546:
819:
44:
57:
535:
913:
619:
881:, also feeds on ragwort, but will feed on other plants as well, making it an unsuitable biological control. Another biological control agent introduced in the western United States is the ragwort seed fly, although it is not considered very effective at controlling ragwort. The biological control of ragwort was already used in the 1930s.
859:. They absorb alkaloids from the plant and become distasteful to predators, a fact advertised by the black and yellow warning colours. The red and black, day-flying adult moth is also distasteful to many potential predators. The moth is used as a control for ragwort in countries in which it has been introduced and become a problem, like
606:. A priority species is one which is "scarce, threatened and declining". The remainder of the ten threatened species include three species of leaf beetle, another picture-winged fly, and three micro moths. All of these species are Nationally Scarce B, with one leaf beetle categorised as Nationally Scarce A.
696:
and progressively kills cells. About 3-7% of the body weight is sometimes claimed as deadly for horses, but an example in the scientific literature exists of a horse surviving being fed over 20% of its body weight. The effect of low doses is lessened by the destruction of the original alkaloids by
335:
The plant is generally considered to be biennial but it has the tendency to exhibit perennial properties under certain cultural conditions (such as when subjected to repeated grazing or mowing). The stems are erect, straight, have no or few hairs, and reach a height of 0.3β2.0 metres (1 ft
555:
In the United
Kingdom, where the plant is native, ragwort provides a home and food source to at least 77 insect species. Thirty of these species of invertebrate use ragwort exclusively as their food source and there are another 22 species where ragwort forms a significant part of their diet.
700:
The alkaloids can be absorbed in small quantities through the skin but studies have shown that the absorption is very much less than by ingestion. Also they are in the N-oxide form which only becomes toxic after conversion inside the digestive tract and they will be excreted harmlessly.
673:
and cattle. In areas of the world where ragwort is a native plant, such as
Britain and continental Europe, documented cases of proven poisoning are rare. Horses do not normally eat fresh ragwort due to its taste. The result, if sufficient quantity is consumed, can be irreversible
559:
English Nature identifies a further 117 species that use ragwort as a nectar source whilst travelling between feeding and breeding sites, or between metapopulations. These consist mainly of solitary bees, hoverflies, moths, and butterflies such as the small copper butterfly
388:
by the wind. The number of seeds produced may be as large as 75,000 to 120,000, although in its native range in
Eurasia very few of these would grow into new plants and research has shown that most seeds do not travel a great distance from the parent plant.
697:
the action of bacteria in the digestive tract before they reach the bloodstream. There is no known antidote or cure to poisoning, but examples are known from the scientific literature of horses making a full recovery once consumption has been stopped.
609:
The most common of those species that are totally reliant on ragwort for their survival is the cinnabar moth. The cinnabar is a United
Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan Species, its status described as "common and widespread, but rapidly declining".
689:. Aflatoxins are a common contaminant formed in feedstuffs by moulds. Research in the United Kingdom has produced results showing megalocytosis, which may be due to various causes, to be a relatively uncommon cause of liver disease in horses.
530:
plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect
Pollinators Initiative. It also was the top producer of nectar sugar in another study in Britain, with a production per floral unit of (2921 Β± 448ΞΌg).
735:, ragwort is responsible for more than half of the total costs of that state's control of invasive species. The species has been calculated as the 8th most expensive invasive species in terms of cost to Australian farmers, at over
1054:
Donald
Macalastair of Druim-a-ghinnir on the Isle of Arran told a story of the fairies journeying to Ireland. The ragwort was their transport and every one of them picked a plant, sat astride and arrived in Ireland in an instant.
867:. As both larvae and adults are distinctly colored and marked, identification of cinnabars is easy outside of their natural range, and grounds and range keepers can quickly recognize them. In both countries, the
715:
Honey collected from ragwort has been found to contain small quantities of jacoline, jacobine, jacozine, senecionine, and seneciphylline, but the quantities have been judged as too minute to be of concern.
569:
Besides the fact that ragwort is very attractive to such a vast array of insects, some of these are very rare indeed. Of the 30 species that specifically feed on ragwort alone, seven are officially deemed
348:
heads are 1.5β2.5 centimetres (0.6β1.0 in) diameter, and are borne in dense, flat-topped clusters; the florets are bright yellow. It has a long flowering period lasting from June to
November (in the
1757:
666:(p. 322 Appendix II). There is a strong variation between plants from the same location in distribution between the possible alkaloids and even the absolute amount of alkaloids varies drastically.
678:
of the liver of a form identified as megalocytosis where cells are abnormally enlarged. Signs that a horse has been poisoned include yellow mucous membranes, depression, and lack of coordination.
2571:
A Modern Herbal: The
Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 2
2171:
800:
434:
Ragwort is abundant in waste land, waysides and grazing pastures. Its natural habitat is sand dunes, but it is commonly found along road sides, railways and in light, low fertility soil.
803:
to prevent the spread of the plant. However, the growth of the plant is not made illegal by the Act and there is no statutory obligation for control placed upon landowners in general.
545:
681:
There is no definitive test for the poisoning however, since megalocytosis is not a change in the liver which is specific to ragwort poisoning. It is also seen in poisoning by other
2119:
Lessard, P.; Wilson, W. D.; Olander, H. J.; Rogers, Q. R.; Mendel, V. E. (1986). "Clinicopathologic study of horses surviving pyrrolizidine alkaloid (Senecio vulgaris) toxicosis".
810:
provides for a code of practice, which the government states is guidance, on ragwort and does not place any further legal responsibilities on landowners to control the plant.
1672:
987:: the Isle of Man, Arran, Bute, Islay, Jura, Mull, Iona, Eigg, Rum, Skye, Raasay, and the Outer Hebrides. The ragwort, in fact, usually has thirteen petals. The Manx poet
2317:
2307:
724:
As indicated above, common ragwort has become a problem in several areas in which it has been introduced, and various methods are employed to help prevent its spread.
2932:
1764:
904:, although it fades. The flowers can be used to produce a dye that is yellow when the fabric is mordanted with alum. Brown and orange dyes are also reported.
2658:
742:
It is also legislated as a noxious weed in New
Zealand, where farmers sometimes bring in helicopters to spray their farms if the ragwort is too widespread.
2175:
1580:
2679:"Tackling speciose genera: species composition and phylogenetic position of Senecio sect. Jacobaea (Asteraceae) based on plastid and nrDNA sequences"
2880:
1251:
2958:
2906:
2376:
McEvoy, Peter; Cox, Caroline; Coombs, Eric (1991). "Successful
Biological Control of Ragwort, Senecio Jacobaea, by Introduced Insects in Oregon".
1148:
1139:
603:
818:
340:
lobed and the end lobe is blunt. The many names that include the word "stinking" (and Mare's Fart) arise because of the unpleasant smell of the
3056:
1280:
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760:
571:
2807:
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1882:
704:
Some sensitive individuals can suffer from an allergic reaction because ragwort, like many members of the family Compositae, contains
514:
Although the plant is often unwanted by landowners because of its toxic effect for cattle and horses, and because it is considered a
3194:
2203:
2019:
827:
2232:
3141:
2893:
1676:
1700:"Providing foraging resources for solitary bees on farmland: current schemes for pollinators benefit a limited suite of species"
2919:
2641:
1210:
24:
3105:
1508:
2963:
2984:
1144:
2342:
1465:
McEvoy, Peter B.; Cox, Caroline S. (1987). "Wind Dispersal Distances in Dimorphic Achenes of Ragwort, Senecio Jacobaea".
795:
in this context indicates that it could be harmful to agriculture, not that it is dangerous to animals, as all the other
3120:
2311:
3174:
2945:
2759:
1781:
Macel, Mirka; Vrieling, Klaas; Klinkhamer, Peter G. L. (April 2004). "Variation in pyrrolizidine alkaloid patterns of
1220:
1732:
1699:
1242:
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1216:
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868:
56:
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1787:
807:
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2181:
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877:
764:
709:
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2846:
1966:
844:
3179:
2841:
2784:
2717:
2501:"Definition - Numen - The Latin Lexicon - An Online Latin Dictionary - A Dictionary of the Latin Language"
705:
578:. In short, ragwort is an exclusive food source for ten rare or threatened insect species, including the
2911:
1368:
1130:
832:
263:
173:
3146:
2668:
368:. Over a season, one plant may produce 2,000 to 2,500 yellow flowers in 20- to 60-headed, flat-topped
3012:
1796:
1619:
1392:
984:
923:
938:
and thought the plant was "under the command of Dame Venus, and cleanses, digests, and discusses."
655:
2794:
935:
838:
756:
592:
350:
2976:
2859:
1992:
431:
to the Mediterranean. In Britain and Ireland, where it is native, it is listed as a noxious weed.
3128:
2854:
2482:
2409:
2393:
2363:
2060:
1913:
1482:
1345:
598:
197:
51:
3061:
1284:
663:
651:
43:
2937:
731:, and landholders are required to remove it from their property by law. In the island state of
647:
3169:
2700:
2619:
2525:
2500:
2401:
2289:
2128:
2101:
2052:
2015:
1948:
1905:
1863:
1812:
1647:
1535:
1490:
1372:
988:
983:
chose as his emblem the cushag flower, as its twelve petals represent one of the isles of the
931:
643:
639:
635:
534:
526:. It was rated in the top 10 for most nectar production (nectar per unit cover per year) in a
437:
It has been introduced in many other regions, and is listed as a weed in many. These include:
20:
2615:
2608:
2690:
2674:
2474:
2385:
2279:
2271:
2091:
2044:
1940:
1897:
1853:
1843:
1804:
1714:
1637:
1627:
1474:
1337:
1110:
486:
304:
1608:"Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows"
3020:
2343:"Ragwort Control Act 2003 Question for Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs"
1224:
799:
listed are non-toxic. Under the terms of this Act, a land occupier can be required by the
692:
The alkaloid does not actually accumulate in the liver but a breakdown product can damage
562:
538:
381:
189:
94:
634:. Alkaloids which have been found in the plant confirmed by the WHO report EHC 80 are --
238:, usually in dry, open places, and has also been widely distributed as a weed elsewhere.
2236:
1800:
1623:
912:
3043:
2833:
2359:
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2259:
2096:
2079:
1944:
1858:
1831:
1642:
1607:
1528:
788:
776:
474:
385:
81:
2204:"Invasive species have cost Australia $ 390 billion in the past 60 years, study shows"
311:. In the UK, where it is native, it is often unwanted because of its toxic effect for
3163:
3048:
2646:
1041:
980:
864:
853:
631:
579:
575:
458:
209:
2427:
McLaren, D. A.; Ireson, J. E.; Kwong, R. M. (2000). "Biological Control of Ragwort (
2413:
1917:
1808:
1349:
3133:
2898:
2064:
728:
482:
308:
2764:
2751:
2035:
Durham, A. E. (2015). "Surveillance focus: Ragwort toxicity in horses in the UK".
1931:
Giles, C. J. (1983). "Outbreak of ragwort (Senecio jacobea) poisoning in horses".
767:, declares ragwort as a noxious weed, requiring landowners to control its growth.
3097:
1901:
1632:
441:
North America: The United States, present mainly in the northwest and northeast:
427:
Ragwort is native to the Eurasian continent. In Europe it is widely spread, from
2989:
2971:
2543:
2146:
1103:
1047:
976:
927:
890:
860:
849:
659:
523:
428:
365:
2740:
2592:
3035:
2275:
1341:
1314:
1073:
1069:
942:
682:
470:
442:
324:
231:
140:
2820:
2828:
2321:
1718:
1417:
1098:
1084:
945:
had a more positive opinion of the plant, as revealed in this poem of 1831:
686:
675:
377:
337:
130:
2950:
2704:
2433:
Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds
2405:
2293:
2105:
2056:
1909:
1867:
1816:
1651:
1494:
3087:
3025:
2446:
Filley, Shelby; Hulting, Andy; Pirelli, Gene; Coombs, Eric (August 2011).
2132:
1952:
1848:
618:
3082:
2997:
2774:
2734:
2695:
2678:
1448:
Bulletin of the New Zealand Department of Science and Industrial Research
1176:
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894:
732:
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462:
450:
150:
120:
107:
2885:
2662:
2486:
2397:
2346:
1486:
1172:
1090:
466:
235:
2669:
The Merck Veterinary Manual introduction to pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis
2048:
1832:"Alkaloid-Containing Plants Poisonous to Cattle and Horses in Europe"
519:
478:
373:
369:
345:
320:
316:
312:
2711:
2478:
2389:
1478:
708:
which can cause compositae dermatitis. These are different from the
2649:
World Health Organisationβthe full text of the report is available.
1967:"Is ragwort poisonous? A ragwort mythbuster | Friends of the Earth"
926:(c.40-90 CE) recommended the herb. The two "fathers" of herbalism,
2924:
2461:
Cameron, Ewen (1935). "A Study of the Natural Control of Ragwort (
1883:"Plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: Toxicity and problems"
1255:
1201:
911:
817:
670:
617:
602:). The Sussex Emerald has been labelled a Priority Species in the
544:
533:
454:
446:
297:
68:
1442:
Poole, A. L.; Cairns, D. (1940). "Botanical Aspects of Ragwort (
992:
515:
502:
341:
2715:
2655:
This website is the English version of a Dutch ragwort website
901:
693:
361:
357:
327:
and its ecological importance is thus considered significant.
19:"Cushag" and "Ragwort" redirect here. For the Manx poet, see
2661:
Information on the importance of ragwort to wildlife on the
2652:
1993:"Acute Liver-Atrophy and Parenchymatous Hepatitis in Horses"
875:) has been introduced to combat the plant. Another beetle,
527:
801:
Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
2647:
Environmental Health Criteria 80 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
1698:
Wood, Thomas J.; Holland, John M.; Goulson, Dave (2016).
1328:
Howatt, Stephen (1989). "The Toxicity of Tansy Ragwort".
2080:"Tansy ragwort poisoning in a horse in southern Ontario"
288:. In the western United States it is generally known as
1295:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
727:
In many Australian states ragwort has been declared a
336:
0 in β 6 ft 7 in). The leaves are
2677:; Gravendeel, Barbara; van der Meijden, Ruud (2002).
2260:"Management practices for control of ragwort species"
1758:"The United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan - moths"
1606:
Hicks, D. M.; Ouvrard, P.; Baldock, K. C. R. (2016).
1583:. Conservation Grade. 15 October 2014. Archived from
1526:
Clapham, A. R.; Tutin, T. G.; Warburg, E. F. (1968).
761:
Noxious Weeds (Thistle, Ragwort, and Dock) Order 1937
2724:
2544:"Plants For A Future Species Database Bibliography"
2010:Jubb, K. V. F.; Kennedy, P. C.; Palmer, N. (2007).
2607:
2318:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
2308:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
1527:
2177:Surveillance for pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey
1830:Cortinovis, Cristina; Caloni, Francesca (2015).
2614:(1981 reprint ed.). Colin Smythe. p.
958:The sun tanned sward in splendid hues that burn
949:Ragwort thou humble flower with tattered leaves
822:Flowering plant with cinnabar moth caterpillars
1763:. Butterfly Conservation. 2007. Archived from
1581:"Which flowers are the best source of nectar?"
900:The leaves can be used to obtain a good green
408:- the typical plant, with ray florets present.
1509:"Seven of the most invasive plants in the UK"
1315:"Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board"
934:, also recommended the herb. Culpeper was an
712:which are responsible for the toxic effects.
230:, is a very common wild flower in the family
8:
2450:. Oregon State University Extension Service.
2360:Revised text of the Ragwort Control Act 2003
1534:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
955:Thy waste of shining blossoms richly shields
2642:Plume moth working to control ragwort in NZ
2172:Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
1997:Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
2712:
2180:, UK Food Standards Agency, archived from
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
964:Of the rich sunshine doth to paleness turn
952:I love to see thee come and litter gold...
630:, making it poisonous to certain animals.
42:
31:
2694:
2585:"Island Facts - Isle of Man Government -"
2283:
2095:
1999:: 7β164 – via Cabi Digital Library.
1890:Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
1857:
1847:
1641:
1631:
1167:
1165:
961:So bright and glaring that the very light
669:Ragwort is of concern to people who keep
566:). Pollen is collected by solitary bees.
1752:
1750:
1252:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
967:And seems but very shadows in thy sight.
783:) is one of the five plants named as an
16:Flowering plant, daisy family Asteraceae
2121:American Journal of Veterinary Research
1149:United States Department of Agriculture
1140:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1122:
1027:To gladden our hearts with their grace.
893:was made from the plant; it was called
848:. Ragwort is best known as the food of
604:United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan
1393:"BMP:TANSY RAGWORT (Senecio jacobaea)"
889:In ancient Greece and Rome a supposed
590:), the scarce clouded knot horn moth (
1733:"Common caterpillars: A simple guide"
1293:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
574:. A further three species are on the
518:by many, it provides a great deal of
380:-like groups of prickly hairs called
296:, though its resemblance to the true
7:
3111:815c4c96-ff9c-4015-9e0e-bbe427615e09
3013:f99d3695-7032-43f3-9c50-4b82f4c8a47a
1530:Excursion flora of the British Isles
2610:The Fairy-faith in Celtic countries
2212:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2014:(5th ed.). Elsevier Saunders.
1229:Australian National Botanic Gardens
1065:List of plants poisonous to equines
1945:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01781.x
1018:The Cushag may shine like the sun.
356:Pollination is by a wide range of
14:
971:The ragwort, under its Manx name
3075:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:245719-1
2078:De Lanux-Van Gorder, V. (2000).
1735:. countrylife.co.uk. 7 June 2017
1363:Parnell, J.; Curtis, T. (2012).
1009:Where the farmer's work is done.
991:(1852β1937) wrote the following
975:, is the national flower of the
908:Literature, poetry and mythology
626:Ragwort contains many different
596:), and the Sussex emerald moth (
319:, but it is also valued for its
55:
2084:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
1809:10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.02.009
1211:International Plant Names Index
1036:The Cushags have still a place.
25:list of plants known as ragwort
2366:. Accessed on 9 December 2011.
1991:Theiler, Arnold (April 1918).
418:- the ray florets are missing.
323:production which feeds insect
1:
2012:Pathology of Domestic Animals
1145:Agricultural Research Service
1076:with similar looking genera (
1072:, a tribe also in the family
985:Kingdom of Mann and the Isles
505:in New Zealand and Australia.
397:Two subspecies are accepted:
1902:10.1080/19440049.2010.541288
1633:10.1371/journal.pone.0158117
1422:The Donkey Sanctuary Ireland
1106:with similar looking species
1102:, a genus also in the tribe
787:under the provisions of the
3200:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1221:Harvard University Herbaria
685:, such as nitrosamines and
586:), the picture winged fly (
303:In some countries it is an
234:that is native to northern
3216:
2683:American Journal of Botany
1707:Journal of Applied Ecology
1217:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1015:In the heart of the hills,
917:Ragwort thou humble flower
501:Australasia: a widespread
270:stinking nanny/ninny/willy
18:
2276:10.1007/s11101-010-9173-1
2258:Leiss, Kirsten A (2010).
2202:Khan, Jo (29 July 2021).
1933:Equine Veterinary Journal
1342:10.1017/S0890037X00032115
1021:Where the golden flowers,
1003:Now, the Cushag, we know,
869:tansy ragwort flea beetle
492:South America: Argentina;
203:
196:
179:
172:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
3195:Plants described in 1753
808:Ragwort Control Act 2003
622:Structure of senecionine
498:Asia: India and Siberia;
23:. For other plants, see
2659:Buglife's ragwort pages
2653:Ragwort myths and facts
2526:"Senecio jacobaea - L."
2378:Ecological Applications
1719:10.1111/1365-2664.12718
1030:And in Vannin Veg Veen,
979:According to one story
878:Longitarsus ganglbaueri
710:pyrrolizidine alkaloids
2541:. Cites references at
2467:The Journal of Ecology
2264:Phytochemistry Reviews
1881:Wiedenfeld, H (2011).
919:
823:
765:Noxious Weeds Act 1936
706:sesquiterpene lactones
632:(EHC 80,section 9.1.4)
623:
552:
542:
2606:Wentz, W. Y. (1911).
2569:Grieve, Maud (1971).
1849:10.3390/toxins7124884
1369:Cork University Press
1365:Webb's An Irish Flora
1033:In the valleys green,
936:astrological botanist
915:
873:Longitarsus jacobaeae
845:Phycitodes saxicolais
833:Cochylis atricapitana
821:
621:
548:
537:
510:Ecological importance
495:Africa: North Africa;
366:moths and butterflies
241:Common names include
2696:10.3732/ajb.89.6.929
2324:on 12 September 2007
2233:"Ragwort in Ireland"
1971:friendsoftheearth.uk
1040:(Vannin Veg Veen is
1012:But along the rills,
924:Pedanius Dioscorides
922:The Greek physician
344:. The hermaphrodite
2548:Plants For A Future
2529:Plants For A Future
2431:L.) in Australia".
1801:2004PChem..65..865M
1673:"Ragwort Fact File"
1624:2016PLoSO..1158117H
1587:on 14 December 2019
1513:celsolicitors.co.uk
839:Phycitodes maritima
763:, issued under the
593:Homoeosoma nimbella
588:Campiglossa malaris
351:Northern Hemisphere
3175:Flora of Argentina
2364:Legislation.gov.uk
1317:. 18 October 2024.
1024:Have fairy powers,
920:
830:for the larvae of
824:
814:Biological control
779:, common ragwort (
624:
599:Thalera fimbrialis
553:
543:
307:and regarded as a
3157:
3156:
2718:Taxon identifiers
2675:Pieter B., Pelser
2625:978-0-901072-51-1
2037:Veterinary Record
1541:978-0-521-04656-5
1418:"Care and advice"
1204:Jacobaea vulgaris
1133:Jacobaea vulgaris
989:Josephine Kermode
683:alkylating agents
614:Poisonous effects
572:nationally scarce
550:Jacobaea vulgaris
412:Jacobaea vulgaris
402:Jacobaea vulgaris
221:Jacobaea vulgaris
217:
216:
212:
183:Jacobaea vulgaris
36:Jacobaea vulgaris
21:Josephine Kermode
3207:
3190:Medicinal plants
3150:
3149:
3137:
3136:
3124:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3101:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3078:
3077:
3065:
3064:
3052:
3051:
3039:
3038:
3036:Senecio_jacobaea
3029:
3028:
3016:
3015:
3006:
3005:
3003:Senecio~jacobaea
2993:
2992:
2990:NBNSYS0000004364
2980:
2979:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2940:
2928:
2927:
2915:
2914:
2902:
2901:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2862:
2860:Senecio jacobaea
2850:
2849:
2837:
2836:
2824:
2823:
2811:
2810:
2808:Senecio_jacobaea
2798:
2797:
2795:senecio-jacobaea
2788:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2755:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2726:Senecio jacobaea
2713:
2708:
2698:
2630:
2629:
2613:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2591:. Archived from
2581:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2505:latinlexicon.org
2497:
2491:
2490:
2463:Senecio Jacobaea
2458:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2429:Senecio jacobaea
2424:
2418:
2417:
2373:
2367:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2320:, archived from
2304:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2235:. Archived from
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2184:on 8 August 2007
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2049:10.1136/vr.h2817
2032:
2026:
2025:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1887:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1783:Senecio jacobaea
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1675:. Archived from
1669:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1635:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1556:"Common ragwort"
1552:
1546:
1545:
1533:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1473:(6): 2006β2015.
1462:
1456:
1455:
1444:Senecio jacobaea
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1397:WeedWise Program
1389:
1383:
1382:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1287:Senecio jacobaea
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1254:. Archived from
1249:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1179:Senecio jacobaea
1169:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1127:
1111:Senecio vulgaris
1006:Must never grow,
863:and the western
781:Senecio jacobaea
738:
305:invasive species
300:is superficial.
227:Senecio jacobaea
208:
206:Senecio jacobaea
185:
165:J. vulgaris
60:
59:
46:
32:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3185:Flora of Europe
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3081:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3032:
3024:
3021:Observation.org
3019:
3011:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2936:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2884:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2832:
2827:
2819:
2814:
2806:
2801:
2793:
2791:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2720:
2673:
2638:
2633:
2626:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2595:on 10 May 2007.
2583:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2542:
2534:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2479:10.2307/2256123
2460:
2459:
2455:
2448:"Tansy Ragwort"
2445:
2444:
2440:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2390:10.2307/1941900
2375:
2374:
2370:
2358:
2354:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2325:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2239:on 28 July 2009
2231:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2043:(24): 620β622.
2034:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1659:
1618:(6): e0158117.
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1515:. 13 July 2020.
1507:
1506:
1502:
1479:10.2307/1939891
1464:
1463:
1459:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1378:978-185918-4783
1362:
1361:
1357:
1330:Weed Technology
1327:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1261:on 26 June 2015
1258:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1231:. 29 June 2008.
1200:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1061:
910:
887:
857:Tyria jacobaeae
816:
797:injurious weeds
773:
753:
748:
739:over 60 years.
736:
722:
616:
584:Tyria jacobaeae
563:Lycaena phlaeas
512:
425:
395:
333:
251:stinking willie
192:
187:
181:
168:
54:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3213:
3211:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3138:
3134:wfo-0000075977
3125:
3115:
3102:
3092:
3079:
3066:
3053:
3040:
3030:
3017:
3007:
2994:
2981:
2968:
2955:
2942:
2929:
2916:
2903:
2890:
2877:
2864:
2851:
2838:
2825:
2812:
2799:
2789:
2779:
2769:
2756:
2746:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2689:(6): 929β939.
2671:
2666:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2636:External links
2634:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2598:
2576:
2561:
2550:. PFAF Charity
2531:. PFAF Charity
2517:
2492:
2473:(2): 265β322.
2453:
2438:
2419:
2384:(4): 430β442.
2368:
2352:
2334:
2313:Weeds Act 1959
2299:
2270:(1): 153β163.
2250:
2224:
2194:
2163:
2138:
2127:(8): 1776β80.
2111:
2070:
2027:
2020:
2002:
1983:
1958:
1923:
1896:(3): 282β292.
1873:
1842:(12): 5301β7.
1822:
1795:(7): 865β873.
1788:Phytochemistry
1773:
1770:on 7 May 2012.
1746:
1724:
1690:
1679:on 14 May 2012
1657:
1598:
1572:
1560:Garden Organic
1547:
1540:
1518:
1500:
1457:
1446:L.) Control".
1434:
1409:
1384:
1377:
1355:
1336:(2): 436β438.
1320:
1306:
1272:
1244:BSBI List 2007
1234:
1193:
1161:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1095:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
969:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
909:
906:
886:
883:
815:
812:
789:Weeds Act 1959
785:injurious weed
777:United Kingdom
772:
771:United Kingdom
769:
752:
749:
747:
744:
721:
718:
656:seneciphylline
615:
612:
511:
508:
507:
506:
499:
496:
493:
490:
424:
421:
420:
419:
409:
394:
391:
386:seed dispersal
332:
329:
247:common ragwort
215:
214:
201:
200:
194:
193:
188:
177:
176:
170:
169:
162:
160:
156:
155:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
39:
38:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3212:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Flora of Asia
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3121:tansy_ragwort
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2549:
2545:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2090:(5): 409β10.
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2021:9780702028236
2017:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:(3): 248β50.
1938:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1194:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
947:
946:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
918:
914:
907:
905:
903:
898:
896:
892:
884:
882:
880:
879:
874:
870:
866:
865:United States
862:
858:
855:
854:cinnabar moth
851:
847:
846:
841:
840:
835:
834:
829:
826:Ragwort is a
820:
813:
811:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
750:
745:
743:
740:
734:
730:
725:
719:
717:
713:
711:
707:
702:
698:
695:
690:
688:
684:
679:
677:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
620:
613:
611:
607:
605:
601:
600:
595:
594:
589:
585:
581:
580:cinnabar moth
577:
576:IUCN Red List
573:
567:
565:
564:
557:
551:
547:
540:
536:
532:
529:
525:
521:
517:
509:
504:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:Massachusetts
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:
438:
435:
432:
430:
422:
417:
413:
410:
407:
403:
400:
399:
398:
392:
390:
387:
384:, which help
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
347:
343:
339:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
290:tansy ragwort
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
265:
260:
256:
255:tansy ragwort
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
228:
223:
222:
213:
211:
207:
202:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
178:
175:
174:Binomial name
171:
167:
166:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
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309:noxious weed
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2151:iNaturalist
1713:: 323β333.
1104:Senecioneae
1048:Isle of Man
977:Isle of Man
891:aphrodisiac
885:Other usage
861:New Zealand
791:. The word
746:Legislation
660:senecionine
524:pollinators
429:Scandinavia
331:Description
325:pollinators
286:stammerwort
274:staggerwort
95:Angiosperms
3164:Categories
3044:Plant List
2782:Calflora:
2589:www.gov.im
1591:18 October
1299:9 November
1281:USDA, NRCS
1265:17 October
1118:References
1074:Asteraceae
1070:Cichorieae
995:about the
943:John Clare
828:food plant
687:aflatoxins
664:senkirkine
652:retrorsine
541:on ragwort
487:Washington
471:New Jersey
443:California
282:cankerwort
232:Asteraceae
141:Asteraceae
2873:242348344
2847:242348344
2829:FloraBase
2792:Cal-IPC:
2554:14 August
2535:14 August
2328:12 August
2188:12 August
2147:"Ragwort"
1225:Libraries
1177:"Species
1154:10 August
1099:Cineraria
1085:Leontodon
981:King Orry
941:The poet
793:injurious
676:cirrhosis
648:otosenine
628:alkaloids
539:Drone fly
378:dandelion
338:pinnately
264:St. James
159:Species:
131:Asterales
65:Kingdom:
3170:Jacobaea
3106:VicFlora
3095:VASCAN:
3083:Tropicos
3049:gcc-3265
3033:PalDat:
2998:NSWFlora
2977:2.159061
2938:11307069
2925:245719-1
2803:eFloraSA
2772:BioLib:
2741:Q1144724
2735:Wikidata
2705:21665692
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2414:21701854
2406:27755672
2294:21475410
2208:ABC News
2174:(1995),
2106:10816838
2057:26067012
1918:23218347
1910:21360374
1868:26670251
1817:15081286
1683:31 March
1652:27341588
1612:PLOS ONE
1495:29357152
1350:90478222
1283:(n.d.).
1079:Agoseris
1059:See also
932:Culpeper
895:satyrion
733:Tasmania
644:jacozine
640:jaconine
636:jacobine
475:New York
463:Michigan
451:Illinois
416:dunensis
406:vulgaris
393:Taxonomy
382:pappuses
198:Synonyms
152:Jacobaea
137:Family:
121:Asterids
108:Eudicots
3147:1124131
3088:2701260
2886:3097243
2665:website
2663:Buglife
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2347:Hansard
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2217:30 July
2156:11 July
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2065:8833710
1976:20 July
1953:6136403
1859:4690134
1797:Bibcode
1739:20 July
1643:4920406
1620:Bibcode
1487:1939891
1467:Ecology
1454:: 1β66.
1427:20 July
1402:20 July
1206:Gaertn"
1186:29 June
1173:UniProt
1091:Sonchus
852:of the
775:In the
757:Ireland
751:Ireland
737:A$ 500m
720:Control
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374:achenes
370:corymbs
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243:ragwort
236:Eurasia
224:, syn.
190:Gaertn.
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127:Order:
69:Plantae
3057:PLANTS
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3010:NZOR:
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662:, and
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321:nectar
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3098:12022
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2951:49558
2933:IRMNG
2855:FoAO2
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2483:JSTOR
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2394:JSTOR
2362:from
2061:S2CID
1914:S2CID
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1346:S2CID
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447:Idaho
414:ssp.
404:ssp.
376:have
362:flies
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294:tansy
292:, or
266:-wort
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102:Clade
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3070:POWO
3062:SEJA
2959:ITIS
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1373:ISBN
1301:2015
1267:2014
1188:2008
1156:2012
1044:for
1042:Manx
993:poem
930:and
806:The
522:for
516:weed
503:weed
364:and
358:bees
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