938:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
727:(r. 1100–1127) and his highest military commander the
560:, who supported a peaceful resolution to the war. The
6213:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3875:
3873:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3814:, pp. 197 (150 years) and 461 (major Song city).
3707:
3705:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3546:
3544:
3515:
3513:
3460:
3458:
3456:
1912:
Battle between the Jin and Mongols in 1211, from the
564:(1142) set the boundary of the two empires along the
410:
53:
Jin dynasty (blue) and Song dynasty (orange) in 1141
7492:
7387:
7270:
7138:
7070:
6891:
6705:
6597:
6550:
6515:
6445:
6274:
2631:
Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492
485:(916–1125), and declared the formation of the Jin.
425:
418:
404:
397:
392:
374:
360:
351:
5925:
5736:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture
5729:
5687:
4375:. University of Washington Press. pp. 69–83.
1568:) won a battle against Wuzhu at Shunchang (modern
2096:, one of the Jin empire's three working languages
874:Western Xia in 1124. The following year near the
672:. Many of the Jurchen tribes were vassals of the
6069:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 556–643.
5765:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 556–643.
5636:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–320.
5586:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 756–838.
5310:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 311.
3894:The Song-Yuan-Ming Transition in Chinese History
3538:, pp. 229–230 (Jin control not solidified).
2580:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 27.
2490:), probably leather bags filled with gunpowder.
1981:were pillaged twice by a Song army commanded by
6155:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–153.
2993:
2767:
1741:
1384:in late 1130. Wuzhu advanced further west into
1038:
505:Surprised by news of an invasion, Song general
41:
2192:
1113:: "Jin were victorious only because they used
7364:
6251:
6143:; Tietze, Klaus-Peter (1994). "The Liao". In
6033:
6017:
5671:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–42.
2485:
2475:
2452:
2442:
2417:
2407:
2397:
2391:
2377:
2363:
2353:
2314:
2303:
2238:. One section of the Confucius family led by
2219:
2054:
2002:
1992:
1986:
1968:
1951:
1945:
1935:
1881:
1871:
1861:
1840:
1829:
1819:
1813:
1563:
1522:
1512:
1498:
1481:
1434:
1389:
1360:
1301:
1283:
1213:
1195:
1182:
999:
954:
862:
839:
380:
366:
262:
8:
6684:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
5606:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
5277:Hansen, Valerie; Curtis, Kenneth R. (2012).
5250:Hansen, Valerie; Curtis, Kenneth R. (2012).
3892:Paul Jakov Smith, Richard von Glahn (2020).
3726:, p. 298 (date of return to Hangzhou);
2298:, was used by the Song against the Jurchens
1292:west. On the western front, an army invaded
5345:, p. 31 (use of fire lance at De'an);
1890:Jin–Song war during the rise of the Mongols
1535:Song counteroffensive and the peace process
676:(907–1125), an empire ruled by the nomadic
7371:
7357:
7349:
7267:
6702:
6512:
6258:
6244:
6236:
5604:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
5413:
2268:Science and technology of the Song dynasty
1784:hostilities were instigated by chancellor
756:, who in 1115 became first emperor of the
603:in 1132 was the first recorded use of the
389:
269:
255:
247:
38:
18:Jurchen campaigns against the Song Dynasty
6110:Monstrosity and Chinese Cultural Identity
5280:Voyages in World History, Complete, Brief
5253:Voyages in World History, Volume I, Brief
1497:of the Song. Qi lost a battle at Outang (
983:(r. 1126–1127) in charge of the capital.
912:, on its way to the Song western capital
5970:Rossabi, Morris (1983). "Introduction".
4994:
4343:
4327:
4162:
2537:
1322:further south (February 4), but general
1124:
928:
611:. There were also reports of incendiary
448:
6220:
5492:
5477:
5465:
5453:
5441:
5437:
5409:
5385:
5330:
5093:
5057:
4339:
4323:
4065:, p. 687 (collusion never proven).
2521:
461:were a series of conflicts between the
68:1125–42, Jin conquest of northern China
7252:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
7177:Endless power transmitting chain drive
5045:
5021:
5006:
4990:
4978:
4966:
4954:
4942:
4930:
4882:
4848:
4800:
4768:
4727:
4710:
4674:
4650:
4607:
4540:
4507:
4495:
4454:
4437:
4425:
4398:
4292:
4273:
4242:
4230:
4218:
4203:
4191:
4174:
3864:
3775:
3751:
3566:
3562:
3535:
3488:
3447:
3431:
3410:
3322:
3310:
3274:
3262:
3247:
3235:
3192:
3188:
3164:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3068:
3056:
3008:
2981:
2965:
2929:
2882:
2867:
2846:
2842:
2830:
2826:
2802:
2786:
2755:
2736:
2712:
2683:
2654:
1326:'s (1086–1154) battle with Wuzhu near
348:
5928:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
5425:
5397:
5373:
5361:
5342:
4918:
4906:
4894:
4867:
4836:
4824:
4812:
4796:
4784:
4772:
4756:
4744:
4698:
4686:
4662:
4635:
4623:
4611:
4595:
4583:
4571:
4552:
4523:
4511:
4483:
4466:
4150:
4034:
3443:
3383:
3366:
3176:
3160:
3080:
3041:
3029:
2977:
2944:
2549:
1940:; 1164–1233), the chancellor of Song
1692:Song dynasty river ship armed with a
1388:, and drove as far south as Jiezhou (
705:a military defeat to the Liao in 1005
453:Map showing the Song-Jurchen Jin wars
7:
5033:
4373:The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China
4114:
4102:
4078:
4058:
4019:
4015:
4003:
3811:
3723:
3677:
3597:
3578:
3534:, p. 649 (willing to provoke);
3504:
3492:
3476:
3354:
3342:
3338:
3326:
3298:
3286:
3216:
2925:
2913:
2901:
2814:
2798:
2740:
2724:
2695:
2666:
2634:. Barnes & Noble. p. 3.21.
2561:
27:1125–1234 Jurchen campaigns in China
6040:China Cartographic Publishing House
5346:
5081:
5069:
4556:
4410:
4319:
4307:
4258:
4246:
4138:
4126:
4090:
4074:
4062:
4046:
3991:
3972:
3960:
3916:
3879:
3852:
3835:
3823:
3799:
3787:
3763:
3739:
3727:
3711:
3696:
3662:
3645:
3626:
3609:
3582:
3550:
3531:
3519:
3464:
3395:
3204:
2850:
2386:down onto the city below. In 1127,
2280:in 1132, shown in the Ming dynasty
2025:Mongol–Song conquest of Jurchen Jin
1696:catapult on its top deck, from the
1139:The enthronement of Emperor Gaozong
696:. To the south of the Liao lay the
120:Southern Song dynasty period begins
7452:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
5535:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
4355:
4245:, p. 241 (securing borders);
4061:, p. 303 (Jurchen pressure);
1372:(1097–1164), who was in charge of
1134:Southern retreat of the Song court
498:and the other to Bianjing (modern
25:
5997:. Council on East Asian Studies,
5602:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010) .
5510:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009).
5283:. Cengage Learning. p. 255.
5256:. Cengage Learning. p. 255.
2486:
2476:
2453:
2443:
2418:
2408:
2398:
2392:
2378:
2364:
2354:
2348:Early rudimentary bombs like the
2315:
2304:
2055:
2003:
1993:
1987:
1969:
1952:
1946:
1936:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1841:
1830:
1820:
1814:
1564:
1523:
1513:
1499:
1482:
1435:
1390:
1361:
1313:Meanwhile, on the eastern front,
1302:
1284:
1214:
1196:
1183:
1000:
975:. The Jurchen forces reached the
955:
863:
840:
834:Collapse of the Song–Jin alliance
6436:
6223:
5734:. In John Stewart Bowman (ed.).
5226:China in ancient and modern maps
5138:中华书局编辑部, ed. (1 January 1999).
2601:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2014).
2092:A medallion with writing in the
2080:Cultural and demographic changes
1356:a major defeat on Jurchen forces
1300:resided, and captured Hongzhou (
1241:, also fled south with Gaozong.
1129:Jin invasions of Song, 1126–1130
933:Jin invasions of Song, 1125–1126
572:, was unsuccessful. He lost the
80:1217–24, Jin–Song war after the
65:November 1125 – 9 February 1234
47:
7582:Wars involving the Song dynasty
7517:Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)
5624:(1994). "The Chin dynasty". In
4249:, p. 704 (indecisiveness).
3730:, p. 696 (renamed Lin'an).
2669:, pp. 64–65, 195, and 208.
2216:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
2204:Uprising of the Five Barbarians
432:
111:Jurchens conquer northern China
6678:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
6034:
6018:
5976:University of California Press
5934:Johns Hopkins University Press
5909:. Cambridge University Press.
5905:——— (1987).
5890:. Cambridge University Press.
5816:. Cambridge University Press.
5812:——— (2008).
5783:China as a Sea Power 1127–1368
5713:. Cambridge University Press.
5582:The Cambridge History of China
5533:Chase, Kenneth Warren (2003).
3083:, p. 53 (failed attack);
2441:. At the Jin siege of Qizhou (
2433:Gunpowder was also applied to
2230:
2214:Rebellion and the wars of the
2029:In February 1233, the Mongols
1627:, ratified on October 11, 1142
783:Liao Southern Capital, Yanjing
411:
381:
367:
1:
7113:Southern Song dynasty coinage
6029:The Historical Atlas of China
5694:. Stanford University Press.
5146:] (in Chinese). Beijing:
2505:Timeline of the Jin–Song wars
2286:firing pellets as projectiles
1577:and sent soldiers across the
1507:, against a Song army led by
811:War against the Northern Song
680:that included most of modern
631:, basing their legitimacy on
2853:, pp. 10–11 (location).
2242:Kong Duanyou moved south to
1354:. The latter even inflicted
1338:, and then further south to
688:, Northeast China, northern
77:1206–08, Song revanchist war
6525:Department of State Affairs
5955:. Oxford University Press.
5831:Mote, Frederick W. (1999).
5659:(1994). "Introduction". In
3933:. BRILL. pp. 555–556.
2994:Franke & Twitchett 1994
2768:Twitchett & Tietze 1994
2500:History of the Song dynasty
1927:besieged capital of Zhongdu
1808:Song armies led by general
1121:Wars with the Southern Song
7618:
6487:Bureau of Military Affairs
6170:Wilson, Thomas A. (1996).
6117:Turnbull, Stephen (2002).
5924:Partington, J. R. (1960).
5731:"China, Political History"
5709:Holcombe, Charles (2011).
5539:Cambridge University Press
5516:Princeton University Press
3087:, p. 639 (officials).
2265:
2031:took Kaifeng after a siege
2014:
1893:
1781:Yellow River flood in 1194
1665:
1659:
1612:
1538:
1296:, the area where the Song
1142:
1024:
814:
642:
513:abdicated and fled south.
114:Song court moves south to
29:
7395:Alliance Conducted at Sea
6434:
6359:Alliance Conducted at Sea
6349:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
5863:Murray, Julia K. (2010).
5740:Columbia University Press
5572:10.1017/S0041977X02000320
5185:. John Wiley & Sons.
2220:
2193:
2132:. All three scripts were
2126:Chinese family of scripts
908:through the mountains of
645:Alliance Conducted at Sea
639:Fragile Song–Jin alliance
592:, and collapsed in 1279.
443:
433:/suoŋ kˠiɪm t͡ɕiᴇnt͡ʃˠɛŋ/
388:
356:
286:
129:
57:
46:
6690:Four Great Books of Song
6177:Journal of Asian Studies
6023:
5886:Needham, Joseph (1954).
5837:Harvard University Press
5833:Imperial China: 900–1800
5686:Gernet, Jacques (1962).
5139:
5112:
5107:
2296:ancestors of the firearm
1896:Mongol invasion of China
1067:Reasons for Song failure
362:Traditional Chinese
30:Not to be confused with
7538:Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka
7447:1194 Yellow River flood
7380:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
6541:Secretariat-Chancellery
5993:Smith, Paul J. (1991).
4787:, pp. 827 and 829.
2075:Historical significance
1235:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
1021:Second siege of Kaifeng
715:In 1114, the chieftain
607:, an early ancestor of
467:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
376:Simplified Chinese
7172:Early Bessemer process
7140:Science and technology
6339:Nong Zhigao rebellions
5953:China in World History
5951:Ropp, Paul S. (2010).
5874:: 1–18. Archived from
5781:Lo, Jung-pang (2012),
5728:Hymes, Robert (2000).
5179:Guo, Rongxing (2011).
2430:during the same year.
2345:
2294:, one of the earliest
2287:
2097:
2026:
1918:
1835:of the war, capturing
1776:
1752:
1702:
1628:
1597:
1467:
1411:Da Qi invades the Song
1262:, by sailing down the
1130:
1076:
1053:
949:
934:
925:First siege of Kaifeng
830:
785:(modern-day Beijing).
760:
657:
655:National Palace Museum
454:
82:Mongol invasion of Jin
7577:13th century in China
7572:12th century in China
6560:Ministry of Personnel
6465:Imperial examinations
5789:Lorge, Peter (2005).
5148:Zhonghua Book Company
3929:Xiaonan Deng (2021).
3896:. BRILL. p. 74.
2368:) bombs propelled by
2330:
2275:
2091:
2043:defeated the Jurchens
2024:
1911:
1774:
1691:
1622:
1591:
1457:
1202:Emperor Taizu of Song
1128:
1115:iron-shielded cavalry
1074:
940:
932:
824:
751:
652:
590:target of the Mongols
531:north and south China
502:), the Song capital.
487:Allying with the Song
452:
87:1233–34, Jin fall to
71:1161–65, Jin emperor
6696:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
6470:Administrative units
6344:Song–Tibet relations
6319:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
4993:, pp. 239–240;
2801:, pp. 209–210;
2739:, pp. 628–630;
2339:is from the earlier
2011:Mongol–Song alliance
721:Jin "golden" dynasty
633:Confucian philosophy
7246:Forensic entomology
7207:Watertight bulkhead
7086:Joint-stock company
6580:Ministry of Justice
6565:Ministry of Revenue
6475:Sixteen Prefectures
6108:Yue, Isaac (2020).
6085:Tong, Yong (2012).
5416:, pp. 263–264.
5304:Deng, Gang (2002).
4981:, pp. 282–283.
4827:, pp. 828–829.
4689:, pp. 819–821.
4677:, pp. 251–252.
4638:, pp. 808–811.
4626:, pp. 803–804.
4498:, pp. 247–248.
4440:, pp. 245–247.
4413:, pp. 708–709.
4233:, pp. 240–241.
4141:, pp. 688–689.
3867:, pp. 230–232.
3838:, pp. 673–674.
3569:, pp. 571–572.
3413:, pp. 229–230.
3301:, pp. 207–208.
3277:, pp. 556–557.
3250:, pp. 232–233.
3151:, pp. 641–642.
2817:, pp. 209–210.
2208:An Lushan Rebellion
1736:Battle of Fei River
1655:
1250:from Yingtianfu to
961:Sixteen Prefectures
827:Jin emperor Taizong
736:Sixteen Prefectures
692:, and parts of the
491:Sixteen Prefectures
7522:Huining Prefecture
7440:Treaty of Shaoxing
7182:Astronomical clock
6389:Treaty of Shaoxing
6147:; Herbert Franke;
6145:Denis C. Twitchett
5999:Harvard University
5663:; Herbert Franke;
5661:Denis C. Twitchett
5628:; Herbert Franke;
5626:Denis C. Twitchett
5223:Yan, Ping (1998).
5119:] (in Chinese)
2346:
2288:
2118:Chinese literature
2114:Confucian Classics
2098:
2027:
1950:) and Hu Zaixing (
1919:
1777:
1761:wife, Lady Wulinda
1715:paddle-wheel ships
1705:The Song official
1703:
1656:Wanyan Liang's war
1645:Treaty of Shaoxing
1633:Treaty of Shaoxing
1629:
1625:Treaty of Shaoxing
1615:Treaty of Shaoxing
1609:Treaty of Shaoxing
1598:
1583:Battle of Yancheng
1545:Battle of Yancheng
1468:
1466:(1089–1151) fifth.
1221:The descendant of
1131:
1077:
950:
935:
831:
774:tributary payments
761:
752:Jurchen chieftain
658:
562:Treaty of Shaoxing
455:
412:Sòng Jīn zhànzhēng
338:Treaty of Shaoxing
73:Wanyan Liang's war
32:Battle of Song-Jin
7554:
7553:
7415:Jingkang incident
7346:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7261:Dream Pool Essays
7153:Gunpowder weapons
7066:
7065:
6593:
6592:
6585:Ministry of Works
6570:Ministry of Rites
6517:Three Departments
6354:Fang La rebellion
6334:Wang Ze rebellion
6162:978-0-521-24331-5
6132:978-1-78200-017-4
6123:Osprey Publishing
6100:978-1-59884-415-3
6076:978-0-521-81248-1
5985:978-0-520-04562-0
5978:. pp. 1–13.
5962:978-0-19-979876-6
5943:978-0-8018-5954-0
5916:978-0-521-30358-3
5897:978-0-521-05799-8
5857:978-0-674-01212-7
5823:978-0-521-84682-0
5804:978-0-203-96929-8
5772:978-0-521-81248-1
5753:978-0-231-11004-4
5720:978-0-521-51595-5
5701:978-0-8047-0720-6
5678:978-0-521-24331-5
5643:978-0-521-24331-5
5613:978-0-521-12433-1
5593:978-0-521-81248-1
5548:978-0-521-82274-9
5525:978-0-691-13589-2
5364:, pp. 31–32.
4559:, pp. 52–53.
3778:, pp. 22–23.
3754:, pp. 23–25.
3179:, pp. 53–54.
3044:, pp. 52–53.
2641:978-0-7607-1976-3
2466:recounted in the
2428:battle of Tangdao
2262:Gunpowder warfare
2159:Emperor Zhangzong
2134:working languages
2049:in 1234. General
1915:Jami' al-tawarikh
1803:Mandate of Heaven
1651:Further campaigns
1334:off the coast of
1258:and north of the
1027:Jingkang Incident
825:Modern statue of
666:Tungusic-speaking
629:Chinese dynasties
621:incendiary arrows
615:or the exploding
597:gunpowder weapons
529:. This separated
527:Jingkang Incident
447:
446:
439:
438:
399:Standard Mandarin
346:
345:
245:
244:
239:
231:
221:
205:
188:
181:
165:
157:
125:
124:
89:Mongol–Song siege
16:(Redirected from
7609:
7373:
7366:
7359:
7350:
7292:
7289:
7268:
7016:
7015: 1174–1189
7013:
6955:
6954: 1050–1080
6952:
6847:
6846: 1111–1117
6844:
6703:
6653:Longquan celadon
6621:Five Great Kilns
6513:
6440:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6237:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6219:
6209:
6166:
6149:John K. Fairbank
6141:Twitchett, Denis
6136:
6113:
6104:
6080:
6061:
6037:
6036:
6021:
6020:
6012:
5989:
5966:
5947:
5931:
5920:
5901:
5882:
5881:on 4 March 2016.
5880:
5869:
5850:
5827:
5808:
5785:
5776:
5757:
5733:
5724:
5705:
5693:
5682:
5665:John K. Fairbank
5657:Twitchett, Denis
5647:
5630:John K. Fairbank
5617:
5597:
5575:
5552:
5529:
5496:
5490:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5445:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5359:
5350:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5103:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4871:
4865:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4731:
4725:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4560:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4387:
4386:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4337:
4331:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4296:
4290:
4277:
4271:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4072:
4066:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4023:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3945:
3944:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3700:
3694:
3681:
3675:
3666:
3660:
3649:
3643:
3630:
3624:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3586:
3576:
3570:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3539:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3451:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3414:
3408:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3336:
3330:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3012:
3006:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2948:
2942:
2933:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2886:
2880:
2871:
2865:
2854:
2840:
2834:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2744:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2489:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2456:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2421:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2381:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2139:Chinese classics
2058:
2057:
2047:siege of Caizhou
2017:Siege of Caizhou
2006:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1972:
1971:
1967:and Dasan Pass (
1955:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1885:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1790:Emperor Ningzong
1750:
1711:Battle of Caishi
1662:Battle of Caishi
1567:
1566:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1485:
1484:
1438:
1437:
1393:
1392:
1364:
1363:
1305:
1304:
1287:
1286:
1217:
1216:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1185:
1088:'s expulsion as
1051:
1003:
1002:
958:
957:
900:Siege of Taiyuan
878:, they captured
866:
865:
843:
842:
694:Russian Far East
625:conquest dynasty
586:captured Caizhou
582:invading Mongols
574:Battle of Caishi
435:
434:
414:
413:
390:
384:
383:
370:
369:
349:
281:
271:
264:
257:
248:
237:
229:
219:
203:
186:
179:
163:
155:
59:
58:
51:
39:
21:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7606:
7557:
7556:
7555:
7550:
7488:
7383:
7377:
7347:
7338:
7290:
7266:
7222:Horner's method
7134:
7062:
7014:
6966:Emperor Huizong
6953:
6887:
6845:
6701:
6589:
6575:Ministry of War
6546:
6511:
6441:
6432:
6411:Mongol conquest
6329:Chanyuan Treaty
6289:Chenqiao mutiny
6270:
6264:
6234:
6224:
6222:
6214:
6212:
6190:10.2307/2646446
6169:
6163:
6139:
6133:
6116:
6107:
6101:
6084:
6077:
6064:
6050:
6025:
6015:
6009:
5992:
5986:
5969:
5963:
5950:
5944:
5923:
5917:
5904:
5898:
5885:
5878:
5867:
5862:
5847:
5830:
5824:
5811:
5805:
5788:
5780:
5773:
5760:
5754:
5727:
5721:
5708:
5702:
5685:
5679:
5653:Franke, Herbert
5651:
5644:
5622:Franke, Herbert
5620:
5614:
5601:
5594:
5578:
5555:
5549:
5532:
5526:
5509:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5491:
5484:
5476:
5472:
5464:
5460:
5452:
5448:
5440:, p. 156;
5436:
5432:
5424:
5420:
5414:Partington 1960
5412:, p. 156;
5408:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5384:
5380:
5372:
5368:
5360:
5353:
5341:
5337:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5237:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5193:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5158:
5150:. p. 761.
5141:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5122:
5120:
5114:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5092:
5088:
5080:
5076:
5068:
5064:
5056:
5052:
5044:
5040:
5032:
5028:
5020:
5013:
5005:
5001:
4989:
4985:
4977:
4973:
4965:
4961:
4953:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4929:
4925:
4917:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4893:
4889:
4881:
4874:
4866:
4855:
4847:
4843:
4835:
4831:
4823:
4819:
4811:
4807:
4799:, p. 827;
4795:
4791:
4783:
4779:
4771:, p. 259;
4767:
4763:
4755:
4751:
4743:
4734:
4726:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4657:
4649:
4642:
4634:
4630:
4622:
4618:
4610:, p. 248;
4606:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4570:
4563:
4555:, p. 796;
4551:
4547:
4539:
4530:
4522:
4518:
4506:
4502:
4494:
4490:
4482:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4453:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4417:
4409:
4405:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4354:
4350:
4342:, p. 166;
4338:
4334:
4326:, p. 166;
4322:, p. 706;
4318:
4314:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4280:
4272:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4241:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4198:
4190:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4073:
4069:
4057:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4033:
4026:
4014:
4010:
4002:
3998:
3990:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3959:
3948:
3941:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3684:
3676:
3669:
3661:
3652:
3644:
3633:
3625:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3589:
3581:, p. 293;
3577:
3573:
3561:
3557:
3549:
3542:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3511:
3503:
3499:
3491:, p. 230;
3487:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3463:
3454:
3442:
3438:
3430:
3417:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3341:, p. 208;
3337:
3333:
3325:, p. 615;
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3191:, p. 229;
3187:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3111:, p. 640;
3107:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3015:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2951:
2943:
2936:
2928:, p. 196;
2924:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2889:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2857:
2849:, p. 227;
2845:, p. 633;
2841:
2837:
2829:, p. 225;
2825:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2747:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2604:Emperor Huizong
2600:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2496:
2412:), also called
2300:besieging De'an
2270:
2264:
2190:
2188:Shiba Yoshinobu
2082:
2077:
2019:
2013:
1906:
1894:Main articles:
1892:
1769:
1767:Song revanchism
1757:Emperor Shizong
1751:
1748:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1653:
1617:
1611:
1547:
1539:Main articles:
1537:
1413:
1298:dowager empress
1254:, south of the
1247:
1171:Emperor Gaozong
1152:Zhang Bangchang
1147:
1141:
1136:
1123:
1069:
1052:
1045:
1029:
1023:
1010:
1008:Second campaign
973:Retired Emperor
942:Emperor Huizong
927:
902:
888:
859:Wanyan Zongwang
836:
819:
813:
684:, a portion of
670:Northeast China
647:
641:
523:imperial family
347:
342:
327:
282:
277:
275:
223:
209:Co-belligerents
207:
199:
190:
172:Co-belligerents
169:
168:
142:
102:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7615:
7613:
7605:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7559:
7558:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7548:
7545:History of Jin
7541:
7534:
7532:Yanqing Temple
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7500:Jurchen people
7496:
7494:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7449:
7444:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7402:
7397:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7384:
7378:
7376:
7375:
7368:
7361:
7353:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7330:
7324:
7318:
7312:
7306:
7300:
7294:
7291: 10th c.
7281:
7274:
7272:
7265:
7264:
7257:
7256:
7255:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7234:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7159:Wujing Zongyao
7155:
7144:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7088:
7083:
7076:
7074:
7068:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7036:
7030:
7024:
7018:
7005:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6975:
6969:
6963:
6957:
6944:
6938:
6932:
6926:
6920:
6914:
6908:
6902:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6885:
6879:
6873:
6867:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6836:
6830:
6824:
6818:
6812:
6809:Huang Tingjian
6806:
6800:
6794:
6788:
6782:
6776:
6770:
6764:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6709:
6707:
6700:
6699:
6692:
6687:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6618:
6613:
6607:
6605:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6556:
6554:
6552:Six Ministries
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6521:
6519:
6510:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6492:Qingli Reforms
6489:
6484:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6467:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6442:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6312:Gaoliang River
6309:
6304:
6299:
6291:
6285:
6283:
6272:
6271:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6240:
6233:
6232:
6211:
6210:
6184:(3): 559–584.
6167:
6161:
6137:
6131:
6114:
6105:
6099:
6082:
6075:
6062:
6048:
6013:
6007:
5990:
5984:
5967:
5961:
5948:
5942:
5921:
5915:
5902:
5896:
5883:
5860:
5845:
5828:
5822:
5809:
5803:
5786:
5778:
5771:
5758:
5752:
5725:
5719:
5706:
5700:
5683:
5677:
5649:
5642:
5618:
5612:
5599:
5592:
5576:
5566:(3): 529–543.
5553:
5547:
5530:
5524:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:, p. 170.
5482:
5480:, p. 156.
5470:
5458:
5456:, p. 166.
5446:
5444:, p. 134.
5430:
5428:, p. 168.
5418:
5402:
5390:
5388:, p. 222.
5378:
5366:
5351:
5335:
5333:, p. 238.
5323:
5316:
5296:
5290:978-1111352332
5289:
5269:
5263:978-1111352349
5262:
5242:
5235:
5215:
5198:
5192:978-0470826751
5191:
5171:
5157:978-7101017168
5156:
5130:
5098:
5086:
5084:, p. 699.
5074:
5072:, p. 701.
5062:
5050:
5038:
5036:, p. 461.
5026:
5024:, p. 533.
5011:
5009:, p. 250.
4999:
4997:, p. 129.
4983:
4971:
4969:, p. 282.
4959:
4957:, p. 310.
4947:
4945:, p. 271.
4935:
4933:, p. 306.
4923:
4911:
4909:, p. 858.
4899:
4887:
4885:, p. 264.
4872:
4870:, p. 856.
4853:
4851:, p. 261.
4841:
4839:, p. 829.
4829:
4817:
4815:, p. 828.
4805:
4803:, p. 538.
4789:
4777:
4775:, p. 829.
4761:
4759:, p. 827.
4749:
4747:, p. 822.
4732:
4730:, p. 259.
4715:
4713:, p. 254.
4703:
4701:, p. 821.
4691:
4679:
4667:
4665:, p. 812.
4655:
4653:, p. 249.
4640:
4628:
4616:
4614:, p. 805.
4600:
4598:, p. 800.
4588:
4586:, p. 796.
4576:
4574:, p. 805.
4561:
4545:
4543:, p. 248.
4528:
4526:, p. 799.
4516:
4500:
4488:
4486:, p. 793.
4471:
4469:, p. 791.
4459:
4457:, p. 247.
4442:
4430:
4428:, p. 244.
4415:
4403:
4401:, p. 243.
4388:
4381:
4369:Tao, Jing-shen
4360:
4358:, p. 166.
4348:
4332:
4312:
4310:, p. 707.
4297:
4295:, p. 242.
4278:
4276:, p. 241.
4263:
4261:, p. 709.
4251:
4235:
4223:
4221:, p. 240.
4208:
4206:, p. 239.
4196:
4194:, p. 235.
4179:
4177:, p. 234.
4167:
4165:, p. 175.
4155:
4143:
4131:
4129:, p. 687.
4119:
4117:, p. 301.
4107:
4105:, p. 299.
4095:
4093:, p. 686.
4083:
4067:
4051:
4049:, p. 684.
4039:
4024:
4008:
4006:, p. 303.
3996:
3994:, p. 682.
3977:
3975:, p. 679.
3965:
3963:, p. 677.
3946:
3939:
3921:
3919:, p. 676.
3909:
3902:
3884:
3882:, p. 675.
3869:
3857:
3855:, p. 674.
3840:
3828:
3826:, p. 673.
3816:
3804:
3802:, p. 662.
3792:
3790:, p. 661.
3780:
3768:
3766:, p. 697.
3756:
3744:
3742:, p. 696.
3732:
3716:
3714:, p. 660.
3701:
3699:, p. 655.
3682:
3680:, p. 298.
3667:
3665:, p. 658.
3650:
3648:, p. 657.
3631:
3629:, p. 654.
3614:
3612:, p. 652.
3602:
3600:, p. 293.
3587:
3585:, p. 650.
3571:
3555:
3553:, p. 650.
3540:
3524:
3522:, p. 649.
3509:
3507:, p. 292.
3497:
3495:, p. 197.
3481:
3479:, p. 291.
3469:
3467:, p. 647.
3452:
3446:, p. 54;
3436:
3434:, p. 230.
3415:
3400:
3398:, p. 646.
3388:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3331:
3329:, p. 208.
3315:
3313:, p. 615.
3303:
3291:
3289:, p. 207.
3279:
3267:
3265:, p. 614.
3252:
3240:
3238:, p. 232.
3221:
3219:, p. 197.
3209:
3197:
3195:, p. 642.
3181:
3169:
3167:, p. 642.
3163:, p. 53;
3153:
3141:
3139:, p. 641.
3129:
3127:, p. 640.
3117:
3115:, p. 229.
3101:
3099:, p. 639.
3089:
3073:
3071:, p. 638.
3061:
3059:, p. 229.
3046:
3034:
3013:
3011:, p. 637.
2998:
2986:
2984:, p. 636.
2970:
2968:, p. 636.
2949:
2934:
2932:, p. 636.
2918:
2916:, p. 210.
2906:
2904:, p. 196.
2887:
2885:, p. 634.
2872:
2870:, p. 633.
2855:
2835:
2833:, p. 632.
2819:
2807:
2805:, p. 632.
2791:
2789:, p. 632.
2772:
2770:, p. 149.
2760:
2758:, p. 630.
2745:
2743:, p. 209.
2729:
2727:, p. 209.
2717:
2715:, p. 629.
2700:
2698:, p. 208.
2688:
2686:, p. 628.
2671:
2659:
2657:, p. 221.
2647:
2640:
2620:
2614:978-0674726420
2613:
2593:
2586:
2566:
2564:, p. 116.
2554:
2552:, p. 136.
2542:
2540:, p. 129.
2520:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2468:Xinsi Qi Qi Lu
2461:"), which had
2342:Wujing Zongyao
2266:Main article:
2263:
2260:
2231:yì guān nán dù
2130:Jurchen script
2110:imperial exams
2094:Jurchen script
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2039:Emperor Aizong
2015:Main article:
2012:
2009:
1942:Emperor Lizong
1891:
1888:
1839:and Guanghua (
1768:
1765:
1746:
1699:Wujing Zongyao
1660:Main article:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1613:Main article:
1610:
1607:
1536:
1533:
1529:Emperor Xizong
1412:
1409:
1306:, present-day
1246:
1245:The move south
1243:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1122:
1119:
1068:
1065:
1043:
1025:Main article:
1022:
1019:
1009:
1006:
926:
923:
901:
898:
887:
886:First campaign
884:
855:Wanyan Zonghan
835:
832:
812:
809:
640:
637:
601:siege of De'an
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
429:
427:Middle Chinese
423:
422:
420:Middle Chinese
416:
415:
408:
402:
401:
395:
394:
393:Transcriptions
386:
385:
378:
372:
371:
364:
358:
357:
354:
353:
344:
343:
341:
340:
335:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
287:
284:
283:
276:
274:
273:
266:
259:
251:
243:
242:
241:
240:
232:
211:
191:
175:
167:
166:
158:
149:
132:
131:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
112:
108:
104:
103:
100:
98:
94:
93:
92:
91:
85:
78:
75:
69:
63:
55:
54:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7614:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7592:1130s in Asia
7590:
7588:
7587:1120s in Asia
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7567:Jin–Song Wars
7565:
7564:
7562:
7547:
7546:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7491:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7420:Huangtiandang
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7405:Jin–Song Wars
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7381:
7374:
7369:
7367:
7362:
7360:
7355:
7354:
7351:
7334:
7331:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7253:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7238:Yingzao Fashi
7235:
7233:
7232:Liaodi Pagoda
7230:
7229:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7217:Tianchi basin
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7130:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7069:
7058:
7055:
7052:
7049:
7046:
7043:
7040:
7039:Zhao Mengjian
7037:
7034:
7031:
7028:
7027:Wuzhun Shifan
7025:
7022:
7019:
7009:
7006:
7003:
7000:
6997:
6994:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6958:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6927:
6924:
6921:
6918:
6915:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6883:
6880:
6877:
6874:
6871:
6868:
6865:
6862:
6859:
6856:
6853:
6850:
6840:
6837:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6542:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6518:
6514:
6508:
6507:Three Bureaus
6505:
6503:
6502:Baojia system
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6439:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6374:Huangtiandang
6372:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6364:Jin–Song Wars
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6324:Song–Xia wars
6322:
6320:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6307:Southern Tang
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6268:
6261:
6256:
6254:
6249:
6247:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6231:
6221:
6217:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6115:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6072:
6068:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6049:7-5031-0385-X
6045:
6041:
6031:
6030:
6016:Tan, Qixiang
6014:
6010:
6008:0-674-40641-9
6004:
6000:
5996:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5968:
5964:
5958:
5954:
5949:
5945:
5939:
5935:
5930:
5929:
5922:
5918:
5912:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5893:
5889:
5884:
5877:
5873:
5866:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5851:(hardcover);
5848:
5846:0-674-44515-5
5842:
5838:
5834:
5829:
5825:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5768:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5732:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5712:
5707:
5703:
5697:
5692:
5691:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5645:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5583:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5560:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5494:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5403:
5400:, p. 36.
5399:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5382:
5379:
5376:, p. 35.
5375:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5324:
5319:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5300:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5273:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5246:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5219:
5216:
5211:
5210:
5202:
5199:
5194:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5175:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5144:Quan Tang shi
5134:
5131:
5118:
5110:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5063:
5060:, p. 10.
5059:
5054:
5051:
5048:, p. 25.
5047:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4995:Holcombe 2011
4992:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4924:
4921:, p. 36.
4920:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4900:
4897:, p. 73.
4896:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4382:0-295-95514-7
4378:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4349:
4346:, p. 46.
4345:
4344:Turnbull 2002
4341:
4336:
4333:
4330:, p. 46.
4329:
4328:Turnbull 2002
4325:
4321:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4163:Beckwith 2009
4159:
4156:
4153:, p. 34.
4152:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4037:, p. 56.
4036:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3940:9789004473270
3936:
3932:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3903:9781684173815
3899:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:, p. 3;
3564:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3450:, p. 22.
3449:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3386:, p. 54.
3385:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3369:, p. 16.
3368:
3363:
3360:
3357:, p. 71.
3356:
3351:
3348:
3345:, p. 71.
3344:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3207:, p. 44.
3206:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3032:, p. 53.
3031:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2996:, p. 39.
2995:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2947:, p. 52.
2946:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2538:Holcombe 2011
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2483:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2321:siege engines
2311:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:Duke Yansheng
2237:
2233:
2227:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:Chinese chess
2145:, and played
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:Khitan script
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1943:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1887:
1877:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1827:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1721:, armed with
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1594:Summer Palace
1592:Mural in the
1590:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1520:
1510:
1506:
1503:), in modern
1496:
1493:
1489:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:Yangtze River
1257:
1253:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:Duke Yansheng
1228:
1224:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
997:
992:
990:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
964:
962:
947:
943:
939:
931:
924:
922:
919:
915:
911:
907:
899:
897:
895:
894:
885:
883:
881:
877:
873:
868:
860:
856:
852:
847:
833:
828:
823:
818:
810:
808:
805:
799:
796:
792:
786:
784:
780:
775:
770:
766:
759:
755:
750:
746:
744:
741:
737:
733:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
710:
706:
702:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
656:
651:
646:
638:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
543:Southern Song
540:
539:Northern Song
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:Jin–Song Wars
451:
442:
430:
428:
424:
421:
417:
409:
407:
403:
400:
396:
391:
387:
379:
377:
373:
365:
363:
359:
355:
352:Jin–Song wars
350:
339:
336:
334:
330:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
300:Huangtiandang
298:
296:
292:
289:
288:
285:
280:
279:Jin–Song Wars
272:
267:
265:
260:
258:
253:
252:
249:
236:
233:
228:
225:
224:
222:
218:
217:Mongol Empire
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:Mongol Empire
198:
197:
192:
189:
185:
178:
174:
173:
162:
159:
154:
151:
150:
148:
147:
146:puppet states
141:
140:
139:
134:
133:
128:
119:
117:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
99:
96:
95:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
74:
70:
67:
66:
64:
61:
60:
56:
50:
45:
42:Jin–Song Wars
40:
37:
33:
19:
7602:1134 in Asia
7597:1125 in Asia
7543:
7536:
7333:Guo Shoujing
7259:
7250:
7236:
7227:Architecture
7212:Fishing reel
7187:Movable type
7157:
7127:
7021:Zhou Jichang
6972:Zhang Zeduan
6821:Zhou Bangyan
6713:Fan Zhongyan
6694:
6682:
6668:Yaozhou ware
6663:Qingbai ware
6497:New Policies
6302:Southern Han
6293:Unification
6267:Song dynasty
6181:
6175:
6152:
6118:
6109:
6087:China at War
6086:
6066:
6027:
5994:
5971:
5952:
5927:
5906:
5887:
5876:the original
5871:
5859:(paperback).
5832:
5813:
5790:
5782:
5762:
5735:
5710:
5689:
5668:
5633:
5603:
5580:
5563:
5557:
5534:
5511:
5503:Bibliography
5493:Needham 1987
5478:Needham 1987
5473:
5466:Needham 1987
5461:
5454:Needham 1987
5449:
5442:Needham 1954
5438:Needham 1987
5433:
5421:
5410:Needham 1987
5405:
5393:
5386:Needham 1987
5381:
5369:
5338:
5331:Needham 1987
5326:
5306:
5299:
5279:
5272:
5252:
5245:
5225:
5218:
5212:. DeepLogic.
5208:
5201:
5181:
5174:
5143:
5133:
5121:. Retrieved
5116:
5101:
5096:, p. 8.
5094:Rossabi 1983
5089:
5077:
5065:
5058:Rossabi 1983
5053:
5041:
5029:
5002:
4986:
4974:
4962:
4950:
4938:
4926:
4914:
4902:
4890:
4844:
4832:
4820:
4808:
4792:
4780:
4764:
4752:
4706:
4694:
4682:
4670:
4658:
4631:
4619:
4603:
4591:
4579:
4548:
4519:
4503:
4491:
4462:
4433:
4406:
4372:
4363:
4351:
4340:Needham 1987
4335:
4324:Needham 1987
4315:
4254:
4238:
4226:
4199:
4170:
4158:
4146:
4134:
4122:
4110:
4098:
4086:
4070:
4054:
4042:
4011:
3999:
3968:
3930:
3924:
3912:
3893:
3887:
3860:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3759:
3747:
3735:
3719:
3605:
3574:
3558:
3527:
3500:
3484:
3472:
3439:
3391:
3362:
3350:
3334:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3282:
3270:
3243:
3212:
3200:
3184:
3172:
3156:
3144:
3132:
3120:
3104:
3092:
3076:
3064:
3037:
2989:
2973:
2921:
2909:
2838:
2822:
2810:
2794:
2763:
2732:
2720:
2691:
2662:
2650:
2630:
2623:
2603:
2596:
2576:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2481:
2471:
2467:
2458:
2448:
2439:early rocket
2432:
2413:
2403:
2387:
2384:siege towers
2373:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2289:
2281:
2256:
2229:
2201:
2180:
2171:Yuan dynasty
2167:
2163:
2155:
2106:Confucianism
2099:
2083:
2028:
1962:
1920:
1913:
1904:Song dynasty
1878:
1855:
1849:near modern
1807:
1778:
1753:
1742:
1704:
1697:
1677:
1673:Wanyan Liang
1671:
1641:
1630:
1603:
1599:
1579:Yellow River
1548:
1509:Yang Qizhong
1469:
1464:Han Shizhong
1449:conscription
1424:
1420:under Heaven
1414:
1405:
1367:
1352:Han Shizhong
1312:
1290:
1248:
1220:
1206:
1192:
1164:
1148:
1107:Central Asia
1095:
1082:Confucianism
1078:
1054:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1015:
1011:
993:
985:
977:Yellow River
965:
951:
903:
891:
889:
876:Ordos Desert
869:
837:
800:
787:
762:
754:Wanyan Aguda
717:Wanyan Aguda
714:
674:Liao dynasty
659:
616:
612:
594:
570:Wanyan Liang
554:Han Shizhong
547:
504:
483:Liao dynasty
475:Song dynasty
458:
456:
406:Hanyu Pinyin
333:Sea Alliance
328:
290:
215:
208:
196:Song dynasty
194:
193:
182:
170:
143:
136:
135:
130:Belligerents
36:
7505:Wanyan clan
7472:Sanfengshan
7462:Dachangyuan
7335:(1231–1316)
7329:(1202–1261)
7327:Qin Jiushao
7323:(1192-1279)
7317:(1186–1249)
7311:(1031–1095)
7305:(1020–1101)
7299:(1010–1070)
7284:Zhang Sixun
7129:Zhu Fan Zhi
7118:Champa rice
7082:(1021–1086)
7059:(1235–1305)
7053:(1222–1307)
7047:(1210–1269)
7041:(1199–1295)
7035:(1190–1230)
7029:(1178–1249)
7008:Lin Tinggui
7004:(1140–1210)
6998:(1120–1182)
6992:(1100–1197)
6986:(1096–1119)
6984:Wang Ximeng
6980:(1094-1172)
6974:(1085–1145)
6968:(1082–1135)
6962:(1051–1107)
6943:(1049–1106)
6937:(1036–1093)
6931:(1020–1090)
6925:(1019–1079)
6919:(1000–1064)
6884:(1170–1231)
6878:(1140–1207)
6872:(1130–1200)
6866:(1127–1206)
6860:(1126–1193)
6858:Fan Chengda
6854:(1125–1209)
6835:(1085–1144)
6829:(1084–1155)
6827:Li Qingzhao
6823:(1056–1121)
6817:(1047–1126)
6811:(1045–1105)
6805:(1039–1112)
6799:(1037–1101)
6793:(1033–1107)
6787:(1032–1085)
6781:(1022–1077)
6775:(1019–1086)
6769:(1019–1083)
6763:(1017–1073)
6757:(1012–1067)
6751:(1011–1077)
6745:(1009–1066)
6739:(1007–1072)
6733:(1002–1060)
6731:Mei Yaochen
6658:Cizhou ware
6535:Chancellery
6530:Secretariat
6458:Family tree
6416:Diaoyucheng
6081:(hardcover)
6038:. Beijing:
5777:(hardcover)
5742:. pp.
5648:(hardcover)
5598:(hardcover)
5123:20 December
5046:Gernet 1962
5022:Coblin 2002
5007:Franke 1994
4991:Franke 1994
4979:Franke 1994
4967:Franke 1994
4955:Franke 1994
4943:Franke 1994
4931:Franke 1994
4883:Franke 1994
4849:Franke 1994
4801:Levine 2009
4769:Franke 1994
4728:Franke 1994
4711:Franke 1994
4675:Franke 1994
4651:Franke 1994
4608:Franke 1994
4541:Franke 1994
4508:Franke 1994
4496:Franke 1994
4455:Franke 1994
4438:Franke 1994
4426:Franke 1994
4399:Franke 1994
4293:Franke 1994
4274:Franke 1994
4243:Franke 1994
4231:Franke 1994
4219:Franke 1994
4204:Franke 1994
4192:Franke 1994
4175:Franke 1994
3865:Franke 1994
3776:Gernet 1962
3752:Gernet 1962
3567:Wilson 1996
3563:Murray 2010
3536:Franke 1994
3489:Franke 1994
3448:Gernet 1962
3432:Franke 1994
3411:Franke 1994
3323:Levine 2009
3311:Levine 2009
3275:Levine 2009
3263:Levine 2009
3248:Franke 1994
3236:Franke 1994
3193:Levine 2009
3189:Franke 1994
3165:Levine 2009
3149:Levine 2009
3137:Levine 2009
3125:Levine 2009
3113:Franke 1994
3109:Levine 2009
3097:Levine 2009
3085:Levine 2009
3069:Levine 2009
3057:Franke 1994
3009:Levine 2009
2982:Levine 2009
2966:Levine 2009
2930:Levine 2009
2883:Levine 2009
2868:Levine 2009
2847:Franke 1994
2843:Levine 2009
2831:Levine 2009
2827:Franke 1994
2803:Levine 2009
2787:Levine 2009
2756:Levine 2009
2737:Levine 2009
2713:Levine 2009
2684:Levine 2009
2655:Franke 1994
2414:pili huopao
2404:pili huoqiu
2352:fire bomb (
2333:pili huoqiu
2283:Huolongjing
2236:Li Qingzhao
2124:, from the
1900:Jin dynasty
1826:Xuyi County
1794:irredentist
1788:. The Song
1786:Han Tuozhou
1725:that fired
1678:casus belli
1264:Grand Canal
893:casus belli
791:Western Xia
758:Jin dynasty
740:Shatuo Turk
701:Song Empire
698:Han Chinese
686:North China
235:Eastern Xia
227:Western Xia
184:Eastern Xia
177:Western Xia
138:Jin dynasty
7561:Categories
7280:(972–1051)
7197:Pound lock
7123:Nanhai One
7080:Wang Anshi
6978:Su Hanchen
6941:Li Gonglin
6911:Zhao Chang
6907:(970–1053)
6905:Xu Daoning
6901:(960–1030)
6882:Zhao Rukuo
6864:Yang Wanli
6773:Sima Guang
6761:Zhou Dunyi
6737:Ouyang Xiu
6727:(998–1061)
6721:(991–1055)
6715:(989–1052)
6446:Government
5426:Ebrey 2010
5398:Lorge 2008
5374:Lorge 2008
5362:Chase 2003
5343:Chase 2003
5317:1134716567
5236:0856674133
4919:Hymes 2000
4907:Davis 2009
4895:Lorge 2005
4868:Davis 2009
4837:Davis 2009
4825:Davis 2009
4813:Davis 2009
4797:Davis 2009
4785:Davis 2009
4773:Davis 2009
4757:Davis 2009
4745:Davis 2009
4699:Davis 2009
4687:Davis 2009
4663:Davis 2009
4636:Davis 2009
4624:Davis 2009
4612:Davis 2009
4596:Davis 2009
4584:Davis 2009
4572:Davis 2009
4553:Davis 2009
4524:Davis 2009
4512:Davis 2009
4484:Davis 2009
4467:Davis 2009
4151:Hymes 2000
4035:Lorge 2005
3444:Lorge 2005
3384:Lorge 2005
3367:Smith 1991
3177:Lorge 2005
3161:Lorge 2005
3081:Lorge 2005
3042:Lorge 2005
3030:Lorge 2005
2978:Lorge 2005
2945:Lorge 2005
2587:0791422739
2550:Ebrey 2010
2511:References
2358:) and the
2292:fire lance
2212:Huang Chao
2197:, b. 1930)
2175:Marco Polo
2061:Emperor Mo
2037:. In 1233
1932:Shi Miyuan
1799:revanchist
1723:trebuchets
1666:See also:
1637:Huai River
1256:Huai River
1143:See also:
1090:chancellor
1086:Wang Anshi
815:See also:
643:See also:
605:fire lance
578:revanchism
566:Huai River
7271:Inventors
7148:Gunpowder
7057:Qian Xuan
7023:(12th c.)
7002:Liang Kai
6996:Zhao Boju
6935:Wang Shen
6917:Yi Yuanji
6913:(10th c.)
6785:Cheng Hao
6779:Zhang Zai
6767:Zeng Gong
6755:Cai Xiang
6749:Shao Yong
6673:Jian ware
6636:Guan ware
6626:Ding ware
6421:Xiangyang
6297:Later Shu
6206:162848825
6058:297417784
6022:(1982).
5795:Routledge
5206:Li, Shi.
5034:Mote 1999
4115:Mote 1999
4103:Mote 1999
4079:Mote 1999
4059:Mote 1999
4020:Tong 2012
4016:Mote 1999
4004:Mote 1999
3812:Mote 1999
3724:Mote 1999
3678:Mote 1999
3598:Mote 1999
3579:Mote 1999
3505:Mote 1999
3493:Mote 1999
3477:Mote 1999
3355:Ropp 2010
3343:Ropp 2010
3339:Mote 1999
3327:Mote 1999
3299:Mote 1999
3287:Mote 1999
3217:Mote 1999
2926:Mote 1999
2914:Mote 1999
2902:Mote 1999
2815:Mote 1999
2799:Mote 1999
2741:Mote 1999
2725:Mote 1999
2696:Mote 1999
2667:Mote 1999
2562:Mote 1999
2516:Citations
2463:cast iron
2449:tiehuopao
2370:trebuchet
2308:; modern
2102:sinicized
2069:Guangdong
2051:Meng Gong
1983:Zhao Fang
1847:Han River
1845:; on the
1727:gunpowder
1719:Song navy
1707:Yu Yunwen
1694:trebuchet
1683:Ma'anshan
1575:Zhengzhou
1552:Censorate
1519:Zhang Jun
1486:, modern
1477:Han River
1473:Xiangyang
1394:, modern
1370:Zhang Jun
1324:Zhang Jun
1239:Zhang Zai
1223:Confucius
1187:; modern
765:Bohai Sea
743:Later Jin
732:Tong Guan
617:tiehuopao
519:indemnity
507:Tong Guan
238:(1215–22)
230:(1210–19)
220:(1211–33)
204:(1233–34)
180:(1225–27)
164:(1133–37)
7512:Jiaochao
7493:See also
7467:Daohuigu
7457:Yehuling
7425:Yancheng
7410:Timeline
7400:Military
7309:Shen Kuo
7297:Jia Xian
7278:Bi Sheng
7202:Dry dock
7091:Banknote
7051:Gong Kai
6923:Wen Tong
6899:Fan Kuan
6892:Painters
6876:Xin Qiji
6833:Zhu Bian
6815:Cai Jing
6791:Cheng Yi
6641:Jun ware
6611:Religion
6482:Military
6453:Emperors
6384:Yancheng
6369:Jingkang
6280:Timeline
6151:(eds.).
6091:ABC-CLIO
5667:(eds.).
5632:(eds.).
5347:Tao 2009
5166:48425140
5117:Han Dian
5082:Tao 2009
5070:Tao 2009
4557:Tan 1982
4411:Tao 2009
4320:Tao 2009
4308:Tao 2009
4259:Tao 2009
4247:Tao 2009
4139:Tao 2009
4127:Tao 2009
4091:Tao 2009
4075:Tao 2009
4063:Tao 2009
4047:Tao 2009
3992:Tao 2009
3973:Tao 2009
3961:Tao 2009
3917:Tao 2009
3880:Tao 2009
3853:Tao 2009
3836:Tao 2009
3824:Tao 2009
3800:Tao 2009
3788:Tao 2009
3764:Tao 2009
3740:Tao 2009
3728:Tao 2009
3712:Tao 2009
3697:Tao 2009
3663:Tao 2009
3646:Tao 2009
3627:Tao 2009
3610:Tao 2009
3583:Tao 2009
3551:Tao 2009
3532:Tao 2009
3520:Tao 2009
3465:Tao 2009
3396:Tao 2009
3205:Yue 2020
2851:Tan 1982
2494:See also
2457:, "iron
2141:, drank
1979:Tangzhou
1975:Dengzhou
1965:Xihezhou
1851:Laohekou
1810:Bi Zaiyu
1747:—
1495:circuits
1336:Zhejiang
1320:Shaoxing
1308:Nanchang
1280:Du Chong
1268:Hangzhou
1252:Yangzhou
1189:Shangqiu
1179:Shandong
1160:militias
1059:(modern
1044:—
969:New Year
846:Pingzhou
682:Mongolia
662:Jurchens
609:firearms
535:Hangzhou
469:and the
329:Treaties
310:Yancheng
295:Jingkang
97:Location
7527:Zhongdu
7482:Caizhou
7477:Kaifeng
7430:Tangdao
7388:History
7315:Song Ci
7303:Su Song
7192:Compass
7072:Economy
7033:Li Song
6947:Cui Bai
6725:Song Qi
6719:Yan Shu
6706:Writers
6646:Ru ware
6631:Ge ware
6603:Society
6599:Culture
6404:Caizhou
6394:Tangdao
6276:History
6198:2646446
6035:宋·辽·金时期
6024:中国历史地图集
4356:Lo 2012
2482:pidapao
2416:bombs (
2151:Beijing
2112:on the
2045:at the
2035:Caizhou
1999:Li Quan
1958:Suizhou
1923:Mongols
1868:An Bing
1837:Zaoyang
1732:arsenic
1717:of the
1541:Yue Fei
1492:Huainan
1460:Yue Fei
1416:Qin Hui
1378:Sichuan
1374:Shaanxi
1348:Yue Fei
1340:Wenzhou
1332:islands
1294:Jiangxi
1276:Nanjing
1210:Zong Ze
1193:xingzai
1111:cavalry
1057:Huining
1048:Kaifeng
996:Li Gang
981:Qinzong
946:Kaifeng
914:Luoyang
906:Taiyuan
880:Tianzuo
851:Taizong
795:Fang La
769:Kaifeng
725:Huizong
678:Khitans
664:were a
558:Gaozong
550:Yue Fei
515:Qinzong
511:Huizong
500:Kaifeng
496:Taiyuan
463:Jurchen
325:Caizhou
315:Tangdao
291:Battles
213:Khitans
84:in 1211
7435:Caishi
7382:topics
7101:Guanzi
7096:Jiaozi
6929:Guo Xi
6870:Zhu Xi
6852:Lu You
6839:Zhu Yu
6803:Su Zhe
6797:Su Shi
6743:Su Xun
6616:Poetry
6399:Caishi
6269:topics
6216:Portal
6204:
6196:
6159:
6129:
6097:
6073:
6056:
6046:
6005:
5982:
5959:
5940:
5913:
5894:
5855:
5843:
5820:
5801:
5769:
5750:
5717:
5698:
5675:
5640:
5610:
5590:
5545:
5522:
5314:
5287:
5260:
5233:
5189:
5164:
5154:
4379:
3937:
3900:
2638:
2611:
2584:
2472:huopao
2459:huopao
2435:arrows
2388:huopao
2374:huopao
2360:huopao
2350:huopao
2337:huoqiu
2252:Zengzi
2244:Quzhou
2228::
2226:pinyin
1902:, and
1713:. The
1570:Fuyang
1560:Liu Qi
1445:Daming
1431:Liu Yu
1344:Suzhou
1328:Ningbo
1229:, the
1177:, and
1167:Cizhou
1156:Da Chu
1145:Da Chu
1061:Harbin
989:Hejian
910:Shanxi
872:Tangut
779:Datong
729:eunuch
709:ounces
613:huopao
599:. The
479:Khitan
320:Caishi
187:(1233)
156:(1127)
153:Da Chu
116:Lin'an
107:Result
7321:Li Ye
7106:Huizi
6990:Li Di
6960:Mi Fu
6426:Yamen
6379:De'an
6230:China
6202:S2CID
6194:JSTOR
6026:[
5879:(PDF)
5868:(PDF)
5142:[
5115:[
2278:De'an
2183:Korea
1858:Wu Xi
1556:Wuzhu
1505:Anhui
1488:Hefei
1441:Jinan
1427:Da Qi
1400:Hubei
1386:Gansu
1382:Xi'an
1315:Wuzhu
1175:Henan
944:left
918:Hebei
804:taels
690:Korea
481:-led
473:-led
465:-led
305:De'an
161:Da Qi
101:China
7167:Coke
7045:Muqi
6601:and
6157:ISBN
6127:ISBN
6095:ISBN
6071:ISBN
6054:OCLC
6044:ISBN
6003:ISBN
5980:ISBN
5957:ISBN
5938:ISBN
5911:ISBN
5892:ISBN
5853:ISBN
5841:ISBN
5818:ISBN
5799:ISBN
5767:ISBN
5748:ISBN
5744:3–78
5715:ISBN
5696:ISBN
5673:ISBN
5638:ISBN
5608:ISBN
5588:ISBN
5543:ISBN
5520:ISBN
5312:ISBN
5285:ISBN
5258:ISBN
5231:ISBN
5187:ISBN
5162:OCLC
5152:ISBN
5125:2020
5108:衣冠南渡
4377:ISBN
3935:ISBN
3898:ISBN
2636:ISBN
2609:ISBN
2582:ISBN
2424:lime
2419:霹靂火砲
2409:霹靂火球
2331:The
2310:Anlu
2248:Qufu
2221:衣冠南渡
2194:斯波義信
2065:fell
1977:and
1921:The
1543:and
1396:Wudu
1376:and
1350:and
1272:coup
1227:Qufu
1103:Tang
1101:and
864:完颜宗望
857:and
660:The
552:and
541:and
457:The
382:宋金战争
368:宋金戰爭
144:Jin
62:Date
7288:fl.
7012:fl.
6951:fl.
6843:fl.
6186:doi
6019:谭其骧
5568:doi
5140:全唐诗
5111:.
2487:皮大礮
2454:鐵火砲
2399:林之平
2224:" (
2143:tea
1970:大散關
1953:扈再興
1947:孟宗政
1937:史彌遠
1883:蘇師旦
1815:畢再遇
1514:楊沂中
1225:at
1184:應天府
1099:Han
956:郭藥師
494:to
471:Han
7563::
6200:.
6192:.
6182:55
6180:.
6174:.
6125:.
6121:.
6093:.
6089:.
6052:.
6042:.
6001:.
5974:.
5936:.
5932:.
5870:.
5839:.
5835:.
5797:.
5793:.
5746:.
5738:.
5655:;
5564:65
5562:.
5541:.
5537:.
5518:.
5514:.
5485:^
5354:^
5160:.
5113:汉典
5014:^
4875:^
4856:^
4735:^
4718:^
4643:^
4564:^
4531:^
4510:;
4474:^
4445:^
4418:^
4391:^
4300:^
4281:^
4266:^
4211:^
4182:^
4077:;
4027:^
4018:;
3980:^
3949:^
3872:^
3843:^
3704:^
3685:^
3670:^
3653:^
3634:^
3617:^
3590:^
3543:^
3512:^
3455:^
3418:^
3403:^
3374:^
3255:^
3224:^
3049:^
3016:^
3001:^
2980:;
2952:^
2937:^
2890:^
2875:^
2858:^
2775:^
2748:^
2703:^
2674:^
2524:^
2477:火礮
2444:蘄州
2393:火礮
2379:火礮
2365:火砲
2355:火礮
2316:陳規
2305:德安
2210:,
2206:,
2071:.
2056:孟珙
2004:李全
1994:蘄州
1988:趙方
1960:.
1898:,
1873:安丙
1863:吳曦
1842:光化
1831:楚州
1821:泗州
1565:劉錡
1524:酈瓊
1500:藕塘
1483:廬州
1436:劉豫
1391:階州
1362:張榮
1303:洪州
1285:杜充
1215:宗澤
1197:行在
1001:李剛
841:張覺
619:,
545:.
331::
293::
7372:e
7365:t
7358:v
7293:)
7286:(
7017:)
7010:(
6956:)
6949:(
6848:)
6841:(
6543:)
6539:(
6282:)
6278:(
6259:e
6252:t
6245:v
6218::
6208:.
6188::
6165:.
6135:.
6112:.
6103:.
6079:.
6060:.
6011:.
5988:.
5965:.
5946:.
5919:.
5900:.
5849:.
5826:.
5807:.
5775:.
5756:.
5723:.
5704:.
5681:.
5646:.
5616:.
5596:.
5574:.
5570::
5551:.
5528:.
5468:.
5320:.
5293:.
5266:.
5239:.
5195:.
5168:.
5127:.
4514:.
4385:.
4081:.
4022:.
3943:.
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998:(
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34:.
20:)
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