904:. The main objective of the project was to build a computer, which would be small, affordable (around 6.5 thousand dollars apiece), easy to produce and failproof. Great emphasis was also put on its modularity – Karpiński was determined to build an entire system, with flexible complexity and arrangement in line with user's needs. Production of 1300 units was planned in two initial series. The primary objective was commercial, but Karpiński intended for K-202 to be used in a vast variety of applications – in industry, administration, science and military (land and navy).
1117:'s for fast modernization – Adrian Markowski compared Karpiński to Bill Gates. It is also stated that Karpiński's defeat was primarily caused by administrative incompetence and acts of sabotage by his enemies. Critics point out the exaggerations in Karpiński's evaluation of his work and claim that the project's fate within state structures was, at least partly, justified. They, among them Maciej Sysło, underline the massive scale of funds and organization needed for the success of a new device and point out the uncertainty about the machine's real capabilities.
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976:. The project gained absolute priority, especially after its director Lavryonov's visit in Warsaw in autumn of 1972. Stefan Bratkowski point out that K-202 had the chance to succeed only as a part subjugated to the entire system, which Karpiński declined outright, considering the Riad project to be much inferior to K-202. A lack of proper industrial and institutional background, as well as Karpiński's personal traits – stubbornness, individualism and lack of social skills are also mentioned as possible reasons.
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885:. Karpiński, who orchestrated the agreement, was appointed technical director, fully responsible for the engineering aspect of the venture. The parts and finances were to be supplied by the British, but the entire construction and production process was to be done in Poland, something that Karpiński strongly insisted on. MB Metals and Data-Loop were given rights to sell the computer in all countries, except Poland. The companies were also solely responsible for the products promotion and distribution.
743:. Despite the numerous offers to stay in the United States and move his work there, Karpiński decided to come back to Poland. Later, it emerged that before and during his stay in the United States, Karpiński cooperatated with Polish intelligence to collect data, which sparked controversies around his person. Karpiński himself, interviewed on the matter after the fall of communism, was reluctant to comment the matter, but insisted the agreement with intelligence officer cpt.
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818:, considerably slower than their western counterparts. KAR-65 was asynchronic and used a dedicated operation system, designed by Karpiński. The computer could perform 100 thousand operations per second, which made it the fastest Polish computer at the time. The computer consisted of two parts, both measuring 1,7m x 1,4m x 0,4m, but was still considerably smaller than the leading Polish computers of the time,
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795:. The Institute struggled with the amount of data and was looking for a mechanism to speed up the processing of data. In 1965, on Pniewski's request Karpiński designed a scanner, and after its success, began work on the mathematical machine that could compute the scanned data. With the help of newly formed team of seven people including later long-time cooperators
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525:. On the first day of fighting, he was trapped weaponless with around 30 other soldiers in a hospital building on Koszykowa street after the weaponry supply had been mistakenly directed somewhere else. While evacuating the unit, Karpiński's group was caught under heavy fire, which resulted in most of the evacuees dead. Karpiński himself was shot with a
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reward, he was allowed to go on a half-year scholarship in the United States to visit major technological centres in the country. During the scholarship, which has been eventually extended to a full year, Karpiński managed to visit around twenty universities and laboratories, among them
Computation Laboratory at
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claims his cooperation was heavily influenced by naivete on the situation in the scientific world and on the goals and methods of the intelligence. The intensity of Karpiński's cooperation decreased significantly in the 1970s, when Karpiński became not a cooperator, but a target for the intelligence.
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Despite the technical excellence of the computer, it never reached mass production. Only 30 machines were ever produced and the conditions of work in Karpiński's team remained laboratorious rather than industrial. The reasons of this outcome remain unclear and are still a matter of historical debate.
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The success of AKAT-1 enabled Karpiński to be put forward by Poland as its candidate for the UNESCO worldwide award for young engineers in 1960. Karpiński's work was evaluated with around 200 other contestants by an UNESCO international committee, and he turned out to be among the six laureates. As a
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In early 1943, he was severely injured while working on homemade bombs for an underground sabotage operation when one of them accidentally exploded in the basement of his house. He lost sight in both eyes and faced the serious threat of hand-amputation. After his mother's intervention and the help of
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within the Polish
Academy of Sciences. Others, among them Stefan Bratkowski and Maciej Sysło, point out the general distrust toward foreign companies and unwillingness to take risks within the ruling class, especially if the project involved consumption of high amount of foreign currency, crucial to
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in 1957. The machine had been used for two years when it was accidentally destroyed. Karpiński himself claimed AAH raised the precision of forecasts by 10%, an estimate which has not been contested. A part of the engineering team was Karpiński's brother Marek, who worked with him successfully until
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after very minor alterations (around 1% of functional content) and was not developed further, effectively ending the K-202's chances of commercial success. Most of the 30 prototypes worked extensively for several years in 43 different institutions throughout Poland. For example, in 1972, a K-202
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since 1961. He received considerable financial rewards for his work, including foreign holidays with his wife sponsored by the state. Karpiński's work was mostly dedicated to collecting technological data. This was also stated by him to be the condition under which he is inclined to provide
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In 1970, Karpiński decided to establish his own institution to work on his new idea, a minicomputer of original architecture, for which he sought backing from state officials. Karpiński was given permission to found
Microcomputers' Construction Plant (Zakład Budowy Mikrokomputerów) in
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His first independent project was the AAH — Analytical
Analyzer of Harmonics. Karpiński was asked by a long-time friend, Józef Lityński, an employee of the State Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, whom he had known from his time in Radomsko, to build a device to help calculate
991:, which could have raised his chances significantly, according to the then Minister of Culture Józef Tejchma. Critics started to expose the high costs of the project (K-202 cost was $ 6500 per unit for foreign clients), and the lack of commercial success, accusing Karpiński of
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The team worked for three years and in 1973 first prototypes were completed. The result was a minicomputer highly innovative in many aspects. K-202 was constructed entirely with microchips, using breakthrough 1971 Intel 4004 chips. It was also asynchronic and used
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had been considered to 'innovatively merge all functions in a congruent and attractive form that anticipated the future trends'. The machine has been domestically welcomed warmly, having been covered by a host of country-wide media, including national television
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in 1961. But the peak of his activity was reached during his trip to the United States, during which he amassed and passed an extensive amount of information on both the technological centres, but also personalities of
American science and industry.
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information. Karpiński was a valuable asset, having travelled extensively since the 1950s and possessing a wide range of international contacts. He provided the intelligence with a lot of useful information beginning with the international Expo in
767:'s ideas, able to learn how to discern and recognize objects and shapes. The idea was successfully realized, and the Polish perceptron was completed in 1964, being one of the first of such in the world and the first known in the Communist bloc.
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With the help of his mother, Wanda, and brother, Marek, who both also actively participated in the resistance effort, the family established a secret resistance outpost in their family home on
Obserwatorów Street. The place was an outpost for
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Also, the scale of Karpiński's engineering achievement is hotly debated. It is claimed that his construction, most notably K-202, were innovative enough (or even superior) to successfully compete with the worldwide competition (most notably
936:. The computer was small, could fit on the desk and weighed 35 kilograms. It was also highly shock-, water- and temperature-resistant. K-202 used authorial operation system SOK and dedicated ASSK programming language, but also supported
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machine was used to computerize the calculations of results of the
European wrestling championships. Currently, only a few remain; one can be seen in the Museum of Technology in Warsaw. The only working copy is in private hands.
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claims it has to be conceded that Karpiński's effort preceded any other similar device. The construction was also lauded for its aesthetical merits – the panel designed by leading Polish artists –
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the failing communist economy. Another possible explanation for the lack of political will for Karpiński's case is the rise of the new, all-Comecon project of building a new family of computers within the communist bloc dubbed
837:, producer of Odra mainframes), many reports on KAR-65s were halted by the censorship. Karpiński had his 1969 paper from Polish Informatical Conference in Zakopane blocked from printing. His article on KAR-65 in
920:, the first minicomputer to do so. Additionally, it performed close to a million operations per second. These two things made K-202 faster than its potentially most dangerous competitors –
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Shortly after his return from the US, Karpiński, inspired by his
American experience, decided to implement some of his newest ideas at home. He convinced the director of the Institute of Automatics
599:. During the time Karpiński was planning to flee Poland, he even worked on designing a mini-submarine in which he would be able to cross the Baltic Sea and reach the Danish island of
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Karpiński had his passport withdrawn, informants were planted in his closest environment to gather information on him, his phone calls and private correspondence was also monitored.
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and others. The important feature was also a possibility of accessing up to 64 devices in the same time, hence the high level of freedom of architectural composition of a system.
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her fellow physicians, his eyes recovered fully and the hand was saved, but he never regained total control over it. After the recovery, Karpiński resumed his activities in the
591:'s call, revealed himself to the Communists, but unlike many, he was spared imprisonment. Nevertheless, he was forced to change workplace several times, eventually receiving a
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967:, a local computer engineering giant and monopolist, manufacturer of Odra mainframes. Another possible enemy of Karpiński was col. Ryszard Kulesza, director of the
561:, and he started to attend local high school. He was forced to learn how to walk again, which he did during hiking trips in the mountains with his brother and
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In 1990, after a series of unsuccessful business ventures, Karpiński decided to return to Poland. In the 1990s he served as an advisor on computer science to
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830:. Only one machine was built and it continued to work in the Institute of Physics for 20 years. It currently resides in the Museum of Technology in Warsaw.
607:, he decided to stay. In 1955 he was offered a job at the Polish Academy of Sciences' Institute of Basic Problems, which he accepted. There he worked under
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Soon after the completion of the perceptron, Karpiński fell out with Węgrzyn, which forced him to leave the
Institute of Automatics. He moved to the
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in the Tatras, where they remained through the rest of the war. During the course of the war, Karpiński was awarded the Cross of Valour three times.
529: – a bullet was stuck in his backbone but he survived. Found next day by the hospital's nurses, he received treatment but remained
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A. Kochajkiewicz Działania służb specjalnych Polski
Ludowej wobec inżyniera Jacka Karpińskiego w latach 1950–1990, Przegląd Archiwalny IPN, 5/2012
803:, Karpiński finished the machine in 1968, dubbed KAR-65, after three years of work. Due to financial constraints, KAR-65 was built using Polish
565:. He completed the entire high school curriculum in one year and passed the baccalaureate with flying colours. Afterwards, Karpiński moved to
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1050:. He also tried to kickstart his own business ventures – a hand-held text-scanner 'Pen-Reader' invented during his stay in
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in 1970. The basis for the computer's construction was the fruit of the joint-venture agreement between the Polish state (represented by
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Even though the computer was a technological success, most likely due to the pressure of competing computer manufacturers (chiefly
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Karpiński received an official ban on talking about the computer. He complained about the matter to the President of the
669:'s mechanics. The innovativeness of the device was acknowledged by historians of computer science – e.g.
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The breakthrough achievement of Karpiński's career was the construction of AKAT-1 in 1959 in co-operation with engineer
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Karpiński found himself unable to find sufficient political backing, despite moderate support from the influential
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A. Targowski, Informatyka bez złudzeń. 40 lat między informatyką a polityką i 20 lat między Polską a Ameryką, 2001
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from the same year was blocked, as well. A similar fate befell the articles on the subject by popular journalists
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Disappointed with the outcome of K-202 production, Karpiński in 1978 decided to move to the countryside near
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Karpiński, just as many other former Zośka battalion veterans, influenced by former Home Army high officer
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award in 1960, he travelled for several years around the academic centres in the United States, including
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Karpiński had one younger brother, Marek, who also became an electrical engineer. The family moved from
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Karpiński collected a team of 113 employees, including programmers and hardware engineers such as
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In his first years of work he experienced some minor vexations from communist security services (
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to begin university education at the Faculty of Electro-Mechanical Sciences within the local
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628:. The Institute hoped the device could help improve the effectiveness of long-term weather
432:(Polish Aviation Works). Karpiński's father died in September 1939 during an expedition to
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Karpiński later became a pig farmer, and in 1981, after receiving a passport, emigrated to
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Karpiński himself pointed at the intentional efforts of some high-level officials, mostly
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503:(Akcja pod Sieczychami), as a soldier, and Operation Kutschera, as a part of recon under
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was limited to reporting on the state of technical progress of American facilities.
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in 1934, where Wanda took a job at Physical University of Warsaw and Adam worked in
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Karpiński's life was changed not only by his father's death but by the outbreak of
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It has been revealed that Jacek Karpiński worked as a secret informant for the
632:. Karpiński gathered a team of five people and constructed a computer based on
1417:"Zagadki tamtych lat – Co się stało z polskim Billem Gatesem?"
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413:(6720 m.). Karpiński himself was due to be born in the Vallot winter hut near
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and others). Adam Karpiński was also a member of a Polish expedition into the
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unit and contained a clandestine shooting range. It was also a hideout for
252:(9 April 1927 – 21 February 2010) was a Polish pioneer in
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P. Lipiński Geniusz i Świnie. Rzecz o Jacku Karpińskim, wyd. JanKa, 2014
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his tragic death in 1957 during a climbing expedition in the Tatras.
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649:. AKAT-1 was a pioneering work – the world's first
1395:"Legenda o Jacku Karpińskim (Recenzja książki "Geniusz i świnie")"
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He also founded the Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence of the
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mainframes. The computer's interface was designed by the artist
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but remained unable to stand or walk. The family moved through
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Karpiński participated in numerous field operations, including
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In 2010, he was posthumously awarded an even more prestigious
385:, was a respected physician who went on to become Dean of the
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440:. After an unsuccessful attack on the summit, along with
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In 1971, he designed one of the first minicomputers, the
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B. Kluska Automaty liczą. Komputery PRL., ResNovae, 2013
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computer development in the People's Republic of Poland
783:. Pniewski's team worked on the analysis of data from
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for remarkable achievements in computer engineering.
657:. Karpiński built the device during his spell at the
389:. Both were pioneers of winter mountaineering in the
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Polish Academy of Science's Institute of Automatics
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1054:and cash registers 'Libella', which both failed.
448:(7039m), where both were killed by an avalanche.
290:Later, he became a developer of one of the first
912:representation, as KAR-65. Moreover, K-202 used
777:Polish Academy of Sciences' Institute of Physics
557:After World War II, Karpiński's family moved to
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763: – a device built according to
514:, Karpiński enrolled, where he befriended poet
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518:, both being commanders of smaller sub-units.
339:that time, the K-202 was never mass-produced.
849:. Before his interview with the TV programme
595:for T-12 factory of electrical components in
8:
1064:Jacek Karpiński died on 21 February 2010 in
1035:, Karpiński moved to Switzerland to work on
468:boy scouts organization, where he served in
361:Jacek Karpiński was born on 9 April 1927 in
1437: – Gazeta Wyborcza (Polish)
1453:Zmarł genialny konstruktor Jacek Karpiński
702:Currently, the machine can be seen in the
387:University of Physical Education in Warsaw
369:into a family of Polish intellectuals and
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1357:Lipiński 2014, p. 152; Kochajkiewicz 2012
1348:Lipiński 2014, p. 151; Kochajkiewicz 2012
603:. However, after the first sights of the
507:. After the formation of the Home Army's
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
409:, which was the first to climb the peak
275:, and was awarded multiple times with a
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860:(28.04.1970), but received no backing.
710:UNESCO scholarship in the United States
1073:Commander's Cross of Polonia Restituta
987:. He also rejected signing up for the
492:, a Home Army officer working for its
1075:, third-highest level of this order.
16:Polish computer scientist (1927-2010)
7:
1180:List of pioneers in computer science
1059:Officer's Cross of Polonia Restituta
585:), due to his past in the Home Army.
393:(first successful winter attacks on
47:adding citations to reliable sources
855:Committee of Science and Technology
521:Karpiński also participated in the
381:, 'Akar-Ramada' tent). His mother,
969:Institute of Mathematical Machines
14:
1151:R. Bratny Lot ku ziemi, PIW, 1976
1068:, where he had lived since 1996.
787: – pictures from
577:from which he graduated in 1951.
444:, he decided to climb the nearby
1441:onet.pl "Zniszczyć konstruktora"
1125:Jacek Karpiński is portrayed in
793:colliding electrons and neutrons
486:Juliusz "Laudański" Deczkowski's
287:, where he was heavily wounded.
215:
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611:on the design of the prototype
575:Warsaw University of Technology
573:. After two years, he moved to
34:needs additional citations for
729:Los Alamos National Laboratory
704:Museum of Technology in Warsaw
1:
1465:"50 lat polskich komputerów"
1435:"Polski Bill Gates i świnie"
1057:In 2009, he was awarded the
490:Stanisław Miedza-Tomaszewski
1366:Lipiński 2014, pp. 155, 163
1115:People's Republic of Poland
589:Jan "Radosław" Mazurkiewicz
331:. Because of the policy on
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1491:Polish computer scientists
1455:kopalniawiedzy.pl (Polish)
351:Polish Academy of Sciences
267:, he was a soldier in the
516:Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński
383:Wanda Czarnocka-Karpińska
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494:Informational Department
464:, a Polish underground
283:(intelligence) and the
1459:"Jak powstawało K-202"
1300:B. Kluska, 2013, p. 71
789:Glaser bubble chambers
651:differential equations
545:to a small village of
442:Stefan Bernadzikiewicz
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245:K-202 with peripherals
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1339:Lipiński 2014, p. 153
1330:Lipiński 2014, p. 161
1321:Lipiński 2014, p. 162
1309:Lipiński 2014, p. 102
1291:Lipiński 2014, p. 177
1282:Lipiński 2014, p. 149
1273:Lipiński 2014, p. 151
1255:Lipiński 2014, p. 136
1243:Lipiński 2014, p. 133
1234:Lipiński 2014, p. 132
1121:References in culture
1085:Służba Bezpieczeństwa
824:Stanisław Tomaszewski
697:Polish Film Chronicle
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1447:"Genialny wynalazca"
1264:Lipiński 2014, p.137
1216:Lipiński 2014, p. 81
1207:Lipiński 2014, p. 18
1198:Lipiński 2014, p. 48
981:Franciszek Szlachcic
847:Aleksander Bocheński
839:Maszyny Matematyczne
583:Urząd Bezpieczeństwa
357:Family and childhood
353:in the early 1960s.
254:computer engineering
43:improve this article
1423:(video) (in Polish)
1375:Lipiński 2014, p. 1
1225:Lipiński 2014, p.87
914:memory segmentation
898:Andrzej Ziemkiewicz
501:Sieczychy Operation
335:, belonging to the
324:, and many others.
281:Operation Kutschera
1506:Computer designers
1471:"Recenzja książki
1098:Adam Kochajkiewicz
1048:Leszek Balcerowicz
1044:Andrzej Olechowski
902:Elżbieta Jezierska
797:Tadeusz Kupniewski
688:Andrzej Wróblewski
653:analyzer based on
647:Janusz Tomaszewski
609:Leszek Filipkowski
472:(Assault Groups).
308:After receiving a
279:. He took part in
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843:Stefan Bratkowski
680:Olgierd Rutkowski
626:Fourier integrals
505:Wiesław Krajewski
297:, techniques for
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58:"Jacek Karpiński"
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671:Maciej Sysło
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167:(2010-02-21)
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1501:2010 deaths
1496:1927 births
1111:Modular One
1052:Switzerland
1008: [
961: [
934:Modular One
759:to build a
745:Zygmunt Goć
733:John Eckert
655:transistors
605:Polish thaw
571:polytechnic
547:Murzasichle
399:Nowy Wierch
344:Switzerland
193:programming
189:cybernetics
185:Electronics
1485:Categories
1427:2019-01-09
1421:VOD Tvp.pl
1186:References
1096:Historian
1019:Later life
942:FORTRAN IV
761:perceptron
751:Perceptron
462:Gray Ranks
434:Nanda Devi
415:Mont Blanc
411:Mercedario
295:algorithms
229:The AKAT-1
146:1927-04-09
99:March 2016
69:newspapers
1129:'s novel
1027:(village
954:Jerzy Huk
883:MB Metals
879:Data-Loop
851:Tele-Echo
805:germanium
630:forecasts
531:paralyzed
512:battalion
478:Home Army
438:Himalayas
375:SL-1 Akar
371:alpinists
299:character
1477:(Polish)
1467:(Polish)
1461:(Polish)
1443:(Polish)
1159:See also
1005:Mera 400
938:ALGOL 60
875:Metronex
615:device.
601:Bornholm
559:Radomsko
553:Post-war
543:Zakopane
535:Pruszków
379:crampons
196:engineer
175:, Poland
1090:Leipzig
1066:Wrocław
1025:Olsztyn
779:led by
721:Caltech
717:Harvard
452:Wartime
446:Tirsuli
436:in the
395:Banówka
337:Comecon
322:Caltech
318:Harvard
271:of the
263:During
173:Wrocław
156:, Italy
83:scholar
1107:PDP-11
926:PDP-11
918:paging
828:zlotys
816:diodes
813:DOG-61
771:KAR-65
641:AKAT-1
539:Kraków
426:Warsaw
310:UNESCO
237:KAR-65
202:Awards
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1170:K-202
1137:Books
1037:Nagra
1012:]
997:fraud
965:]
946:BASIC
916:with
864:K-202
835:Elwro
809:TG-40
665:or a
597:Żerań
510:Zośka
407:Andes
367:Italy
363:Turin
329:K-202
303:image
154:Turin
90:JSTOR
76:books
1109:and
1046:and
999:and
983:and
974:Riad
928:and
900:and
881:and
845:and
820:Odra
811:and
799:and
785:CERN
739:and
727:and
725:UCLA
695:and
693:TVP1
686:and
567:Łódź
541:and
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301:and
256:and
191:and
162:Died
140:Born
62:news
932:'s
930:CTL
924:'s
922:DEC
619:AAH
430:PZL
424:to
314:MIT
45:by
1487::
1419:.
1415:.
1314:^
1248:^
1010:pl
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