Jack Ruby - Knowledge (XXG)

1138:, appealed to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals after his 1964 conviction, the highest criminal court in Texas. Ruby's lawyers argued that he could not have received a fair trial in Dallas because of the excessive publicity surrounding the case. In an interview with reporters in March 1965, Ruby stated: "Everything pertaining to what's happening has never come to the surface. The world will never know the true facts of what occurred, my motive. The people who had so much to gain, and had such an ulterior motive for putting me in the position I'm in, will never let the true facts come above board to the world." A reporter asked, "Are these people in very high positions, Jack?", and he responded, "Yes." 48: 1323:, Texas to Fidel Castro's guerrillas in Cuba in the late 1950s. Beaird said that Ruby "was in it for the money. It wouldn't matter which side, just the one that would pay him the most." Beaird said that the guns were stored in a two-story house near the waterfront, and that he saw Ruby and his associates load "many boxes of new guns, including automatic rifles and handguns" on a 50-foot military-surplus boat. He claimed that "each time that the boat left with guns and ammunition, Jack Ruby was on the boat." 1003:, dismiss Ruby's connections to organized crime as being highly minimal: "It is very noteworthy that without exception, not one of these conspiracy theorists knew or had ever met Jack Ruby. Without our even resorting to his family and roommate, all of whom think the suggestion of Ruby being connected to the mob is ridiculous, those who knew him, unanimously and without exception, think the notion of his being connected to the Mafia, and then killing Oswald for them, is nothing short of laughable." 487:. He was present at an arranged press conference with Oswald. A reporter asked Oswald, "Did you kill the President?" and Oswald answered, "No, I have not been charged with that. In fact, nobody has said that to me yet. The first thing I heard about it was when the newspaper reporters in the hall asked me that question." Another reporter told Oswald that he had been charged with killing the president and Oswald reacted with a look of astonishment. Newsreel footage from 529: 1069:

intentions.... The committee was troubled by the apparently unlocked doors along the stairway route and the removal of security guards from the area of the garage nearest the stairway shortly before the shooting.... There is also evidence that the Dallas Police Department withheld relevant information from the Warren Commission concerning Ruby's entry to the scene of the Oswald transfer.

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Dallas police sergeant Patrick Dean testified that when Ruby was arrested, Ruby said he thought about killing Oswald two nights earlier, to show the world that "Jews have guts." Detective Don Archer said Ruby had told him he intended to shoot Oswald three times, and McMillon corroborated this. On March 14, 1964, Ruby was convicted of murder with malice and was sentenced to death.

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anything out of patriotism." Jack Kelly had known Ruby since 1943, and he "scoffed at the idea of a patriotic motive..." and felt that Ruby would have killed Oswald "for publicity for money". Ruby's friend Paul Jones also said that he doubted that Ruby "would have become emotionally upset and killed Oswald on the spur of the moment. He felt Ruby would have done it for money."

703:, the same hospital where President Kennedy had died just two days earlier. Leavelle and Graves along with Frederick Bieberdorf, a medical student on duty, rode in the ambulance. Bieberdorf said that several blocks before reaching the hospital, Oswald started thrashing about, resisting Beiberdorf's efforts of heart massage and attempting to free an oxygen mask over his mouth. 1119:

also remarked that "they didn't ask me another question: 'If I loved the President so much, why wasn't I at the parade?'" (referring to the presidential motorcade) and "it's strange that perhaps I didn't vote for President Kennedy, or didn't vote at all, that I should build up such a great affection for him." Ruby's club stripper Jada, during an interview with

330:, purportedly because of the failure of merchandise deals in Chicago and to help operate his sister's nightclub. Soon afterward he and his brothers shortened their surnames from Rubenstein to Ruby. The stated reason for the name change was that the name "Rubenstein" was too long and that he was "well known" as Jack Ruby. Ruby later went on to manage various 773: 4422: 910: 1100:, who was chief counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations from 1977 to 1979, said: "The most plausible explanation for the murder of Oswald by Jack Ruby was that Ruby had stalked him on behalf of organized crime, trying to reach him on at least three occasions in the forty-eight hours before he silenced him forever." 363:

through Ruby of Dallas." Dallas County Sheriff Steve Guthrie told the FBI that he believed that Ruby "operated some prostitution activities and other vices out of his club" in Dallas. Dallas disc jockey Kenneth Dowe testified that Ruby was known around the station for "procuring women for different people who came to town".

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intention. On another occasion Archer also said that Ruby was agitated and sweating but when Archer informed Ruby that Oswald had died "he became calm" and that this struck him as "a complete difference in behaviour from what I expected", leading him to believe that "his life had depended on his getting Oswald".

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when Ruby visited him in August 1959. Ruby told the Warren Commission that his August trip to Cuba was merely a social visit at the invitation of McWillie. The HSCA later concluded that Ruby "most likely was serving as a courier for gambling interests". The committee also found circumstantial but not

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On March 11, 1959, FBI agent Charles W. Flynn of the Dallas Office approached Ruby to become a federal informant due to his job as a night club operator, since he "might have knowledge of the criminal element in Dallas". Ruby was willing to become an informant and was contacted by the FBI eight times

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Dallas Deputy Sheriff Al Maddox claimed: "Ruby told me, he said, 'Well, they injected me for a cold.' He said it was cancer cells. That's what he told me, Ruby did. I said you don't believe that bullshit. He said, 'I damn sure do!' One day when I started to leave, Ruby shook hands with me and I could

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Lieutenant Billy Grammer, a dispatcher for the Dallas Police Department, said that he received an anonymous phone call at 3 a.m. on November 24 from a man who told him that he knew of the plan to move Oswald from the basement and warned that, unless the plans were changed, "we are going to kill him."

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White House correspondent Seth Kantor was a passenger in Kennedy's motorcade. He testified that he had visited Parkland Hospital after Kennedy was shot, and that he felt a tug on his coat as he entered the hospital at about 1:30 p.m. He turned around to see Jack Ruby, who called him by his first

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found no evidence linking Ruby's killing of Oswald with any broader conspiracy to assassinate Kennedy. The report provided a detailed biography of Ruby's life and activities to help ascertain whether he was involved in a conspiracy to assassinate Kennedy. The Commission also tackled widespread rumors

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His condition rapidly deteriorated. An armed guard was placed outside his room, but family and friends were allowed to visit. On December 16, Earl Ruby, accompanied by one of his brother's lawyers, smuggled a tape recorder hidden in a briefcase into Jack's room to record an interview about his murder

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Eventually, the appellate court agreed with Ruby's lawyers that he should be granted a new trial. On October 5, 1966, the court ruled that his motion for a change of venue before the original trial court should have been granted. Ruby's conviction and death sentence were overturned. Arrangements were

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During the six months following the Kennedy assassination, Ruby repeatedly asked to speak to the members of the Warren Commission. The commission initially showed no interest, but Ruby's sister Eileen wrote letters to the commission and her letters became public. The Commission finally agreed to talk

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Not all were shocked, however. The crowd outside the headquarters burst into applause when they heard that Oswald had been shot. In Dallas and elsewhere in the nation, Oswald was hated in death, and Ruby was viewed as a hero by some citizens. During his time in jail, he received many letters from the

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report in 1956 stated that informant Eileen Curry had moved to Dallas with her boyfriend James Breen after jumping bail on narcotics charges. Breen told her that he had made connections with a large narcotics setup operating between Texas, Mexico, and the East, and that "James got the okay to operate

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Schiem also noted some who knew Ruby who stated that the patriotic statements which Ruby professed were quite out of character. Ruby's gambling business partner Harry Hall said "Ruby was the type who was interested in any way to make money," and he also said that he "could not conceive of Ruby doing

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The mob was Ruby's "friend." And Ruby could well have been paying off an IOU the day he was used to kill Lee Harvey Oswald. Remember: "I have been used for a purpose," the way Ruby expressed it to Chief Justice Warren in their June 7, 1964 session. It would not have been hard for the mob to maneuver

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Ruby denied that he had been at Parkland Hospital and the Warren Commission dismissed Kantor's testimony, saying that the encounter at Parkland Hospital would have to have taken place in a span of a few minutes before and after 1:30 pm, as evidenced by telephone company records of calls made by both

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who had held his microphone out towards Oswald and asked, "Do you have anything to say in your defense?" They concluded that various witnesses lacked credibility and that there was no solid evidence linking the two men. The Commission indicated that there was not a "significant link between Ruby and

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Ruby testified that he thought he said, "You killed my President, you rat!" as he shot Oswald. Officer McMillon testified he heard Ruby say, "You rat son of a bitch, you shot the president". This was disputed by television footage showing McMillon looking in the opposite direction from the shooting.

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ordered the assassination of Kennedy. Scheim cited in particular a 25-fold increase in the number of out-of-state telephone calls from Jack Ruby to associates of these crime bosses in the months before the assassination. According to author Vincent Bugliosi, both the Warren Commission and the House

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from the day of Oswald’s shooting, he reports that the night before Oswald’s killing the FBI in Dallas received a call from “a man talking in a calm voice and saying he was a member of a committee organized to kill Oswald”. The FBI called the chief of Dallas police both at that time and the morning

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Some of Ruby's friends, relatives (notably his brother Earl and sister Eva) and associates, supported the official conclusion that Ruby acted alone, maintaining that he was upset over President Kennedy's death, even crying on occasions and closing his clubs for three days as a mark of respect. They

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on the grounds that "an oral confession of premeditation made while in police custody" should have been ruled inadmissible, because it violated a Texas criminal statute. The court also ruled that the venue should have been changed to a Texas county other than the one in which the high-profile crime

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said that postal inspector Harry Holmes arrived unannounced at the Dallas police station on the morning that Ruby shot Oswald and, upon invitation by the investigators, had questioned Oswald, thus delaying his transfer by half an hour. Belin noted that, had Ruby been part of a conspiracy, he would

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Warren told Ruby that he would be unable to comply with his request because many legal barriers would need to be overcome, and public interest in the situation would be too heavy. Warren also told Ruby that the commission would have no way of protecting him since it had no police powers. Ruby said

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The armored car had rolled down the ramp at the moment Ruby emerged and slightly hit Ruby's leg almost immediately after he fired, causing him to almost lose balance as he was immediately subdued by police while Oswald was carried back into the basement level jail office. Combest asked Oswald, "Do

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Stories of Ruby's eccentric and unstable behavior describe him as sometimes taking his shirt or other clothes off in social gatherings, and either hitting his chest like a gorilla or rolling around on the floor. During conversations, he could change the topic suddenly in mid-sentence. He sometimes

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in a matter concerning two of his competitors. The House Select Committee on Assassinations report stated that "most of Ruby's phone calls during late 1963 were related to his labor troubles. In the light of the identity of some of the individuals with whom Ruby spoke, however, the possibility of

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Scheim also suggests that Ruby made a "candid confession" when giving testimony to the Warren Commission. During his testimony, Ruby teared up when talking about a Saturday morning eulogy for Kennedy, but after composing himself, inexplicably said, "I must be a great actor, I tell you that." Ruby

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people. The commission also pointed to contradictory witness testimony and to the lack of video confirmation of Ruby at the scene. The Commission concluded that "Kantor probably did not see Ruby at Parkland Hospital" and "may have been mistaken about both the time and the place that he saw Ruby."

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through the police basement to an armored car that was to take Oswald to the nearby county jail. All of a sudden Ruby emerged from a crowd of reporters with his revolver aimed at Oswald's abdomen and shot him at point blank range, mortally wounding him. Oswald screamed "Oh!" in pain and his hands

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that was signed by "The American Fact-Finding Committee, Bernard Weissman, Chairman." Ruby was sensitive to antisemitism and was distressed that an ad attacking the President was signed by a person with a "Jewish name." Early the next morning, Ruby noticed a political billboard featuring the text

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estimated that Ruby left the newspaper's offices at 1:30 p.m., but indicated that other testimony suggested that he had left earlier. According to the Warren Commission, Ruby arrived back at the Carousel Club shortly before 1:45 p.m. to notify employees that the club would be closed that evening.

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from the afternoon of November 21 to the early hours of November 22. A number of Dallas police officers were meeting in the office of Assistant District Attorney Ben Ellis when Ruby entered and passed out business cards advertising a gig by Jada, a stripper at the Carousel. According to Lt. W. F.

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The commission received reports of Ruby's penchant for violence. He had a volatile temper, and he often resorted to violence with employees who had upset him. He acted as the bouncer of his own club and beat his customers on at least 25 occasions. The fights would often end with Ruby throwing his

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undertook a similar investigation of Ruby in 1979, 15 years after the written report, and said that he "had a significant number of associations and direct and indirect contacts with underworld figures" and "the Dallas criminal element," but that he was not a member of organized crime. In a memo

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In his Warren Commission testimony, Detective Don Archer claimed that, after his arrest, Ruby looked him straight in the eye and said, "Well, I intended to shoot him three times." Kantor wrote that Ruby's response to Archer did not suggest a spontaneous reaction, and that he implied having prior

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Dallas reporter Tony Zoppi, who knew Ruby well, claimed that one "would have to be crazy" to entrust Ruby with anything as important as a high-level plot to kill Kennedy since he "couldn't keep a secret for five minutes ... Jack was one of the most talkative guys you would ever meet. He'd be the

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Ruby never married and had no children. At the time of the assassination, Ruby was living with George Senator, who referred to Ruby as "my boyfriend" during the Warren Commission hearing, although he denied the two were homosexual lovers. Warren Commission lawyer, Burt Griffin, later told author

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that while some said that Ruby was upset over the weekend of the assassination, others said that he was not. TV newsman Vic Robertson Jr. saw Ruby at police headquarters on Friday night and said that he "appeared to be anything but under stress or strain. He seemed happy, jovial, was joking and

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Bill Alexander, who prosecuted Ruby for Oswald's murder, equally rejected any suggestions that Ruby was involved with organized crime, claiming that conspiracy theorists based it on the claim that "A knew B, and Ruby knew B back in 1950, so he must have known A, and that must be the link to the

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Ruby asked Dallas attorney Tom Howard to represent him. Howard accepted and asked Ruby if he could think of anything that might damage his defense. Ruby responded that there would be a problem if a man by the name of "Davis" should come up. Ruby told his attorney that he "had been involved with

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Ruby's shooting of Oswald was not a spontaneous act, in that it involved at least some premeditation. Similarly, the committee believed it was less likely that Ruby entered the police basement without assistance, even though the assistance may have been provided with no knowledge of Ruby's

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Ruby's explanation for killing Oswald would be exposed "as a fabricated legal ploy", according to the House Select Committee on Assassinations. Ruby wrote a note to attorney Joseph Tonahill: "Joe, you should know this. My first lawyer Tom Howard told me to say that I shot Oswald so that

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According to people interviewed by law enforcement and the Warren Commission, Ruby was desperate to attract attention to himself and his club. He knew a great number of people in Dallas, but had only a few friends. Because his business ventures were unsuccessful, he was heavily in debt.

463:, placing weekly advertisements for his nightclubs, when he learned of the assassination around 12:45 p.m. According to witnesses, Ruby was visibly shaken. Ruby then made phone calls to his assistant at the Carousel Club and to his sister. The Commission stated that an employee of the 1234:

While Campisi's technical characterization in federal law enforcement records as an organized crime member has ranged from definite to suspected to negative, it is clear that he was an associate or friend of many Dallas-based organized crime members, particularly

1289:'s next-door neighbor going back to 1958. In 1946, Tony Accardo allegedly asked Jack Ruby to go to Texas with Mafia associates Pat Manno and Romie Nappi to make sure that Dallas County Sheriff Steve Gutherie would acquiesce to the Mafia's expansion into Dallas. 1292:

Ruby went to see a man named Lewis McWillie in Cuba four years before the assassination. McWillie had previously run illegal gambling establishments in Texas, and Ruby considered him one of his closest friends. McWillie was supervising gambling activities at

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Sheba to send an emergency money order to one of his employees at the Western Union on Main Street. The time stamp was 11:17 a.m. for the transaction. Ruby then walked half a block to the Dallas police headquarters, where he made his way into the basement.

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Television footage that showed Oswald glance briefly in Ruby's direction as he emerged to shoot him, indicating to some observers a look of recognition, compounded such suspicion. Careful analysis of the footage indicate Oswald was looking at reporter

304:. ("Spark Plug" debuted as a character in the strip in 1922, when Ruby was 11.) Other accounts say that the name was given because of his quick temper. Grant stated that Ruby did not like the nickname and was quick to fight anyone who called him that. 792:

The grief over the assassination, Ruby stated, finally "reached the point of insanity," suddenly compelling him to shoot when Oswald walked in front of him in the basement that Sunday morning. At the time of the shooting, Ruby said that he was taking

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At Parkland, Oswald was treated by the same surgeons who had tried to save Kennedy; they subsequently determined Ruby's bullet had entered Oswald's left side in the front part of the abdomen and caused extensive damage to his spleen, stomach, aorta,

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worst fellow in the world to be part of a conspiracy, because he just plain talked too much." He and others described Ruby as the sort who enjoyed being at "the center of attention", trying to make friends with people and being more of a nuisance.

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newspaper. According to Kantor, Ruby asked him if he thought that it would be a good idea for him to close his nightclubs for the next three nights because of the tragedy, and Kantor responded without thinking that doing so would be a good idea.

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also signed on to assist with Ruby's defense. At his bond hearing in January 1964, while talking to reporters, Ruby tearfully said, regarding the assassination of Kennedy, that he could not understand "how a great man like that could be lost."

476:"IMPEACH EARL WARREN" in block letters. Ruby's sister Eva testified that Ruby had told her that he believed that the anti-Kennedy ad and the anti-Warren sign were connected and were a plot by a "gentile" to blame the assassination on the Jews. 435:

The Warren Commission attempted to reconstruct Ruby's movements from November 21, 1963, through November 24. The Commission reported that he was attending to his duties as the proprietor of the Carousel Club located at 1312 1/2 Commerce St. in

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concluded that Ruby acted alone in killing Oswald and that Ruby shot Oswald on impulse and in retaliation for the Kennedy assassination. The commission's findings would be challenged by various critics who hypothesize that Ruby was part of a

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welcomed a guest to his club, but on other nights he would forbid the same guest from entering. He was described by those who knew him as "a kook", "totally unpredictable", "a psycho", and "suffering from some form of disturbance".

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the discomfiture of coming back to trial." He also claimed that he shot Oswald on the spur of the moment when the opportunity presented itself, without considering any reason for doing so. Ruby said that he was an admirer of

268:. Ruby was the fifth of his parents' 10 surviving children. While he was growing up, his parents were often violent towards each other and frequently separated; Ruby's mother was eventually committed to a mental hospital. 394:

in diagnosing and treating patients with mental illness, analyzed artwork that had been created by Ruby while he was in jail. While assessing one of Ruby's drawings, which had been included as part of art exhibits at the

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of Dallas, including Edwin Walker, who he claimed were trying to falsely implicate him as being involved in a conspiracy to assassinate the President. He added: "I want to tell the truth, and I can't tell it here."

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feel a piece of paper in his palm." It was a note in which Ruby claimed that he was part of a conspiracy, and that his role was to silence Oswald. Not long before Ruby died, according to an article in the London

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re-examined Kantor's testimony and stated, "the Warren Commission concluded that Kantor was mistaken" about his Parkland encounter with Ruby, but "the Committee determined he probably was not." Kantor wrote in

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dated to the day of Oswald's murder J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the FBI, wrote that "We have no information on Ruby that is firm, although there are some rumors of underworld activity in Chicago".

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also refuted conspiracy theorists' claims, saying that Ruby's connection with gangsters was minimal at most and that he was not the sort of person who would be entrusted to be part of a conspiracy.

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have been downtown 30 minutes earlier, when Oswald had been scheduled to be transferred. The commission accepted Ruby's claim that he entered the police basement via the Main Street ramp. Author

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Great indignation was directed towards Ruby's murder of Oswald. Many felt that the killing had robbed the nation of essential information and left key questions unanswered. Former Vice President

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Birth records were not officially kept in Chicago prior to 1915, and among school records, driver's licenses, and arrest records, there were six different dates, ranging from March to June 1911.

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of Oswald. Ruby maintained that he entered the basement by coming down the ramp, had killed Oswald out of grief over the assassination, and denied knowing Oswald prior. According to an unnamed

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After his arrest, Ruby said that he had been distraught over President Kennedy's death, had wanted to help the city of Dallas "redeem" itself in the eyes of the public, and that he was "saving

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In a trial, Ruby was found guilty and sentenced to death. Ruby's conviction and death sentence were overturned on appeal, and he was granted a new trial, but he became ill, was diagnosed with

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saw the shooting as it happened and in a matter of minutes it was on other networks. Several photographs were taken of the event, capturing the moments when Ruby pulled the trigger. In 1964,

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After Oswald was shot, Grammer claimed to have recognized Ruby as the caller. Grammer believed that Ruby's shooting of Oswald was "a planned event." In a declassified FBI memo written by

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The Warren Commission found that various dates were given in the records for Ruby's birth; the one most used by Ruby himself was March 25, 1911 (though his grave marker says, April 25) (

862:, saying that "my life is in danger here" and that he wanted an opportunity to make additional statements. He added that the people from whom he felt himself to be in danger were the 5111: 4959: 1211: 1103:

Russell Moore, an acquaintance of Ruby, testified to the Commission that Ruby expressed no bitterness towards Oswald and called him "a good looking guy," comparing him to the actor

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In 1963, Sam and Joe Campisi were leading figures in the Dallas underworld. Jack knew the Campisis and had been seen with them on many occasions. The Campisis were lieutenants of

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that he realized that certain Mafia families were involved in the JFK assassination when Ruby killed Oswald, since Bonanno was aware that Ruby was an associate of Chicago mobster

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said, "(Oswald was) also entitled to a trial ... two wrongs don't make a right." Oswald's murder compounded suspicions that the Kennedy assassination was part of a larger plot.

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Telephone records showed the striking, 25-fold increase in his out-of-state calls, peaking in early November and then plummeting during his final weeks of activity in Dallas.

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When he first observed Oswald at Dallas police headquarters the day after JFK's assassination, Ruby thought Oswald a handsome individual who resembled the actor Paul Newman.

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and the Kennedy family, that he cried when he heard that the President was shot, "in mourning" after, "cried a great deal" Saturday afternoon, and was depressed that night.

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Notice how he really constricts himself so as not to reveal himself. He hides behind all those geometrical lines and pointed edges. You can feel his controlled aggression.

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source, Ruby made a final statement from his hospital bed on December 19 that he had acted alone. "There is nothing to hide," Ruby said, "there was no one else."

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From his early childhood, Ruby was nicknamed "Sparky" by those who knew him. His sister, Eva Grant, said that he acquired the nickname because he resembled

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clutched at his stomach as he moaned while slumping to the floor. Police detective Billy Combest, who knew Ruby, exclaimed, "Jack, you son of a bitch!"

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Ruby's brother Earl denied allegations that Jack was involved in racketeering at Chicago nightclubs, and author Gerald Posner suggested in his book

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John Newnam, an employee at the newspaper's advertisement department, testified that Ruby became upset over an anti-Kennedy ad published in the

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The HSCA suggested Ruby might have entered the basement via a stairway accessible from an alleyway next to the Dallas Municipal Building.

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victims down the club's stairs. In one fight with a man, the man bit Ruby's left index finger so badly that the doctors had it amputated.

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tip sheets and various novelties, then acted as a business agent for a local refuse collectors union that later became part of the

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between March 11, 1959, and October 2, 1959, but he provided no information to the Bureau; he was not paid, and contact ceased.

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From 1949, up until the murder of Oswald, Ruby had nine criminal charges, ranging from assault to violating state liquor law.

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and others have questioned why Ruby would have left his beloved dog in his car if his killing of Oswald had been planned.

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laughing." Duncan also said that Ruby "was not grieving" and seemed "happy that evidence was piling up against Oswald."

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Jüdische Gangster in Amerika, 1890–1980 ; Jüdischen Museum der Stadt Wien ; 2003, Text Oz Almog, Erich Metz,

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and the University of Hawaii in late August and early September 1977, she claimed that his work conveyed "repressed

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Some critics have said that Ruby was involved in illegal activity such as gambling, narcotics, and prostitution. An

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on December 9, 1966, suffering from pneumonia, where he was diagnosed with cancer in his liver, lungs, and brain.

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A network television pool camera was broadcasting live to cover Oswald's transfer; millions of people watching on

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since 1947 and had been seen with them on many occasions. After an investigation of Joe Campisi, the HSCA found:

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Select Committee on Assassinations determined that all of these calls were related to Ruby seeking help from the

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Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives, Chapter I, Section C 1979

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officers who frequented his nightclubs, where he provided them with free liquor, prostitutes, and other favors.

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The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-Winning Materials in Journalism, Letters and Arts

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Bieberdorf Ex 5123 – Copy of an FBI report of an interview of Frederick A. Bieberdorf, dated December 6, 1963.

3728:

CE 1753 – Secret Service report dated December 4, 1963, of interview of Harry Hall at Terminal Island Federal

3420: 2510: 2221:"President's Assassin Shot To Death In Jail Corridor By A Dallas Citizen; Grieving Throngs View Kennedy Bier" 2041: 2022: 499:

at Dallas Police Headquarters that night. Wade briefed reporters that Oswald was a member of the anti-Castro

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According to the Warren Commission, on November 22, Ruby was in the second-floor advertising offices of the

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run by Joe and Sam Campisi. After Ruby was jailed for killing Oswald, Joe Campisi "regularly visited" him.

1259:

investigation into the connections between Ruby and Dallas organized crime figures reported the following:

319:, working as an aircraft mechanic at U.S. bases until 1946. He had an honorable record and was promoted to 1855: 1142: 1358:

The Warren Report: Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy

1034:

name and shook his hand. He said that he had become acquainted with Ruby while he was a reporter for the

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Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Appendix 16 1964

3029:

Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Appendix 13 1964

2987:

Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Appendix 16 1964

1303: 1167: 2220: 495:

shows that Ruby impersonated a newspaper reporter during a press conference held by District Attorney

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RobertsonV Ex 2– Copy of an FBI report of an interview with Victor F. Robertson, dated June 9, 1964.

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November 24, 1963 – Richard M. Nixon interviewed following President John F. Kennedy's Assassination

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Dyson, Ruby introduced himself to Ellis and added: "You probably don't know me now, but you will."

320: 3286: 3138: 3045: 2883: 1940: 5106: 5085: 4476: 3844: 3424: 2858: 2810: 1521: 942: 922: 863: 712: 233: 113: 3908: 503:. Ruby was one of several people there who spoke up to correct Wade, saying, "Henry, that's the 1360:, 1964). His tombstone at Westlawn Cemetery, Chicago, IL, has April 25, 1911, as his birthdate. 5101: 5042: 4793: 4669: 4639: 4617: 4594: 4569: 4544: 4525: 4504: 4482: 4458: 4305: 4195: 4063: 4013: 3951: 3947: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3769: 3584: 3547: 3462: 3456: 3452: 3175: 2612: 2572: 2454: 2410: 2400: 2379: 2367: 2228: 2190: 2001: 1863: 1842:

Hearings Before the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy Volume 23

1671: 1642: 1556: 1488: 1278: 1183: 1124: 959: 938: 930: 884: 578: 240: 215: 109: 4707: 1271:

On the night before Kennedy was assassinated, Ruby and Ralph Paul had dinner together at the

4874: 4472: 3315: 1997: 1811: 1243: 1151: 1097: 1091: 1000: 892: 441: 265: 214:

March 25, 1911 – January 3, 1967) was an American nightclub owner who killed

1968: 1585:, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 9, 5, pp. 127–30. 1141:

Kantor speculated in 1978 that the "Davis" that Ruby mentioned to Tom Howard may have been

4832: 4786: 4738: 4726: 4714: 4692: 4664: 4631: 4384: 4268: 4225: 4202: 4151: 4131: 3993: 3734: 3681: 3662: 3610: 3491: 3377: 2878: 2843: 2324: 2079: 2048: 2029: 2010: 1900: 1807: 1582: 1480: 1264: 1163: 1082:

after to ensure Oswald would be kept safe. Hoover adds that “however, this was not done".

1078: 973: 934: 859: 823: 786: 699:

Drifting in and out of consciousness, Oswald was placed in an ambulance and was driven to

437: 264:, the son of Joseph Rubenstein and Fannie Turek Rutkowski (or Rokowsky), both Polish-born 222: 28: 4685: 4657: 4271: 2727:"Jury Hears Ruby Pondered Killing; He Thought of It Two Days Earlier, Sergeant Testifies" 2130: 4918: 4387:, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 9, 5, p. 177. 3050:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1964. pp. 697, 699. 2801: 1298: 1236: 1219: 1187: 872: 848: 257: 3996:, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, vol. 9, 5E, p. 201. 3429:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1979. pp. 156–157. 3143:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1964. pp. 219–222. 3140:

Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy

3085:

Pomfret, John D. (September 28, 1964). "Commission Says Ruby Acted Alone in Slaying".

3047:

Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy

1942:

Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy

1523:

Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy

913:

Headstone at Ruby's grave in Westlawn Cemetery. The Hebrew text is an abbreviation of

5148: 4933: 4869: 4859: 4854: 4827: 4559: 4352: 3940: 3426:

Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives

3268: 3168: 2566: 2372: 1399: 1320: 1282: 1281:

was the third-highest official in the Department of Justice and assistant counsel to

985: 963:

that Ruby and Oswald knew each other and that Oswald was seen at the Carousel Club.

809: 794: 751: 408: 347: 715:, and eleventh rib before coming to rest on his right side. Oswald died at 1:07 pm. 4938: 4928: 4881: 4822: 4743: 4519: 4496: 4246: 3580:

Perfect Villains, Imperfect Heroes: Robert F. Kennedy's War Against Organized Crime

2757:"Police say Ruby planned 3 shots; 2 Detectives testifty to his words after slaying" 2605: 1286: 1223: 1195: 813: 688: 684: 651: 545: 541: 484: 316: 308: 284: 176: 528: 4007: 2448: 2404: 2153:"Witness ascribes malice to Ruby; Quotes Him as Saying He Hopes Oswald Would Die" 1526:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1964. p. 786. 4923: 4913: 4849: 1171: 1104: 980: 844: 610: 391: 387: 3631: 4584: 3484: 2836: 2429: 1403: 968: 613: 508: 496: 483:

on several occasions after Oswald's arrest for the murder of Dallas policeman

335: 275:

with time being spent in foster homes. At age 11 in 1922, he was arrested for

2667:"Ruby Disclaims Knowing Oswald; Tells of Trip to Cuba—Drops Request for Bond" 2232: 2194: 2061:

FBI Notes of Conference btwn. Ruby and FBI Hall & Clements in Dallas Jail

1867: 1675: 1064:

The House Select Committee on Assassinations wrote in its 1979 Final Report:

307:

In the 1940s, Ruby frequented race tracks in Illinois and California. He was

134: 121: 5010: 708: 676: 331: 279:. Ruby eventually skipped school so often that he had to spend time at the 4397:

Golz, Earl (August 18, 1978). "Jack Ruby's Gunrunning to Castro Claimed".

3987:

Labor Difficulties with the American Guild of Variety Artists, Early 1960s

507:", a pro-Castro organization. Ruby later told the FBI that he had his .38 4898: 4719: 4652: 4455:

Report of the Warren Commission on the assassination of President Kennedy

852: 818: 683:

At 11:21 a.m. CST, Oswald was being escorted by Dallas police Detectives

492: 3000:"Oswald in lens, Ruby at his shoulder as Texas cameraman filmed history" 1309:

James E. Beaird, who claimed to be a poker-playing friend of Ruby, told

772: 256:

Ruby was born Jacob Leon Rubenstein on or around March 25, 1911, in the

4731: 3749: 2338:"Autopsy Shows Oswald Healthy; Little of History of Slayer Is Revealed" 400: 276: 261: 78: 3409:

from the original on December 4, 2019 – via history-matters.com.

2003:

Four Days in November: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy

1294: 599: 327: 229: 97: 4686:

The Warren Commission Report, Appendix XVI: A Biography of Jack Ruby

4561:

Breach of Trust: How the Warren Commission Failed the Nation and Why

1945:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1964. 1267:, the Mafia boss who had reportedly talked of killing the President. 909: 696:

you have anything you want to tell us now?" Oswald shook his head.

540:

of Ruby shooting Oswald, who is flanked by Dallas police Detectives

3528:"JFK files reveal FBI warning on Oswald and Soviets' missile fears" 4636:

Not in Your Lifetime: The Definitive Book on the JFK Assassination

4478:

Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy

4064:"Twenty-Four Years | Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald? | Frontline | PBS" 3942:

Contract on America: The Mafia Murder of President John F. Kennedy

3545:

Wilkes Jr., Donald E. (November 21, 2018). "JFK, 55 Years Later".

2928:"Ruby Buried in Chicago Cemetery A longside Graves of His Parents" 2127:

The Nook: An Investigation of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy

1552:

Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy

1094:

and Mrs. Kennedy wouldn't have to come to Dallas to testify. OK?"

908: 771: 3458:

JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and why it Matters, Volume 2

1639:

Case Closed : Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK

4426: 488: 4747: 4698:

Jack Ruby – Mobster, Intelligence Agent, or Small-time Hustler?

4433:

Warren Commission Report, Appendix 16: A Biography of Jack Ruby

2344:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. AP. November 30, 1963. p. f. 1371:"Jack Ruby sentenced to death for murdering Lee Harvey Oswald" 1316: 805:

Davis, who was a gunrunner entangled in anti-Castro efforts."

724: 2633:"Possible Associations Between Jack Ruby and Organized Crime" 999:

Some writers, including former Los Angeles District Attorney

338:, and dance halls in Dallas. He developed close ties to many 3872:"FBI Oversight Hearings to the Subcommittee on Civil Rights" 1202:

Associations with organized crime and gunrunning allegations

5255:

People associated with the assassination of John F. Kennedy

4378:

Possible Associations Between Jack Ruby and Organized Crime

2063:, December 21, 1963, Warren Commission Document 1252, p. 9. 1206:

Some conspiracy theorists have suggested Ruby had links to

1012:

Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK

855:, and other commission members went to Dallas to see Ruby. 218:

on November 24, 1963, two days after Oswald was accused of

511:

revolver in his right pocket during the press conference.

937:

also died there. He was buried beside his parents in the

879:

underway for a new trial to be held in February, 1967 in

4278:. The John F. Kennedy Assassination Information Center. 3624:"Book on Kennedy assassination offers interesting facts" 3320:

Reclaiming History: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy

3105:"Warren panel's counsel: Stone's 'JFK' film a 'big lie'" 875:

that he was not part of any conspiracy to kill Kennedy.

5275:

United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II

2093:"The Gun That Killed Lee Harvey Oswald: .38 Colt" 1180:

other matters being discussed could not be dismissed."

4213: 4211: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 1662:

Fontaine, Ray La; Fontaine, Mary La (August 7, 1994).

323:. Upon discharge, in 1946, Ruby returned to Chicago. 271:

His troubled childhood and adolescence were marked by

52:

Mugshot of Ruby on November 24, 1963, after his arrest

4217:

HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 9, p. 344, par. 919,

4143:

HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 9, p. 336, par. 916,

4123:

HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 9, p. 336, par. 917,

3840:"Oswald Not in 1963 Million-Name Secret Service File" 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 2374:

Look Now, Pay Later: The Rise of Network Broadcasting

976:" and said he acted independently in killing Oswald. 4703:

An article on Ruby's family background and childhood

3768:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 357–358. 2643:(5). House Select Committee on Assassinations: 183. 1844:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1964. p. 17. 1222:. The HSCA said that Ruby had known Chicago mobster 197:

Conviction overturned on appeal, died before retrial

5094: 5066: 4952: 4803: 4321:Assassination Archives and Research Center (1993). 3380:, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 20, pp. 428–437. 3332: 3330: 3328: 2073:

House Select Committee on Assassinations – Hearings

808:Ruby's brother Earl replaced Howard with prominent 658: 643: 635: 627: 619: 606: 593: 585: 561: 553: 521: 193: 182: 168: 158: 150: 105: 86: 57: 38: 3939: 3167: 2862:. Associated Press. December 20, 1966. p. 36. 2604: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2371: 1060:Ruby through the ranks of a few negotiable police. 675:On November 24, Ruby drove into town with his pet 296:a slow-moving horse named "Spark Plug" or "Sparky" 4541:The Death of a President: November November 20–25 4105:Lacy, Akela; Lima, Cristiano (October 27, 2017). 3042:"Chapter 6: Investigation of Possible Conspiracy" 1937:"Chapter 6: Investigation of Possible Conspiracy" 1907:, August 31, 1977, p. 30 (subscription required). 1024:John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories 4323:"FBI Warren Commission Liaison File (62-109090)" 3226:"Sister Declares She Is Certain Ruby Was Insane" 2976:. Associated Press. January 5, 1967. p. 20. 2972:"Ruby Services Limited to Family, Few Friends". 917:, "may his soul be bound with the bond of life." 246:conspiracy surrounding the Kennedy assassination 2961:. Associated Press. January 7, 1967. p. 4. 2453:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 75. 2327:, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 19, pp. 164. 1218:Ruby was said to have been acquainted with the 858:Ruby asked Warren several times to take him to 4245:. Assassination Archives and Research Center; 3737:, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 23, p. 363. 3684:, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 21, p. 312. 3665:, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 15, p. 484. 3613:, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 15, p. 257. 2123:"Official Autopsy Report of Lee Harvey Oswald" 4759: 2957:"Ruby Called 'Avenger' at Rites in Chicago". 2791:, 407 S.W.2d 793, 795 (Tex. Crim. App. 1966). 2032:, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 5, p. 223. 1123:'s Paul Good, said that "I believe disliked 8: 4438:National Archives and Records Administration 3787: 3785: 2837:Interview with Jack Ruby (December 16, 1966) 2399:Fischer, Heinz-D; Fischer, Erika J. (2003). 1319:that Ruby smuggled guns and ammunition from 1018:Other investigations and dissenting theories 758:public, often praising him for his actions. 23:. For the song by Camper Van Beethoven, see 5250:Overturned convictions in the United States 4034:"Assassination Archive and Research Center" 3526:Yuhas, Alan; Dart, Tom (October 27, 2017). 3371:Kantor Exhibit No. 7 – Kantor Exhibit No. 8 1394: 1392: 5180:American people who died in prison custody 5063: 4766: 4752: 4744: 4107:"7 new findings from the latest JFK files" 3399:House Select Committee on Assassinations. 3135:"Chapter 5: Detention and Death of Oswald" 527: 518: 46: 35: 4304:, (New York: Zebra Books, 1980), p. 247. 3798:. New York: Carroll & Graf. pp. 2560: 2042:Warren Commission Hearings, vol V, p. 189 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1419: 1417: 386:During the 1970s, prominent psychiatrist 16:Murderer of Lee Harvey Oswald (1911–1967) 5175:American people of Polish-Jewish descent 5112:House Select Committee on Assassinations 4413:FBI document 602-982-243, June 10, 1976. 3583:. Virginia: Capital Books. p. 281. 3098: 3096: 2697:"Ruby Jury Gets Case After a Long Delay" 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2261:. History Matters Archive. p. 429. 1302:conclusive evidence that "Ruby met with 1212:House Select Committee on Assassinations 1048:House Select Committee on Assassinations 847:, Representative (and future President) 834:Ruby's conviction was overturned by the 548:(right, black hat, face covered by Ruby) 4074:from the original on September 29, 2017 3795:Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy 3747:Green, David B. (January 3, 2013). "". 3604:Testimony of Russell Lee Moore (Knight) 3505:"Did Jack Ruby Know Lee Harvey Oswald?" 2908:from the original on September 15, 2017 2898:"Phil Burleson, 61, Jack Ruby's Lawyer" 2806:"Ruby Seriously Ill In Dallas Hospital" 2784: 2782: 2401:"Prizes for Pictorial Journalism Areas" 2259:"Warren Commission Hearings, Volume XX" 1576:Ruby's Friendships with Police Officers 1518:"Appendix 16: A Biography of Jack Ruby" 1332: 915:tehei nishmato tserurah bitsror hachaim 5280:United States Army Air Forces soldiers 4164:Blakey, G. Robert (November 7, 1993). 3888:from the original on December 21, 2021 3852:from the original on December 26, 2021 3656:Testimony of William Glenn Duncan, Jr. 3297:from the original on November 15, 2021 3236:from the original on November 15, 2023 3206:from the original on November 15, 2023 3115:from the original on February 11, 2021 3010:from the original on November 20, 2023 2767:from the original on November 20, 2023 2737:from the original on November 15, 2023 2707:from the original on November 15, 2023 2611:. New York: Everest House Publishers. 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2480: 2163:from the original on November 20, 2023 1874:from the original on November 20, 2023 1822:from the original on November 18, 2023 1475: 1473: 1471: 1377:from the original on December 23, 2021 1352: 1350: 1348: 1338: 1336: 289:International Brotherhood of Teamsters 19:For the Jamaican record producer, see 5270:Prisoners who died in Texas detention 5265:Prisoners sentenced to death by Texas 5190:American prisoners sentenced to death 4608:Rappleye, Charles; Ed Becker (1991). 3919:from the original on February 9, 2023 3352:from the original on October 31, 2019 2647:from the original on November 5, 2018 1752:from the original on October 27, 2017 1694: 1692: 1603:American Council of Learned Societies 1599:"Ruby, Jack L. (1911–1967), assassin" 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1436:from the original on December 4, 2018 871:that he wanted to convince President 843:to Ruby. In June 1964, Chief Justice 449:November 22: assassination of Kennedy 7: 4355:. AmericanMafia.com. April 1, 2002. 4176:from the original on August 18, 2020 2856:"Ruby Asks World to Take His Word". 2299:from the original on August 14, 2021 1426:"Inside Jack Ruby's Jewish Paranoia" 1162:Scheim theorised that Mafia leaders 905:Earl Rose (coroner) § Jack Ruby 5260:People convicted of murder by Texas 5170:American people convicted of murder 4359:from the original on April 18, 2012 2938:from the original on April 30, 2023 2882:. December 30, 1966. Archived from 2818:from the original on August 4, 2022 2677:from the original on April 30, 2023 2378:. New York: Doubleday and Company. 2239:from the original on March 21, 2018 2129:. November 24, 1963. Archived from 1487:. New York: Marlowe & Company. 27:. For the song by Deep Purple, see 5230:Jewish American military personnel 4986:Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald 4333:from the original on April 5, 2013 4282:from the original on March 4, 2016 4044:from the original on July 14, 2018 3907:Cartwright, Gary (November 1975). 3709:from the original on March 4, 2016 3433:from the original on April 3, 2020 3170:Oswald's Tale: An American Mystery 3147:from the original on April 8, 2020 3103:Munns, Roger (December 15, 1991). 3054:from the original on April 8, 2020 2525:from the original on July 20, 2020 2348:from the original on July 15, 2021 1949:from the original on April 8, 2020 1788:from the original on April 5, 2019 1716:from the original on April 5, 2019 1555:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 1530:from the original on April 8, 2020 929:, the same hospital as his victim 744:Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald 479:Ruby was seen in the halls of the 14: 5215:Deaths from brain cancer in Texas 4009:Bound by Honor: A Mafioso's Story 3287:"The Jew who killed JFK's killer" 3111:. Bend, Oregon. AP. p. A12. 2265:from the original on July 1, 2022 2201:from the original on May 15, 2023 2103:from the original on July 6, 2018 1979:from the original on May 10, 2018 1812:"Testimony of Kenneth Lawry Dowe" 1424:Capshaw, Ron (December 3, 2018). 1177:American Guild of Variety Artists 534:Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph 440:and the Vegas Club in the city's 5240:Military personnel from Illinois 4775:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 4732:Jack Ruby: Dallas' Original J.R. 4425: This article incorporates 4420: 4272:"Testimony Of Howard P. Willens" 3946:. Shapolsky Publishers. p. 3473:, citing Grammer interview from 3196:"Ruby's Brother Upset Over Film" 2934:. November 7, 1967. p. 15. 799:central nervous system stimulant 426:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 298:in the contemporary comic strip 4012:. New York: St Martin's Press. 2183:"Trials: Another Day in Dallas" 1110:David Scheim noted in his book 979:Warren Commission investigator 836:Texas Court of Criminal Appeals 390:, who was known for her use of 281:Institute for Juvenile Research 5220:Deaths from pulmonary embolism 5038:Robert N. McClelland (surgeon) 5028:1992 Assassination Records Act 4543:. BBS Publishing Corporation. 4481:. W. W. Norton & Company. 4457:. St. Martin's Griffin. 1992. 3503:Fulsom, Don (March 27, 2009). 3475:Central Independent Television 1894:Art Is a Tool of Psychiatrists 1736:"The Secret Life of Jack Ruby" 816:, who agreed to represent him 739:Pulitzer Prize for Photography 515:November 24: killing of Oswald 1: 5081:Burial site and Eternal Flame 4591:Carroll & Graf Publishers 3838:Kihss, Peter (May 13, 1976). 1186:, son of New York Mafia boss 1145:, a CIA-connected mercenary. 420:John F. Kennedy assassination 283:. Still a young man, he sold 211: 65: 5195:Burials at Westlawn Cemetery 4887:Texas School Book Depository 4558:McKnight, Gerald D. (2005). 4539:Manchester, William (1996). 3461:. Orbis Books. p. 368. 3018:– via www.reuters.com. 2655:– via aarclibrary.org. 2533:– via aarclibrary.org. 2285:"Testimony of Billy Combest" 505:Fair Play for Cuba Committee 461:Texas School Book Depository 459:, five blocks away from the 397:World Congress of Psychiatry 5200:Businesspeople from Chicago 4329:. Mary Ferrell Foundation. 4201:September 29, 2017, at the 3483:; Grammer comments extract 3402:Final Assassinations Report 2078:September 18, 2018, at the 1306:in Cuba sometime in 1959." 1170:and organized labor leader 883:, but Ruby was admitted to 522:Murder of Lee Harvey Oswald 163:Murder of Lee Harvey Oswald 21:Jack Ruby (record producer) 5296: 5205:Businesspeople from Dallas 5107:Jim Garrison investigation 5043:Charles Baxter (physician) 4737:February 26, 2021, at the 4713:November 15, 2019, at the 4566:University Press of Kansas 4196:Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald? 3699:Warren Commission Hearings 3661:November 20, 2023, at the 3480:The Men Who Killed Kennedy 3342:Warren Commission Hearings 3338:"Testimony of Seth Kantor" 2842:November 15, 2023, at the 2515:Warren Commission Hearings 2289:Warren Commission Hearings 1549:Bugliosi, Vincent (2007). 1021: 902: 765: 701:Parkland Memorial Hospital 481:Dallas Police Headquarters 423: 311:in 1943 and served in the 18: 5225:Jewish American gangsters 5129: 5048:Malcolm Perry (physician) 4781: 4691:November 8, 2017, at the 4638:. Marlowe & Company. 4503:. Thunder's Mouth Press. 4239:"Oswald 201 File, Vol 32" 3938:Scheim, David E. (1988). 3577:Goldfarb, Ronald (1995). 3562:"A Note from Jack Ruby". 2450:The Kennedy Assassination 2323:January 22, 2022, at the 1856:"Nation: For the Defense" 1816:The Kennedy Assassination 1408:The Saturday Evening Post 669: 526: 223:President John F. Kennedy 45: 4663:August 19, 2017, at the 3764:Douglass, James (2008). 3733:January 4, 2019, at the 3695:"Testimony of Jack Ruby" 3680:August 11, 2017, at the 3244:– via NYTimes.com. 2775:– via NYTimes.com. 2745:– via NYTimes.com. 2715:– via NYTimes.com. 2685:– via NYTimes.com. 2571:. Shapolsky Publishers. 2511:"Testimony of Jack Ruby" 2171:– via NYTimes.com. 2028:October 7, 2012, at the 4725:March 23, 2021, at the 4720:In Defense of Jack Ruby 4400:The Dallas Morning News 4383:March 19, 2012, at the 4247:Mary Ferrell Foundation 3766:JFK and the Unspeakable 3609:August 5, 2017, at the 3291:blogs.timesofisrael.com 3166:Mailer, Norman (1995). 2342:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 2097:HistoricalFirearms.info 2023:Testimony of Henry Wade 2009:April 25, 2023, at the 1637:Posner, Gerald (2013). 1406:(ed.). "The Assassin". 1312:The Dallas Morning News 1134:Ruby's lawyers, led by 949:Official investigations 925:on January 3, 1967, at 326:In 1947, Ruby moved to 135:41.958110°N 87.826853°W 4899:Presidential limousine 4708:Testimony of Earl Ruby 4501:The Last Investigation 4427:public domain material 4224:July 14, 2018, at the 4166:"Murdered By The Mob?" 4150:July 14, 2018, at the 4130:July 14, 2018, at the 4038:Assassination Archives 4006:Bonanno, Bill (1999). 3490:April 9, 2019, at the 2565:Scheim, David (1988). 2447:Knight, Peter (2007). 2047:July 20, 2020, at the 1905:Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1899:April 8, 2023, at the 1581:June 26, 2022, at the 1269: 1241: 1071: 1062: 1028: 918: 777: 741:for his image, titled 567:; 60 years ago 565:November 24, 1963 417: 4583:Newman, John (1995). 4518:Kantor, Seth (1978). 3992:May 28, 2013, at the 3515:on November 17, 2017. 3376:May 28, 2013, at the 3232:. February 16, 1964. 3006:. November 20, 2023. 2804:(December 10, 1966). 2603:Kantor, Seth (1978). 2227:. November 26, 1963. 1903:." Honolulu, Hawaii: 1402:(December 14, 1963). 1304:Santo Trafficante Jr. 1261: 1232: 1168:Santo Trafficante Jr. 1066: 1057: 912: 776:Ruby after his arrest 775: 623:1 (Lee Harvey Oswald) 544:(left, tan suit) and 413: 252:Early life and career 208:Jacob Leon Rubenstein 140:41.958110; -87.826853 62:Jacob Leon Rubenstein 5210:Criminals from Texas 5023:Single-bullet theory 4975:Johnson inauguration 4610:All American Mafioso 3909:"Who was Jack Ruby?" 3031:, pp. 697, 699. 2886:on January 20, 2008. 2673:. January 22, 1964. 2637:Appendix to Hearings 2133:on February 26, 2019 1862:. January 31, 1964. 1745:. January 23, 1978. 1609:on February 17, 2013 1485:Not in Your Lifetime 1143:Thomas Eli Davis III 881:Wichita Falls, Texas 839:had been committed. 313:U.S. Army Air Forces 273:juvenile delinquency 236:on January 3, 1967. 25:Key Lime Pie (album) 5076:Foreign dignitaries 5053:Earl Rose (coroner) 5006:Conspiracy theories 5001:Dictabelt recording 4813:Assassination rifle 4276:Mcadams.posc.mu.edu 3792:Marrs, Jim (1989). 2789:Rubenstein v. State 2568:Contract on America 2082:, volume 5, p. 179. 1779:history-matters.com 1707:history-matters.com 1668:The Washington Post 1641:. Open Road Media. 1248:The Washington Post 1136:Sam Houston Clinton 1112:Contract on America 1036:Dallas Times Herald 768:Rubenstein v. State 734:Dallas Times Herald 614:Colt Cobra revolver 501:Free Cuba Committee 465:Dallas Morning News 456:Dallas Morning News 321:Private First Class 131: / 5235:Jews from Illinois 5086:Black Jack (horse) 5033:In popular culture 4892:Sixth Floor Museum 4838:Jacqueline Kennedy 4586:Oswald and the CIA 4521:Who Was Jack Ruby? 3975:Reclaiming History 3879:brennancenter.org/ 3845:The New York Times 3827:. August 25, 1974. 3453:Douglass, James W. 3230:The New York Times 3087:The New York Times 2932:The New York Times 2902:The New York Times 2859:The New York Times 2811:The New York Times 2761:The New York Times 2731:The New York Times 2703:. March 14, 1964. 2701:The New York Times 2671:The New York Times 2607:Who Was Jack Ruby? 2368:Bergreen, Laurence 2225:The New York Times 2189:. March 13, 1964. 2157:The New York Times 1664:"The Fourth Tramp" 1053:Who Was Jack Ruby? 943:Norridge, Illinois 923:pulmonary embolism 919: 864:John Birch Society 778: 354:Illegal activities 234:pulmonary embolism 114:Norridge, Illinois 5165:Age controversies 5142: 5141: 5125: 5124: 5102:Warren Commission 4904:Parkland Hospital 4794:Lee Harvey Oswald 4645:978-1-56924-739-6 4623:978-0-385-26676-5 4600:978-0-7867-0131-5 4575:978-0-7006-1390-8 4550:978-0-88365-956-4 4531:978-0-89696-004-6 4524:. Everest House. 4510:978-1-56025-052-4 4488:978-0-393-04525-3 4473:Bugliosi, Vincent 4464:978-0-312-08257-4 4302:The Ruby Cover-Up 4019:978-0-312-20388-7 3957:978-0-933503-30-4 3809:978-0-88184-648-5 3775:978-1-4391-9388-4 3590:978-1-931868-06-8 3566:. March 27, 1967. 3548:Flagpole Magazine 3316:Bugliosi, Vincent 3202:. April 4, 1992. 2974:Los Angeles Times 2959:Los Angeles Times 2763:. March 6, 1964. 2733:. March 7, 1964. 2578:978-0-933503-30-4 2460:978-1-934110-32-4 2416:978-3-11-093912-5 2385:978-0-451-61966-2 2159:. March 5, 1964. 1998:Bugliosi, Vincent 1892:Knoefler, Tomi. " 1400:Bagdikian, Ben H. 1279:Howard P. Willens 960:Warren Commission 954:Warren Commission 939:Westlawn Cemetery 927:Parkland Hospital 885:Parkland Hospital 812:defense attorney 787:President Kennedy 729:Robert H. Jackson 711:, kidney, liver, 673: 672: 589:Lee Harvey Oswald 538:Robert H. Jackson 491:-TV (Dallas) and 442:Oak Lawn district 241:Warren Commission 216:Lee Harvey Oswald 201: 200: 110:Westlawn Cemetery 5287: 5245:Nightclub owners 5064: 4875:Abraham Zapruder 4843:Pink Chanel suit 4768: 4761: 4754: 4745: 4649: 4632:Summers, Anthony 4627: 4604: 4579: 4554: 4535: 4514: 4492: 4468: 4441: 4424: 4423: 4414: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4394: 4388: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4318: 4312: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4269:McAdams, John C. 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4235: 4229: 4215: 4206: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4161: 4155: 4141: 4135: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4003: 3997: 3984: 3978: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3945: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3887: 3876: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3825:The Sunday Times 3820: 3814: 3813: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3744: 3738: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3691: 3685: 3672: 3666: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3634:on April 5, 2019 3630:. 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Archived from 1592: 1586: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1514: 1499: 1498: 1481:Summers, Anthony 1477: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1421: 1412: 1411: 1396: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1367: 1361: 1354: 1343: 1340: 1244:G. Robert Blakey 1098:G. Robert Blakey 1001:Vincent Bugliosi 893:Associated Press 737:was awarded the 575: 573: 568: 531: 519: 232:, and died of a 213: 183:Criminal penalty 146: 145: 143: 142: 141: 136: 132: 129: 128: 127: 124: 93: 81:, Illinois, U.S. 74: 72: 67: 50: 36: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5121: 5090: 5062: 5058:Dallas memorial 4948: 4833:Nellie Connally 4799: 4787:John F. Kennedy 4777: 4772: 4739:Wayback Machine 4727:Wayback Machine 4715:Wayback Machine 4693:Wayback Machine 4682: 4665:Wayback Machine 4646: 4630: 4624: 4607: 4601: 4582: 4576: 4557: 4551: 4538: 4532: 4517: 4511: 4495: 4489: 4471: 4465: 4453: 4450: 4448:Further reading 4444: 4430: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4385:Wayback Machine 4376: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4353:"The Lost Boys" 4351: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4327:Maryferrell.org 4320: 4319: 4315: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4243:Maryferrell.org 4237: 4236: 4232: 4226:Wayback Machine 4216: 4209: 4203:Wayback Machine 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4170:Washington Post 4163: 4162: 4158: 4152:Wayback Machine 4142: 4138: 4132:Wayback Machine 4122: 4118: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3994:Wayback Machine 3985: 3981: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3735:Wayback Machine 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3682:Wayback Machine 3673: 3669: 3663:Wayback Machine 3654: 3650: 3637: 3635: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3611:Wayback Machine 3602: 3598: 3591: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3492:Wayback Machine 3469: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3398: 3397: 3384: 3378:Wayback Machine 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3336: 3335: 3326: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3275:. 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Edgar Hoover 1031: 1026: 1020: 974:organized crime 956: 951: 933:, whose victim 921:Ruby died of a 907: 901: 860:Washington D.C. 824:Joe H. Tonahill 770: 764: 721: 654: 596: 576: 571: 569: 566: 549: 517: 451: 438:downtown Dallas 433: 428: 422: 372: 356: 254: 194:Criminal status 169:Criminal charge 154:Nightclub owner 139: 137: 133: 130: 125: 122: 120: 118: 117: 116: 101: 95: 91: 90:January 3, 1967 82: 76: 70: 68: 64: 63: 53: 41: 32: 29:Abandon (album) 17: 12: 11: 5: 5293: 5291: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5185:American pimps 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5147: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5098: 5096: 5095:Investigations 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4989: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4960:Media coverage 4956: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4919:Marie Muchmore 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4884: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4681: 4680:External links 4678: 4677: 4676: 4650: 4644: 4628: 4622: 4605: 4599: 4580: 4574: 4555: 4549: 4536: 4530: 4515: 4509: 4493: 4487: 4469: 4463: 4449: 4446: 4416: 4415: 4406: 4389: 4370: 4344: 4313: 4300:Kantor, Seth. 4293: 4260: 4230: 4219:Joseph Campisi 4207: 4187: 4156: 4145:Joseph Campisi 4136: 4125:Joseph Campisi 4116: 4097: 4095:, p. 148. 4085: 4055: 4025: 4018: 3998: 3979: 3966: 3956: 3930: 3899: 3863: 3830: 3815: 3808: 3781: 3774: 3756: 3739: 3720: 3686: 3667: 3648: 3615: 3596: 3589: 3569: 3554: 3537: 3518: 3509:Crime Magazine 3495: 3467: 3444: 3412: 3382: 3363: 3324: 3308: 3278: 3269:Posner, Gerald 3247: 3217: 3187: 3180: 3158: 3126: 3092: 3077: 3075:, p. 801. 3065: 3033: 3021: 2991: 2989:, p. 779. 2979: 2964: 2949: 2919: 2889: 2865: 2848: 2829: 2793: 2778: 2748: 2718: 2688: 2658: 2624: 2617: 2584: 2577: 2536: 2485: 2473: 2459: 2439: 2422: 2415: 2391: 2384: 2359: 2329: 2310: 2276: 2250: 2212: 2174: 2144: 2114: 2084: 2065: 2053: 2034: 2015: 1990: 1960: 1909: 1885: 1847: 1833: 1799: 1763: 1727: 1688: 1654: 1647: 1620: 1587: 1568: 1561: 1541: 1500: 1493: 1447: 1413: 1388: 1362: 1344: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1299:Tropicana Club 1237:Joseph Civello 1228:Joseph Campisi 1203: 1200: 1192:Bound By Honor 1188:Joseph Bonanno 1030: 1027: 1022:Main article: 1019: 1016: 955: 952: 950: 947: 900: 897: 873:Lyndon Johnson 849:Gerald R. Ford 797:(Preludin), a 763: 760: 720: 717: 671: 670: 667: 666: 660: 656: 655: 645: 641: 640: 637: 633: 632: 629: 625: 624: 621: 617: 616: 608: 604: 603: 597: 594: 591: 590: 587: 583: 582: 563: 559: 558: 555: 551: 550: 532: 524: 523: 516: 513: 450: 447: 432: 429: 424:Main article: 421: 418: 371: 368: 355: 352: 258:Maxwell Street 253: 250: 204:Jack Leon Ruby 199: 198: 195: 191: 190: 184: 180: 179: 170: 166: 165: 160: 159:Known for 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 107: 103: 102: 96: 94:(aged 55) 88: 84: 83: 77: 75:March 25, 1911 61: 59: 55: 54: 51: 43: 42: 39: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5292: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5068:State funeral 5065: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4993:Ruby v. Texas 4990: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4934:Babushka Lady 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4870:Zapruder film 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4860:Roy Kellerman 4858: 4856: 4855:William Greer 4853: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4828:John Connally 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4805:Assassination 4802: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4764: 4762: 4757: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4746: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4674:3-901398-33-3 4671: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4658:Kosher Nostra 4654: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4581: 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