Jury trial - Knowledge (XXG)

1015:, which possessed an unlimited discretionary authority of fining, imprisoning, and inflicting corporal punishment, and whose jurisdiction extended to all sorts of offenses, contempts, and disorders, that lay not within reach of the common law. The members of this court consisted of the privy council and the judges; men who all of them enjoyed their offices during pleasure: And when the prince himself was present, he was the sole judge, and all the others could only interpose with their advice. There needed but this one court in any government, to put an end to all regular, legal, and exact plans of liberty. For who durst set himself in opposition to the crown and ministry, or aspire to the character of being a patron of freedom, while exposed to so arbitrary a jurisdiction? I much question, whether any of the absolute monarchies in Europe contain, at present, so illegal and despotic a tribunal. While so many terrors hung over the people, no jury durst have acquitted a man, when the court was resolved to have him condemned. The practice also, of not confronting witnesses to the prisoner, gave the crown lawyers all imaginable advantage against him. And, indeed, there scarcely occurs an instance, during all these reigns, that the sovereign, or the ministers, were ever disappointed in the issue of a prosecution. Timid juries, and judges who held their offices during pleasure, never failed to second all the views of the crown. And as the practice was anciently common of fining, imprisoning, or otherwise punishing the jurors, merely at the discretion of the court, for finding a verdict contrary to the direction of these dependent judges; it is obvious, that juries were then no manner of security to the liberty of the subject. 999:) were forbidden to sit on the trial jury for that crime. 25 Edward III stat 5., c3 (1353). Medieval juries were self-informing, in that individuals were chosen as jurors because they either knew the parties and the facts, or they had the duty to discover them. This spared the government the cost of fact-finding. Over time, English juries became less self-informing and relied more on the trial itself for information on the case. Jurors remained free to investigate cases on their own until the 17th century. Magna Carta being forgotten after a succession of benevolent reigns (or, more probably, reigns limited by the jury and the barons, and only under the rule of laws that the juries and barons found acceptable), the kings, through the royal judges, began to extend their control over the jury and the kingdom. In 662:

plebeian tribune, quaestor, triumvir capitalis, military tribune in any of the first four legions, or triumvir for granting and assigning lands, or who is or has been in the Senate, or who has fought or shall fight as a gladiator for hire ... or who has been condemned by the judicial process and a public trial whereby he cannot be enrolled in the Senate, or who is less than thirty or more than sixty years of age, or who does not have his residence in the city of Rome or within one mile of it, or who is the father, brother, or son of any above-described magistrate, or who is the father, brother, or son of a person who is or has been a member of the Senate, or who is overseas.

2165:. Some judicial experts had argued that a system of whites-only juries (as was the system at that time) was inherently prejudicial to 'non-white' defendants (the introduction of nonracial juries would have been a political impossibility at that time). More recently it has been argued that, apart from being a racially divided country, South African society was, and still is, characterised by significant class differences and disparities of income and wealth that could make re-introducing the jury system problematic. Arguments for and against the re-introduction of a jury system have been discussed by South African constitutional expert Professor 2607:. Most states' constitutions also grant the right of trial by jury in lesser criminal matters, though most have abrogated that right in offenses punishable by fine only. The Supreme Court has ruled that if imprisonment is for six months or less, trial by jury is not required, meaning a state may choose whether or not to permit trial by jury in such cases. Under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, if the defendant is entitled to a jury trial, they may waive their right to have a jury, but both the government (prosecution) and court must consent to the waiver. Several states require jury trials for all crimes, "petty" or not. 1729:

adjudicates in a panel which is composed of 1 professional judge as chair of the panel and 2 lay judges or 2 professional judges and 3 lay judges. Lay judges are elected by city councils and can be Hungarian citizens between the age of 30 and 70 years who have not been convicted. Non-professional judges have the same rights and responsibilities as professional judges, meaning that if they vote against the professional judge(s), their vote will decide the verdict. According to procedural laws, the youngest judge votes first and the chair of the panel votes last in case they reach a verdict through a vote.

1551:(1995 CarswellNB 313), there are limitations on the powers granted by Section 642. These powers are conferred specifically upon the judge, and the section does not confer a further discretion to delegate that power to others, such as the sheriff's officer, even with the consent of counsel. The Court said that to hold otherwise would nullify the rights of the accused and the prosecution to object to a person being excused inappropriately, and may also interfere with the rights of the parties to challenge for cause. The selection of an impartial jury is the basis of a fair trial. 1633:

trial. Justice Wright in the Court of First Instance held that there was no absolute right to a trial by jury and that the "decision as to whether an indictable offence be tried in the Court of First Instance by a judge and jury or in the District Court by a judge alone is the prerogative of the Secretary for Justice." Chiang issued a statement at the time saying "she was disappointed with the judgment because she has been deprived of a jury trial, an opportunity to be judged by her fellow citizens and the constitutional benefit protected by the Basic Law".

1210:, offences are classified as summary, indictable, or either way; jury trials are not available for summary offences (using instead a summary proceeding with a panel of three lay magistrates or a district judge sitting alone), unless they are tried alongside indictable or either way offences that are themselves tried by jury, but the defendant has a right to demand a jury trial for either way offences. The situation is similar in Scotland; whereas in Northern Ireland even summary offences carry a right to jury trial, with some exceptions. 2416:'s courts for more contentious inquests. All criminal juries consist of 12 jurors, those in a County Court having 8 jurors and Coroner's Court juries having between 7 and 11 members. Jurors must be between 18 and 75 years of age, and are selected at random from the register of voters. In the past a unanimous verdict was required. This has been changed so that, if the jury fails to agree after a given period, at the discretion of the judge they may reach a verdict by a 10–2 majority. This was designed to make it more difficult for 2760:

divorce litigation, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Wisconsin. Most of these limit the right to a jury to try issues regarding grounds or entitlement for divorce only. Texas provides jury trial rights most broadly, including even the right to a jury trial on questions regarding child custody. However, anyone who is charged with a criminal offense, breach of contract or federal offence has a Constitutional right to a trial by jury.

2692:, generally considered the pivotal case concerning the rights and powers of the jury, declared: "It is our deep and settled conviction, confirmed by a re-examination of the authorities that the jury, upon the general issue of guilty or not guilty in a criminal case, have the right, as well as the power, to decide, according to their own judgment and consciences, all questions, whether of law or of fact, involved in that issue." Jury determination of questions of law, sometimes called 2787:. Importantly, however, the Seventh Amendment does not guarantee a right to a civil jury trial in state courts (although most state constitutions guarantee such a right). The Seventh Amendment provides: "In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law." In 1584: 1565:(1994 2 SCR 951), it was held that an accused only has to show that they were excluded from a part of the trial that affected their vital interests, they do not have to demonstrate actual prejudice, just the potential for prejudice. As well, a valid waiver of such a right must be clear, unequivocal and done with full knowledge of the rights that the procedure was enacted to protect, as well as the effect that the waiver will have on those rights. 596:. In such large juries, they rule by majority. Juries were appointed by lot. Jurists cast a ceramic disk with an axle in its middle: the axle was either hollow or solid. Thus the way they voted was kept secret because the jurists would hold their disk by the axle by thumb and forefinger, thus hiding whether its axle was hollow or solid. Since Periclean times, jurists were compensated for their sitting in court, with the amount of one day's wages. 34: 404: 886:, the truth-teller, were learned in folk custom and in its intricate judicial procedure. A Danish town in England often had, as its main officers, twelve hereditary 'law men.' The Danes introduced the habit of making committees among the free men in court, which perhaps made England favorable ground for the future growth of the jury system out of a Frankish custom later introduced by the Normans." The English king 848: 969:, based on the customs and consent of John's subjects, and since they did not have Parliament in those times, this meant that neither the king nor the barons could make a law without the consent of the people. According to some sources, in the time of Edward III, "by the law of the land" had been substituted "by due process of law", which in those times was a trial by twelve peers. 2091:, for serious crimes the accused has the option of a jury trial consisting of 12 jurors. The number of jury trials remains small, at about 600 per year, out of about 1 million trials. A juror must be at least 25 years old, legally competent, and without a criminal record. The 12 jurors are selected by the prosecution and defense from a list of 30–40 eligible candidates. The 1508:, including those punishable by less than five years' imprisonment, though the right is only constitutionally enshrined for those offences punishable by five years' imprisonment or more. Generally, it is the accused person who is entitled to elect whether their trial will proceed by judge alone or by judge and jury; however, for the most severe criminal offences— 1629:, which can impose a sentence of up to seven years' imprisonment. This is despite the fact that all court rooms in the District Court have jury boxes. The lack of juries in the District Court has been severely criticized. Clive Grossman SC in a commentary in 2009 said conviction rates were "approaching those of North Korea". 2795:, he wrote, "t is a most important and valuable amendment; and places upon the high ground of constitutional right the inestimable privilege of a trial by jury in civil cases, a privilege scarcely inferior to that in criminal cases, which is conceded by all to be essential to political and civil liberty." 1900:

Juries only decide questions of fact; they have no role in criminal sentencing in criminal cases or awarding damages in libel cases. It is not necessary that a jury be unanimous in its verdict. In civil cases, a verdict may be reached by a majority of nine of the twelve members. In a criminal case, a

959:

No free man shall be captured, and or imprisoned, or disseised of his freehold, and or of his liberties, or of his free customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or in any way destroyed, nor will we proceed against him by force or proceed against him by arms, but by the lawful judgment of his peers, and or

929:

The Church banned participation of clergy in trial by ordeal in 1215. Without the legitimacy of religion, trial by ordeal collapsed. The juries under the assizes began deciding guilt as well as providing accusations. The same year, trial by jury became an explicit right in one of the most influential

758:

The system whereby citizens were tried by their peers chosen from the entire community in open court was gradually superseded by a system of professional judges in Germany, in which the process of investigation was more or less confidential and judgements were issued by judges appointed by the state.

2854:

There is not a United States constitutional right under the Seventh Amendment to a jury trial in state courts, but in practice, almost every state except Louisiana, which has a civil law legal tradition, permits jury trials in civil cases in state courts on substantially the same basis that they are

2731:

A civil jury is typically made up of 6 to 12 persons. In a civil case, the role of the jury is to listen to the evidence presented at a trial, to decide whether the defendant injured the plaintiff or otherwise failed to fulfill a legal duty to the plaintiff, and to determine what the compensation or

2723:

There has been much debate about the advantages and disadvantages of the jury system, the competence or lack thereof of jurors as fact-finders, and the uniformity or capriciousness of the justice they administer. The jury has been described by one author as "an exciting and gallant experiment in the

1243:

Robert Burns argues that the jury trial provides the discipline and rigor needed to limit raw discretion of judges and other bureaucrats. In particular, he praises the adversarial nature of the American system as a more effective way to uncover truths than the judge-led process in Europe. He further

1113:

In most common law jurisdictions, the jury is responsible for finding the facts of the case, while the judge determines the law. These "peers of the accused" are responsible for listening to a dispute, evaluating the evidence presented, deciding on the facts, and making a decision in accordance with

652:

performing many of the duties of a judge. High government officials and their relatives were barred from acting as judices, due to conflicts of interest. Those previously found guilty of serious crimes (felonies) were also barred as were gladiators for hire, who likely were hired to resolve disputes

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Only five of the 50 states require or permit jury trials for cases where the state is seeking to legally sever a parent-child relationship. Oklahoma, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. In Virginia, the jury is called an "advisory jury". The remaining 46 jurisdictions have case law or statutes

2470:

director of policy Isabella Sankey said that "This is a dangerous precedent. The right to jury trial isn't just a hallowed principle but a practice that ensures that one class of people don't sit in judgement over another and the public have confidence in an open and representative justice system."

2010:

New Zealand previously required jury verdicts to be passed unanimously, but since the passing of the Criminal Procedure Bill in 2009 the Juries Act 1981 has permitted verdicts to be passed by a majority of one less than the full jury (that is an 11–1 or a 10–1 majority) under certain circumstances.

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Many complex commercial cases are prosecuted in the District Court rather than before a jury in the High Court. In 2009, Lily Chiang, former chairwoman of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce, lost an application to have her case transferred from the District Court to the High Court for a jury

1536:

Criminal Code Section 642(1): If a full jury and alternate jurors cannot be provided, the court may order the sheriff or other proper officer, at the request of the prosecutor, to summon without delay as many people as the court directs for the purpose of providing a full jury and alternate jurors.

1213:

In the United States, because jury trials tend to be high profile, the general public tends to overestimate the frequency of jury trials. Approximately 150,000 jury trials are conducted in state courts annually, and an additional 5,000 jury trials are conducted in federal courts. Two-thirds of jury

1023:

WHEREAS by the great charter many times confirmed in parliament, it is enacted, That no freeman shall be taken or imprisoned, or disseised of his freehold or liberties, or free customs, or be outlawed or exiled or otherwise destroyed, and that the King will not pass upon him, or condemn him; but by

2932:

In the years since this 2004 article, this practice has become pervasive in the US and, especially in online agreements, it has become commonplace to include such waivers to trial by jury in everything from user agreements attached to software downloads to merely browsing a website. This practice,

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For years, in an effort to avoid the slow-moving wheels of the U.S. judicial system, many American companies have forced their customers and employees to agree to settle disputes outside of the courts, through private arbitration ... but the rising cost of arbitration proceedings has led some

2798:

The Seventh Amendment does not guarantee or create any right to a jury trial; rather, it preserves the right to jury trial in the federal courts that existed in 1791 at common law. In this context, common law means the legal environment the United States inherited from England. In England in 1791,

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that allowed sentencing enhancement based on "a preponderance of evidence", where enhancement could be based on the judge's findings alone. A jury must be unanimous for either a guilty or not guilty decision. A hung jury results in the defendants release; however, charges against the defendant are

1614:

Hong Kong, as a former British colony has a common law legal system. Article 86 of Hong Kong's Basic Law, which came into force on 1 July 1997 following the handover of Hong Kong from Britain to China provides: "The principle of trial by jury previously practised in Hong Kong shall be maintained."

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provides that: "The trial on indictment of any offence against any law of the Commonwealth shall be by jury, and every such trial shall be held in the State where the offence was committed, and if the offence was not committed within any State the trial shall be held at such place or places as the

2006:

provides a defendant with the right to a jury trial if they are charged with a criminal offence punishable by two years' imprisonment or more. For most offences, the defendant can choose to forego a jury trial in favour of a judge-alone (bench) trial. Serious "category 4" offences such as murder,

1441:

Majority verdicts were introduced in New South Wales in 2006. In New South Wales, a majority verdict can only be returned if the jury consists of at least 11 jurors, and the deliberation has occurred for at least eight hours or for a period that the court considers reasonable having regard to the

1285:

were held in 1824, following a decision of the NSW Supreme Court on 14 October 1824. The NSW Constitution Act of 1828 effectively terminated trial by jury for criminal matters. Jury trials for criminal matters revived with the passing of the Jury Trials Amending Act of 1833 (NSW) (2 William IV No

1224:

Others contend that there never was a golden age of jury trials, but rather that juries in the early nineteenth century (before the rise of plea bargaining) were "unwitting and reflexive, generally wasteful of public resources and, because of the absence of trained professionals, little more than

986:

If we have deprived or dispossessed any Welshmen of lands, liberties, or anything else in England or in Wales, without the lawful judgement of their equals, these are at once to be returned to them. A dispute on this point shall be determined in the Marches by the judgement of equals. English law

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The list includes residential leases, checking-account agreements, auto loans and mortgage contracts. Companies that believe juries are biased toward plaintiffs hope this approach will boost their chances of winning in court. Critics say that unfairly denies citizens' access to the full range of

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The court determines the right to jury based on all claims by all parties involved. If the plaintiff brings only equitable claims but the defendant asserts counterclaims of law, the court grants a jury trial. In accordance with Beacon Theaters, the jury first determines the facts, then the judge

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Not every case is eligible for a jury trial. For example, in the majority of U.S. states there is no right to a jury trial in family law actions not involving a termination of parental rights, such as divorce and custody modifications. As of 1978, eleven U.S. states allow juries in any aspect of

976:

For a trivial offence, a free man shall be fined only in proportion to the degree of his offence, and for a serious offence correspondingly, but not so heavily as to deprive him of his livelihood. In the same way, a merchant shall be spared his merchandise, and a husbandman the implements of his

909:

took a major step in developing the jury system. Henry II set up a system to resolve land disputes using juries. A jury of twelve free men were assigned to arbitrate in these disputes. As with the Saxon system, these men were charged with uncovering the facts of the case on their own rather than

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39(c) allows a court to use one at its discretion. To determine whether the action would have been legal or equitable in 1791, one must first look at the type of action and whether such an action was considered "legal" or "equitable" at that time. Next, the relief being sought must be examined.

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Following the English tradition, U.S. juries have usually been composed of 12 jurors, and the jury's verdict has usually been required to be unanimous. However, in many jurisdictions, the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number (such as five or six) by legislative enactment, or by

2743:

Prior to 2020, under most states' laws, verdicts in criminal cases had to be unanimous, with the exception of Oregon and Louisiana. In Oregon, a 10–2 majority was enough to reach a verdict, except for guilty verdicts for capital crimes, which required unanimity. Louisiana also did not require

2657:

Jurors in some states are selected through voter registration and drivers' license lists. A form is sent to prospective jurors to pre-qualify them by asking the recipient to answer questions about citizenship, disabilities, ability to understand the English language, and whether they have any

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held that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence, but on any fact used to increase the defendant's sentence beyond the maximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines. This invalidated the procedure in many states and the

661:

The peregrine praetor (literally, traveling judge) within the next ten days after this law is passed by the people or plebs shall provide for the selection of 450 persons in this State who have or have had a knight's census ... provided that he does not select a person who is or has been

647:

From the beginning of the republic and in the majority of civil cases towards the end of the empire, there were tribunals with the characteristics of the jury in the sense that Roman judges were civilian, lay and not professionals. Capital trials were held in front of hundreds or thousands of

940:

Nullus liber homo capiatur, vel imprisonetur, aut desseisetur de libero tenemento, vel libertatibus, vel liberis consuetudinibus suis, aut utlagetur, aut exuletur, aut aliquo modo destruatur, nec super eum ibimus, nec super eum mittemus, nisi per legale judicium parium suorum, vel per legem

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can be given, but in criminal cases a general verdict is rendered, because requiring a special verdict could apply pressure to the jury, and because of the jury's historic function of tempering rules of law by common sense brought to bear upon the facts of a specific case. For this reason,

1728:

Hungary used a jury system from 1897 to 1919. Since 1949, Hungary uses the mixed court system. According to the Fundamental Law of Hungary, "non-professional judges shall also participate in the administration of justice in the cases and ways specified in an Act." In these cases, the court

1816:, they were optional and rarely utilized. In cases where the defendants were either European or American, at least half of the jury was required to be European or American men, with the justification given that juries in these cases had to be "acquainted with feelings and dispositions." 2245:, only professional judges decide, and may impose a sentence or re-impose a sentence imposed by the district court but quashed by the Court of Appeals.) In such a case, the jury provides a unique lock on the ability of the professional judges, upon appeal, outvoting the layman judges. 2537:

internments, and because of the argument that juries were intimidated, though this is disputed. The Diplock courts were shut in 2007, but between 1 August 2008 and 31 July 2009, 13 non-jury trials were held, down from 29 in the previous year, and 300 trials per year at their peak.

2807:

Rule 2 says "here is one form of action—the civil action", which abolishes the legal/equity distinction. Today, in actions that would have been "at law" in 1791, there is a right to a jury; in actions that would have been "in equity" in 1791, there is no right to a jury. However,

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rules, even if a bench trial is actually contemplated in a particular case. In general, the availability of a jury trial if properly demanded has given rise to a system in which fact finding is concentrated in a single trial rather than multiple hearings, and appellate review of

2909:

23(a), only if the prosecution and the court consent may a defendant waive a jury trial for criminal cases. However, most states give the defendant the absolute right to waive a jury trial, and it has become commonplace to find such a waiver in routine contracts as a 2004

902:(a small district) were required to swear that they would investigate crimes without a bias. These juries differed from the modern sort by being self-informing; instead of getting information through a trial, the jurors were required to investigate the case themselves. 2320:

are to be randomly selected as citizen judges who would participate in trial proceedings and adjudicate cases alongside professional judges in certain felony cases. The citizen judge system is based on Japan’s saiban-in system, which also resembles a lay judge system.

1920:, which scrapped the upper age limit of 70. Juries are not paid, nor do they receive travel expenses. They do receive lunch for the days that they are serving; however, for jurors in employment, their employer is required to pay them as if they were present at work. 2434:, which sought to remove the right to trial by jury for cases involving jury tampering or complex fraud. The provision for trial without jury to circumvent jury tampering succeeded and came into force in 2007; the provision for complex fraud cases was defeated. 2573:" that tried civil cases seeking an injunction or another form of non-monetary relief did not. As a result, this practice continues in American civil laws, but in modern English law, only criminal proceedings and some inquests are likely to be heard by a jury. 679:

statements from between three and twelve witnesses. When the statements of all witnesses are consistent, the notaries will certify their unanimous testimony in a legal document, which may be used to support the litigant's claim. The notaries serve to free the

2225:. If such a majority of the jurors hold that said crime has in fact been committed, this finding is not legally binding for the court; thus, the court (three judges out of five) can still acquit the defendant or find him/her not liable. A jury acquittal may 2118:

Juries have granted acquittals in 15–20% of cases, compared with less than 1% in cases decided by judges. Juries may be dismissed and skeptical juries have been dismissed on the verge of verdicts, and acquittals are frequently overturned by higher courts.

1543:

Section 642(3): The names of the people who are summoned under this Section shall be added to the general panel for the purposes of the trial, and the same proceedings with respect to calling, challenging, excusing and directing them shall apply to them.

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however, means that while such waivers may have legal force in one jurisdiction—in this case the United States—in the jurisdiction where a verdict is sought in the absence of jury trial (or indeed the presence of a defendant, or any legal representation

2339:

for criminal cases where the sentence can reach life imprisonment if the accused so wishes. But this seldom happens. A jury is not formed from random citizens, but only from those who have previously applied for this role who do meet certain criteria.

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states (in part, in Item 55) "the issue has to be determined by looking at the way in which the courts handled the problem under English criminal procedure and by deciding whether, in the result, the appellant can be said to have had a fair hearing."

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allowed under the Seventh Amendment in federal court. The right to a jury trial in civil cases does not extend to the states, except when a state court is enforcing a federally created right, of which the right to trial by jury is a substantial part.

2023:) is set with a judge and two lay judges, or in bigger cases two judges and three lay judges. All of these judges convict or acquit, and set sentences. Simple majority is required in all cases, which means that the lay-judges are always in control. 2149:, a former trial lawyer, explained why he supported the policy to the BBC and in his memoirs, saying, "I had no faith in a system that allowed the superstition, ignorance, biases, and prejudices of seven jurymen to determine guilt or innocence." 2095:

stipulates that, until the abolition of the death penalty, all defendants in a case that may result in a death sentence are entitled to a jury trial. Lawmakers are continuously chipping away at what types of criminal offenses merit a jury trial.

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Since 1927 South Australia has permitted majority verdicts of 11-1 (or 10-1 or 9-1 in cases where the jury has been reduced) in criminal trials if a unanimous verdict cannot be reached in four hours. These are accepted in all cases except for

2412:) offences, however, must be tried before a jury in the Crown Court. Juries sit in few civil cases, being restricted to false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, and civil fraud (unless ordered otherwise by a judge). Juries also sit in 1206:, an individual charged with an indictable offence may elect to be tried by a judge alone in a provincial court, by judge alone in a superior court, or by judge and jury in a superior court; summary offences cannot be tried by jury. In 2850:

discussed the right to a jury, holding that when both equitable and legal claims are brought, the right to a jury trial still exists for the legal claim, which would be decided by a jury before the judge ruled on the equitable claim.

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school of Islamic jurisprudence requires two notaries to collect a minimum of twelve eyewitness statements in certain legal cases, including those involving unregistered marriages and land disputes. John Makdisi has compared this to

1636:

In civil cases in the Court of First Instance jury trials are available for defamation, false imprisonment, malicious prosecution or seduction unless the court orders otherwise. A jury can return a majority verdict in a civil case.

1179:, jury trials are reserved, and compulsory, for the most severe crimes and are not available for civil cases. In Brazil, trials by jury are applied in cases of voluntary crimes against life, such as first and second degree murder, 2115:. They must return unanimous verdicts during the first 3 hours of deliberation, but may return majority verdicts after that, with 6 jurors being enough to acquit. They may also request that the judge show leniency in sentencing. 964:

Although it says "and or by the law of the land", this in no manner can be interpreted as if it were enough to have a positive law, made by the king, to be able to proceed legally against a citizen. The law of the land was the

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or local court rules or common practice that specifically prohibits a jury trial in termination of parental rights cases. The fate of a family is exclusively placed in the hands of a single judge when there is no jury trial.

2466:, cited cost and the additional burden on the jurors as reasons to proceed without a jury. Previously in cases where jury tampering was a concern the jurors were sometimes closeted in a hotel for the duration of the trial. 2221:) cases under the fundamental laws. A majority of at least six jurors (out of nine) must find that the defendant has committed the alleged crime. If it does not, the defendant is acquitted or, in a civil case, held not 1973:

enacted a law requiring selected citizens to take part in criminal court trials of certain severe crimes to make decisions together with professional judges, both on guilt and on the sentence. These citizens are called

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nature and complexity of the case. Additionally, the court must be satisfied through examination of one or more of the jurors on oath that a unanimous verdict will not be reached if further deliberation were to occur.

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allows three peremptory challenges per side unless there is more than one accused in which case the prosecution can peremptorily challenge 3 times the number of accused and each accused has 3 peremptory challenges.

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companies to decide they might be better off in the court system after all they don't have to tangle with juries. The new tactic let disputes go to court, but on the condition that they be heard only by a judge.

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A criminal jury is usually made up of 12 members, though fewer may sit on cases involving lesser offenses. Criminal juries decide whether the defendant committed the crime as charged. In several southern states,

2400:(which have the same legal system), everyone accused of an offence which carries more than six months' imprisonment has a right to trial by jury. Minor ("summary") criminal cases are heard without a jury in the 1048:

for returning a verdict contrary to their own findings of fact and removed them to prison until the fine was paid. Edward Bushel, a member of the jury, nonetheless refused to pay the fine. Bushel petitioned the

648:'juries' in the commitias or centuries, the same as in Athenian trials. Roman law provided for the yearly selection of judices, who would be responsible for resolving disputes by acting as jurors, with a 5166: 2457:

The trial for the first serious offence to be tried without a jury for 350 years was allowed to go ahead in 2009. Three previous trials of the defendants had been halted because of jury tampering and the

2750:, decided in April 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that convictions for serious offenses require unanimity, overturning Oregon's and Louisiana's prior allowances for split decisions. 1324:

had twenty peremptory challenges for each side where the offence was murder, and eight for all other cases. In 1987 this was lowered to three peremptory challenges per side, the same amount allowed in

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Argentina is one of the first countries in Latin America that has implemented trial by jury. Although it has a civil law process, since November 2015, it has a jury system for serious criminal cases.

2308:). Because the unified Swiss Code of Criminal Procedure (set to enter into force in 2011) does not provide for jury trials or lay judges, however, they are likely to be abolished in the near future. 1644:, in cases which contain "involvement of foreign elements", "personal safety of jurors and their family members" or "risk of perverting the course of justice if the trial is conducted with a jury". 5985: 1495: 1163:

and some countries organized in the same fashion, the jury and several professional judges sit together to determine guilt first. Then, if guilt is determined, they decide the appropriate penalty.

2177:

that assist the judge on questions of fact (rather than law), in place of the jury, to reach a verdict. The legal system in the UK sees no reason to block extradition on this, as witnessed in the

1007:, he tells something of the powers that the kings had accumulated in the times after Magna Carta, the prerogatives of the crown and the sources of great power with which these monarchs counted: 1424:

Majority verdicts of 10-2 have been allowed in Tasmania since 1936 for all cases, except murder and treason, if a unanimous decision has not been made within two hours. Since 1943, verdicts of

2217:, in a medium covered by the fundamental laws (e.g. a printed paper or a radio programme), she has the right to have the accusation tried by a jury of nine jurors. This applies also in civil ( 2064:

The three-judge panel can set aside a jury conviction or acquittal if there has been an obvious miscarriage of justice. In that event, the case is settled by three judges and four lay-judges.

1990:

Malaysia abolished trials by jury on 1 January 1995. The impartiality of jury trials had been brought into question for several years prior, but their abolition was expedited by the notorious

1225:

slow guilty pleas themselves", and that the guilty-plea system that emerged in the latter half of the nineteenth century was a superior, more cost-effective method of achieving fair outcomes.

2504:

In Scots law the jury system has some similarities with England but some important differences; in particular, there are juries of 15 in criminal trials, with verdicts by simple majority.

4431: 1431:

The Northern Territory has allowed majority verdicts of 10-2, 10-1 and 9-1 since 1963 for all charges. Deliberation must go for at least six hours before delivering a majority verdict.

590:

of up to 500 citizens. For capital cases—those that involved death, loss of liberty, exile, loss of civil rights, or seizure of property—the trial was before a jury of 1,001 to 1,501

2241:

guilty, the not guilty verdict may still be appealed to the Court of Appeals where, conversely, the professional judges outvotes the layman judges. (Should a case be appealed to the

2007:

manslaughter and treason are always tried by jury, with some exceptions. Civil jury trials are restricted to cases involving defamation, false imprisonment or malicious prosecution.

3507:... roughly ninety percent of the criminal defendants convicted in state and federal courts plead guilty rather than exercise their right to stand trial before a court or jury. 2600: 1849:

as "delegates") from the local Parsi community are used to decide the outcome of the matrimonial disputes in question during civil trials. This jury system consists of a mixture of

2316:

The Citizen Judges Act (國民法官法) was passed by the Legislative Yuan on July 22, 2022, promulgated by the president on Aug.12th and was implemented on Jan.1st of 2023. Under the act,

4838: 4821: 4192: 2836: 2634: 2617: 2034:) of 10 members, which need a minimum of seven votes to be able to convict. The judges have no say in the jury deliberations, but jury instructions are given by the chief judge ( 1214:

trials are criminal trials, while one-third are civil and "other" (e.g., family, municipal ordinance, traffic). Nevertheless, the vast majority of criminal cases are settled by

2061:) and three other members of the jury chosen by ballot. This way the laymen are in control of both the conviction and sentencing, as simple majority is required in sentencing. 1421:

Western Australia accepted majority verdicts in 1957 for all trials except where the crime is murder or has a maximum penalty of life imprisonment: a 10-2 verdict is accepted.

488: 1418:

Victoria has accepted majority verdicts with the same conditions since 1994, though deliberations must have gone for at least six hours before a majority verdict can be made.

987:

shall apply to holdings of land in England, Welsh law to those in Wales, and the law of the Marches to those in the Marches. The Welsh shall treat us and ours in the same way.

3979: 2784: 1096: 3810: 1139:, unlike in modern jury trials, jurors decided not only whether the defendant was guilty or not guilty, but they had a third choice: "Guilty, but not to be punished", since 2237:

the layman majority and the jury must convict to sentence a culprit; however, if the deciding two-thirds jury majority approves and the district court finds the defendant

1221:

Some commentators contend that the guilty-plea system (and the high costs incurred in trials) unfairly coerces defendants into relinquishing their right to a jury trial.

2588: 2134:

in 1917. They were reintroduced in the Russian Federation in 1993, and extended to another 69 regions in 2003. Its reintroduction was opposed by the Prosecutor General.

1955:

is composed of 2 judges and 6 laypersons chosen at random among Italian citizens 30 to 65 years old. Only serious crimes like murder can be tried by the Corte d'Assise.

1092: 1088: 5170: 1244:

argues that being face-to-face in open court can help to bring humanity into the courtroom, by reminding decision-makers that everyone involved are humans with souls.

4897: 977:

husbandry, if they fall upon the mercy of a royal court. None of these fines shall be imposed except by the assessment on oath of reputable men of the neighbourhood.

983:

To any man whom we have deprived or dispossessed of lands, castles, liberties, or rights, without the lawful judgement of his equals, we will at once restore these.

2700:. Although a judge can throw out a guilty verdict if it was not supported by the evidence, a jurist has no authority to override a verdict that favors a defendant. 2584: 1438:(s 59F) allows majority verdicts for all crimes except for murder and other offences that carry a life sentence, although only 11-1 or 10-1 majorities are allowed. 2553:

The availability of a trial by jury in U.S. jurisdictions varies. Because the United States legal system separated from that of the English one at the time of the

1300:

system of examining the jury pool before selection is not permitted in Australia as it violates the privacy of jurors. Therefore, though it exists, the right to

4479: 2744:

unanimous juries in serious felony cases until passage of a state constitutional amendment that required unanimity for crimes committed after 2018. However, in

1720:, are exempt, due to their nature, from the jurisdiction of the "mixed courts" and are tried instead by the Court of Appeals both in first and second instance. 1901:

verdict need not be unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a reasonable time.

684:

from the time-consuming task of hearing the testimony of each eyewitness himself, and their documents serve to legally authenticate each oral testimony. The

4241: 1770: 1274: 2057:), and if seven or more jury members want to convict, the sentence is set in a separate proceeding, consisting of the three judges and the jury foreman ( 1716:, including the President of the Court, and four lay judges who decide the facts, and the appropriate penalty if they convict. Certain felonies, such as 4871: 5276: 4019: 2256:. Earlier, a court disagreeing with a jury acquittal could, when deciding on the matter of such costs, set aside the English rule, and instead use the 2401: 1924: 1486:

Brazil instated jury trial since 1822, surviving seven constitutions. It is limited to criminal law, specifically to intentional crimes against life.

4987: 4449: 2945: 1692:

in which three professional judges sit together with six or nine jurors (on appeal). Conviction requires a two-thirds majority (four or six votes).

822: 481: 4074: 547:

The use of jury trials, which evolved within common law systems rather than civil law systems, has had a profound impact on the nature of American

6030: 5944: 2459: 2446:

in Parliament, which sought to abolish jury trials in major criminal fraud trials. The Bill was subject to sharp criticism from both sides of the

2042:

is usually set with 16 prospective jurors, which the prosecution and defence may dismiss the six persons they do not desire to serve on the jury.

2145:

fully abolished the jury system in 1969, though jury trials for non-capital offenses had already been abolished a decade earlier. Prime Minister

1183:

and instigation of suicide, even if only attempted. In others, jury trials are only available for criminal cases and very specific civil cases (

972:

In 1215, Magna Carta further secured defendants the right to a judgement of "reputable men of the neighbourhood"/"their equals" by stating that

4428: 3544:

Those few cases being tried set the standard for everybody in determining what to do with the 95 percent, 96 percent of the plea bargain cases.

2447: 2439: 1500:

Under Canadian law, a person has the constitutional right to a jury trial for all crimes punishable by five years of imprisonment or more. The

300: 294: 560:

decisions is greatly limited. Jury trials are of far less importance (or of no importance) in countries that do not have a common law system.

5725: 5651: 5630: 5609: 5479: 5458: 5415: 5390: 5365: 5351: 4391: 3782: 3749: 3714: 3679: 3617: 3134: 2985: 2214: 5011: 2756:

A jury's deliberations are conducted in private, out of sight and hearing of the judge, litigants, witnesses, and others in the courtroom.

1641: 813:

returned to the jury trial as it had existed before the 1933 emergency decrees, but they were again abolished by the 1950 Unification Act (

4751: 6025: 4138: 2906: 2604: 2391: 2265: 2003: 474: 1994:

case in 1993. The sensational nature of the crime heightened concerns that jury verdicts could be coloured by emotions and media bias.

1019:

The first paragraph of the Act that abolished the Star Chamber repeats the clause on the right of a citizen to be judged by his peers:

3470: 3227: 2847: 2645: 2443: 1836: 1805: 1558:(1982 SCR 730) that the right of an accused to be present in court during the whole of his trial includes the jury selection process. 790:

Ministry of Justice proposed to abolish the jury and replace it with the mixed system, causing a significant political debate. In the

2516:, the role of the jury trial is roughly similar to England and Wales, except that jury trials have been replaced in cases of alleged 772: 5751: 4936: 3439: 3107: 3078: 3053: 3028: 2831: 5120: 2863:

agreement of both sides. Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one, two, or three jurors.

2249: 1917: 1450:

Austria, in common with a number of European civil law jurisdictions, retains elements of trial by jury in serious criminal cases.

2561:

at that time rather than the methods used in English courts now. For example, at the time, English "courts of law" tried cases of

1099:

of the U.S. Constitution extend the right to a jury trial for both criminal and civil matters and a grand jury for serious cases.

5529: 4953: 2899: 2804: 2435: 1662: 4772: 4255: 6053: 2809: 2724:

conduct of serious human affairs". Because they are fact-finders, juries are sometimes expected to perform a role similar to a

2127: 1132: 1050: 5783: 3894: 2404:. Middle-ranking ("triable either way") offences may be tried by magistrates or the defendant may elect trial by jury in the 2363: 826: 350: 27: 4145: 4903: 4784:

They were tried in a 'diplock court' by a judge with no jury; common in Northern Ireland for crimes connected to terrorism.

6035: 1862: 1845:

in India are legally permitted to use jury trials to decide divorces wherein randomly selected jurors (referred to in the

45: 5222: 2937:) may well run directly counter to law in the jurisdiction—such as the United Kingdom—where the defendant resides, thus: 1083:

system in which trial by jury is an important part. Jury trials in criminal cases were a protected right in the original

876:

occupation: "The Scandinavians, when not on the Viking warpath, were a litigious people and loved to get together in the

5039: 2650: 1820: 1396: 460: 243: 6079: 6020: 6015: 5990: 2547: 2387: 1238: 1073: 842: 431: 423: 4816: 3596:

The overwhelming majority of individuals who are accused of crime forgo their constitutional rights and plead guilty.

3373: 922:

to a "justice in eyre", a judge who moved between hundreds on a circuit. A criminal accused by this jury was given a

775:

called for jury trials for "the more serious crimes and all political offenses", but was never implemented after the

4020:

https://web.archive.org/web/20150615052822/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?art_id=78017&con_type=1

1320:

selection; however, the number of challenges granted to the counsels in each state are not all the same. Until 1987

5407: 5382: 3527: 2674: 2666: 1626: 1622:

are by jury. The juries are generally made of seven members, who can return a verdict based on a majority of five.

1084: 830: 373: 3126:

The Role of the Arab-Islamic World in the Rise of the West: Implications for Contemporary Trans-Cultural Relations

6005: 5954: 5573: 5425:

Wolfe, Nancy Travis (December 1994). "Lay Judges in German Criminal Courts: The Modification of an Institution".

3775:

The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries

2818: 2499: 2431: 1459: 1118:. Typically, the jury only judges a verdict of guilty or not guilty, but the actual penalty is set by the judge. 919: 899: 335: 3522: 1819:

During the 20th century, the jury system in British India came under criticism from both colonial officials and

1171:

Some jurisdictions with jury trials allow the defendant to waive their right to a jury trial, thus leading to a

6074: 5995: 5313: 5263: 2777: 2707:

that a judge cannot order the jury to convict, no matter how strong the evidence is. In civil cases, a special

2467: 2261: 2162: 1932: 1175:. Jury trials tend to occur only when a crime is considered serious. In some jurisdictions, such as France and 541: 540:

judicial systems, but not all. Juries or lay judges have also been incorporated into the legal systems of many

99: 2813:

Monetary damages alone were purely a legal remedy, and thus entitled to a jury. Non-monetary remedies such as

1827:

and frequently went unimplemented in many Indian legal jurisdictions after independence in 1947. In 1958, the

586:, to assure that no one could select jurors for their own trial. For normal cases, the courts were made up of 4875: 4503: 4312: 3856: 5601: 4023: 2463: 2269: 2242: 1936: 1886: 1861:, and was first implemented during the period of British rule, with the colonial administration passing the 1828: 1475: 1458:

Belgium, in common with a number of European civil law jurisdictions, retains the trial by jury through the

1041: 887: 883: 802: 261: 4362: 1462:

for serious criminal cases and for political crimes and for press delicts (except those based on racism or

5427: 4457: 2773: 2612: 2366:, but there are some features common to all of them. In particular there is seldom anything like the U.S. 2092: 1928: 1705: 1619: 1501: 1140: 768: 320: 3882: 3466: 2680:

In the United States, it is understood that juries usually weigh the evidence and testimony to determine

2658:

conditions that would excuse them from being a juror. If they are deemed qualified, a summons is issued.

2260:, that each party bears its own expense of litigation. This practice was declared to violate the rule of 1316:

of counsel and no reason is needed to use them. All Australian states allow for peremptory challenges in

980:

Earls and barons shall be fined only by their equals, and in proportion to the gravity of their offence.

4842: 4825: 4227: 4213: 3997: 3568: 2840: 2638: 2629: 2621: 2178: 1824: 1762: 1313: 1184: 918:. Under the assize, a jury of free men was charged with reporting any crimes that they knew of in their 345: 204: 74: 5812: 3945: 1677:

in French). Crimes encompass all offenses that carry a penalty of at least 10 years' imprisonment (for

741:

the jury was composed of 30 citizens and councilors. The modern jury trial was first introduced in the

2587:, which states in part, "The Trial of all Crimes...shall be by Jury". The right was expanded with the 1808:

was adopted in 1861. These new regulations stipulated that criminal juries were only mandatory in the

6010: 5939: 5929: 5684: 2822: 2576:

A distinctive feature of jury trials in the United States is that verdicts in criminal cases must be

2353: 2349: 2336: 2330: 2317: 2206: 2198: 2068: 1940: 1913: 1890: 1809: 1372: 1333: 1309: 992: 776: 738: 199: 179: 41: 5622:

The Creation of the Modern German Army: General Walther Reinhardt and the Weimar Republic, 1914-1930

4134: 6000: 5568: 5538: 5040:"Supreme Court says unanimous jury verdicts required in state criminal trials for serious offenses" 4970: 4833: 3633:

McConville, Mike; Chester Mirsky (December 1995). "The Rise of Guilty Pleas: New York, 1800–1865".

3556: 3475: 2554: 2534: 2486:

Being a Common Law jurisdiction, Gibraltar retains jury trial in a similar manner to that found in

2293: 2190: 2088: 1964: 1874: 1832: 915: 906: 694: 340: 5694: 4796: 4379: 2776:

is the branch of common law dealing with non-criminal actions. It should not be confused with the

2557:, the types of proceedings that use juries depends on whether such cases were tried by jury under 1765:, jury trials within a dual-court system territories were implemented in Indian territories under 882:

to hear legal argument. They had no professional lawyers, but many of their farmer-warriors, like

5934: 5906: 5891: 5869: 5776: 5555: 5517: 5435: 5338: 5330: 4552: 4317: 3650: 3492: 2746: 2717: 2693: 2375: 2131: 1882: 1766: 1505: 1384: 1341: 1192: 690: 552: 439: 230: 222: 217: 194: 189: 184: 109: 54: 19:"Jury court" redirects here. For the former division of the supreme civil court of Scotland, see 5087:

Matsumoto, John K. (October 1999). "Why No Right to Jury Trial in Marital Dissolution Actions".

4480:"The "Citizen Judge Act" and Its Implications for Major Criminal Cases in Taiwan's Legal System" 1789:. Outside of Presidency towns, Company Courts staffed by EIC officials judged both criminal and 5145: 3998:"CHIANG LILY v. SECRETARY FOR JUSTICE [2009] HKCFI 100; HCAL 42/2008 (9 February 2009)" 5849: 5817: 5747: 5721: 5711: 5698: 5672: 5647: 5626: 5620: 5605: 5498: 5475: 5469: 5454: 5448: 5411: 5401: 5386: 5376: 5361: 5204: 4539: 4038: 3778: 3755: 3745: 3720: 3710: 3685: 3675: 3613: 3581: 3435: 3223: 3130: 3103: 3074: 3049: 3024: 2981: 2753:

In civil cases, the law (or the agreement of the parties) may permit a non-unanimous verdict.

2591:, which states in part, "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 2487: 2397: 2202: 1952: 1801: 1754: 1687: 1467: 1376: 1345: 1207: 1115: 1045: 1033: 764: 730: 698: 579: 315: 266: 256: 235: 104: 5641: 5595: 5355: 4149: 3917: 3585: 2975: 5949: 5901: 5854: 5668: 5547: 5507: 5489: 5322: 4777: 3642: 3484: 3398: 2826: 2704: 2513: 2297: 2281: 1905: 1858: 1758: 1540:

Section 642(2): Jurors may be summoned under subsection (1) by word of mouth, if necessary.

1301: 1061: 948: 878: 452: 305: 159: 94: 20: 3560: 3416: 1912:. The principal statute regulating the selection, obligations and conduct of juries is the 1835:. Jury trials in India were gradually abolished during the 1960's, culminating in the 1973 1496:

Section Eleven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms § Right to trial by jury

536:

Jury trials are increasingly used in a significant share of serious criminal cases in many

6084: 5924: 4922: 4435: 4051: 2697: 2685: 2681: 2670: 2222: 2170: 2112: 2108: 1388: 1368: 1325: 1321: 1282: 1180: 923: 865: 795: 791: 737:'s charter of 1442 secured the right to be tried in all cases by 24 fellow equals, and in 654: 548: 518: 368: 114: 5066: 4347: 2161:

in 1969 by the Abolition of Juries Act, 1969. The last jury trial to be heard was in the

5688: 5124: 4535: 3360: 2071:

asked the government to bring an end to jury trials, replacing them with a bench trial (

1831:

recommended its abolition in the fourteenth report that the commission submitted to the

1597:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

33: 5916: 5874: 5512: 5493: 5304: 4988:"Louisiana voters scrap Jim Crow-era split jury law; unanimous verdicts to be required" 4828: 4404: 3577: 2905:

In United States Federal courts, there is no absolute right to waive a jury trial. Per

2843: 2641: 2624: 2522: 2451: 2424: 2417: 2359: 2285: 2194: 2174: 2123: 1909: 1854: 1750: 1738: 1709: 1678: 1428:

for murder and treason have also been included, but must be deliberated for six hours.

1305: 1136: 1069: 780: 530: 383: 169: 5223:

Civil Procedure - White v. McGinnis: The Ninth Circuit Expands Civil Jury Trial Waiver

4845: 2696:, cannot be overturned by a judge if doing so would violate legal protections against 2474:

The trial started in 2010, with the four defendants convicted on the 31 March 2010 by

2193:(nämndemän). However, the defendant has the right to a jury trial in the lower court ( 1673:

In France, a defendant is entitled to a jury trial only when prosecuted for a felony (

829:

in West Berlin, which declared the defendants had the right to a jury trial under the

6068: 5969: 5886: 5769: 5342: 4672: 4647: 4622: 4597: 3789:

The presence and growth of juries world-wide affirms some value for lay participation

3158: 3007: 2475: 2430:

introduced a controversial bill to limit the right to trial by jury. This became the

2166: 1970: 1528:—trial by jury is mandatory unless the prosecution consents to trial by judge alone. 1199: 1055: 852: 605: 5533: 5243: 4572: 3389:

Vouin, Robert (1956). "The Protection of the Accused in French Criminal Procedure".

3315: 3006:

Acilian Law on the Right to Recovery of Property Officially Extorted, 122 B.C.

2189:

In Sweden, juries are uncommon; the public is represented in the courts by means of

1065:

was that a jury could not be punished simply on account of the verdict it returned.

910:

listening to arguments in court. Henry II also introduced what is now known as the "

5964: 5859: 4079: 2898:

For civil cases, a jury trial must be demanded within a certain period of time per

2876: 2872: 2800: 2788: 2596: 2592: 2570: 2530: 2526:. Diplock courts are common in Northern Ireland for crimes connected to terrorism. 2158: 2146: 1846: 1786: 1682: 1665:, developed trial by jury independently prior to the arrival of Europeans in 1884. 1658: 1215: 1037: 1012: 1011:

One of the most ancient and most established instruments of power was the court of

966: 891: 847: 806: 749: 632: 378: 251: 84: 5662: 5012:"Louisiana Amendment 2, Unanimous Jury Verdict for Felony Trials Amendment (2018)" 2490:, the exception being that juries consist of nine lay people, rather than twelve. 2289: 3429: 3124: 5959: 5896: 5016: 2892: 2888: 2783:

The right to trial by jury in a civil case in federal court is addressed by the

2558: 2405: 2253: 1991: 1813: 1782: 1408: 1328:. Eight peremptory challenges are allowed for both counsels for all offences in 1172: 931: 857: 722: 557: 522: 403: 310: 209: 5450:

Democracy in the Courts: Lay Participation in European Criminal Justice Systems

5308: 4872:"Jury Nullification: History, questions and answers about nullification, links" 2450:

before passing its second Commons reading in November 2006 but was defeated in

2370:

system; jurors are usually just accepted without question. Controversially, in

1757:

jurors acquitted a Mrs. Ascentia Dawes, who was on trial for the murder of her

5834: 5827: 5822: 3519: 2880: 2814: 2713: 2662: 2427: 2409: 1894: 1878: 1850: 1742: 1463: 1392: 1329: 1080: 1000: 996: 911: 734: 537: 408: 330: 154: 144: 5676: 5208: 4100: 3759: 3724: 3689: 3402: 1865:

in 1936. Post-independence, it was amended by the Indian government in 1988.

821:) for the Federal Republic. In 1979, the United States tried the East German 5879: 5864: 5844: 5839: 5702: 5192: 4700: 3831: 2884: 2725: 2720:

indicated their disapproval of special interrogatories even in civil cases.

2677:

that allows the accused to choose whether to be judged by judges or a jury.

2577: 2517: 2367: 2142: 2104: 1797: 1717: 1712:: Κακουργήματα) are tried by a "mixed court" composed of three professional 1425: 1400: 1358: 1296: 742: 676: 636: 600: 289: 149: 79: 5109:. Vol. 56. Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company. 1987. p. 955. 4392:

G+M: "Pistorius murder trial adjourned until April 7" (Reuters) 28 Mar 2014

4101:"BBC Inside Science Clean Air Strategy, Fast Radio Bursts and Kuba Kingdom" 3739: 3704: 3669: 5277:"Is a Jury Trial Ever Available in a Termination of Parental Rights Case?" 4075:"Hong Kong tycoon Jimmy Lai to plead not guilty in national security case" 697:, surmising a link between the king’s reforms and the legal system of the 5717: 4801: 4725: 4453: 2740:, while in most states and at the federal level, it is set by the judge. 2566: 1521: 1471: 1380: 1364: 1337: 1148: 760: 611: 592: 5761: 4174: 1904:

Juries are selected from a jury panel, which is picked at random by the

5559: 5521: 4536:

A jury trial begins in Sheremet's case. We tell how he works in Ukraine

3654: 3532: 3496: 3336: 2769: 2708: 2413: 2371: 2333: 1790: 1774: 1746: 1513: 1412: 1144: 1077: 1029: 873: 810: 787: 783: 726: 649: 639:, Athena dictates that the verdict should henceforth be for acquittal. 628: 624: 134: 5474:. International and Comparative Criminal Justice. Ashgate Publishing. 5439: 5334: 2891:

resulting in a plea bargain. If the defendant waives a jury trial, a

2300:—provide for courts composed of both professional judges and laymen ( 1842: 1778: 1525: 1517: 1509: 1203: 1176: 1160: 1044:, were found not guilty by a jury. The judge then fined the jury for 710: 685: 620: 616: 615:

trilogy. In the play, the innovation is brought about by the goddess

325: 284: 124: 5551: 3946:"JURY ACT 1977 - SECT 55F Majority verdicts in criminal proceedings" 3646: 3641:(4). Blackwell Publishing on behalf of Cardiff University: 443–474. 3488: 3375:

Juries and Technology: Equipping Jurors for the Twenty-First Century

5326: 4405:"Honeymoon murder: Timeline of events for Shrien Dewani - BBC News" 3462:

Conviction: The Determination of Guilt or Innocence without Trial 3

2803:. Actions at law had a right to a jury, actions in equity did not. 2374:

there has been some screening in sensitive security cases, but the

894:

of Ethelred, one provision of which stated that the twelve leading

2210: 1713: 1188: 895: 846: 526: 510: 32: 2169:

in the article "Do we need a jury system?" On 28 March 2014, the

1202:, jury trials are available in both civil and criminal cases. In 5792: 3099: 2737: 2654:

not dropped and can be reinstated if the government so chooses.

2562: 2218: 2100: 1737:

The history of jury trials in India dates back to the period of

1701: 1317: 1253: 1234: 1108: 1024:

lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land ...

681: 672: 569: 514: 119: 5765: 5643:

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

4380:

http://constitutionallyspeaking.co.za/do-we-need-a-jury-system/

2887:

often have a strong interest in resolving the criminal case by

745:

in 1798, with a court consisting most commonly of 12 citizens (

5625:. Monographs in German History. Vol. 12. Berghahn Books. 5044: 3777:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–234. 2799:

civil actions were divided into actions at law and actions in

1577: 4330: 4328: 3096:

Property, Social Structure, and Law in the Modern Middle East

2688:, although the dissenting justices in the Supreme Court case 2378:

have firmly set themselves against any form of jury vetting.

5311:(January 1972). "Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts". 2075:) consisting of two law-trained judges and five lay judges ( 1640:

The government can issue a judge-only trial order under the

4773:"Two jailed for life for killing policeman Stephen Carroll" 2875:

cases are not concluded with a jury verdict, but rather by

2728:, especially when presented with testimony from witnesses. 1785:

employed juries to judge European and Indian defendants in

1281:

The first trials by civilian juries of 12 in the colony of

4528: 4526: 4524: 3980:"The Hong Kong legal system takes China's road to justice" 3744:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 121–123. 3709:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 115–116. 3612:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 120–121. 2079:). This has now been fully implemented as of March 2021. 623:

takes part in the trial as the advocate for the defendant

599:

The institution of trial by jury was ritually depicted by

4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 3201: 3199: 2173:

trial was adjourned due to the illness of one of the two

2107:, in that they sit separately from the judges and decide 1931:

composed of three judges instead of a jury, one from the

1927:

may issue a certificate that the accused be tried by the

1800:

assumed control over the EIC's possessions in India, the

3186: 3184: 2829:, and thus up to the judge's discretion, not a jury. In 2669:

recognize the right to a jury trial to be a fundamental

2520:

offences by courts where the judge sits alone, known as

2284:

provides for genuine jury trials. Several other cantons—

991:

During the mid-14th century, persons who had sat on the

3832:"21 Oct 1824 - TRIAL BY JURY IN THE COURTS OF SESSIONS" 3337:"Trial by ordeal: When fire and water determined guilt" 2280:

As of 2008, only the code of criminal procedure of the

1923:

For certain terrorist and organised crime offences the

4256:"Stortinget fjerner juryen fra rettssalen (Norwegian)" 2049:) is administered by a three-judge panel (usually one 1708:

and Code of criminal procedure provide that felonies (

786:. An 1873 draft on criminal procedure produced by the 619:, who summons twelve citizens to sit as jury. The god 3674:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 130. 3431:

Fundamentals of Criminal Justice: A Sociological View

2793:

Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States

2038:) in each case to the jury before deliberations. The 1504:

also provides for the right to a jury trial for most

713:

ordinance of 1562 called for the summons of jurymen (

5587:

The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich

4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 1411:

verdicts if the defendant is on trial for murder or

6046: 5978: 5915: 5800: 5244:"Companies Ask People To Waive Right to Jury Trial" 4986:SIMERMAN, JOHN; RUSSELL, GORDON (6 November 2018). 4504:"Citizen judge system revolutionary - Taipei Times" 4214:"sections 73-74, Criminal Procedure Act 2011 No 81" 3415:Magistrates' Courts (Northern Ireland) Order 1981, 5744:The Trial: A History from Socrates to O.J. Simpson 5146:"CRS/LII Annotated Constitution Seventh Amendment" 5121:"The Constitution of the United States of America" 3008:http://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/acilian_law.asp 2569:for monetary damages using juries, but "courts of 1353:Majority and unanimous verdicts in criminal trials 5583:Der Hitler-Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München 3940: 3938: 2980:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 244, 246. 2589:Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution 1839:, which remains in effect into the 21st century. 1258:Overall, jury use has been increasing worldwide. 21:Court of Session § Court of Session Act 1810 4797:"Non-jury trial option 'essential' says Goggins" 3073:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 205–210. 2603:, these rights also apply to the states through 2529:Diplock courts were created in the 1970s during 5403:Judiciaries Within Europe: A Comparative Review 5237: 5235: 4752:"Armed raiders jailed after trial without jury" 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 2925: 2916: 2585:Article Three of the United States Constitution 1700:The country that originated the concept of the 1021: 1009: 974: 957: 936: 763:the jury trial was suppressed by decree of the 659: 5191:Allan, Arbman; James, McConnell (2016-01-01). 5167:"Amoco Oil Co. V. Torcomian | Casebriefs" 4193:"The Abolition of the Jury System in Malaysia" 2977:The Cambridge companion to the Age of Pericles 1823:. The system received no mentions in the 1950 833:, and hence were tried by a West German jury. 5777: 4938:Sense and Non-Sense: Jury Trial Communication 4313:"In Russia, Jury Is Something to Work Around" 3836:Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser 3048:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 4–8. 2928:legal options guaranteed by the Constitution. 2583:The right to a trial by jury is contained in 1918:Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2008 482: 8: 4363:"Lee Kuan Yew's Opposition to Trial by Jury" 4179:Facebook, RIGHT TO RECALL AGAINST CORRUPTION 3811:"Democracy - Faculty Projects :: SETIS" 3290: 3266: 3254: 2354:Privilege of peerage § Trial by peers 2019:Norway has a system where the lower courts ( 1881:jurisdiction, jury trials are available for 1685:). The only court that tries by jury is the 1239:Juries in the United States § Reception 815: 747: 715: 4899:Justices Say Jurors May Not Vote Conscience 4175:"Jury system in Parsi Matrimonial Disputes" 3800:au/senate/general/constitution/chapter3.htm 3391:International and Comparative Law Quarterly 3278: 1812:of Presidency towns; in all other parts of 938: 5784: 5770: 5762: 4348:"'Judiciary', Singapore - A Country Study" 4228:"section 16, Senior Courts Act 2016 No 48" 3918:"Jury Amendment (Verdicts) Act 2006 No 19" 2768:In the United States, a civil action is a 2122:Trial by jury was first introduced in the 489: 475: 50: 5597:Press and politics in the Weimar Republic 5511: 5193:"Trial by Jury: The New Irrelevant Right" 4958:, vol. 50, Va. L. Rev., p. 1055 4941:, vol. 1975, BYU L.Rev., p. 601 3895:"Smith v The Queen [2015] HCA 27" 3023:. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–9. 2197:) when accused of an offence against the 1704:trial retains it in an unusual form. The 1554:The Supreme Court of Canada also held in 1275:Section 80 of the Australian Constitution 890:set up an early legal system through the 26:For other uses and related subjects, see 5713:World Criminal Justice Systems: A Survey 5494:"On Uses and Misuses of Comparative Law" 2953:Jury trials: terminating parental rights 2859:enter judgment on the equitable claims. 5945:Racial discrimination in jury selection 4695: 4693: 4478:Institute, Global Taiwan (2023-04-05). 4334: 4291: 3242: 3205: 3190: 3159:"The Islamic Origins of the Common Law" 2966: 2690:Sparf et al. v. U.S. 156 U.S. 51 (1895) 1516:, intimidating Parliament, inciting to 1254:Jury § Trial procedures by country 392: 359: 275: 168: 133: 65: 53: 4047: 4036: 3302: 2944:UKHL 5 issued by the United Kingdom's 2233:verdict in the district court. Hence, 721:), and various methods were in use in 2215:incitement to ethnic or racial hatred 2026:In the higher court/appellate court ( 7: 5567:Bauer, Franz J. (23 December 2009). 5284:National Center for Juvenile Justice 5089:Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues 4064:.Ss 24 and 33A, High Court Ordinance 3523:"Interview: Judge Michael McSpadden" 3046:The Expert Witness in Islamic Courts 2599:, by an impartial jury". Due to the 2229:be overruled after appeal, unlike a 1982:system was implemented in May 2009. 1897:cases, consisting of twelve jurors. 1549:R v Mid-Valley Tractor Sales Limited 705:Holy Roman Empire and modern Germany 5038:de Vogue, Ariana (April 20, 2020). 4701:"First trial without jury approved" 4448:Mansour, Fati (29 September 2008). 2907:Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 2392:History of trial by jury in England 2266:European Convention on Human Rights 2004:New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 5513:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1974.tb02366.x 5352:German Federal Ministry of Justice 4925: (1st Cir. July 11, 1969). 4860:, 818 F.2d 1169 (1989), dissenting 4726:"First no-jury crime trial begins" 4673:"Lords defeat no-jury trials plan" 4311:Barry, Ellen (November 15, 2010). 3561:"The Case Against Plea Bargaining" 3129:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 73. 3071:Positive Law from the Muslim World 2646:Supreme Court of the United States 2444:Fraud (Trials Without a Jury) Bill 934:. Article 39 of Magna Carta read: 609:, the third and final play of his 14: 5242:Spencer, Jane (August 17, 2004). 5227:Golden Gate University Law Review 4975:, vol. 107, Yale Law Journal 4648:"Commons passes jury-less trials" 4623:"Non-jury trial plans under fire" 4598:"No-jury trial plan 'presses on'" 4573:"Straw on trial over jury reform" 3471:"Plea Bargaining And Its History" 3434:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3094:Ann Elizabeth Mayer, ed. (1985). 2832:Beacon Theaters, Inc. v. Westover 2264:according to article 6.2. of the 2209:. If a person is accused of e.g. 2157:The jury system was abolished in 2130:in 1864, and abolished after the 2111:alone while the judge determines 1218:, which bypasses the jury trial. 5546:(6). footnote 7, pp. 1069–1070. 5471:A World View of Criminal Justice 2900:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 2805:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 2442:, then pressed forward with the 1663:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1648:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1625:There are no jury trials in the 1582: 675:, litigants in court may obtain 402: 6054:Fully Informed Jury Association 5664:European Constitutional History 5375:Delmas-Marty, Mireille (2002). 5123:. Gpoaccess.gov. Archived from 4972:The Jury's Rise as Lie Detector 4817:District of Columbia v. Clawans 4230:. Parliamentary Counsel Office. 4216:. Parliamentary Counsel Office. 3741:The death of the American trial 3706:The death of the American trial 3671:The death of the American trial 3610:The death of the American trial 3428:Barkan, S.; Bryjak, G. (2011). 3123:Al-Rodhan, Nayef R. F. (2012). 2810:Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 2684:, while judges usually rule on 2248:In Swedish civil process, the " 2128:Judicial reform of Alexander II 2099:They are similar to common law 1925:Director of Public Prosecutions 1804:was adopted. A year later, the 1642:Hong Kong national security law 1133:judicial reform of Alexander II 995:(i.e., in modern parlance, the 851:Drawing from a 1920 edition of 61:Criminal trials and convictions 5667:. Jennings & Pye. p. 4955:Dignity of the Civil Jury, The 4874:. law.umkc.edu. Archived from 4754:. London: The Independent (UK) 4450:"Le jury populaire à l'agonie" 3316:"Narrative History of England" 2923:The article goes on to claim: 1863:Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act 1556:Basarabas and Spek v The Queen 1235:Jury § Jury effectiveness 870:A Shortened History of England 827:United States Court for Berlin 794:the jury was abolished by the 544:countries for criminal cases. 351:Sexually violent predator laws 28:Trial by Jury (disambiguation) 1: 5534:"Criminal Justice in Germany" 3157:Makdisi, John (1 June 1999). 631:as prosecutors for the slain 521:. It is distinguished from a 46:Buckinghamshire County Museum 5710:Terrill, Richard J. (2009). 5574:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns 5378:European Criminal Procedures 4896:Dolan, Maura (May 8, 2001), 1681:) or a fine of €75,000 (for 1290:Challenging potential jurors 570:Jury § Historical roots 244:Cruel and unusual punishment 5640:Shirer, William L. (1990). 5357:Criminal Justice in Germany 4935:Forston, Robert F. (1975), 4750:Hughes, Mark (2010-03-31). 4553:"Criminal Justice Act 1967" 3969:Ss. 3 and 24 Jury Oridnance 3879:Criminal Procedure Act 2004 3813:. setis.library.usyd.edu.au 2548:Juries in the United States 2388:Juries in England and Wales 2362:consists of three separate 1793:without the use of a jury. 1114:the rules of law and their 843:Juries in England and Wales 807:Federal Republic of Germany 635:. In the event the jury is 6101: 5619:Mulligan, William (2005). 5569:"Volksgerichte, 1918-1924" 5408:Cambridge University Press 5383:Cambridge University Press 4952:Kalven, Harry Jr. (1964), 3635:Journal of Law and Society 2871:The vast majority of U.S. 2767: 2667:United States Constitution 2545: 2497: 2385: 2347: 1962: 1806:Code of Criminal Procedure 1493: 1356: 1251: 1232: 1106: 1085:United States Constitution 953:Essay on the Trial by Jury 840: 831:United States Constitution 657:. The law was as follows: 567: 446: English/Welsh courts 25: 18: 5955:Scientific jury selection 4376:Constitutionally Speaking 3738:Burns, Robert P. (2009). 3703:Burns, Robert P. (2009). 3668:Burns, Robert P. (2009). 3608:Burns, Robert P. (2009). 3531:. Boston, Massachusetts: 3218:Forsyth, William (2010). 3163:North Carolina Law Review 2974:Samons, Loren J. (2007). 2778:legal system of civil law 2500:Trial by jury in Scotland 2432:Criminal Justice Act 2003 1591:This section needs to be 1547:According to the case of 1312:are usually based on the 1308:cannot be employed much. 947:It is translated thus by 866:George Macaulay Trevelyan 803:American-occupied Germany 801:Between 1948 and 1950 in 643:Roman Republic and Empire 5693:. J. W. Parker. p. 5690:History of Trial by Jury 5594:Fulda, Bernhard (2009). 5468:Vogler, Richard (2005). 5447:Malsch, Marijke (2009). 5314:Journal of Legal Studies 4394:(in print one day later) 4146:École Normale Supérieure 3773:Thomas, Suja A. (2016). 3291:Casper & Zeisel 1972 3267:Casper & Zeisel 1972 3255:Casper & Zeisel 1972 3220:History of Trial by Jury 3069:Baudouin Dupret (2021). 2738:the jury sets punishment 2262:presumption of innocence 1367:verdicts are allowed in 1072:colonies, including the 823:LOT Flight 165 hijacking 817:Vereinheitlichungsgesetz 582:had a mechanism, called 100:Presumption of innocence 5602:Oxford University Press 5248:The Wall Street Journal 4484:Global Taiwan Institute 3576:(3). Washington, D.C.: 3102:Press. pp. 54–64. 3019:Lawrence Rosen (2000). 2270:Supreme Court of Sweden 2243:Supreme Court of Sweden 1978:(裁判員 "lay judge"). The 1837:Criminal Procedure Code 1829:Law Commission of India 1761:. During the period of 1618:Criminal trials in the 1278:Parliament prescribes. 960:by the law of the land. 898:(minor nobles) of each 693:jury trials under King 262:Indefinite imprisonment 5979:Specific jurisdictions 5742:Sadakat Kadri (2005). 5646:. Simon and Schuster. 5453:. Ashgate Publishing. 5428:Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 5069:. United States Courts 4969:George Fisher (1997), 4242:"s46C Juries Act 1981" 4139:"Lay Justice in India" 3535:Educational Foundation 3403:10.1093/iclqaj/5.2.157 2930: 2921: 2703:It was established in 2613:Apprendi v. New Jersey 2093:Constitution of Russia 1929:Special Criminal Court 1891:Central Criminal Court 1821:independence activists 1706:Constitution of Greece 1476:crime against humanity 1026: 1017: 989: 962: 945: 939: 861: 816: 769:Frankfurt Constitution 748: 716: 664: 321:Miscarriage of justice 48: 5661:Case, Nelson (1902). 5264:[2002] UKHL 5 4382:Retrieved 2013-01-08. 4378:, 9 September 2009 — 4018:. thestandard.com.hk 3378:, Brooklyn Law Review 3372:N. S. Marder (2000), 3281:, footnote 73, p. 18. 2764:Civil trial procedure 2630:Blakely v. Washington 2203:freedom of expression 2163:District of Kimberley 1969:On May 28, 2004, the 1763:Company rule in India 1739:European colonization 1661:, in what is now the 1532:Jury panel exhaustion 1466:), and for crimes of 1310:Peremptory challenges 1185:malicious prosecution 1051:Court of Common Pleas 905:In the 12th century, 850: 673:Islamic jurisprudence 533:makes all decisions. 346:Sex offender registry 66:Rights of the accused 36: 5940:Peremptory challenge 5930:Death-qualified jury 5350:Jehle, Jörg-Martin; 4923:416 F.2d 165 4654:. London. 2006-11-29 4629:. London. 2005-11-21 4604:. London. 2005-11-26 4460:on 29 September 2008 3467:Alschuler, Albert W. 3021:The Justice of Islam 2867:Waiver of jury trial 2823:specific performance 2601:Fourteenth Amendment 2350:Rights of Englishmen 2318:Lay judges in Taiwan 2306:tribunaux d'échevins 2207:freedom of the press 2069:Norwegian Parliament 1248:In various countries 1059:. The ruling in the 888:Æthelred the Unready 777:Frankfurt Parliament 517:makes a decision or 432:English/Welsh courts 360:Related areas of law 5539:Michigan Law Review 5400:Bell, John (2006). 4906:on December 2, 2006 4834:Baldwin v. New York 4542:(10 September 2020) 4508:www.taipeitimes.com 4337:, pp. 438–439. 4135:Jean-Louis Halpérin 3476:Columbia Law Review 3361:Magna Carta of 1215 3044:Ron Shaham (2010). 2912:Wall Street Journal 2732:penalty should be. 2555:American Revolution 2535:Operation Demetrius 2478:at the Old Bailey. 2402:Magistrates' Courts 2364:legal jurisdictions 2126:as a result of the 2089:judiciary of Russia 2059:lagrettens ordfører 2030:) there is a jury ( 1965:Lay judges in Japan 1875:Republic of Ireland 1847:Indian legal system 1825:Indian Constitution 1796:In 1860, after the 1749:composed of twelve 1506:indictable offences 1302:challenge for cause 916:Assize of Clarendon 798:of 4 January 1924. 773:Revolutions of 1848 341:Restorative justice 16:Type of legal trial 6080:Criminal procedure 5935:Jury questionnaire 5907:Summary jury trial 5892:Jury sequestration 5870:Jury nullification 5813:Citizens' assembly 5530:Wolff, Hans Julius 5221:Leney HC. (1991). 4858:Landry v. Hoepfner 4434:2013-12-27 at the 4361:George P. Landow. 4318:The New York Times 4181:. August 30, 2016. 3950:www.austlii.edu.au 3460:Newman, D. (1966) 2827:equitable remedies 2747:Ramos v. Louisiana 2694:jury nullification 2559:English common law 2460:Lord Chief Justice 2337:allows jury trials 2132:October Revolution 1916:as amended by the 1910:electoral register 1769:(EIC) control. In 1767:East India Company 1385:Northern Territory 1342:Northern Territory 1193:false imprisonment 1097:Seventh Amendments 1005:History of England 967:consuetudinary law 862: 691:English Common Law 553:criminal procedure 231:Capital punishment 223:Dangerous offender 110:Self-incrimination 55:Criminal procedure 49: 6062: 6061: 5991:England and Wales 5850:Jury instructions 5795:-related articles 5746:. HarperCollins. 5727:978-1-59345-612-2 5653:978-0-671-72868-7 5632:978-1-57181-908-6 5611:978-0-19-954778-4 5499:Modern Law Review 5490:Kahn-Freund, Otto 5481:978-0-7546-2467-7 5460:978-0-7546-7405-4 5417:978-0-521-86072-7 5392:978-0-521-59110-2 5367:978-3-936999-51-8 5148:. Law.cornell.edu 4782:. 30 March 2012. 4540:Ukrayinska Pravda 4137:(25 March 2011). 4046:Missing or empty 3857:"Jury Trials XII" 3838:. 21 October 1824 3784:978-1-107-05565-0 3751:978-0-226-08126-7 3716:978-0-226-08126-7 3681:978-0-226-08126-7 3619:978-0-226-08126-7 3521:(June 17, 2004). 3136:978-0-230-39320-2 2987:978-0-521-80793-7 2846: (1959), the 2791:'s 1833 treatise 2785:Seventh Amendment 2682:questions of fact 2644: (2004), the 2627: (2000), and 2488:England and Wales 2476:Mr Justice Treacy 2410:"indictable-only" 2398:England and Wales 2382:England and Wales 2109:questions of fact 2067:In May 2015, the 1885:cases before the 1833:Indian government 1802:Indian Penal Code 1612: 1611: 1468:international law 1377:Western Australia 1346:Western Australia 1208:England and Wales 1116:jury instructions 1046:contempt of court 1034:unlawful assembly 884:Njáll Þorgeirsson 837:England and Wales 779:was dissolved by 765:Habsburg monarchy 743:Rhenish provinces 699:Kingdom of Sicily 499: 498: 374:Criminal defenses 316:Habitual offender 267:Three-strikes law 257:Life imprisonment 236:Execution warrant 105:Exclusionary rule 6092: 5950:Strike for cause 5902:Juror misconduct 5855:Specific finding 5801:Primary articles 5786: 5779: 5772: 5763: 5731: 5706: 5685:Forsyth, William 5680: 5657: 5636: 5615: 5590: 5578: 5563: 5525: 5515: 5492:(January 1974). 5485: 5464: 5443: 5421: 5396: 5371: 5346: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5281: 5273: 5267: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5239: 5230: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5169:. Archived from 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4902:, archived from 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4831: (1937) and 4813: 4807: 4806: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4697: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4549: 4543: 4534: 4530: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4456:. Archived from 4445: 4439: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4308: 4295: 4289: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4154: 4148:. Archived from 4143: 4131: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4022:. Archived from 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3891: 3885: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3565: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3503: 3469:(January 1979). 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3369: 3363: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3279:Kahn-Freund 1974 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3194: 3188: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2971: 2940:The judgment on 2914:article states: 2848:US Supreme Court 2686:questions of law 2514:Northern Ireland 2508:Northern Ireland 2448:House of Commons 2440:Attorney General 2302:Schöffengerichte 2282:Canton of Geneva 2199:fundamental laws 2113:questions of law 1906:county registrar 1859:local government 1771:Presidency towns 1759:enslaved servant 1607: 1604: 1598: 1586: 1585: 1578: 1563:Tran v The Queen 1122:Various verdicts 1109:Jury § Role 949:Lysander Spooner 943: 825:suspects in the 819: 753: 719: 637:split six to six 519:findings of fact 511:legal proceeding 491: 484: 477: 463: 455: 447: 442: 434: 426: 407: 406: 306:Criminal justice 160:Directed verdict 51: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6075:Types of trials 6065: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6042: 5974: 5925:Change of venue 5911: 5796: 5790: 5760: 5739: 5737:Further reading 5734: 5728: 5709: 5683: 5660: 5654: 5639: 5633: 5618: 5612: 5593: 5581: 5566: 5552:10.2307/1283584 5528: 5488: 5482: 5467: 5461: 5446: 5424: 5418: 5399: 5393: 5374: 5368: 5349: 5305:Casper, Gerhard 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5259: 5255: 5241: 5240: 5233: 5220: 5216: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5176: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5151: 5149: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5130: 5128: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5072: 5070: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5010: 5009: 5005: 4996: 4994: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4881: 4879: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4814: 4810: 4805:. 3 March 2010. 4795: 4794: 4790: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4757: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4735: 4733: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4710: 4708: 4699: 4698: 4691: 4682: 4680: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4657: 4655: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4632: 4630: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4607: 4605: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4582: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4532: 4531: 4522: 4513: 4511: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4488: 4486: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4463: 4461: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4436:Wayback Machine 4429:NJA 2012 s. 940 4427: 4423: 4414: 4412: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4374: 4370: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4326: 4310: 4309: 4298: 4290: 4273: 4264: 4262: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4141: 4133: 4132: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4085: 4083: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4045: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4003: 4001: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3877: 3873: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3841: 3839: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3816: 3814: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3752: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3717: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3682: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3647:10.2307/1410610 3632: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3590: 3588: 3563: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3538: 3536: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3501: 3499: 3489:10.2307/1122051 3465: 3459: 3455: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3355: 3346: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3319: 3318:. Britannia.com 3314: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2955: 2869: 2781: 2766: 2718:Justice Douglas 2698:double jeopardy 2552: 2550: 2544: 2533:, to phase out 2510: 2502: 2496: 2484: 2454:in March 2007. 2394: 2386:Main articles: 2384: 2376:Scottish courts 2356: 2346: 2327: 2314: 2278: 2187: 2171:Oscar Pistorius 2155: 2140: 2085: 2017: 2000: 1988: 1967: 1961: 1949: 1914:Juries Act 1976 1871: 1853:juries and the 1735: 1726: 1698: 1679:natural persons 1671: 1655: 1650: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1587: 1583: 1576: 1571: 1534: 1498: 1492: 1484: 1460:Court of Assize 1456: 1448: 1434:The Queensland 1389:New South Wales 1369:South Australia 1361: 1355: 1344:allow for six. 1326:South Australia 1322:New South Wales 1292: 1283:New South Wales 1272: 1264: 1256: 1250: 1241: 1231: 1181:forced abortion 1169: 1157: 1129: 1124: 1111: 1105: 993:Presenting Jury 924:trial by ordeal 845: 839: 796:Emminger Reform 792:Weimar Republic 707: 669: 655:trial by combat 645: 577: 572: 566: 549:civil procedure 531:panel of judges 495: 466: 458: 453:Canadian courts 450: 445: 440:Scottish courts 437: 429: 421: 413: 401: 388: 369:Civil procedure 355: 276:Post-sentencing 271: 240: 214: 164: 129: 115:Double jeopardy 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6098: 6096: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6067: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6026:Jury selection 6023: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5917:Jury selection 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5875:Jury tampering 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5820: 5818:Coroner's jury 5815: 5810: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5766: 5759: 5758:External links 5756: 5755: 5754: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5726: 5716:(7 ed.). 5707: 5681: 5658: 5652: 5637: 5631: 5616: 5610: 5591: 5579: 5564: 5526: 5486: 5480: 5465: 5459: 5444: 5434:(4): 495–515. 5422: 5416: 5397: 5391: 5372: 5366: 5360:. Forum-Verl. 5347: 5327:10.1086/467481 5321:(1): 135–191. 5300: 5298: 5297: 5268: 5253: 5231: 5214: 5197:SMU Law Review 5183: 5158: 5137: 5112: 5098: 5079: 5067:"Jury Service" 5058: 5030: 5003: 4978: 4961: 4944: 4927: 4909: 4888: 4862: 4850: 4808: 4788: 4764: 4742: 4717: 4689: 4664: 4639: 4614: 4589: 4564: 4544: 4533:(in Ukrainian) 4520: 4495: 4470: 4440: 4421: 4396: 4384: 4368: 4353: 4339: 4324: 4296: 4294:, p. 439. 4271: 4247: 4233: 4219: 4205: 4184: 4166: 4113: 4092: 4066: 4057: 4010: 3989: 3984:The Australian 3971: 3962: 3934: 3922:NSW Government 3909: 3886: 3871: 3848: 3823: 3802: 3793: 3783: 3765: 3750: 3730: 3715: 3695: 3680: 3660: 3625: 3618: 3600: 3578:Cato Institute 3557:Lynch, Timothy 3548: 3511: 3453: 3440: 3420: 3408: 3397:(2): 157–173. 3381: 3364: 3353: 3328: 3307: 3305:, p. 245. 3295: 3293:, p. 141. 3283: 3271: 3269:, p. 139. 3259: 3257:, p. 137. 3247: 3245:, p. 371. 3235: 3229:978-1141968268 3228: 3222:. Nabu Press. 3210: 3208:, p. 370. 3195: 3193:, p. 369. 3180: 3149: 3135: 3115: 3108: 3086: 3079: 3061: 3054: 3036: 3029: 3011: 2999: 2986: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2946:House of Lords 2868: 2865: 2765: 2762: 2651:federal courts 2546:Main article: 2543: 2540: 2523:Diplock courts 2509: 2506: 2498:Main article: 2495: 2492: 2483: 2480: 2436:Lord Goldsmith 2425:Home Secretary 2418:jury tampering 2383: 2380: 2360:United Kingdom 2345: 2344:United Kingdom 2342: 2326: 2323: 2313: 2310: 2277: 2274: 2186: 2183: 2154: 2151: 2139: 2136: 2124:Russian Empire 2084: 2081: 2047:lagmannsretten 2016: 2013: 1999: 1996: 1987: 1984: 1963:Main article: 1960: 1957: 1953:Corte d'Assise 1948: 1945: 1933:District Court 1870: 1867: 1855:Panchayati raj 1787:criminal cases 1734: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1697: 1694: 1688:cour d'assises 1670: 1667: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1627:District Court 1610: 1609: 1590: 1588: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1533: 1530: 1491: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1455: 1452: 1447: 1444: 1363:In Australia, 1354: 1351: 1306:jury selection 1291: 1288: 1271: 1268: 1263: 1260: 1249: 1246: 1230: 1227: 1168: 1165: 1156: 1153: 1143:believed that 1131:Following the 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1107:Main article: 1104: 1101: 1076:, adopted the 1053:for a writ of 914:" through his 841:Main article: 838: 835: 771:of the failed 706: 703: 668: 665: 644: 641: 580:Ancient Athens 576: 573: 565: 562: 497: 496: 494: 493: 486: 479: 471: 468: 467: 465: 464: 456: 448: 443: 435: 427: 418: 415: 414: 412: 411: 409:Law portal 398: 395: 394: 390: 389: 387: 386: 381: 376: 371: 365: 362: 361: 357: 356: 354: 353: 348: 343: 338: 336:Rehabilitation 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 292: 287: 281: 278: 277: 273: 272: 270: 269: 264: 259: 254: 248: 247: 246: 239: 238: 233: 227: 226: 225: 220: 213: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 176: 173: 172: 166: 165: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 141: 138: 137: 131: 130: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 71: 68: 67: 63: 62: 58: 57: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6097: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6031:Nullification 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6021:U.S. military 6019: 6018: 6017: 6016:United States 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5970:Stealth juror 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5887:Jury research 5885: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5787: 5782: 5780: 5775: 5773: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5757: 5753: 5752:0-00-711121-5 5749: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5532:(June 1944). 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5285: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5257: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5184: 5173:on 2013-01-21 5172: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5127:on 2008-09-19 5126: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5080: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5034: 5031: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5004: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4979: 4974: 4973: 4965: 4962: 4957: 4956: 4948: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4918:U.S. v. Spock 4913: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4892: 4889: 4878:on 2011-01-23 4877: 4873: 4870:Doug Linder. 4866: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4812: 4809: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4779: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4753: 4746: 4743: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4471: 4459: 4455: 4452:(in French). 4451: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4425: 4422: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4369: 4364: 4357: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4155:on 3 May 2014 4151: 4147: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4053: 4040: 4026:on 2015-06-15 4025: 4021: 4014: 4011: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3986:. 2009-11-26. 3985: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3734: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3699: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3664: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3562: 3559:(Fall 2003). 3558: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3443: 3441:9780763754242 3437: 3433: 3432: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3150: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3119: 3116: 3111: 3109:9780873959889 3105: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3087: 3082: 3080:9781108960137 3076: 3072: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3055:9780226749358 3051: 3047: 3040: 3037: 3032: 3030:9780198298847 3026: 3022: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2989: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2959: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2733: 2729: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2714:Justice Black 2710: 2706: 2705:Bushel's Case 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2671:civil liberty 2668: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2610:In the cases 2608: 2606: 2605:incorporation 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2542:United States 2541: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2258:American rule 2255: 2252:" applies to 2251: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2179:Shrien Dewani 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167:Pierre de Vos 2164: 2160: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2103:, and unlike 2102: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2005: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1971:Diet of Japan 1966: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1937:Circuit Court 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1887:Circuit Court 1884: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1814:British India 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798:British Crown 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1781:and Madras), 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1741:. In 1665, a 1740: 1732: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1684: 1683:legal persons 1680: 1676: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1606: 1594: 1589: 1580: 1579: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1502:Criminal Code 1497: 1489: 1487: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1453: 1451: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1436:Jury Act 1995 1432: 1429: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1269: 1267: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200:United States 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1110: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1074:United States 1071: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1062:Bushel's Case 1058: 1057: 1056:habeas corpus 1052: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1032:charged with 1031: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 988: 984: 981: 978: 973: 970: 968: 961: 956: 954: 950: 944: 942: 935: 933: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 880: 875: 872:, during the 871: 867: 864:According to 860: 859: 854: 853:W. S. Gilbert 849: 844: 836: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 818: 812: 808: 804: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 782: 778: 774: 770: 767:in 1786. 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