719:, the text of which illustrates the political caution he now had to exercise. By way of historical illustration of his theme, he had expressed royalist sentiments and criticised the new French regime in the original version that was published after his departure from London. For the Paris edition that soon followed his return, however, Delille found it necessary to rewrite some passages, with the result that, in the view of a later critic, the two different editions published in 1802 were "like the statue with two faces…quite a different thing, according to the side of the channel on which it was contemplated". But for all its author's circumspection, the poem soon became a critical (and political) target.
28:
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France and beyond profited from his advice, described their own creative landscaping to him or invited
Delille to see their work for himself. Profiting from this, he had added over a thousand lines more to the poem by the time of his 1801 edition, increasing its length by a third. And there were many translations of the poem: into Polish (1783); three into Italian (1792, 1794, 1808); into German (1796); into Portuguese (1800); and three into Russian (1804, 1814, 1816).
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concluded that
Delille had attempted more than he could accomplish after his promising beginning; and that, "with all his beauty of versification and occasional felicity of expression, he yet shows, in his later works especially, a great ignorance of the line of distinction between prose and poetry."
667:
reported that 30,000 copies had been sold in the first fortnight. It also noted the presence in the first canto of "sixty verses borrowed from different
English poets; but more in imitation than in close translation." The article quoted copious extracts from the poem, both in the original French and
562:
Virgil above all remained
Delille’s poetic model throughout his career, to such an extent, according to one critic, that "sometimes the relationship was even pushed towards self-identification". So it would seem from the fact that after his translation of the Georgics in 1769, and the stout defence
445:
Once he was settled in Paris again, Delille resumed his professorship and his chair at the Académie française, but lived largely in retirement since he was nearly blind by now. In the years that remained, he published the poems and translations on which he had been working during his exile, as well
768:
presented him as "the happiest of creatures, when he could weep over the charms of innocence and the country in some crowded and fashionable circle at Paris". During the course of the unequal dialogue that follows, Delille's part is reduced to defending artificiality and redundancy in French verse
625:
Delille's work was an early and influential call for rejection of the symmetry and regularity of the formal French style of gardening in favour of the irregular and "natural" English garden. For the next half century, his poem was to become the major reference on the subject. Notable gardeners in
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as a pretty patchwork of episodes lacking unity. But by 1799, after a new translation by Maria
Henrietta Montolieu, critical opinion had veered once more and Delille’s ideas were now greeted far more favourably. In the revolutionary exile, there was recognised the friend of English taste.
595:(1665). Indeed, Delille had mentioned Rapin with no great respect in his preface and immediately brought down on himself a systematic comparison of both works to set the record straight. At the very end of that appeared a satirical verse dialogue between cabbage and turnip (
663:. Descriptive rather than didactic, the poem is a celebration of nature that recommends development of the estate by the introduction of foreign and exotic species and living in the country as the route to self-improvement. In welcoming its appearance, the
473:
Hermitage, the
English landscape garden in Switzerland inspired by his work. In 1817 his collected works began to be published as a set and in 1821 Louis-Michel Petit designed a portrait head of the poet for the Great Frenchmen series of bronze medals.
559:(that American honey pressed by Africans from the cane’s sap), there being no suitable Virgilian formula to cover such a novelty. The passage was later singled out as a cautionary example by French critics and English alike.
334:. He was educated at the College of Lisieux in Paris and became an elementary school teacher. He had gradually acquired a reputation as a poet by the publication of some minor works by the time his translation of the
629:
In
England there were four translations of the successive French editions. The first was an anonymous version of the first canto, published in 1783, the year following the French poem's appearance. Titled simply
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dismissed the poet as "a hackneyed mechanist of verses" and found in his 'Three
Kingdoms of Nature' only "a curious medley of plagiarisms" in a work reminiscent of nothing so much as the popularised science in
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to the landscaping of enclosed grounds and care for what is grown there. The subject was not touched on by Virgil, but there was already a
Virgilian model in the Latin of the French Jesuit
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reduced him to poverty. He purchased his personal safety by professing his adherence to revolutionary doctrine, but eventually quit Paris and retired to his wife’s birthplace at
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After the change of taste for his kind of writing soon after his death, English criticism was increasingly dismissive of
Delille. In dedicating a section to the poet in his
567:, 1780). Two decades later he elaborated his thoughts on the moral worth and self-improvement that involvement with the countryside brings in French georgics of his own,
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to clothe pedestrian terms in poetical phraseology. Speaking of the use to which various metals are put, for example, Delille hides mention of axe and the plough as
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and lived for some years outside France, including three years in England. The poems on abstract themes that he published after his return were less well received.
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Delille began his poetic career over the years 1761–74 with a series of thoughtful verse epistles full of up-to-date allusions (later gathered together in his
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as some later works, but none of them were so admired as his earlier poems. Following his death, Delille lay in state crowned with a laurel wreath in the
435:
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Sufficiently encouraged by its reception, Mrs Montholieu followed Delille's expansion of the poem in 1801 with an augmented version of her own in 1805.
571:(1800). Though there had been earlier translations of Virgil's poem in both verse and prose, what Delille brought to it was the finished quality of his
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During the years of his exile, Dellile had been hard at work on most of the works issued regularly after his return from exile. The first of these was
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of the work’s relevance and usefulness in his preliminary essay, Delille went on to supplement Virgil's advice with his own practical work on gardens (
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352:, he was at once elected a member, but he was not admitted until 1774 owing to the opposition of the king, who alleged that he was too young.
603:. There the humble products of the vegetable garden protest their displacement by Delille's aristocratic taste for the ornamental and exotic:
499:. Once his work became known in England, its ultimate parentage was welcomed. "No poetry in a foreign language approaches the compositions of
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as "The Country Gentleman". But then in the following year, John Maunde published a complete translation of the work under the title
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695:(1804), recommending agriculture to the troops returning from the wars. There were also two further translations of Delille's poem:
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to coffee – "To Virgil unfurnished, adored by Voltaire" – Delille had substituted for the word 'sugar' the elaborate paraphrase
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so much as that of the Abbé Delille, who has confessedly made the English bard his model," asserted the reviewer of the
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wedded to a search for equivalence of effect in the source language that sometimes sacrificed literal accuracy to it.
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and made an international reputation with his didactic poem on gardening. He barely survived the slaughter of the
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Dithyrambe sur l'immortalité de l'âme, suivi du passage du Saint Gothard, poème traduit de l'anglais
687:(The Country Gentleman at Table) as a sort of didactic pendant in 1801. It was followed by further
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755:. For the reviewer there, everything that Delille had published since 1800 was unsatisfactory.
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Parallèle raisonné entre les deux poèmes Des Jardins, du Père Rapin et de M. L’Abbé de Lille
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359:(1782), he made good his pretensions as an original poet. In 1786 Delille made a journey to
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L’acier qui fait tomber les sapins et les chênes, Le fer qui de Cérès fertilise les plaines
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Whereas the subject of the Georgics is set in the fields, Delille changed the focus of
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In 1800 Delille published yet another Virgilian improvisation in his French Georgics,
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Reprinted in America in 1804 and then, as "The Country Gentleman", in the anthology
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in the train of the ambassador M. de Choiseul-Gouffier. He had become professor of
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stylistic habit that appeared early in Delille’s epistles was the elegant use of
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was published in Delille’s translation in 1802, the year he returned to France.
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over the best practice in other literatures. Later, the article on him in the
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Marco Romani Mistretta, "Translation theory into practice: Jacque Delille's
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found it lacking in organisation, invention, and sometimes even sense. The
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The whole of the first and an extract of the second appeared in Delille's
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Delille was an illegitimate child, descended on his mother's side from
989:, pp.220-38; however, the translations date from 1765, as noted when
509:. And certainly among his verse translations were to be found Pope's
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Michael Conan, "The coming of age of the bourgeois garden", ch.9 in
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In 1814 a monument was erected in memory of "Virgil Delille" in the
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The Gardens, a poem translated from the French of the Abbé De Lille
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This article is about the French poet. For the Canadian judge, see
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454:. He was granted an impressive funeral procession and entombed in
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Delille's work inspired various other poetical responses too.
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A title page illustration of the poet composing in retirement
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le miel américain, Que du suc des roseaux exprima l'Africain
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published the four cantos of his light-hearted and popular
1342:(1803); [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gpz9PWwB9EEC
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Histoire philosophique et littéraire du théatre français
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Examen critique du poëme de la Pitié de Jacques Delille
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in the reviewer's own translation, rendering Delille's
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Imaginary conversations of literary men and statesmen
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Les Géorgiques de Virgile, traduites en vers français
599:), anonymous there but known to have been written by
348:
recommended Delille for the next vacant place in the
921:
Oeuvres complètes de Jacques Delille vol.VI (1817),
734:(1808) also left English reviewers sceptical. The
806:(Strasbourg, 1800; 1805 corrected with additions)
1340:Point de pitié pour La Pitié par Jacques Delille
1256:British Critic: And Quarterly Theological Review
803:L'Homme des champs, ou les Géorgiques françaises
661:L'Homme des champs, ou les Géorgiques françaises
618:At the mere thought that in his verse’s urbanity
569:L'Homme des champs, ou les Géorgiques françaises
1086:Cent ans de théorie française de la traduction
620:Cabbage and turnip should ever merit a place.
355:In his work on gardens and their landscaping,
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1135:Tradition and Innovation in French Garden Art
703:, 1803); and Fr J-B.P. Dubois' into Latin as
428:(1799–1802), chiefly employed in translating
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616:The elegant Abbé turns a bit red in the face
585:Les Jardins ou l'art d'embellir les paysages
440:The Passage of the Mountain of Saint Gothard
379:, where he worked on his translation of the
726:An 1821 medal commemorating Jacques Delille
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1119:Poètes et romanciers modernes de la France
676:, which also received flattering reviews.
538:The steel that overthrows the oak and fir,
436:Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire
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730:The ambitious natural history lessons in
685:Gastronomie ou l’homme des champs à table
674:The Rural Philosopher, or French Georgics
357:Jardins, ou l'art d'embellir les paysages
1241:The Rural Poetry of the English Language
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693:fr:Jean-Baptiste Rougier de La Bergerie
610:An 18th-century bust of the academician
541:The iron to fertilise the cereal earth,
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1322:Supplement to the 1818 edition of the
1004:Geoffrey Tillotson, Augustan Studies,
434:. There he was under the patronage of
20:. For the American legal scholar, see
495:(1765) gained the verse prize of the
424:; and finally he passed some time in
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7:
1050:A Short History of French Literature
464:Count Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély
452:Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson
1137:, University of Pennsylvania 2002,
853:L'Imagination, poème en huit chants
837:L'Énéide, traduite en vers français
691:in twelve cantos by the agronomist
396:In 1794 Delille emigrated first to
35:after a portrait of the poet (1802)
416:. His next place of refuge was in
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1636:Members of the Académie Française
1621:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
1542:François-Nicolas-Vincent Campenon
1510:Armand Gaston Maximilien de Rohan
1403:Supplement to the third edition,
705:Ruricolae seu Ad Gallos Georgicon
1518:Louis-Gui de Guérapin de Vauréal
1419:
848:(dual language in 3 vols., 1805)
840:(dual language in 4 vols., 1804)
826:La Pitié, poeme en quatre chants
798:(1780; new edition, Paris, 1801)
634:, it was briefly noticed in the
1661:French male non-fiction writers
790:(Paris, 1769, 1782, 1785, 1809)
1348:, ascribed to Dupuy Des Islets
344:in 1769 made him famous. When
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1526:Charles Marie de La Condamine
1115:Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
860:Les trois règnes de la nature
795:Les Jardins, en quatre chants
732:Les Trois Règnes de la Nature
1282:Available at Google Books,
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1070:Virgil and His Translators
579:Embellishing the landscape
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1472:
1088:, Lille University 1990,
995:first appeared as a whole
890:available at Google Books
438:, whose descriptive poem
414:Trois règnes de la nature
1324:Encyclopaedia Britannica
450:, where he was drawn by
420:, where he composed his
772:Encyclopædia Britannica
761:Imaginary Conversations
752:The Loves of the Plants
655:A celebration of nature
512:Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot
408:. Here he finished his
1424:Quotations related to
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493:Épître sur les Voyages
456:Père-Lachaise Cemetery
412:, and his poem on the
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47:Francophone literature
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1666:Translators of Virgil
1066:GĂ©orgiques de Virgile
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689:Georgiques francaises
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497:Académie de Marseille
483:Epistles and Georgics
466:, spoke his eulogy.
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203:Countries and regions
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1215:, the second edition
1198:, Volume 28, (1799)
766:Walter Savage Landor
491:). Among these, his
377:Saint-Dié-des-Vosges
1048:George Saintsbury,
992:L’Essai sur L'Homme
945:L.G. Michaud, Paris
900:Wellcome Collection
888:A bilingual edition
597:Le Chou et le Navet
332:Michel de l'HĂ´pital
190:Short story writers
165:Writers by category
1631:French translators
1478:Guillaume Colletet
1463:Académie française
1310:Text available at
1227:, vol. 33 (1800),
934:Ermitage Arlesheim
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681:fr:Joseph Berchoux
670:L'Homme des Champs
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601:Antoine de Rivarol
549:Epître à M.Laurent
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350:Académie française
302:; 22 June 1738 at
195:Children's writers
160:Chronological list
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33:Pierre-Michel Alix
1656:French male poets
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1376:, Vol.15 (1810),
1360:, Vol.59 (1809),
1258:, Vol.18 (1801),
1032:Hippolyte Lucas,
1021:Poésies fugitives
987:Poésies fugitives
956:Poésies fugitives
811:Poésies fugitives
697:Willem Bilderdijk
593:Hortorum Libri IV
489:Poésies fugitives
448:Collège de France
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369:Collège de France
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1566:René Boylesve
1563:
1559:
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1550:Marc Girardin
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1298:Available at
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1270:Available at
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431:Paradise Lost
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1626:French poets
1574:Abel Hermant
1533:
1428:at Wikiquote
1399:
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1328:vol.1, p.531
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632:On Gardening
631:
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615:
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584:
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573:alexandrines
568:
564:
561:
556:
548:
546:
523:
518:Essay on Man
516:
510:
505:
492:
488:
486:
468:
462:politician,
458:, where the
444:
439:
429:
421:
413:
409:
400:and then to
395:
380:
356:
354:
335:
329:
290:
289:
231:Postcolonial
98:Contemporary
93:20th century
1646:1813 deaths
1641:1738 births
1300:Hathi Trust
1272:Hathi Trust
1072:, OUP 2018
1068:, ch.19 in
711:Later works
565:Les jardins
530:periphrasis
460:Bonapartist
406:Switzerland
180:Playwrights
73:Renaissance
54:by category
31:A print by
1615:Categories
1393:pp.251-310
1200:pp.294-301
1168:, vol.69,
960:pp.129-148
875:References
589:René Rapin
304:Aigueperse
252:Literature
119:Classicism
114:Précieuses
1362:pp.464-73
1245:pp.263-89
1229:pp.470-82
1090:pp.119-25
923:pp.409-18
553:panegyric
471:Arlesheim
402:Glairesse
326:Biography
175:Novelists
170:Essayists
139:Symbolism
106:Movements
1260:pp.345-9
1185:pp.154-6
1155:pp.195-7
1121:(1837),
1052:(1882),
1036:(1862),
1006:pp.40-42
764:(1824),
717:La Pitié
707:(1808).
640:Mr Mason
526:Augustan
524:Another
422:La Pitié
346:Voltaire
337:Georgics
316:Georgics
308:Auvergne
129:Decadent
68:Medieval
1466:seat 23
1312:Gallica
1023:, p.115
547:in his
501:Mr Pope
418:Germany
295:French:
239:Portals
152:Writers
60:History
1600:(1995)
1592:(1979)
1584:(1946)
1576:(1927)
1568:(1918)
1560:(1874)
1552:(1844)
1544:(1813)
1536:(1774)
1528:(1760)
1520:(1749)
1512:(1703)
1504:(1671)
1496:(1670)
1488:(1659)
1480:(1634)
1346:(1803)
1105:(1782)
870:(1812)
822:(1802)
814:(1802)
478:Poetry
426:London
382:Aeneid
342:Virgil
247:France
216:Quebec
211:France
124:Rococo
43:French
1405:p.532
1378:p.351
1288:vol.2
1284:vol.1
1170:p.167
1139:p.170
1123:p.288
1074:p.289
1054:p.400
975:p.470
398:Basel
365:Latin
312:Paris
226:Haiti
185:Poets
1372:The
515:and
88:19th
83:18th
78:17th
45:and
749:’s
642:'s
521:.
404:in
340:of
306:in
1617::
1391:,
1326:,
1286:,
1117:,
1019:,
958:,
385:.
1455:e
1448:t
1441:v
293:(
279:e
272:t
265:v
24:.
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