147:(DPCM). This is a model in which predictions of the sample values are estimated from the neighboring samples that are already coded in the image. Most predictors take the average of the samples immediately above and to the left of the target sample. DPCM encodes the differences between the predicted samples instead of encoding each sample independently. The differences from one sample to the next are usually close to zero. A typical DPCM encoder is displayed in Fig.1. The block in the figure acts as a storage of the current sample which will later be a previous sample.
151:
encoded samples. Any one of the predictors shown in the table below can be used to estimate the sample located at X. Any one of the eight predictors listed in the table can be used. Note that selections 1, 2, and 3 are one-dimensional predictors and selections 4, 5, 6, and 7 are two-dimensional predictors. The first selection value in the table, zero, is only used for differential coding in the hierarchical mode of operation. Once all the samples are predicted, the differences between the samples can be obtained and entropy-coded in a lossless fashion using
1071:
over the entropy, one can use alphabet extension which codes blocks of symbols instead of coding individual symbols. This spreads out the excess coding length over many symbols. This is the “run” mode of JPEG-LS and it is executed once a flat or smooth context region characterized by zero gradients is detected. A run of west symbol “a” is expected and the end of run occurs when a new symbol occurs or the end of line is reached. The total run of length is encoded and the encoder would return to the “regular” mode.
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equiprobable and connected regions. For JPEG-LS, the differences g1, g2, and g3 are quantized into 9 regions and the region are indexed from −4 to 4. The purpose of the quantization is to maximize the mutual information between the current sample value and its context such that the high-order dependencies can be captured. One can obtain the contexts based on the assumption that
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contexts. A bias estimation could be obtained by dividing cumulative prediction errors within each context by a count of context occurrences. In LOCO-I algorithm, this procedure is modified and improved such that the number of subtractions and additions are reduced. The division-free bias computation
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Since Golomb–Rice codes are quite inefficient for encoding low entropy distributions because the coding rate is at least one bit per symbol, significant redundancy may be produced because the smooth regions in an image can be encoded at less than 1 bit per symbol. To avoid having excess code length
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is a lossless or near-lossless compression standard for continuous-tone images. Its official designation is ISO-14495-1/ITU-T.87. It is a simple and efficient baseline algorithm which consists of two independent and distinct stages called modeling and encoding. JPEG-LS was developed with the aim of
1541:
Alakuijala, Jyrki; van
Asseldonk, Ruud; Boukortt, Sami; Szabadka, Zoltan; Bruse, Martin; Comsa, Iulia-Maria; Firsching, Moritz; Fischbacher, Thomas; Kliuchnikov, Evgenii; Gomez, Sebastian; Obryk, Robert; Potempa, Krzysztof; Rhatushnyak, Alexander; Sneyers, Jon; Szabadka, Zoltan; Vandervenne, Lode;
798:
The local gradient reflects the level of activities such as smoothness and edginess of the neighboring samples. Notice that these differences are closely related to the statistical behavior of prediction errors. Each one of the differences found in the above equation is then quantized into roughly
1363:
M. Weinberger, G. Seroussi, and G. Sapiro, “The LOCO-I lossless image compression algorithm: Principles and standardization into JPEG-LS,” IEEE Trans. Image
Processing, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1309–1324, Aug. 2000, originally as Hewlett-Packard Laboratories Technical Report No. HPL-98-193R1, November
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of horizontal or vertical edges is achieved by examining the neighboring pixels of the current pixel X as illustrated in Fig.3. The pixel labeled by B is used in the case of a vertical edge while the pixel located at A is used in the case of a horizontal edge. This simple predictor is called the
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for color images. This mode is quite popular in the medical imaging field, and defined as an option in DNG standard, but otherwise it is not very widely used because of complexity of doing arithmetics on 10, 12, or 14bpp values on typical embedded 32-bit processor and a little resulting gain in
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The main steps of lossless operation mode are depicted in Fig.2. In the process, the predictor combines up to three neighboring samples at A, B, and C shown in Fig.3 in order to produce a prediction of the sample value at the position labeled by X. The three neighboring samples must be already
686:. The purpose of context modeling is that the higher order structures like texture patterns and local activity of the image can be exploited by context modeling of the prediction error. Contexts are determined by obtaining the differences of the neighboring samples which represents the local
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cannot be achieved by first order entropy of the prediction residuals employed by these inferior standards. JPEG-LS, on the other hand, can obtain good decorrelation. Part 1 of this standard was finalized in 1999. Part 2, released in 2003, introduced extensions such as
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The three simple predictors are selected according to the following conditions: (1) it tends to pick B in cases where a vertical edge exists left of the X, (2) A in cases of an horizontal edge above X, or (3) A + B – C if no edge is detected.
289:-like codes, which are known to be approximately optimal for geometric distributions. Besides lossless compression, JPEG-LS also provides a lossy mode ("near-lossless") where the maximum absolute error can be controlled by the encoder.
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was developed as a late addition to JPEG in 1993, using a completely different technique from the lossy JPEG standard. It uses a predictive scheme based on the three nearest (causal) neighbors (upper, left, and upper-left), and
143:(DCT) based form cannot guarantee that encoder input would exactly match decoder output. Unlike the lossy mode which is based on the DCT, the lossless coding process employs a simple predictive coding model called
1354:
M. J. Weinberger, G. Seroussi, and G. Sapiro, “LOCO-I: A low complexity, context-based, lossless image compression algorithm,” in Proc. 1996 Data
Compression Conference, Snowbird, UT, Mar. 1996, pp. 140–149.
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cannot encode or decode it, but Ken
Murchison of Oceana Matrix Ltd. wrote a patch that extends the IJG library to handle lossless JPEG. Lossless JPEG has some popularity in medical imaging, and is used in
578:{\displaystyle X=\left\{{\begin{aligned}&\min(A,B)\quad \,{\mbox{if}}\,C\geq \max(A,B)\\&\max(A,B)\quad {\mbox{if}}\,C\leq \min(A,B)\\&A+B-C\quad \,{\mbox{otherwise}}.\\\end{aligned}}\right.}
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A number of people have been interested in my patch which adds lossless JPEG support (per the original spec -- not JPEG-LS) to libjpeg v6b. I have decided to make this patch available via my ftp site (
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than JPEG-LS on artificial and compound images but fares better than the UBC implementation of JPEG-LS on digital camera pictures. JPEG 2000 is also scalable, progressive, and more widely implemented.
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1129:(called "squeeze") and which is also used to encode the DC (1:8 scale) image in VarDCT mode as well as various auxiliary images such as adaptive quantization fields or additional channels like
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providing a low-complexity lossless and near-lossless image compression standard that could offer better compression efficiency than lossless JPEG. It was developed because at the time, the
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Versari, Luca; Wassenberg, Jan (6 September 2019). "JPEG XL next-generation image compression architecture and coding tools". In
Tescher, Andrew G; Ebrahimi, Touradj (eds.).
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1050:. Prediction refinement can then be done by applying these estimates in a feedback mechanism which eliminates prediction biases in different contexts.
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Median Edge
Detection (MED) predictor or LOCO-I predictor. The pixel X is predicted by the LOCO-I predictor according to the following guesses:
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which are a way to encode non-negative run lengths. Its special case with the optimal encoding value 2 allows simpler encoding procedures.
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Decompression for JPEG-LS is generally much faster than JPEG 2000, but this depends on the exact software decoder implementations.
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Memon, Nasir D.; Wu, Xiaolin; Sippy, V. & Miller, G. (1997). "Interband coding extension of the new lossless JPEG standard".
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Licensing terms for HP's LOCO technology in JPEG-LS (free reg. req.; not sublicensable; available only to companies)
45:. However, the term may also be used to refer to all lossless compression schemes developed by the group, including
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1334:"T.87: Information technology – Lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-tone still images – Baseline"
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ITU-T. ISO DIS 10918-1 Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images (JPEG). Recommendation T.81.
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JPEG XT includes a lossless integer-to-integer DCT transform mode based on wavelet compression from JPEG 2000.
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Evaluation of JPEG-LS, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 39, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2001
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264:-based JPEG lossless standard and other standards were limited in their compression performance. Total
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provides a software library for encoding and decoding lossless JPEG with up to 16 bits per sample.
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image viewer and editor has full read+write support for JPEG-LS image codec (.jls file extension).
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After merging contexts of both positive and negative signs, the total number of contexts is
788:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&g_{1}=D-B\\&g_{2}=B-C\\&g_{3}=C-A\end{aligned}}}
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filter (biorthogonal 3/5). JPEG 2000's lossless mode runs more slowly and has often worse
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and some digital cameras to compress raw images, but otherwise was never widely adopted.
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The JPEG-LS algorithm estimates the conditional expectations of the prediction errors
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Lossless JPEG is actually a mode of operation of JPEG. This mode exists because the
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Prior to encoding, there are two essential steps to be done in the modeling stage:
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However, XnViewMP v0.98.1 can not read JPEG-LS files created by IrfanView v4.54.
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Typically, compressions using lossless operation mode can achieve around 2:1
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image viewer and editor claims the capability to read JPEG-LS (.jls) files.
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Compression for JPEG-LS is generally much faster than JPEG 2000 and much
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maintains a reference software implementation which can encode both base
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Wallace, C. K. (1991). "The JPEG still picture compression standard".
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Figure 3: Three neighboring samples around the sample to be predicted
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JPEG XL includes a lossless/near-lossless/responsive mode called
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JPEG2000, JPEG-LS and other lossless codecs on greyscale images
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JPEG 2000 includes a lossless mode based on a special integer
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than JPEG 2000, but this highly depends on the image content.
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This statement is valid for open-source implementations.
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extensions (ISO/IEC 18477 Parts 2 and 6-9), as well as
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Figure 2: Simplified block diagrams for lossless mode
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JPEG 2000 still image coding versus other standards
1314:. Hewlett-Packard Development Company. May 13, 2005
1058:In the regular mode of JPEG-LS, the standard uses
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1624:Single-tone/grayscale JPEG-LS encoder algorithm
367:Hewlett-Packard JPEG-LS reference encoder v1.00
305:Compression for JPEG-LS is generally slightly
64:is used on the prediction error. The standard
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1544:Applications of Digital Image Processing XLII
8:
965:{\displaystyle P(e\mid Ctx=)=P(-e\mid Ctx=)}
1377:http://www.hpl.hp.com/loco/HPL-98-193R1.pdf
1364:1998, revised October 1999. Available from
1039:{\displaystyle ((2\times 4+1)^{3}+1)/2=365}
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1181:ftp://ftp.oceana.com/pub/ljpeg-6b.tar.gz
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1336:. International Telecommunication Union
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1524:"Lossless Photo Compression Benchmark"
1508:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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1469:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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4058:Exchangeable image file format (Exif)
1054:Coding corrected prediction residuals
637:{\displaystyle E\left\{e|Ctx\right\}}
7:
1244:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
1152:"Lossless JPEG support for libjpeg"
394:In the LOCO-I algorithm, primitive
4068:Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP)
3447:Comparison of audio coding formats
1312:"HP Labs LOCO-I/JPEG-LS Home Page"
1066:Run length coding in uniform areas
145:differential pulse-code modulation
95:(ISO/IEC 10918-1 and 18477-1) and
25:
1125:which optionally uses a modified
644:using corresponding sample means
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4092:
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1619:Links to various implementations
1609:HP Labs LOCO-I/JPEG-LS home page
1150:Murchison, Ken (April 4, 1999).
66:Independent JPEG Group libraries
39:Joint Photographic Experts Group
4146:Lossless compression algorithms
1546:. Vol. 11137. p. 20.
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353:- an open-source JPEG-LS codec.
347:- an open-source JPEG-LS codec.
89:Joint Photography Experts Group
3009:ISO/IEC base media file format
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1:
1047:procedure is demonstrated in
675:{\displaystyle {\bar {e}}(C)}
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1168:372618DE.969A19D9@oceana.com
362:David Clunie's JPEG-LS codec
4162:
3452:Comparison of video codecs
1962:(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1)
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1100:
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107:Lossless mode of operation
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3465:
1276:Communications of the ACM
141:discrete cosine transform
27:Addition to JPEG standard
1236:Pennebaker, W. B. &
390:Decorrelation/prediction
369:(direct link to zipfile)
351:Thomas Richter's libjpeg
281:(also called a discrete
3276:Alliance for Open Media
2196:MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)
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285:) and from the use of
279:geometric distribution
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33:is a 1993 addition to
4136:Graphics file formats
3757:PBM / PGM / PPM / PNM
3514:Graphics file formats
3214:QuickTime File Format
1528:imagecompression.info
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3473:Compression software
3030:MPEG media transport
2107:Sorenson Video/Spark
1160:comp.protocols.dicom
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682:within each context
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283:Laplace distribution
43:lossless compression
4073:GIF § Metadata
3471:for techniques and
3469:Compression methods
1965:HDR Vivid(GY/T 358)
1552:2019SPIE11137E..0KA
1410:1997SPIE.3024...47M
1398:Proceedings of SPIE
322:Application support
252:General description
1561:10.1117/12.2529237
1382:2019-12-26 at the
1091:compression ratios
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4141:Image compression
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3172:DivX Media Format
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2035:Microsoft Video 1
1970:AVS3 P2(GY/T 368)
1956:(GB/T 20090.2/16)
1599:JPEG-LS home page
1418:10.1117/12.263270
1298:10.1109/30.125072
1251:978-0-442-01272-4
1197:External link in
1060:Golomb–Rice codes
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382:(prediction) and
357:UBC JPEG-LS codec
275:residual modeling
271:arithmetic coding
240:compression ratio
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157:arithmetic coding
103:(ISO/IEC 14495).
16:(Redirected from
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3246:VOB, IFO and BUP
3020:Motion JPEG 2000
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2717:aptX Low Latency
2494:Chinese Standard
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1947:Chinese Standard
1719:Motion JPEG 2000
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1604:LOCO-I home page
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1487:. Archived from
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1386:LOCO-I algorithm
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1308:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1219:"JPEG - JPEG XT"
1215:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1147:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1026:
1012:
1011:
971:
969:
968:
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939:
938:
923:
922:
871:
870:
858:
857:
845:
844:
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792:
791:
786:
784:
768:
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757:
741:
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714:
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703:
681:
679:
678:
673:
662:
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653:
643:
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640:
635:
633:
629:
619:
593:Context modeling
584:
582:
581:
576:
574:
571:
564:
560:
539:
510:
506:
481:
452:
448:
422:
374:LOCO-I algorithm
165:Selection-value
162:
37:standard by the
21:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4082:
4044:
3986:
3903:
3880:
3516:
3511:
3481:
3476:
3461:
3435:
3280:
3250:
3108:
3085:
3057:
3034:
2956:
2875:
2773:
2752:
2741:
2537:
2509:(GB/T 33475.3)
2503:(GB/T 20090.10)
2489:
2466:
2438:
2380:
2342:
2257:
2253:MPEG-H 3D Audio
2179:MPEG-1 Layer II
2169:
2152:
2141:
1973:
1942:
1893:
1855:
1803:
1699:
1682:
1675:
1662:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1522:
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1517:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1485:"Archived copy"
1483:
1482:
1478:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:"Archived copy"
1438:
1437:
1433:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1384:Wayback Machine
1375:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1289:10.1.1.318.4292
1273:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1238:Mitchell, J. L.
1235:
1234:
1230:
1217:
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324:
295:
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249:
109:
49:, JPEG-LS, and
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4159:
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3459:
3457:List of codecs
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3437:
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3434:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
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3409:
3404:
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3387:
3382:
3377:
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3333:
3328:
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3306:
3301:
3290:
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3279:
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3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3259:Collaborations
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
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3236:
3226:
3221:
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3116:
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3110:
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3078:
3073:
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3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3025:MPEG-21 Part 9
3022:
3017:
3014:MPEG-4 Part 14
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2983:
2981:
2968:
2962:
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2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2594:Monkey's Audio
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
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2534:(SJ/T 11299.4)
2529:
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2518:
2517:
2516:
2504:
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2208:
2198:
2193:
2191:MPEG-1 Layer I
2188:
2187:
2186:
2175:
2173:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2143:
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2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
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1981:
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1968:
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1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1797:Part 2 / LCEVC
1794:
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1596:
1591:
1584:
1583:External links
1581:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1533:
1515:
1476:
1431:
1388:
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1325:
1303:
1266:
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1250:
1228:
1210:
1190:cite newsgroup
1141:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1127:Haar transform
1115:Main article:
1112:
1109:
1101:Main article:
1098:
1095:
1079:Main article:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1064:
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396:edge detection
391:
388:
384:error modeling
375:
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371:
370:
364:
359:
354:
348:
342:
341:
340:
331:
323:
320:
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318:
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294:
291:
262:Huffman coding
253:
250:
248:
245:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
224:B + (A – C)/2
222:
218:
217:
216:A + (B – C)/2
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
176:No prediction
174:
170:
169:
166:
153:Huffman coding
108:
105:
62:entropy coding
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4158:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
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4129:
4128:
4126:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4079:
4078:Steganography
4076:
4074:
4071:
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4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
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2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:CCITT Group 4
2789:
2788:
2786:
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1491:on 2007-02-22
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1452:on 2006-07-02
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1404:(47): 47–58.
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380:decorrelation
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119:encoder model
118:
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106:
104:
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90:
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83:
80:
76:
72:
67:
63:
58:
57:Lossless JPEG
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:Lossless JPEG
19:
4102:
4090:
2523:(GB/T 22726)
2184:Multichannel
2040:MSU Lossless
1954:AVS1 P2/AVS+
1908:TrueMotion S
1846:H.265 / HEVC
1792:Part 1 / EVC
1780:Part 3 / VVC
1746:Part 2 / ASP
1543:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:the original
1479:
1454:. Retrieved
1447:the original
1434:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1372:
1359:
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1306:
1282:(4): 31–44.
1279:
1275:
1269:
1260:
1241:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1200:|quote=
1178:
1173:December 12,
1171:. Retrieved
1145:
1122:
1120:
1106:
1084:
1069:
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683:
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587:
393:
377:
256:
255:
237:
149:
138:
86:
56:
55:
30:
29:
3812:Logluv TIFF
3241:MOD and TOD
3182:Flash Video
3120:3GP and 3G2
2801:HEIC / HEIF
2753:compression
2513:Audio Vivid
2248:MPEG-D USAC
2243:MPEG-4 CELP
2238:MPEG-4 HVXC
2153:compression
1985:Apple Video
1901:and AOMedia
1851:H.266 / VVC
1841:H.264 / AVC
1683:compression
1668:compression
293:Performance
168:Prediction
4125:Categories
4109:Comparison
3475:for codecs
3422:Daubechies
3397:Transforms
3299:Arithmetic
2966:Containers
2671:True Audio
2515:(GY/T 363)
2233:MPEG-4 DST
2228:MPEG-4 SLS
2223:MPEG-4 ALS
2097:SheerVideo
2071:QuickTime
1899:TrueMotion
1665:Multimedia
1495:2007-02-07
1456:2006-06-17
1340:24 October
1318:24 October
1137:References
232:(A + B)/2
208:A + B – C
115:Figure 1:
41:to enable
3846:UFO / UFP
3782:PSD / PSB
3695:JPEG 2000
3655:ICO / CUR
3224:RealMedia
2826:JPEG 2000
2629:RealAudio
2609:OptimFROG
2087:RealVideo
2075:Animation
2045:OMS Video
1672:container
1284:CiteSeerX
1156:Newsgroup
1081:JPEG 2000
1075:JPEG 2000
992:×
944:−
928:−
912:−
894:∣
888:−
819:∣
776:−
749:−
722:−
658:¯
561:otherwise
551:−
516:≤
458:≥
328:IrfanView
47:JPEG 2000
4097:Category
4050:Metadata
3992:Compound
3720:JPEG-HDR
3343:Lossless
3309:Modified
3202:Matroska
3081:Matroska
2992:MPEG-PES
2604:Musepack
2501:AVS1 P10
2080:Graphics
2030:Lagarith
1504:cite web
1465:cite web
1426:58232715
1380:Archived
1240:(1993).
1223:jpeg.org
688:gradient
87:ISO/IEC
3839:TIFF/IT
3834:TIFF/EP
3715:JPEG XT
3710:JPEG XS
3705:JPEG XR
3700:JPEG XL
3690:JPEG-LS
3417:Wavelet
3358:DEFLATE
3304:Huffman
3294:Entropy
3286:Methods
3271:MPEG LA
3160:Smacker
3048:H.222.0
3004:MPEG-TS
2999:MPEG-PS
2987:MPEG-ES
2871:TIFF/IT
2866:TIFF/EP
2851:JPEG XT
2846:JPEG XS
2841:JPEG XR
2836:JPEG XL
2831:JPEG-LS
2712:aptX HD
2692:WavPack
2634:RTAudio
2574:Codec 2
2507:AVS2 P3
2434:GSM-EFR
2404:AMR-WB+
2338:G.729.1
2318:G.723.1
2308:G.722.2
2303:G.722.1
2102:Smacker
2092:RTVideo
2020:Huffyuv
2000:Cinepak
1960:AVS2 P2
1674:formats
1548:Bibcode
1406:Bibcode
1164:Usenet:
1158::
1123:Modular
1117:JPEG XL
1111:JPEG XL
1103:JPEG XT
1097:JPEG XT
1087:wavelet
257:JPEG-LS
247:JPEG-LS
243:space.
101:JPEG-LS
97:JPEG XT
51:JPEG XL
18:JPEG LS
3947:Gerber
3909:Vector
3772:PICtor
3522:Raster
3219:RatDVD
3113:Others
2880:Others
2682:VMR-WB
2677:TwinVQ
2542:Others
2429:GSM-FR
2424:GSM-HR
2414:EVRC-B
2399:AMR-WB
2371:Vorbis
2211:AAC-LD
2206:HE-AAC
2112:Theora
2055:ProRes
2050:Pixlet
1978:Others
1787:MPEG-5
1775:MPEG-I
1763:MPEG-H
1741:MPEG-4
1734:Part 2
1729:MPEG-2
1724:MPEG-1
1568:
1424:
1286:
1248:
1166:
345:CharLS
334:XnView
300:better
287:Golomb
4015:MODCA
3675:JBIG2
3565:BSAVE
3440:Lists
3385:ADPCM
3380:µ-law
3375:A-law
3348:Lossy
3321:ACELP
3266:NETVC
3091:SMPTE
3053:T.802
3040:ITU-T
3016:(MP4)
2816:JBIG2
2779:ITU-T
2751:Image
2687:VSELP
2664:SVOPC
2654:Siren
2624:RCELP
2619:QCELP
2564:ATRAC
2549:ACELP
2366:Speex
2333:G.729
2328:G.728
2323:G.726
2313:G.723
2298:G.722
2293:G.719
2288:G.718
2281:µ-law
2276:A-law
2271:G.711
2263:ITU-T
2151:Audio
2025:Indeo
2005:Daala
1861:SMPTE
1836:H.263
1831:H.262
1826:H.261
1821:H.120
1809:ITU-T
1714:MJPEG
1681:Video
1450:(PDF)
1443:(PDF)
1422:S2CID
1131:alpha
307:worse
75:Adobe
4131:JPEG
4040:XAML
4025:PICT
4005:DjVu
3962:PGML
3957:IGES
3952:HVIF
3942:EMF+
3894:CIFF
3856:WebP
3851:WBMP
3829:TIFF
3807:RGBE
3797:QTVR
3742:NRRD
3737:MIFF
3685:JPEG
3670:JBIG
3665:ILBM
3650:ICNS
3645:ICER
3640:HEVC
3635:HDRi
3620:FLIF
3615:FLIC
3610:FITS
3550:AVIF
3540:APNG
3535:ANIM
3467:See
3412:MDCT
3390:DPCM
3336:WLPC
3326:CELP
3229:RIFF
3207:WebM
3197:M2TS
3187:HEIF
3155:Bink
3135:AIFF
3063:IETF
2952:WebP
2947:WBMP
2942:QTVR
2922:ICER
2917:FLIF
2907:DjVu
2897:AVIF
2887:APNG
2861:TIFF
2821:JPEG
2811:JBIG
2806:HEVC
2783:JPEG
2770:IETF
2737:LLAC
2732:LHDC
2727:LDAC
2707:aptX
2668:TTA
2649:SILK
2589:MELP
2584:Lyra
2579:iSAC
2569:CELT
2559:Asao
2554:ALAC
2532:ExAC
2527:L2HC
2457:AC-4
2452:AC-3
2444:ETSI
2409:EVRC
2386:3GPP
2376:FLAC
2361:iLBC
2356:Opus
2348:IETF
2171:MPEG
2137:YULS
2117:Thor
2065:4444
2015:FFV1
1995:Bink
1889:VC-6
1884:VC-5
1879:VC-3
1874:VC-2
1869:VC-1
1813:VCEG
1701:MPEG
1670:and
1566:ISBN
1510:link
1471:link
1402:3024
1342:2011
1320:2011
1246:ISBN
1205:help
1175:2017
117:DPCM
93:JPEG
35:JPEG
4035:SWF
4020:PDF
4010:EPS
4000:CDF
3982:Xar
3977:WMF
3972:VML
3967:SVG
3937:EMF
3932:DXF
3927:CGM
3922:CDR
3899:DNG
3886:Raw
3876:XWD
3871:XPM
3866:XCF
3861:XBM
3824:TGA
3819:SGI
3802:RAS
3792:QOI
3787:PSP
3777:PNG
3767:PGF
3762:PCX
3752:PAM
3747:ORA
3732:MNG
3727:KRA
3680:JNG
3660:ICS
3630:GIF
3625:FPX
3605:EXR
3600:ECW
3595:DPX
3590:DDS
3585:CPT
3580:CPC
3575:CIN
3570:CAL
3560:BPG
3555:BMP
3545:ART
3530:ANI
3427:DWT
3407:FFT
3402:DCT
3370:PCM
3363:LZW
3331:LSP
3316:LPC
3234:WAV
3192:IFF
3177:EVO
3167:BMP
3150:BPG
3140:AVI
3130:ASF
3125:AMV
3104:MXF
3099:GXF
3076:Ogg
3071:RTP
2979:IEC
2975:ISO
2937:QOI
2932:PGF
2927:MNG
2912:EXR
2902:BPG
2892:AV1
2856:PNG
2796:GIF
2775:W3C
2766:ISO
2762:IEC
2702:MQA
2697:WMA
2659:SMV
2644:SHN
2639:SD2
2614:OSQ
2599:MT9
2521:DRA
2485:LC3
2480:SBC
2462:DTS
2419:EVS
2394:AMR
2201:AAC
2166:IEC
2162:ISO
2132:XEB
2127:WMV
2060:422
2010:DVI
1990:AVS
1938:AV1
1933:VP9
1928:VP8
1923:VP7
1918:VP6
1913:VP3
1696:IEC
1692:ISO
1556:doi
1414:doi
1294:doi
1034:365
684:Ctx
519:min
486:max
461:max
427:min
155:or
82:SDK
79:DNG
77:'s
71:DNG
4127::
4030:PS
3917:AI
3353:LZ
3145:AU
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879:=
876:)
873:]
868:3
864:q
860:,
855:2
851:q
847:,
842:1
838:q
834:[
831:=
828:x
825:t
822:C
816:e
813:(
810:P
779:A
773:C
770:=
765:3
761:g
752:C
746:B
743:=
738:2
734:g
725:B
719:D
716:=
711:1
707:g
670:)
667:C
664:(
655:e
631:}
627:x
624:t
621:C
617:|
613:e
609:{
605:E
566:.
554:C
548:B
545:+
542:A
534:)
531:B
528:,
525:A
522:(
513:C
501:)
498:B
495:,
492:A
489:(
476:)
473:B
470:,
467:A
464:(
455:C
442:)
439:B
436:,
433:A
430:(
417:{
413:=
410:X
20:)
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