900:
306:
525:
2047:
926:. As stipulated by the agreement, the new transitional government was to be sworn in on 5 January 1994. Habyarimana was sworn in as interim President at the Parliament building, but then suddenly departed before calling up the new Prime Minister and cabinet to be inaugurated. Habyarimana returned that afternoon with a list of new cabinet members from Hutu extremist parties, who had not been agreed upon in the Arusha Accords, to be sworn in. Having not been formally invited for a second ceremony, Chief Justice
51:
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government services which intentionally disadvantaged Tutsis. As
Habyarimana continued to favor a smaller and smaller coterie of supporters, Hutu groups who felt slighted by him cooperated with Tutsis to weaken his leadership. By the start of the invasion from Uganda by the army of the Rwanda Patriotic Front, a rebel army made up mostly of refugee Tutsi who had helped Uganda's Museveni seize control of the presidency, Habyarimana's supporters had shrunk down to the
802:
911:'s death, the Rwandan Army enjoyed a major tactical advantage. By the end of October, they had regained all the ground taken by the RPF and pushed the rebels all the way back to the Ugandan border. Habyarimana accused the Ugandan Government of supplying the RPF, establishing a "rear command" for the group in Kampala, and "flagging off" the invasion. The Rwandan Government announced on 30 October that the war was over.
737:
1081:
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of complicity in the genocide and was denied asylum in France on the basis of evidence of her complicity. She was arrested in March 2010 in the Paris region by the police executing a
Rwandan-issued international arrest warrant. In September 2011, a French court denied Rwanda's request for extradition
817:
Local administrations simultaneously represented the official party as well as the local authority. Legal and party policies were communicated and enforced from the Head of State down through the local administrative units, especially the general policy of
Umuganda, in which Rwandans were required to
1013:
Habyarimana's body was identified lying in a flowerbed at about 21:30 on 6 April by the crash site. The corpses of the victims were taken into the
Presidential Palace living room. Plans were initially made to take his body to the hospital, but the renewal of conflict made this difficult, and instead
991:
leader of Rwanda since the genocide, was that the French were only trying to cover up their own part in the genocide that followed. A more recent French probe in a
January 2012 report was falsely reported to exonerate the RPF. Members of Kagame's inner circle have come out publicly stating that the
785:
groups given his administration's reluctance to implement policies that catered to his primarily Hutu supporters. This restraint did not last and
Habyarimana eventually began to oversee a government that mirrored the policies of Kayibanda. Quotas were once again applied to jobs for universities and
1071:
The death of
Habyarimana ignited the genocide against the Tutsi by extremists from the majority Hutus, against Tutsis and those Hutus who had opposed the government in the past or who had supported the peace accords. Within 100 days, somewhere between 491,000 and 800,000 Rwandans were massacred.
813:
From 1975 to 1990, the MRND and the
Habyarimana government were one. Under a constitution adopted in 1978, every five years the president of the MRND, Hayarimana, was automatically elected to a five-year term as president of the republic, and was confirmed in office via a referendum. Every four
634:-party enforcers required people to chant and dance in adulation of the President at mass pageants of political "animation". While the country as a whole had become slightly less impoverished during Habyarimana's tenure, the great majority of Rwandans remained in circumstances of
1296:
Gridmheden, Jonas. Ring, Rolf. 'Essays in Honour of Göran
Melander Volume 26 of The @Raoul Wallenberg Institute human rights library: Raoul Wallenberg Institutet för Mänskliga Rättigheter och Humanitär Rätt Volume 26 of The Raoul Wallenberg Institute Human Rights Library'.
887:
when the attack commenced. When news of the RPF offensive broke, Habyarimana requested assistance from France in fighting the invasion. The French government responded by dispatching troops to his aid under the cover of protecting French nationals. Zairian
President
818:"allocate half a day's labour per week" to infrastructural projects. Habyarimana is sometimes described as a moderate though the party is said to have used right-wing propaganda methods, advanced a conservative political agenda and was anti-communist.
1118:
2138:
249:
622:, and electoral fraud was suspected for his unopposed re-elections: 98.99% of the vote on 24 December 1978, 99.97% of the vote on 19 December 1983, and 99.98% of the vote on 19 December 1988. During his rule, Rwanda became a
1160:
1014:
his corpse was stored in a freezer at a nearby army barracks. His family shortly thereafter fled to France, making no preparations for his burial. At some point following, Habyarimana's remains were obtained by
986:
Since the aircraft had a French crew, a French investigation was conducted; in 2006 it concluded that Kagame was responsible for the killing and demanded that he be prosecuted. The response from Kagame, the
2173:
774:. At the same time, Habyarimana was elected to a five-year term as president; as president of the MRND, he was the only candidate. He was reelected in 1983 and 1988, both times as the only candidate.
939:
666:
588:
409:
224:
2208:
2193:
1374:
Brown Jr., Thomas J. Guillot, Philippe. Minear, Larry. 'Soldiers to the Rescue: Humanitarian Lessons from Rwanda'. Institute for International Studies (Brown University). OECD Publishing, 1996.
2188:
766:
631:
1092:, was evacuated by French troops shortly after his death. She has been described as having been extremely influential in Rwandan politics. She has been accused by Rwandan Justice Minister
1050:
for three days. On 16 May, the day before Mobutu fled Zaire and the country was renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Habyarimana's remains were burned under the supervision of an
1039:
1589:
549:
2198:
1708:, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. Seven out of every ten Tutsis were killed and they lost the war.
2223:
790:("little house" or "President's household"), which was mainly composed of an informal group of Hutu extremists from his home region, namely from the northwestern provinces of
1356:
Association of Adventist Forums. 'Spectrum: Journal of the Association of Adventist Forums, Volume 27'. The Association, 1999. The University of Wisconsin – Madison. Page 71.
896:(DSP). The Zairian soldiers raped Rwandan civilians in the north of the country and looted their homes, prompting Habyarimana to expel them within a week of their arrival.
440:
1991:
1339:
Butare-Kiyovu. 'International Development from a Kingdom Perspective William Carey International University international development series'. WCIU Press, 2010.
968:, the Chief of Staff of the Rwandan military, and numerous others also died in the attack. The plane crashed on the grounds of the presidential residence.
2213:
2203:
1246:
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2108:
814:
years, voters had the option of choosing between two MRND candidates for the legislature. All citizens of Rwanda became members of the MRND at birth.
2183:
2128:
1262:
Murphy, Sean D. 'Humanitarian intervention: Volume 21 of Procedural aspects of international law series'. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.
1113:
535:
771:
455:
2073:
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1822:
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in 1993 with the RPF as a peace agreement. The following year, he died under mysterious circumstances when his plane, also carrying the
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as the country's only legal party. The government stayed almost entirely in military hands until 1978 when a new constitution was
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979:. Others, including the RPF, accused militant Hutus from within Habyarimana's party of orchestrating the crash to provoke anti-
542:
1034:). Mobutu promised Habyarimana's family that his body would eventually be given a proper burial in Rwanda. On 12 May 1997, as
2093:
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893:
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1951:
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1279:
Feher. 'Powerless by Design: The Age of the International Community Public Planet Series'. Duke University Press, 2000
717:. He graduated with distinction in 1961 and became an aide to the Belgian commander of the force in Rwanda. He married
2113:
830:
1035:
875:
Rwandan refugees and expatriates who had served in the Ugandan army (many in key positions), crossed the border from
615:
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attack was ordered by Kagame himself. These include his former Chief of Staff and Ambassador to the United States
2163:
2103:
1607:
884:
899:
825:(RPF) invasion, and because of mounting pressure from several sources—Rwanda's main ally and financial backer,
618:, he became the country's new president and eventually continued his predecessor's pro-Hutu policies. He was a
583:; 8 March 1937 – 6 April 1994) was a Rwandan politician and military officer who was the second
2026:
1961:
121:
1608:"Shikama: Rwanda.RNC Leader Theogene Rudasingwa Testifies Against Rwandan Paul Kagame in Spanish High Court"
1322:
Bauer, Gretchen. Trmblay, Manon. 'Women in Executive Power: A Global Overview'. Taylor & Francis, 2011.
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2011:
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2016:
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Red Cross volunteers monitoring and assisting displaced populations during the Rwandan Civil War, 1994.
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752:
On 5 July 1973, while serving as Army Chief of Staff and minister of defense, Habyarimana seized power
611:
109:
1590:"Rwanda's Untold Story. A reply to "38 scholars, scientists, researchers, journalists and historians""
2123:
2083:
2078:
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1649:
Gaillard, Philippe; Barrada, Hamid (28 April 1994). "Le récit en direct de la famille Habyarimana".
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the following year, Habyarimana left Lovanium and enrolled in the officer training school in
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1000:, the former secretary in the Ministry of Defense Major Jean-Marie Micombero and others.
701:, where he graduated with a degree in mathematics and humanities. In 1958 he enrolled in
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West Africa, Issues 3814–3825. West Africa Publishing Company Limited, 1990. Page 2757.
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did not appear and the suggested ministers were not sworn in, infuriating Habyarimana.
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family. After receiving a primary education, he attended the College of Saint Paul in
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rebels were advancing on Gbadolite, Mobutu had the remains flown by cargo plane to
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17:
1119:
List of heads of state and government who died in aviation accidents and incidents
867:
In October 1990, an attack on Habyarimana's government began when rebels from the
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669:. His assassination ignited ethnic tensions in the region and helped spark the
1249: (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 1998), archived from
972:
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450:
281:
1896:
Silent Accomplice: The Untold Story of France's Role in the Rwandan Genocide
1023:
953:
761:
745:
948:
A map showing places relevant to the assassination of Juvenal Habyarimana.
1926:
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With French assistance, and benefiting from the loss of RPF morale after
728:. Two years later he was made Minister of the National Guard and Police.
706:
653:
against his government. After three years of war, Habyarimana signed the
619:
570:
724:
On 29 June 1963 Habyarimana, as a lieutenant, was appointed head of the
1969:
1161:
We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families
682:
190:
2139:
National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development politicians
975:
media claimed the plane had been shot down on orders from RPF leader
876:
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Réseaux, pouvoirs, oppositions: La compétition politique au Rwanda
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The circumstances of the crash remain unclear. At the time, the
892:'s contribution was to send several hundred troops of the elite
778:
690:
603:
1973:
1498:"Inside Story: How Habyarimana Betrayed Opposition Politicians"
1694:
1814:
A Thousand Hills: Rwanda's Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed it
1790:
Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2012).
606:, Habyarimana served in several security positions including
1817:(Hardcover ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
940:
Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira
1665:
1523:
1629:"Rwanda Opposition Furious Over Habyarimana Plane report"
1175:
Peasant Ideology and Genocide in Rwanda Under Habyarimana
1697:, 1 April 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and
1467:
1465:
996:, the former army chief and Ambassador to India General
767:
Mouvement Révolutionnaire National pour le Développement
2174:
State leaders killed in aviation accidents or incidents
1878:(2nd ed.). Kampala: Fountain Publishers Limited.
1524:"Unsolved Rwanda Mystery: The President's Plane Crash"
129:
Chairman of the Committee for Peace and National Unity
1770:
Rwanda president's widow held in France over genocide
2209:
National presidents assassinated in the 20th century
2194:
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Rwanda
781:
himself, he initially won favor among both Hutu and
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30:"Habyarimana" redirects here. For the surname, see
2189:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1994
681:Juvénal Habyarimana was born on 8 March 1937, in
914:On 4 August 1993 the Rwandan government and the
740:President Habyarimana with Dutch Prime Minister
1666:"Ending a Chapter, Mobutu Cremates Rwanda Ally"
1571:"America's secret role in the Rwandan genocide"
1483:
1211:
1196:
1137:
1287:, 9780822326137. Length 167 pages. Page 50-60.
2199:African politicians assassinated in the 1990s
1985:
1223:
1084:House of former Rwandan President Habyarimana
543:
404:
8:
2224:Recipients of the Order of the National Flag
1796:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press USA.
1313:, 9789004151819. Length 394 pages. Page 173.
983:outrage while simultaneously seizing power.
805:Habyarimana (third row, third from left) at
1653:(in French). No. 1738. pp. 12–19.
1382:, 9789264149175. Length 200 pages. Page 22.
1330:, 9781136819155. Length 240 pages. Page 93.
1270:, 9780812233827 Length 427 pages. Page 243.
1992:
1978:
1970:
1933:
1496:Tabaro, Jean de la Croix (14 April 2015).
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1875:The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide
1150:
1148:
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1851:Munyarugerero, François-Xavier (2003).
1569:Epstein, Helen C. (12 September 2017).
1471:
1444:
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1242:The Prosecutor versus Jean-Paul Akayesu
1130:
952:On 6 April 1994, Habyarimana's private
363:
1456:
1420:
1699:OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide
1394:"Rwanda calls for aid to halt rebels"
1305:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006.
1046:, where they waited on the tarmac of
578:
569:
79:1 August 1973 – 6 April 1994
27:President of Rwanda from 1973 to 1994
7:
1719:"Blazing a trail for Africa's women"
1588:Reyntjens, Filip (21 October 2014).
1522:Bonner, Raymond (12 November 1994).
809:'s 80th birthday celebration in 1992
614:. After overthrowing Kayibanda in a
140:5 July 1973 – 1 August 1973
1745:"Rwanda seeks ex-first lady arrest"
1022:and kept in a private mausoleum in
1550:"Rwanda fury at Kagame trial call"
667:shot down by a missile near Kigali
25:
2214:20th-century presidents in Africa
2204:Assassinated presidents in Africa
1922:Rwanda: How the genocide happened
1836:. Kampala: World of Inspiration.
1691:Rwanda: How the genocide happened
1664:French, Howard W. (16 May 1997).
2219:Politicians assassinated in 1994
2109:Assassinated Rwandan politicians
2045:
1832:Muhanguzi Kampe, Justus (2016).
1032:Democratic Republic of the Congo
756:against the incumbent President
610:under Rwanda's first president,
523:
368:
304:
1793:Dictionary of African Biography
1392:Biles, Peter (4 October 1990).
764:party. In 1975, he created the
270:
2184:Victims of aircraft shootdowns
2129:Leaders who took power by coup
839:Republican Democratic Movement
456:1978 constitutional referendum
1:
894:Special Presidential Division
883:attending the United Nations
821:However, in 1990, before the
760:, ousting Kayibanda's ruling
709:. After the beginning of the
2074:Far-right politics in Rwanda
958:Kigali International Airport
2119:Defence ministers of Rwanda
1956:5 July 1973 – 6 April 1994
1212:Akyeampong & Gates 2012
1197:Akyeampong & Gates 2012
1138:Akyeampong & Gates 2012
599:word meaning "invincible".
580:[ʒyvenalabjaʁimana]
471:1988 parliamentary election
466:1983 parliamentary election
461:1981 parliamentary election
2240:
2179:Unsolved murders in Rwanda
2134:Lovanium University alumni
1347:, 9780865850286. Page 159.
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851:Christian Democratic Party
671:genocide against the Tutsi
29:
2149:People murdered in Rwanda
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2007:
1958:
1949:
1941:
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1100:Habyarimana was a devout
885:World Summit for Children
726:Garde Nationale Rwandaise
589:his assassination in 1994
355:
221:Manner of death
168:
133:
72:
60:
48:
1872:Prunier, Gérard (1999).
1811:Kinzer, Stephen (2008).
1704:25 February 2007 at the
1114:List of unsolved murders
1076:Family and personal life
829:, its main funders, the
772:approved in a referendum
677:Early life and education
571:[hɑβɟɑːɾímɑ̂ːnɑ]
436:1973 Rwandan coup d'état
405:Early life and education
377:This article is part of
2169:Rwandan Roman Catholics
2159:Rwandan anti-communists
2089:1990s murders in Rwanda
1893:Wallis, Andrew (2006).
1181:26 January 2021 at the
1097:of Agathe Habyarimana.
960:, killing Habyarimana.
956:jet was shot down near
916:Rwandan Patriotic Front
843:Social Democratic Party
823:Rwandan Patriotic Front
647:Rwandan Patriotic Front
290:Kigali Military Academy
2099:1994 murders in Africa
1899:. London: I.B.Tauris.
1253: on 22 March 2012.
1085:
1061:Political consequences
949:
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483:Presidential elections
229:surface-to-air missile
2094:1994 crimes in Rwanda
1962:Théodore Sindikubwabo
1083:
1036:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
947:
902:
879:. Habyarimana was in
861:Further information:
804:
739:
705:'s medical school in
337:Rwanda National Guard
318:Years of service
122:Théodore Sindikubwabo
98:Agathe Uwilingiyimana
32:Habyarimana (surname)
2154:Presidents of Rwanda
2001:Presidents of Rwanda
1834:Eyes of a Journalist
1484:Muhanguzi Kampe 2016
1094:Tharcisse Karugarama
1088:Habyarimana's wife,
966:President of Burundi
871:, a force of mostly
659:President of Burundi
151:Position established
94:Dismas Nsengiyaremye
90:Sylvestre Nsanzimana
2144:People from Gisenyi
1952:President of Rwanda
1558:. 21 November 2006.
1140:, pp. 527–528.
994:Theogene Rudasingwa
703:Lovanium University
649:(RPF) launched the
630:state in which his
608:minister of defense
591:. He was nicknamed
585:president of Rwanda
563:Juvénal Habyarimana
417:President of Rwanda
388:Juvénal Habyarimana
287:Lovanium University
67:President of Rwanda
55:Habyarimana in 1980
43:Juvénal Habyarimana
18:Juvenal Habyarimana
2114:Christian fascists
1945:Grégoire Kayibanda
1937:Political offices
1725:. 23 November 2005
1670:The New York Times
1528:The New York Times
1224:Munyarugerero 2003
1090:Agathe Habyarimana
1086:
962:Cyprien Ntaryamira
950:
928:Joseph Kavaruganda
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758:Grégoire Kayibanda
750:
711:Rwandan Revolution
663:Cyprien Ntaryamira
612:Grégoire Kayibanda
587:, from 1973 until
262:Agathe Habyarimana
163:Position abolished
110:Grégoire Kayibanda
2061:
2060:
1968:
1967:
1959:Succeeded by
1906:978-1-84511-247-9
1885:978-9970-02-089-8
1824:978-0-470-12015-6
1751:. 11 January 2007
1594:African Arguments
1423:, pp. 24–25.
1156:Philip Gourevitch
924:Rwandan Civil War
918:(RPF) signed the
863:Rwandan Civil War
651:Rwandan Civil War
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857:Rwanda Civil War
754:in a coup d'état
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1753:. Retrieved
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1673:. Retrieved
1669:
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1632:. Retrieved
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1602:
1593:
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1575:The Guardian
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1532:. Retrieved
1527:
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1505:. Retrieved
1501:
1491:
1479:
1472:Prunier 1999
1452:
1445:Prunier 1999
1440:
1433:Prunier 1999
1428:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1399:The Guardian
1397:
1387:
1370:
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1292:
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1251:the original
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707:Léopoldville
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624:totalitarian
616:coup in 1973
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592:
567:Kinyarwanda:
562:
561:
506:Battles/wars
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342:Battles/wars
206:(1994-04-06)
204:6 April 1994
188:8 March 1937
162:
158:Succeeded by
150:
135:
117:Succeeded by
74:
36:
2124:Hutu people
2084:1994 deaths
2079:1937 births
2022:Habyarimana
2012:Mbonyumutwa
1689:See, e.g.,
1675:26 December
1534:26 December
1530:. p. 1
1457:Kinzer 2008
1421:Wallis 2006
977:Paul Kagame
922:to end the
807:Kim Il Sung
597:Kinyarwanda
446:Interahamwe
236:Nationality
146:Preceded by
105:Preceded by
2068:Categories
1783:References
1755:8 February
1729:8 February
1507:5 February
1406:17 October
1380:9264149171
1345:0865850283
1328:1136819150
1311:9004151818
1285:0822326132
1268:0812233824
1018:President
973:Hutu Power
835:World Bank
732:Presidency
602:An ethnic
514:(disputed)
430:Government
300:Allegiance
282:Alma mater
184:1937-03-08
2032:Bizimungu
2017:Kayibanda
1303:1388-3208
1125:Citations
1030:(now the
1024:Gbadolite
1004:Aftermath
954:Falcon 50
796:Ruhengeri
762:Parmehutu
746:the Hague
721:in 1962.
628:one-party
518:Civil War
423:1973–1994
321:1963–1994
136:In office
124:(interim)
75:In office
1927:BBC News
1749:BBC News
1723:BBC News
1702:Archived
1555:BBC News
1502:KT Press
1402:. London
1179:Archived
1158:(1998).
1108:See also
1102:Catholic
1057:leader.
1044:Kinshasa
989:de facto
849:and the
833:and the
620:dictator
2056:interim
1634:21 July
1613:21 July
1016:Zairian
792:Gisenyi
683:Gisenyi
576:French:
275:
267:
240:Rwandan
191:Gisenyi
2037:Kagame
1903:
1882:
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1800:
1378:
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1326:
1309:
1301:
1283:
1266:
1245:,
1052:Indian
964:, the
877:Uganda
845:, the
841:, the
827:France
748:, 1980
715:Kigali
695:Bukavu
665:, was
593:Kinani
312:Rwanda
309:
256:Spouse
215:Rwanda
211:Kigali
1055:Hindu
1028:Zaire
981:Tutsi
934:Death
873:Tutsi
788:akazu
783:Tutsi
645:-led
643:Tutsi
410:Death
269:(
265:
1901:ISBN
1880:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1757:2008
1731:2008
1677:2018
1636:2016
1615:2016
1536:2018
1509:2020
1408:2018
1376:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1299:ISSN
1281:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1040:ADFL
794:and
779:Hutu
691:Hutu
632:MRND
604:Hutu
595:, a
499:1988
494:1983
489:1978
441:MRND
334:Unit
326:Rank
250:MRND
201:Died
178:Born
65:2nd
1773:BBC
1695:BBC
1038:'s
869:RPF
831:IMF
744:in
2070::
1924:,
1747:.
1721:.
1693:,
1668:.
1592:.
1573:.
1552:.
1526:.
1500:.
1464:^
1396:.
1231:^
1204:^
1189:^
1177:.
1145:^
1104:.
1026:,
853:.
798:.
777:A
697:,
685:,
673:.
661:,
638:.
626:,
574:,
271:m.
213:,
193:,
1993:e
1986:t
1979:v
1909:.
1888:.
1867:.
1846:.
1827:.
1806:.
1775:.
1759:.
1733:.
1679:.
1638:.
1617:.
1596:.
1577:.
1538:.
1511:.
1410:.
1164:.
565:(
551:e
544:t
537:v
231:)
227:(
186:)
182:(
34:.
20:)
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